human factors design criteria for future systems. report
TRANSCRIPT
LnYLOf0q
(IResearch Product 89-11
Human Factors Design Criteriafor Future Systems.
Report No. 4:FAADS Design Criteria Evolving
From the Sgt. York Follow-OnEvaluation I
DTICS ELECT[7
May 1989 JUL 201989
o)BFort Hood Field Unit
Systems Ren: -rch Laboratory
UZS. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
I.. C6 ' -. 2 . • '
U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
A Field Operating Agency Under the Jurisdictionof the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel
EDGAR M. JOHNSON JON W. BLADESTechnical Director COL, IN
Commanding
Research accomplished under contract for theDepartment of the Army
Essex Corporation
Technical review by
David M. JohnsonKenneth C. Reynolds
NOTICES
FINAL DISPOSIT'ION: This Research Product may be destroyed when it is no longer needed.Please do not return it to the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Scial Sciences.
NOTE: This Recesarch Product is not tn be construed as an official Department of the Armydocument, unless so designated by other authorized documents.
UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
% Form ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTAT!ON PAGE OMBNo. 0704e0188
l a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS
Unclassified --2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
2b. DECLASSIFICATION /DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited.
4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)
ARI Research Product 89-11
6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION
Essex Corporation - Human Fac- (If applicable) U.S. Army Research Institutetors & Training Systems Group . -- Fort Hood Field Unit
6c. ADDRESS (City, Stare, and ZIP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
741 Lakefield Road, Suite B HQ TEXCOM (Proy)Westlake Village, CA 91361 Fort Hood, TX 76544-5065
8a. NAME OF FUNDING fSPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
OR(;ANIZATION U. S. Army Research (If applicable)Institute tor the Behavioraland Social Sciences PERI-S MDA903-86-C-0365Sc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS
PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT
5001 Eisenhower Avenue ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO.Alexanoria, VA 223j3-560 0 63739A 793 141 114C
11. TITLE (Induce Security Classification)
Human Factcr3 Design Criteria for Future Systems. Report No. 4: FAADS Design Criteria
Evolving From the Sgt. York Follow-On Evaluation I
12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)
Muckler, Frcdcrick A.; Babbitt, Bettina A.; and Seven, Sally A. (Essex Corporation)13a. Ti PE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15, PAGE COUNT
Final FROM 86/10 TO_.ý712 1989, May 51.
16. 5UPPLEMENT. "NOTATION
17. COSATI CODES 18- SUaJEC(r TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary 2nL; identify by block number)
FIELD GROUP SUE-GROUF Forward Area A:.. T-Ifense System (FAA£.3) Sgt. York FOE IDesign criteriPHuman factors
19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necemary and identify by block number)
"Fifty-one human factors design problems reported from the Sgt. York Follow-On Evalua-
tion (FOE) I are examined with respect to the driver's station (20 problems) and the crew
compartment housing the squad leader and gunner (31 problems). Each design problem iscompared with human factors criteria from MIL-STD-1472C and MIL-HDBK-759A to determine
the adequacy of currena+y available design criteria. Where existing design criteria were
inadequate or nonexistent, proposed changes and additions are presented. The purpose of
this work is to provide human factors design criteria ,r future Forward Area Air Defense
System (FAADS) with respect to improved soldier-machine interfaces. --!
Z0. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
C3 UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED 13 SAME AS RPT. C[ DTIC USERS Unclassified
22a. NP,.ME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c, OFFICE SYMBOL
Charles 0. Nvstrom (817) 288-9118 PERI-ST4
DD Form 1473, JUN 86 Prp'"•ts editions are obsclete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
UNCLASSIFIED
Research Product 89-11
Human Factors Design Criteriafor Future Systems.
