human development: study of physical, cognitive and social changes through the lifetime
TRANSCRIPT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: study of physical, cognitive
and social changes through the lifetime
ARGUE OVER THE EXTENT TO WHICH EACH INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR
NATURE: genetics influence most NURTURE: learning/environment shapes usThomas Bouchard: Minnesota Twins Study-study identical (MZ) twins
Nature v. Nurture:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Twins_2004.jpg
IS DEVELOPMENT:
CONTINUOUS: a gradual, cumulative change from birth to death (walking up a hill)
OR
DISCONTINUOUS: a sequence of distinct stages that build upon one another that every person goes through (climbing stairs)
Continuity v. Discontinuity:
LONGITUDINAL: study same group of people for a long timeGood: accuracy Bad: costly, long time, lose participants
CROSS-SECTIONAL: compare different age groups nowGood: quick, fast Bad: less accurate
COHORT-SEQUENTIAL: cross-sectional groups are studied at least 2 times over months/years, compared to others of same age
Methods of studying development:
1. GERMINAL STAGE (lasts about 2 weeks): zygote
-a fertilized egg, it will divide many times2. EMBRYONIC STAGE (lasts about 7 weeks):
embryo-important organs form
3. FETAL STAGE (lasts for rest of pregnancy):fetus-growth, interaction of organs, form bones
Prenatal Development:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Photo_of_baby_with_FAS.jpg
Chemicals/diseases that can cause harm duringthe prenatal period
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME(FAS):#1 cause of mental retardation in the US
Teratogens:
INFANTS ARE BORN WITH SURVIVAL REFLEXES
-Sucking-Rooting-Grasping-Moro/startle reflex-Babinski reflex-Swallowing
AS MATURE, MANY REFLEXES DISAPPEAR
Newborn Reflexes:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Babies.jpg
MATURATION: physical development-genetically influenced, little environment -development of cerebellum and myelin
sheath
2 months-smile at voice9 months-sits without support12 months-says at least one word18 months-can walk independently
Motor Development:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Baby-lifting-weights.jpg
BRAIN: born with www.upload.wikimedia.org
most neurons will have in life
“USE IT OR LOSE IT” – ones we use are kept, ones we don’t are pruned away
DENDRITES GROW TO MAKE CONNECTIONS
Cognitive Development:
HABITUATION: simple form of learning where infants have
decreased responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimuli
-will look longer at new stimuli, bored with things they have experienced before
-means kids remember it, stare at it longer
Measuring cognitive ability:
Children think differently than adults Cognitive abilities grow discontinuously with
big leaps Schemas-mental categories that organize
information (birds=wings, feathers, fly)-assimilation: fit new information into
schemas (robins, cardinals)-accomodation: change our schemas to fit
new information (penguins, ostriches)
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Stages
1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2): form schemas, gain object permanence
2. Preoperational stage (2-7): symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism
3. Concrete operational stage (7-12): conservation of matter, simple logic
4. Formal operational stage (12+): abstract, hypothetical thinking
Criticisms: different rates, go through more quickly, more continuous
Piaget’s stages:
Sociocultural Theory of Development: More gradual development Internalization: taking information from your
social environment zone of proximal
development: range between what you
can do alone and what you can do with the help of others
( where we learn)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Teacher.jpg learn)
Lev Vygotsky:
HOW OTHERS INFLUENCE OUR DEVELOPMENT
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zari_Kids_of_Goa.JPG
CULTURE: behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next
Social Development:
Attachment: The creation of a close emotional relationship between parents and baby
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Firmin_Baes_-_Doux_r%C3%AAves.jpg/384px-Firmin_Baes_-_Doux_r%C3%AAves.jpg
Baby monkeys were given a wire mother with a bottle or a soft
cloth-covered mother http://pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/siteindex.html
-the babies preferred the soft mother
-demonstrates importance of
touch in attachment
Harry Harlow: Contact comfort
Konrad Lorenz: Familiarity
Imprinting: baby birds attach to the 1st thing they see
-critical period for forming attachments
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:lorenzBaby_ducks.jpg
Put babies into unfamiliar room, mom leaves, mom returns
3 Types:Secure attachment: explores when mom is
there, cried when mom left, went to her when she returned-responsive moms=best type
Anxious attachment: cling to mom, cry when she leaves, not return to her
Avoidant attachment: not care if mom is there or not, no response when she leaves
Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation
Temperament:
Temperament: natural disposition-easy or difficult
Easy=cheerful, relaxed, predictableDifficult=intense, irritable, unpredictable
Affects how parents react to child, and how child reacts to parent
Authoritarian parents: strict rules, expect kids to follow them, and punish if broken
Permissive parents: don’t set firm guidelines or enforce the ones that are there
Authoritative parents: set rules but explain the reason behind them, discuss
Authoritative-most independent, socially competent, highest self-esteem
Diane Baumrind: Parenting styles
We are shaped by our interactions with others
1st to examine development throughout a lifetime 8 stages where we face important crisis Affects our relationshipsand our personality
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Erikson.png
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages
1.Trust v. Mistrust (0-1) 2. Autonomy v. Shame/doubt(1-3) 3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-5)4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-12)5. Identity v. Role confusion (12-20)6. Intimacy v. Isolation (21-40)7. Generativity v. Stagnation (41-65)8. Integrity v. Despair (65+)
Erikson’s 8 Stages:
Discontinuous Gave moral dilemmas to males to see what
they would do and why (C. Gilligan criticize) 3 levels of how make moral judgments: Preconventional: avoid punishment, seek
rewards Conventional: follow rules, other’s
opinions of them Postconventional: universal ethical
principles
Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development:
Period between childhood and adulthood
-puberty: sexual maturation
-increasingly longer in Western societies
-brain, especially frontal lobe, still developing
-time of risk-taking
-development of identity
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teens_sharing_a_song.jpg
Adolescence:
Gender roles: expected behaviors for males/females=stereotypes
Gender identity: our own sense of being male/female
http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/view_photog.php?photogid=2125 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FilWomanFactory1940s.jpg
Gender:
Biological perspective: heredity, brain differences
Evolutionary perspective: help us to survive/reproduce
Behavioral perspective: rewards and punishments and social learning
Cognitive perspective: gender-schema theory-form schemas and act accordingly
Theories of gender development:
DEVELOPMENT OVER A LIFETIMENew focus on adulthood
Historically, research has
focused on childhood
Aging population has redirected focus
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elderly_exercise.jpg
Adulthood:
Cognitive: brain fullydeveloped around 23Physical: peakSocial: intimacy v. isolation: similarity in attraction, starting career/family/household, being financially responsiblehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Bride_%26_groom_-_West_Queen_Anne_Walls_-_Seattle_02A.jpg
Young adulthood (20-40):
Cognitive: Fluid intelligence: problem-solving =decreases with age
Crystallized intelligence: factual knowledge-increases with age
Physical: decreased vigor, menopause, wrinkling, graying hair
Social:generativity v. stagnation, career mastery, aging parents, empty nest
Middle Adulthood (40-65)
Physical: more susceptible to life-threatening disease, but less to short-term illnesses, senses decrease in sensitivity
Social: integrity v. despair, retirement, loss of friends, spouse, grandchildren
Cognitive: some changes, but can prevent by being healthy, and have stimulating activities
Alzheimer’s Disease: #1 cause of dementia-related to acetylcholine
Late Adulthood (65+):
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: 5 Stages of Dying
1. Denial2. Anger3. Bargaining4. Depression5. Acceptance
Criticism: not true for all people
Death and Dying: