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Human Anatomy By Sarah Torres

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my human anatomy powerpoint for the AP Biology summer assignment

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Page 1: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

Human Anatomy

By Sarah Torres

Page 2: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1A: Components (Specialized Cells)

Sarcomere

Structure: filaments that form muscles, surrounded by I-,A-, & H-bands followed by Z-lines for appearanceFunction: makes up muscle fiber cellsSystem: Muscular

Neuron

Structure: consists of a nucleus, dendrites, axons, a cell body, a terminal branch, and a myelin sheath formed by Schwann cellsFunction: to receive stimuli and/or transfer info to the brainSystem: Nervous Villus

(Villi) Structure: Tiny, finger-like substances filled with blood capillaries that outline the small intestineFunction: to absorb nutrients from food into the bodySystem: Digestive

Page 3: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1A: Components (Specialized Cells Cont.)

Nephron Structure:

consists of capillaries, the Glomerulus (capillary tuft for filtering blood), the Bowman’s capsule, and the renal tubuleFunction: filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretionSystem: Urinary

Capillary

Structure: tiny vessels of cells that happen to be only one cell thickFunction: to run blood, water, CO2, nutrients, and waste throughout the bodySystem: Circulatory

Page 4: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1A: Components (Specialized Cells Cont.)Alveolus

Structure: clusters of cells filled with collagen & elastic fibers surrounded by capillaries, where bronchiole are terminatedFunction: to exchange blood and CO2 in the lungsSystem: Respiratory

B and T Cells

Structure: (B cells): Antigen molecules, integral membrane proteins, genes-(T cells): mature in the thymus glandFunction: (B cells): fight disease by making antibodies-(T cells): fight pathogens after being infected with bacteria and virusesSystem: Immune

Page 5: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

The Immune System

A system that protects the body from foreign pathogens and viruses by producing responses

Consists of antibodies, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, bone marrow, b-cells, t-cells, and more

Page 6: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Immune SystemPhagocytes

Role: to migrate to infected sites and ingest any harmful substances like bacteria or foreign particles

Natural Killer Cells

Role: to destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells by attacking the cell membranes and making them burst

Cytotoxic T Cells

Role: to kill body cells infected with viruses, pathogens, and/or cancer

Page 7: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Immune SystemHelper T Cells

Role: to inform the immune system that foreign antigens enter the body

Memory Cells

Role: to bear receptors that are specific to antigens and to activate if the antigens are found in the body again

Plasma Cells

Role: to fight antigens immediately once encountered

Page 8: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Immune SystemInnate/Natural Immunity

Acquired Immunity

-Immunity that is naturally present at birth without the presence of foreign antigens

-Immunity that is acquired through the use of immunization or the presence of foreign antigens after birthBarrier

Defenses-Outer layer of the body, such as the skin, that keeps viruses from entering the body, and our eyelashes and nose hair, which protect our bodies from some harmful antigensInternal Defenses-Located inside the body. For example, the antigens don’t stand a change against the acid located in our stomachs

Humoral Response-responds to antigens

and causes the body to form antibodies

Cell Mediated Response-rids of antigens with the use of cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and K cells instead of using antibodies

Page 9: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

The Nervous System

The network of nerves and cells that transfer information through bodily networks

Consists of the Central Nervous System (the brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Divisions)

Page 10: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Nervous SystemChemical Synapses

How they work: Depolarization (changes in cell membrane) causes Ca++ ions to rush to the terminal branch through calcium-gated channels, which then stimulates vesicles to fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters then bond with receptors on the postsynaptic side, altering membrane potential. The neurotransmitter is then destroyed by esterase enzymes.

