Alan Morales, M.Ed., ATC, LAT

Human Evolution

Primates LabA. Homo sapien, sapien (Aboriginal human)

B. Bonobo

C. Homo ergaster (1.8 mya)

D. Homo ergaster (boy)

E. Homo floriesnesis

F. Homo neanderthal

G. Chimpanzee (male)

H. Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)

I. Homo sapien, sapien (12 month old)

J. Chimpanzee (12 month old)

K. Homo sapien, sapien (Cro-Magnon)

L. Homo sapien, sapien (Ancestral )

Lab Answers

1. Known Human2. Model A3. Model I4. Model K5. Model L6. Model F7. Model D

8. Model C9. Model E10. Model H11. Model B12. Model G13. Model J14. Known Gorilla

OverviewEvolution of PrimatesEvolution of HominidsFocus on HomoHuman VariationHumans as a selective agent

CLASSIFICATION OF HOMO

Early Primates

Prosimians (~58mya)

Monkeys (35mya)Apes (23mya)Hominids (~6mya)

Two main groups of primates:

1. Strepsirrhines (wet-nosed primates)Prosimians – lemurs, lorises, pottos & tarsiers

2. Haplorhines (dry-nosed primates)Anthropoids – monkeys, apes and humans

TarsiersTarsiersLemursLemurs

LorisPottos

ProsimiansProsimians

HAPLORHINES

1. Old World Monkeys:

2. New World monkeys

3. Apes

New World Monkey:

Flat face

Wide nostrils

Prehensile tail

Old World Monkey:

Long snout

Close nostrils

Non-prehensile tail

HAPLORHINES3. Apes• Lesser Apes• Gibbons

• Great Apes• Orangutans,

Gorilla, Chimpanzees, and Humans

Primate CharacteristicsBinocular visionWell-developed cerebrumLong fingers & toesArms that can rotate around shoulder joint

Upright posture

Binocular Color Vision

Primate Hands

Mobile LimbsMost primates have flat nails as well as

sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers and toes.Many also have both an opposable big toe

and thumb.Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits

allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs.

Expanded brain capacitySocial behaviorsIntelligences

Other important featuresUpright posture.

Human and Gorrilla Comparison

Hominid Evolutionary Tree

Sequence of Human EvolutionOne of several possibilities

Common ancestor

Homo sapiens

Modern apes

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus africanus

Homo habilis

Homo erectus

Homo neanderthalensis

Intermission

CLASSIFICATION OF Homo Sapiens

Pre-hominid (Hominin) Evolution

Reconstruction of Australopithecine

Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 - ? mya

A. anamensis 4.2 - 3.9

A. afarensis 4.2 - 2.5

A. bahrelghazali 3.5 - 3.0

A. africanus 3.5 - 2.5

P. aethiopicus 2.7 - 2.3

A. garhi 2.5 - ?

P. boisei 2.3 - 1.3

P. robustus 2.0 - 1.0

BipedalismToolsLanguage

Hominid Evolution

Homo habilis (2.0 – 1.6mya)

H. rudolfensis (2.4-1.6mya)

H. erectus (1.9-27kyBP)

H. heidelbergensis (800-

100kyBP)

H. neanderthalensis (300-

30kyBP)

H. sapiens (130kyBP – present)

Sca

le:

Mill

ions

of

Years

BP

Evolution Human Origination

Out of Africa Theory

East Africa Rift Valley

Map of Australopithecine Finds

Map of Australopithecus sites in Africa, with a focus on the East African rift valley and limestone caves of South Africa.

Hominid Migitration

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

6 to 7 million years ago

Flat face like HomoCranial capacity about

the same as a chimpWalked uprightSahelanthropus tchad

ensis Video

HominidsBetween 7 and 6 million years agoHominid family (modern humans)

Bipedal upright (two-foot, locomotion)Developed opposable thumbs adapted for

grasping.Developed large brains.

Chimpanzees- 280 to 450 cubic centimeters.Homo sapiens-1200 to 1600 cubic centimeters!

To be Genus: HomoHomo erectus, Australopithecus,& Homo Sapien

Standard Primate Characteristics: upright, bipedal

posture much expanded

brain Opposable thumb

well defined sexual gender

extended childhood

language society culture

Human Ancestors

Human Evolution

A. afarensis

A. africanus

A. boisei

A. robustus

““LucyLucy” ” Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus afarensis

Pronouncation

An Example of Mosaic Evolution

Australopithecus africanusPronouncation

2.8 million years agoCranial capacity 460

cc

Homo habilisPronouncation

•Brain~600cc

•“Handy Man”

•Olduwan tools

•Speech?

•2-1.5 mya

Oldowan Tools

Homo ErgasterFirst MigratersAveraged brain size

1000 ccAbout 1.8-1.3 mya

Homo erectus“Upright Man”Larger brain than H. habilis

1.8 mya-400,000 years ago

MigratedUsed fireAcheulean toolsMore advanced culture?

Homo erectus

Trends in Skull Development

Hominid BrainsHominid Brains

NeanderthalsNeanderthal (H.

neanderthalensis) were first discovered in Germany’s Neander Valley.

300,00-200,000 years ago

What happened to Neandertals?

Coexisted w/H. sapiens for up

to 60,000 years.

Interbred?

Killed off?

Outcompeted?

Neanderthal Man

Science, Nov 19, 2004

Homo sapiens

Archaic – 100,000 to 35,000 yearsAlso called Homo sapiens

and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

Modern – 35,000 years to presentModern human speciesHomo sapiens sapiens

Cro-MagnonsOldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens.Modern humans who entered Asia and

Europe from Africa 100,000 years ago.Aurignacian tools.Accomplished hunters.Language.

