human enhancement: redefining what it means to be human
DESCRIPTION
Slides for a talk given at the Character Education conference sponsored by the OECD and held in Geneva, October 2014TRANSCRIPT
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Human enhancements
Redefining what it means
to be human
Character Education for a Challenging Century Geneva 22 October 2014
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Introduction
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Education is concerned
with developing the
person
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Character education is
centred in the human
!
Character resides in
individual humans
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Character education
fosters particularly
human traits: courage,
mindfulness, ethics
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So a firm notion of what
it means to be human is
a vital foundation for
character education.
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But what it means to
be human is changing
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New technologies can
augment our existing
cognitive and physical
capacities in novel ways
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Traditional limits to
perception and
performance may no
longer hold
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What does that mean for
our idea of what it is to
be human?
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What does it mean for
character education?
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History
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Long history of
augmenting human
capacities with
technology
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Equally long history of
developing prosthetics
to compensate for
reduced function
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Enhancing human
capabilities is a well-
established human
endeavour
(perhaps a defining
characteristic).
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It hasn’t stopped us
developing moral codes
or striving to be more
courageous.
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So the changes
described here don’t
mean the end of
character
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But they do change how
it will be demanded of
people
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and that needs a
response from you.
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Cosmetic pharmacology
Prosthetics
Genetic enhancement
Networked minds
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Cosmetic pharmacology
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Use of drugs by people
without disease to
enhance cognitive and
physiological
performance
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‘smart drugs’
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‘nootropics’
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Ritalin
Modafinil (Provigil)
Adderall
Beta-blockers
Nutraceuticals
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Improving alertness and
mental function
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Improving affect and
mood
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Used by professionals
and students
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1 in 5 Nature readers
used drugs for focus
and concentration
(Nature survey, 2008)
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Around a quarter of UK
students at Oxford,
Newcastle & Leeds have
used Modafinil (The Tab,
2014)
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Culture of medication
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Global access to cheap
pharmaceuticals online
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History of presenting
enhancements as
treatments
Fen-Phen
Estrogen replacement
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Demands of a
knowledge economy
Intellectual labour
Emotional labour
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Demonstration of
character might be
made possible through
taking a drug
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Or the capacity for
demonstrating character
might be enabled
through
pharmacological
intervention
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If students use these
drugs, are they
cheating?
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If using smart drugs
becomes common
practice, will all students
have equal access?
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What sort of pressure
will students face from
schools or parents?
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How can the dangers of
unregulated
pharmaceuticals be
made clearer?
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If doctors and
firefighters can function
better, shouldn’t they?
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Genetic enhancement
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Inserting genes into
cells
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Mitigating ageing
damage, improving
physical stamina,
reducing risk of disease
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Interaction between
genetic and
environmental factors is
complex
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Stem cell treatment for
macular degeneration
Injecting human
embryonic stem cells
behind retina
Improved visual acuity
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Preventing loss of muscle
mass
Mechano-growth factor
and IGF-I gene
Potential sports doping
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Treatments for Type-1
diabetes in development
Growing insulin-producing
β cells
Teams at Harvard, ViaCyte
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Different forms of 5-HTTPLR
associated with happiness,
moral choices
“carriers of the short (S) allele
showed particular reluctance to
endorse utilitarian actions
resulting in foreseen harm to an
innocent individual.” Marsh et al.
(2011)
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More effective than
simply managing long-
term health issues
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Technological barriers
falling
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Ageing populations
mean new markets for
biotech firms
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Risk of profiling and
discrimination by
insurers and employers
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Potential for sports
doping, improving
stamina and endurance.
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Can you just ‘turn on’
loyalty or courage?
Should you?
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Shouldn’t we try to
improve life? Don’t we
do that already?
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Prosthetics
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Making good the loss of
body function
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i-limb
Individually articulated
fingers with variable
force library of gestures
managed via
smartphone app
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Nerve-controlled robot
leg
Connecting with the
central nervous system
to co-ordinate
movements
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Augmenting existing
capabilities
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Exoskeletons
Giving shipyard workers
the capacity to lift large
weights
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Google Glass
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Moving from a deficit
model to a sense of
enlarging human
capabilities
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Frontiers: biohacking,
performance art
Stelarc
Orlan
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Perhaps today we need
character to live with a
prosthetic
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Perhaps tomorrow we’ll
need character to live
without them
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Networked minds
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Idea of ‘network’
established in sociology
Castells’ ‘network
society’
Latour/Callon/Law
‘actor-network theory’
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But ‘network’ more than
a metaphor now
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The web and internet
have made us all nodes
in a real network
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(Most of us still use
keyboards or glass
screens to join in)
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Using patterns of brain
activity to directly
control computers
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Reading
electroencephalograms
and sending signals to
software or hardware
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Implants can affect more
than motor function
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“The pain, fear, anxiety
and depression are
pretty much completely
gone”
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Unpredictable effects in
neurotypical or ‘healthy’
people
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Commercial brain-
computer interfaces also
available
NeuroSky
Emotiv
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From minds in networks
to minds of networks
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Algorithmic machine
intelligence
Amazon
recommendations
Contextual advertising
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‘Strong AI’ won’t be like
the movies
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But some version of it
might care for you when
you’re older
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How can we develop
new norms for online
behaviour?
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What new forms of
agency are there?
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How do networked
prosthetics change our
idea of the body?
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How do we recognise
machines as moral
actors?
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Implications
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Tempting to ask, “what
demands are made of
character when
everyone has
superpowers?”
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Our culture has some
suggestions
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‘use my powers for
good, not evil’
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‘with great power comes
great responsibility’
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But we won’t be a
society of superheroes
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Different augmentations
will be chosen by (or
imposed on) different
people for different
reasons
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The effect of widespread
technological
augmentation will be to
increase diversity
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People will have a
greater range of
capabilities
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There will be greater
differences between
people’s experience and
perception
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So people will need to
be:
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Sensitive to the
differences between
them and other people
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Aware that they can’t tell
what sort of capabilities
other people have
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Prepared for life with
different powers, or
none
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Potential to give people
the moral framework
needed to adapt
positively to an
augmented world
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But failure means letting
technological
capabilities lead the way
“if we can do it, we
should do it”
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So there’s more need for
character education than
ever before
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And more need to be
clear what we mean by
‘character’