Page 11: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Nervous SystemsCentral vs. Peripheral

-Made up with the brain and spinal cord-Controls body movements & actions-Central nervous system (CNS) interprets messages from outlying receptors and send out reaction impulses

-Consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the spinal cord-carries messages from CNS for processing to muscles & organs

Parasympathetic vs.Sympathetic

-increases adrenaline, plays a big role in body’s “Fight or Flight” response-can increase heart rate, blood pressure-can slow down digestion

-Relaxes the body-tries to establish homeostasis by decreasing heart rate and blood pressure, can also speed up digestion process

Page 12: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Nervous SystemsMotor vs. Autonomic

-Controls voluntary movements of the body and mobility-Can consciously control movements-Example: walking

-Controls involuntary movements of the body-Cannot consciously control these movements-Example: raising blood pressure and/or heart rate

Efferent Neurons vs. Afferent Neurons

-Neurons that conduct impulses outwards from the central nervous system

-neurons that transport impulses from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system

Page 13: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Nervous SystemCerebral Cortex

-made up neurons and supporting cells-maintains cognitive functions, like perceiving and thinking

Forebrain-consists of the diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) , which is responsible for motor control, relaying sensory info and autonomic functions, and the telencephalon (cerebrum), which processes information

Midbrain-helps make up the brainstem along with the hindbrain-responsible for handling auditory and visual stimuli Hindbrain

-contains pons (connects cerebral cortex & medulla oblongata) and the cerebellum-assists in movement, maintaining balance, and conducing sensory information

Page 14: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

The Circulatory System

The system of the body that transports blood to the body’s organs

Consists of: the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins

Page 15: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Circulatory SystemThe Heart

Role: to pump blood through the blood vessels of the body, around the body

Systolic vs. Diastolic

-represents the max. number of pressure exerted when the heart contracts

-represents the min. pressure in the arteries when the heart’s at rest

BLOOD PRESSURES

Ideal blood pressure for a teen: 120/80 (Systolic/Diastolic)

How Blood Moves Through the Mammalian Heart

First, blood enters through the Vena Cava. From there it continues to the right atrium, right atrioventricular valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, and then finally to all the cells in the body

How is the heart’s rhythmic beat maintained?The autonomic nervous system consists of

nerves that travel from your brain to your heart in order to increase the beat during rigorous activity or decrease the beat during rest, in order to maintain homeostasis, maintain a beat, and keep the heart functioning as well as possible

Page 16: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Circulatory SystemDouble

Circulation

-a kind of circulation system where blood flows through the heart twice

Mammalian Cardiovascular

System

Page 17: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Circulatory SystemBlood

-consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and

platelets

Plasma-liquid portion-contains hormones, antibodies, nutrients, wastes, and moreFunction: to maintain proper osmotic potential of blood

Red Blood Cells

(Erythrocytes)-don’t have a nucleus, only live about 4 months, formed in bone marrowFunction: to carry hemoglobin and oxygen

White Blood Cells

(Leukocytes)-the B lymphocyte that produces antibodies-formed in the bone marrowFunction: to fight infection

Platelets

-cell fragments that are formed in the bone marrowFunction: to clot blood when necessary

Page 18: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Circulatory SystemRoles in blood circulation

Hemoglobin Bicarbonate ions

Hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment that carries oxygen though the human

body. It must be able to bind with oxygen in the lungs and unload it at

any body cells. Hemoglobin is sensitive

to pH.

Bicarbonate ions maintain pH balance in blood after

encountering an amount of CO2 in blood. Most CO2 is transferred by bicarbonate ions than by hemoglobin.

Page 19: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

The Endocrine System

The body system that contains the glands and hormones that regulate the body

Consists of: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes

Page 20: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemHormones Target Cells

-Substances that are produced in ductless glands, that are transported in tissue fluids. Hormones are used to stimulate specific cells or tissue into action.

-Abnormal red blood cells that most antigens try to attach to-Viruses are attracted to target cells

How do hormones & target cells communicate?Hormones only affect target cells. Target

cells generally respond to hormones due to the fact that target cells possess receptors for hormones.

Page 21: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemNegative

Feedback Loop-deals with hormone regulation-how much the system outputs now affects future production of the systemExample: blood pressure regulation. If the heart pumps too much blood it will slow down its pace if necessary.