Report No. 4:FAADS Design Criteria Evolving
From the Sgt. York Follow-On Evaluation I
Frederick A. Muckler, Bettina A. Babbitt,and Sally A. Seven
Essex Corporation
Field Unit at Fort Hood, TexasGeorge Gividen, Chief
Systems Research LaboratoryRobin L. Keesee, Director
U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333-5600
Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel
Department of the Army
May 1989
Army Project Number Human Factors In Training20203731A793 and Cperations
Approvod for public release' listrihution i7 "n!imri:cd.
iii
FOREWORD
In the process of participating in operational tests and evaluations,personnel from the U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI) tor the Behavioral andSocial Sciences isolate and identify human factors (MANPRINT) deficiencies innc., emerging Army systems. From this work come both positive recommendationsfor correcting the specific system problems and design criteria for improvingfuture systems. This report, based on the Cgt. York Follow-Oil Evaluation(FOE) I, presents human factors design criteria for use in the design of fu-ture Forward Area Air Defense Systems (FAADS). This is the fourth In a seriesof reports that provide human factors design criteria for future weapons sys-tems. Earlier reports present design criteria evolving from human factorevaluations of the M1 tank, the Fire Support Team Vehicle (FIST-V), and theMultiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS).
Results of these design criteria investigations were communicated to theHuman Engineering Laboratory facilýity at Huntsville, Alabama, for integrationinto the Army's Numan Engineering Design Handbook, MIL-IIDBK-759A, and the DODStandard, MIL-STD-1472C. Copies of the design criteria reports were also pro-vided to Training and Doctrine Command system managers and Army Materiel Com-mand program managers. Because it is concerned with forward area air defense,this report was also provided to the Air Defense School. This research wasperformed as a work unit subsumed under ARI Research Task. 1.1.4, Air DefenseCrew and Operator Performance.
This work was conducted in conjunction with the following agreements:(1) Letter of Agreement between U.S. Army Research Institute for the Be-havioral and Social Sciences and U.S. Army Operational Test and EvaluationAgency, 15 June 1983; (2) Letter of Agreement between U.S. Army Research In-stitute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences and the U.S. Army Air DefenseSchool, 20 November 1986.
EDZARM. J N SONTechnical Director
Accession For
DTIC TAH
Just 1iatsO lopd U/
/ • Just D Iatibution/
\ .•,,. By. ...
IAve•1•'Ift'- 'f,•.,3
Avli. avId/orvJn~n
HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FUTURE SYSTEMS. REPORT NO. 4: FAADS DESIGN
CRITERIA EVOLVING FROM THE SGT. YORK FOLLOW-ON EVALUATION I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Requirement:
The objective of this analysis is to specify current design criteria re-lated to human factors (HF) that are associated with Sgt. York deficienciesand to stipulate modified or new design criteria, where needed, to prevent arecurrence of these deticiencies in future Forward Area Air Defense Systems(FAADS).
Procedure:
During the Sgt. York Follow-On Evaluation (FOE) I, 51 human factorsproblems in safety and training were recorded. The procedure then involvedcomparing each of the 51 individual problems with pertinent design criteriastatements in MIL-STD-1472C and MIL-HDBK-759A. These criteria were examinedto determine if they provided adequate guidance for making informed designjudgments. Where the criteria were judged to be inadequate or missing, re-vised or new criteria are proposed.
Findings:
The results were divided into two parts: (1) the driver's station and(2) the crew compartment housing the squad leader and the gunner. FOE I dataclearly showed that the design of the driver's station was inadequate in suchcritical variables as workspace, seating, control design, environment, andvisibility. Of the 20 problems identified, 15 could have been avoided if cur-rent design criteria had been complied with. Recommended design criteria thatwould reduce the probability of recurrence of the five remaining problems areprovided.
In the crew station, 31 design problems were identified in such catego-ries as inadequate workspace, poor seating, inadequate visibility, display andcontrol deficiencies, and workload. Most important were mission performancedeficiencies in the execution of the target engagement sequence, the principalpurpose for which the system existed. Of the 31 problems, 18 were adequatelycovered by current design criteria; recommendations are given for handling theremainiiig 13.
vii
Utilization of Findings:
The recommendations of this report are intended for use in improving andupdating human factors design criteria for future self-propelled air defensesystems. A major purpose is to prevent recurrence of the same and similarproblems in future Forward Area Air Defense Systems.
