human biology instructor terry wiseth cell structure & function
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Biology
Instructor Terry Wiseth
CELL CELL STRUCTURE & STRUCTURE &
FUNCTIONFUNCTION
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CELL MEMBRANECell membrane made up
of:
1) Phospholipids1) Phospholipids
2) Sterols2) Sterols
3) Proteins3) Proteins
4) Glycoproteins4) Glycoproteins
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PHOSPHOLIPIDScell membrane - semi-permeable lipid
bilayertwo layers of Phospholipids
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STEROLS
common sterols of cell membranesCholesterol (animal cells)
prevent packing of lipid cells in the cell membrane
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PROTEINS
Proteins are embedded into the cell membraneThese proteins serve a variety of cell
membrane functions
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GLYCOPROTEINSproteins are embedded in the bilayer
glycoproteins - sugar-protein combinations
sugars extend out to the extracellular fluid
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CELL MEMBRANE
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FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
membrane bilayer shows fluid behaviormolecules of the bilayer are in constant
motion
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FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
membrane is composite of molecules allowing a “mosaic description”
cell survival depends on fluidity characteristics of the cell membrane
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FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
extracellular fluid temperature decreases cause a stiffening of the cell membranedisrupts membrane protein function
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CELL THEORYSmallest entity that retains the
characteristics of life1) Complex organization2) Metabolic activity3) Reproduction
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CELL SIZE
Most cannot be seen without the aid of a microscopeLarger cells
”Yolk” of bird eggsFish eggs “caviar”
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CELL SIZEHuman eyes able to see about 100
microns
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LIGHT MICROSCOPE
The light microscope has a limit of resolution of about 200 nm (0.2 microns)
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TEMThe Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM) has a limit of resolution of about 2 nm
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SEMThe Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) also has a limit of 2 nm
Bronchiole cilia
WBC engulf bacteria
Sperm & Egg
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GENERALIZATIONS OF CELL THEORY
Cells vary in size, shape and activitiesAll cells have:
1) Plasma membrane2) DNA region3) Cytoplasm4) Organelles
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PLASMA MEMBRANEOuter membrane
maintains the integrity of the cell
Membrane does not however isolate the cell
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PLASMA MEMBRANECell membrane
“Lipid bilayer”Boundary that bars free passage of water
soluble substances in and out of the cell
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NUCLEUSDNA is localized in the cell nucleus
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CYTOPLASMEverything enclosed by the plasma
membrane except the DNA semi-fluid
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CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING
Cytoplasm is not stagnant but rather is constantly moving (streaming)
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ORGANELLESOrganelles--internal sacs which have a
specific metabolic functionEssential in keeping chemical reactions in
the cytoplasm separate from each other
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CELL MACHINERY
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CELL MACHINERY
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NUCLEUSNucleus sequesters DNA
1) Separates DNA from chemical reactions in cytoplasm
2) Nuclear membranes control access between nuclear material and cytoplasm
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NUCLEUSNuclear envelope has pores to allow
passage of messenger units of nucleic acid
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NUCLEUS
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NUCLEOLUS1) AssemblyAssembly of RNA and
ribosomes2) StorageStorage of RNA and
ribosomes
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DNAInstructions for building proteins (enzymes)
are contained in DNAInstructions of heredity are distributed in
several DNA molecules of various lengthsHumans = 46 DNA molecules
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DNADNA is threadlikeprior to cell division the DNA molecules
duplicate
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CHROMOSOMESDNA folds and twists into condensed
structures called chromosomes
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CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Series of organelles through which lipids and proteins, produced on cytoplasmic ribosomes, pass through in becoming packaged for export
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CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
1) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
2) Golgi bodies3) Vesicles4) Lysosomes
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
1) Rough endoplasmic reticulumRibbon like structure with ribosomes
attachedArranged as flat, stacked sacs
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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RIBOSOMESRibosomes are small spherical shaped
structuresServe as the “working table” for
assembling proteins
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RIBOSOMES
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2) Smooth endoplasmic reticulumLacks ribosomes
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Appears like a system of pipes1) Lipid synthesis
Ex: endocrine glands produce steroid hormones
2) Inactivate harmfulby-products ofmetabolism and drugsEx: liver cells
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GOLGI BODIES
Resemble stacks of pancakes
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GOLGI BODIES
Flattened sacs in which lipids and protein molecules are modified
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GOLGI BODIESModifications allow for sorting and
packaging for transport
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GOLGI MODIFICATIONS
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GOLGI MODIFICATIONS
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VESICLESSacs which transport or store enzymes,
lipids and proteins1) Peroxisomes2) Lysosomes (microbodies)
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VESICLES1) Peroxisomes
Contain enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids
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VESICLES2) LysosomesVesicles of intracellular digestionContain enzymes which can break down
any polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid and some lipids
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LYSOSOMESImportant in proper function of white
blood cells (immunity)
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LYSOSOMES
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CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Raw materials (amino acids and lipids) are dissolved in the cytoplasm
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CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Under the instructions of the DNA molecule polypeptide chains of proteins are assembled from the dissolved raw materials
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CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
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MITOCHONDRIAContains a series of inner membranes
folded repeatedly (cristaecristae)Increases the total surface area available
for reactions
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MITOCHONDRIAUse oxygen to assist in liberating energy
stored in sugars (aerobic respiration)
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MITOCHONDRIAEnergy is used to form ATP molecules
which is used for protein synthesis and transport
ATP-molecule is able to store and transport energy for short periods of time
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MITOCHONDRIAMost numerous in high energy demanding
cellsEx: muscles, liver
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MITOCHONDRIA
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CYTOSKELETONInterconnected system of bundled fibers,
threads and lattices
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CYTOSKELETONExtend from the cell membranes, organelles
and nucleus
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CYTOSKELETON
Supply internal organization, shape, ability to move, reinforce the cell membrane and hold proteins in place
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CELL SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS
Gap Junctionschannels of exchange in animal cells
ex: liver, heart
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CELL SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS
Junction Proteinshold cells together in forming tissues
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