human evolution review of knowledge. finding the evidence for evolution right conditions = few...
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Human Evolution
Review of knowledge
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Finding the evidence for evolution
• Right conditions = few examples. Once have them need to date them, potassium-argon dating, C14, relative dating all used.
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Human evolution is divided into two strands:
• Biological evolution: the transmission of factors by genes, what is inherited.
• Cultural evolution: transmission of ideas, beliefs, what is learned.
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• KPCOFGS– Animalia– Chordata– Mammalia– Primates– Hominidae– Homo– sapiens sapiens
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Humans are Mammals:• Hairy and sweat glands• animals that suckle young on secreted milk.• viviparous• Are homeothermic (maintain a constant body
temperature)• Give birth to live young• External ear• Four chambered heart• Diaphragm• Differentiated teeth• Higher intelligence
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Humans are primates:
• Primate classification
Divided into two main suborders:
• Suborder Prosimii: tarsiers, lemurs, lorises
• Suborder Anthropoidea: monkeys, apes, humans
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• Primates developed in the three dimensional world of trees. Ancestors probably had a good sense of smell but lost it as not a good way to communicate in the trees. Sight and colour vision developed as the dominant sense. Characteristics are related to being in an arboreal environment.
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Characteristics of primates• Prehensile grasping hands (and tails)• Nails not claws, sensitive finger pads• 5 functional digits on feet• Retention of collar-bone• Binocular, stereoscopic vision and improved retina• Good eye hand coordination• Oestrus cycle• Bony eye ridges• Mobile arm joints• One young per pregnancy (usually)• Strong social groupings
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Primate Locomotion -Some are arboreal and some adapted to ground
ABOREAL
• Quadrupedalism– Walking on four limbs. Arms and legs are of
more or less equal length and importance. Most primitive form lived in trees (lemurs)
• Modifield quadrapedilism– Leaping and clinging. Torso is vertical after
each leap and in resting position. When on ground hop on back legs. (some prosimians)
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• Brachiation– Involves use of the arms, which become
longer and are used to suspend body during feeding and to move by swinging. Can be full (gibbons) or semi (spider monkeys).
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GROUND Quadrapedilism – baboons Knuckle walking – chimps and gorillas.
Walking on the backs of the middle parts of fingers. Fingers hands and wrists are adapted to this from of locomotion.
Bipedalism (habitual) – hominin (humans). This involves major changes to the pelvis, backbone and foot.