viii
HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FUTURE SYSTEMS. REPORT NO. 4: FAADS DESIGNCRITERIA EVOLVING FROM THE SGT. YORK FOLLOW-ON EVALUATION I
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ......................... .............................. 1
HF design criteria for new systems . . . ................. 1Purpose and objective of this report .... ............... . . 1
METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3
Sgt. York Follow-On Evaluation I ............... ................... 3HF problem selection criteria ................. ................... 5Design criteria sources ................... ....................... 5
RESULTS .............................. ................................ 6
The driver's station .................... ......................... 6The crew station ................ ........................... .... 19
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................... ......................... 40
REFERENCES ....................... ............................... ... 43
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Comparison of major HF design problems in the Sgt. YorkFOE I with current and proposed design criteria: Thedriver's station ............... ......................... 7
2. Comparison of major HF design problems in the Sgt. YorkFOE I with current and proposed design criteria: Thecrew station ..................... ......................... 21
ix
HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FUTURE SYSTEMS. REPORT NO. 4:FAADS DESIGN CRITERIA EVOLVING FROM THE SGT YORK FOLLOW-ON EVALUATION I
INTRODUCTION
HF Design Criteria for New Systems
The Fort Hood Field Unit of the Army Research Institute (ARI) has had anactive program of human factors research concerned with improving the soldier-equipment interface for almost two decades. Based upon the assessment ofsoldier performance in a variety of systems employed in an operational testand evaluation environment, a series of design criteria reports have beenproduced as a result of evaluating three major Army weapon systems:
"o The Ml Tank (Earl, 1984)"o The Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS; (EFal 6 Crumley, 1985)"o The Fire Support Team Vehicle (FIST-V) (Crumley & Earl, 1985)
The purpose of these reports was to provide the results of evaluations ofexisting design criteria, to propose modifications of existing design criteriawh.ere necessary, and to develop new design criteria where needed, with theexpectation that more complete design criteria could be available for futuresystems in the class.
This report is the fourth in that series, and it deals with designcriteria evolving from the Sgt York Follow-On Evaluation (FOE) I. It isintended for use in the design of future Forward Area Air Defense Systems(FAADS).
Purpose and Objective of this Report
Design criteria have been established as an aid and a guide to thoseindividuals creating systems. There are two major documents that providehuman factors design criteria for the soldier-machine-system interface:
o Military Standard: Human Engineering Design Criteria for MilitarySystems, Equipment and Facilities. Department of Defense, MIL-STD-1472C, 2 May 1981.
o Military Handbook: Human Factors Engineering Design for Army
Materiel (METRIC). DepartmenL of the Army, MIL-HDBK-759A, 30 June1981.
Considering the age of these documents and the rate of change of technology,several questions occur. One, to what extent are the present design criteriaadequate? Two, to what extent are the present design criteria used? One wayof answ~ring both questions is to examine the human factors dcsign problemsidentified during operational tests of actual equipment and systems.
Such problems can then be associated with: I) an existing design criterionthat was used, was overlooked or Ignored; 2) with an existing design criterionthat was not adequate and needs to be modified; 3) the absence of anypertinent design criteria. The case of missing criteria will reveal a needfor additional criteria to cover problems not anticipated by currentstandards, handbooks, and specifications.
The recommendations of this report are based upon an examination of humanfactors design problems that emerged from a screening of data from the SgtYork FOE I. The report's objective is to provide design criteria for futureFAADS. Fifty-one design problems have been identified in terms of theirpotential adverse impact on mission performance, safety, and crew performance.The problems result from poor human factors design. A separation has beenmade between the problems involving the driver's station and those involvingthe crew compartment housing the squad leader and the gunner. For each prob-lem, the presence or adequacy of current design criteria Is noted. Proposedchanges or problem solutions are zuggested as appropriate.
For more extensive analyses of the 3gt York FOE I data, three otherdocuments are recommended: (1) Sgt York FOE I Human Factors Data (Babbitt,1987); (2) Sgt York FOE I: Lessons Relearned (Seven, 1987); and (3) Sgt YorkHuman Performance Data (Babbitt, Seven, & Muckler, 1987).
2
METHOD
t York Follow-On Evaluation I
The DIVAD gun system (M247 Sgt York) was originally intended to provideall-weather, close-range air defense for forward area mobile tactical unitsagainst hostile fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and lightly armoredvehicles. Sgt York was a self-propelled tracked vehicle with a crew of three(driver, squid leader, and gunner) and principal armament of dual 40 mm guns.Development of the system was initiated in 1976, with the eventual Follow-OnEvaluation (FOE) I of the system in 1985, and cancellation of the system in19B5 (Seven, 1987, p. 6).