Page 22: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine System: Types of HormonesSteroids Peptides Modified Amino

Acids

-diffuse directly through plasma membranes and bind to receptors inside the nucleus that trigger the cell’s responseExample: Anabolic steroids that increase muscle and bone synthesis

-can’t dissolve in the plasma membrane, so they bind to receptors on cell surfaces. Once bonded, it triggers a message that converts the signal to a responseExample: Vasopressin controls the reabsorbing of molecules

-an organic compound that contains proteins that act as messengers through the human bodyExample: Glico-proteins are modified by covalent binding

Page 23: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine System

The Hypothalamus

Role: sends electrical signals to the adrenal gland to release adrenaline while acting like a nerve as it secretes hormones-also known as the “regulator” of the body, acting as the body’s thermostat and regulating hunger and thirst

Page 24: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemAnterior Pituitary Hormones-Regulate several internal

processes in the body concerning stress, growth, and reproduction

Luteinizing Hormone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Growth Hormone ProlactinAdrenocorticotrophic hormone

Examples:

-induces ovulationTarget: Gonads

-Causes development of the ovarian follicles & stimulates secretion of progesteroneTarget: Gonads

-promotes the growth of bone and soft tissueTarget: Liver, adipose tissue

-stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to cortisolTarget: Adrenal gland

-maintains milk secretion in the bodyTarget: Ovaries & mammary glands

Page 25: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemPosterior Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

Hormones Secreted Hormones Secreted

1. Oxytocin A.K.A. “the love hormone”: has major roles in female reproduction, is secreted during labor and while facilitating birthTarget: Uterus and mammary glands

2. Vasopressin: can increase blood pressure, controls the reabsorption of molecules in the kidneysTarget: Kidneys or Arterioles

1. Thyroxine: helps stimulate proteins in the bodyTarget: All cells of the body

2. Triiodothyronine: affects growth, develoment, metabolism, heart rate, and body temperatureTarget: Tissues in the body

Page 26: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemParathyroid

Gland

Pancreas

Hormone Secreted

Hormones Secreted

1. Parathyroid Hormone: regulates calcium and phosphorus concentration in the bodyTarget: Bones and kidneys

1. Insulin: regulates carbohydrates and fat metabolism in the bodyTarget: mainly the liver

2. Glucagon: raises blood glucose levelsTarget: Liver

3. Somatostatin: inhibits the release of growth hormone into the bodyTarget: the brain

Page 27: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemAdrenal Glands

Hormones Secreted

2. Hydrocortisone: control’s the body’s use of fats, carbohydrates, & proteins. It also suppresses the immune system.Target: bones and target tissues3. Corticosterone: suppresses inflammatory reactions into the bodyTarget: Blood stream

4. Aldosterone: regulates the amount of salt in urine, maintains blood pressureTarget: Kidneys and blood stream

1. Epinephrine: increases heart rate and force of heart contractions, causes relaxation, facilitates blood flow to the brainTarget: heart, brain

5. Norepinephrine: can increase blood pressureTarget: heart, blood stream

Page 28: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1B: Endocrine SystemPineal Gland

Hormone Secreted

Gonads (Testes & Ovaries)

Hormones Secreted1. Luteinizing hormone:

induces ovulation and maintains the corpus luteumTarget: Ovaries & testes

2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): develops the ovarian follicle and stimulates the secretion of oestradiol and progesteroneTarget: Ovaries & testes

1. Melatonin: transfers information about environmental lighting to various parts of the body, regulates sleep and wake cyclesTarget: bloodstream, optic nerves

Page 29: Human Anatomy STORRES 1B

1C: Bibliography

http://psychology.about.com/od/biopsychology/f/neuron01.htm

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/villus.html

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/B_and_Tcells.html

http://www.microbiologybytes.com/iandi/1b.html

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html http://biology.about.com/od/

humananatomybiology/a/anatomybrain.htm http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/

Double_Circulation http://www.elp.manchester.ac.uk/pub_projects/

2000/mnby6kas/anterior.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary http://www.umm.edu/endocrin/adrengl.htm http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/

endocrin.htm

Website URL’s

Books

1. Goldberg, Deborah T. AP Biology. 3rd ed. Hauppauge: Barron's Educational Series, 2010. Print. Barron's.

2. Matt, Margaret. Human Anatomy Coloring Book. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1982. Print. Pictorial Archive.

I did not work with other students for this assignment.

Tuesday, July 19: 2:00PM-3:00PMFriday, July 29: 11:00AM-12:00PMMonday, August 15: 5:00PM-6:30PMTuesday, August 16: 4:00PM-5:00PMFriday, August 26: 9:30AM-10:30AMSaturday, August 27: 9:00PM-11:00PMSunday, August 28: 7PM-10PM (on and off)Monday, August 29: 5:30PM-7:00PM

Total: 13 hours

Schedule of times