Cro-Magnon Man

Cro-Magnon Cro-Magnon humanshumans 1,600 cc 1,600 cc

cranial cranial capacitycapacity

NotNot a different a different species, just species, just old old Homo Homo sapienssapiens from from EuropeEurope

Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man

Sequence of Human EvolutionOne of several possibilities

Common ancestor

Homo sapiens

Modern apes

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus africanus

Homo habilis

Homo erectus

Homo neanderthalensis

Human VariationResponses to the environment:• Bergmann’s Rule: states that of

larger size humans are found in colder environments, and smaller size are found in warmer regions.

• Allen’s Rule: states that humans from colder climates usually have shorter limbs than the equivalent human warmer climates.

Human Evolution Review

1. In hominoids, the foramen magnum is more centrally located in human skulls than in chimpanzee.

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1. True 2. False

2. Did Neanderthal and Homo Sapiens livded sided by sided for around 50,000 years?

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1. True2. False

3. In hominoids, human have a more of a box-shaped dental arcade (teeth set-up) than gorillas.

1 2

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1. True2. False

4. The sagittal ridge is more pronounced in gorillas than in homo erectus species

1 2

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1. True2. False

5. The browridge in gorillas is much more pronounced than the browridge in Austrolipothesis africanus.

1 2

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1. True2. False

6. The facial slope in chimpanzee is lesser than humans.

1 2

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1. True2. False

7. What region of the world is considered the “Cradle of Humanity”?

1 2 3 4

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1. Americas2. Africa3. Europe4. Asia

8. Which of the following primates appeared on the planet Earth about 6 mya?

1 2 3 4

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1. Prosimians2. Monkeys3. Apes4. Hominids

9. __________ is considered the earliest primates which included lemurs, lories, and tarsiers

1 2 3 4

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1. Prosimians2. Anthropoids3. Apes4. Fishes

10. The characteristics for primates are binocular vision, well-developed brain, long fingers & toes and arms that can rotate around the shoulder joint.

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1. True 2. False

11. Primates having long fingers & toes with opposable big toe & thumbs is not a major characteristic in their evolution.

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1. True 2. False

12. Characteristics of the body (i.e. skull) had nothing to do with hominids being upright posture and bipedal.

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1. True2. False

13. Human are direct descent from apes and monkeys.

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1. True2. False

14. Hominid evolutionary tree illustrates a linear relationship with lemurs, Old World monkeys, and gorillas.

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1. True 2. False

15. One of the several possible sequence of human evolution is:

1 2 3 4

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1. A. ararensis, A. africanus, H. habilis, H. erectus, and H, sapiens

2. A. ararensis, A. africanus, H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. neanderthal

3. A. ararensis, A. africanus, H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthal, and H. sapiens

4. A. ararensis, A. africanus, and H. sapiens

16. Which of the Homo species was considered “Handy Man” because their were the first species to use tools?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. H. habalis2. H. erectus3. H. Neanderthal4. H. sapien

17. Which of the Homo species is credit with migrating away from Africa to other parts of the planet?

1 2 3 4

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1. H. habalis2. H. erectus3. H. Neanderthal4. H. sapien

18. Which of the Homo species was believed to become extinct due to interbreeding with Homo sapiens, killed off, and outcompeted for resources?

1 2 3 4

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1. H. habalis2. H. erectus3. H. Neanderthal4. H. sapien

19. When examining earlier Homo sapiens skull with modern Homo sapiens skull, the examiner will notice the forehead in the earlier Homo sapiens is more angular.

1 2

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1. True2. False

20. Which of the Homo species is considered “Upright Man” because they stood upright?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. H. habalis2. H. erectus3. H. Neanderthal4. H. sapien

21. Lucy was the first hominid fossil discovered . What is her scientific name?

1 2 3 4

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1. H. habalis2. H. erectus3. A. ararensis 4. A. africanus

22. Which language is scientific name and/or terms based on?

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1. Russian2. French3. English4. Latin

23. The two hypothesis that explain how modern Homo sapiens might have evolved from other genus of Homo is

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1. Out of Africa and Multiregional model

2. Multiregional & Out of Asia model

3. Single Regional & out of Africa model

4. Out of Asia & Single Regional model

24. What was the importance of bipedal locomotion that evolved in the hominids family?

1 2 3 4

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1. Can reach higher

2. Can swim3. Can make and

use tools more efficiently

4. No major importance

25. Humans are classified in which of the following primate groups?

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1. Anthropoids2. Arthropods3. Prosimians4. Echinoderms

26. Chromosomal evidence indicated that gorillas and humans are related to each other.

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1. True2. False

27. What is not an adaptations that are shared by primates?

1 2 3 4

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1. Binocular vision2. Relatively long

fingers & toes3. Well-developed

brain4. Ability to talk

28. Which primates includes lemurs and bush babies?

1 2 3 4

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1. Anthropoids2. Arthropods3. Prosimians4. Echinoderms

29. Homo Habilis was found with tools of ____________.

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1. Stone & bone2. Metal3. Aluminum4. Skin

30. Which of the Homo species has the largest brain with a cranium capacity of 1400 cc?

1 2 3 4

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1. H. habalis2. H. erectus3. A. africanus4. H. sapien

31. How many hominid species exist today?

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1. One2. Two3. Nine4. Twelve

32. How confident do you feel explaining human evolution?

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1. Very confident2. Somewhat

confident3. Little confident4. No confident

33. Since the beginning of this unit, how much confidence do you feel explaining human evolution?

1 2 3 4

0% 0%0%0%

1. Very confident2. Somewhat

confident3. Little confident4. No confident

34. What grade will you get on this test?

1 2 3 4 5

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. A2. B3. C4. D5. F