As is customary with weapon system development, a series of test5 wereconducted on the emerging system (Babbitt, 1988, p. 3). Prior to FOE I, thefollowing tests were conducted:
o 1981: Division Air Defense Gun Developmental/Operational CombinedTest;
o 1982: Dvvelopmental Test IIA;o 1983: Developmental Test IIB;o 1984: Sgt York Limited Test;o 1985: AMSAA Independent Evaluation of the Sgt York Air Defense Gun
Initial Production Test.
These tests revealed a number of human factors and safety deficiencies, andset the stage for the human factors and safety test3 conducted as part of theFOE I, carried out during April, May, and June 1985 at Fort Hunter-Liggett,CA, and the White Sands Missile Range, NM (Babbitt, 1987, p. 5).
For the Force-On-Force phase of FOE I, a Sgt York platoon (four Sgt Yorkfire units, each with a 3-man crew) and five Stinger companies were employedin support cf an armor heavy battalion task force comprised of two tankcompanies and one mechanized infantry company. There were 52 validated recordtrials composed of 29 Sgt York trials, 12 Vulcan baseline trials, and 11trials with Chaparral/Vulcan cumbined (alternate systems). Stinger waýpresent on all trials, as were two Chaparral fire units deployed to the rearof the battalion task force. The battal~on task force conducted a serien ofattack, delay, and tactical road march 3cenarios lasting about 20 minutes pertrial against enemy ground vehicles and fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft.Trials were conducted under various electronic warfare conditions, under dayand night conditions, and with and without nuclear, biological, and chemical(NBC) gear.
The Live Fire phase was conducted in the Red Rio area of White SandsMissile Range, NM, between 22 May and 15 June 1985. Five Sgt York fire uhitswere used during this phase, with two Sgt York systems designated to fireduri,> each aerial target scenario. Prior to each trial, the fire unitscompleted a 52-mile road march with a full load of ammunition over unimproveddirt roads with the system fully operational in all modes. The basic scenarioprovided for two F-t00 aircraft configured as drones and one UH-I helicopter
3
(drone) for each trial. Six of the F-100 drones and three helicopter drones
were deztroyed by Sgt York aerial fire in four trials. Sixty-one ground
target engagements were conducted against stationary and moving M-114 and
wheeled vehicle tar&ets.
During FOE I, human factors, safety, and training data were collected by a
team of specialists using five sources of information (Babbitt, 1988, pp. 11-14):
0 Data from the 1553 data bus, re.cording many aspects of system andsubsystem performance including in some cases crew performance, or at
least selected aspeetb of crew performance
o Video and audio tape3 of crew activities and communications
o Questionnaire responses from all player personnel after the test
o Structured interviews and observations from player personnel after
each trial
o A review of data collected by the Reliability, Availability, and
Maintainability (RAM) data collectors and a review of test conductorevent logs
From these data -,)urces, a large number of human factors and safety
deficiencies were observed and recorded under 12 headiý,3s:
o 1hysical environment and workspace
o Workspace, anthropometrics, comforto Controls and displayso Workload, divi!ion of laboro Visibilityo Audio and visual alarms
o Target detection, acquisition, trackingo Communicationso Travel and navigationo Publication and documentationo Safetyo Training
These data and reports are the basis for the human factors design problemsdiscussed in this report.
r • q • )4
HF Problem Selection Criteria
From all the data available from The Sgt York FOE I, fifty-one (51)specifjc human factors design problems were selected, twenty (20) for thedriver's station and thirty-one (31) for the trew station housing the squadleader and the gunner. The following criteria were used in selecting these 51pr obl ems:
o The design problem was a clear violation of established human factorsengineering design criteria: Department of the Army, 1981, MIL-HDBK-759A; Department of Defense, 1981, MIL-STD-1472C.
o Safety evaluations from rOE I showed the possibility that the designproblem could create a safety problem operationally, ranging fromminor injury or minor system damage to catastrophic, death or systemloss. Part of this criterion concerned the probability estimates thata nafety nazard might occur.
o Seriousnress of impact on mission performance was also a criterion forselecting the design deficiencies. The options were that the problemcould prevent optimal mission performance, seriously degrade missionperformance, or prevent mission performance.
o In some cases, and particularly with respect to the target engagementsequence task. objective crew performance measurement was availableand design problems were revealed through less than a~ceptable
response times.
To be included, each design problem had to meet at least one of the fourselection criteria. Several problems 5&tizfied more than one,,
Desin Criteria Sources
As stated above, the first task of this report was to evaluate the humanfactors design problems against existing human factors design criteria, MIL-HDBK-759A and MIL-.,TD-11172C. These are the most widely used documentsproviding human factors design criteria for the development of militarysystems through the Department of Defense. The Sgt York contract specifica-tions cited the prior versions that were in effect in 1976 (MIL-HDBK-759 andMIL-STD-1472B) as guidelines. They contained very similar criteria (Seven,1987).
Our first step wa3 to decide if any existing criteria in these twodocuments would ha,,e been applicable to the Sgt York design problem. If theapplicable criteria were inadequate or incomplete, the second step was tosuggest modified or new design criteria, or in some cases to make specificsuggestions for solving the problem were it to occur in future FAADS design.Again, the purpose here is not to revisit the human factors issues In Sgt York"'u' rath,^ r to enable avoidance of' similar problems in future systems.
RESULTS
The Driver's Station
Table 1 shows the 20 major human factors design problems associated withthe driver's station and current human factors design criteria that areapplicable to each design problem. Where design criteria are Inadequate ormissing, proposed additions or changes to current criteria are presented. Insome cases, design criteria are not needed; the problem can be solvedpresumably by procedures or equipment changes.
The driver's station will not accommodate 40% of the anticipated Armydrivers. The driver requires an adequate seat, cushioning, seat belt,shoulder harness, and much better external visibility. Thtre Is no engineer-Ing reason why they cannot be provided.
Consequences of poor design were poor driving during the operational testtrials, considerable slowing of the vehicle, and collisions with objects.Thus, battlefield mobility was seriously limited. Another consequence wasthat the squad leader spent much time "heads out" helping the driver traveland navigate. This is not what the squad leader Is supposed to be doing.
The Sgt York driver's station was a part of the M48 chassis adopted forthe York. The M48 chassis had a flawed design for the driver. It iscustomary for standard chassis to be adopted for air defense turrets ap-parently in the name of standardization and cost savings. Many of thepresently proposed systems such as ADATS, Liberty, Shahine, and Paladin offeralternative standard chassis such as the MIAI or the Bradley (Babbitt, Seven,& Muckler, 1987, page 11). It should be remembered that the M1 driver'sstation showed many of the same human factors deficlencle3 found in the M48and the Sgt York, particularly with respect to inadequate workspace (Earl,1984). It does not seem too wise to continue to perpetuate a poor soldier-machine interface when (1) it Is not necessary and (2) there are more thansufficient data to show that the design has a negative impact on missionperformance.
> 0)
0 SL cu -40 4)0. I ' .Z00L- V~V .19t 1 I GJ-
1.. '0 L-CO' 4)00 m ) c0CJC11- C' ='4 :r-i $-0 f -I
0 00V'=fl r -4 toW L -. 4 C r'-4 -H. t0 .0 V).'.-I 4
bo bo 04))m: 0 0V L . 0 C' b.C U0~L E 00-4) m
r .0 -4 x 0 E 0'JO0 * 4) i.0 1-o. u4 -M) rI" 0 C >0. ' Lo 0 )`4 '01 c 0o- 0. L i C. -4101~$ 0.m 0. 04). 4 C6 .a. 1-10..)(0~ (Ci) 4) 41 4.3 -)f44 V.~) "Y 0 0. o
0 En 0 r -4(i)-Cc0. 1- *m4 '0 .20 - 40 - u c
-I 0.0 .C. ( ) -,qE. 1 4) 0G) 0Iw C. 4EC U U) oo)oE 4 >. a 4v 0v
00 VU'- 141...
0 L0 L.01- 1- ) cN. r.4) M " -. () 0Uj ) '0 10 s-.41 4 1-- CC f 0 *0 c 0- I4' r.-r'-4 t-V 04)1-
m. " 0 rqv ~ -L '-, I l w" O) - (pV0 P4)- 0.- +3 b-'-o U 3
c: . VQ 410) U)U -- -4c D ) D 0 Co .00 aFE: E M 0 C 0 r-I Q .0 :3 )w UD0c 0 -1 C6 -1.r- - E C'4 0 (v (1 M 0
0C0 *-4 ZOC ~ 0 (n ) -.mc) r , -1V') toO Q 0. vk c0s4:)' ) VW OQ.'44 0 ;O 0 R x a 0 W-4U
1.4 & C(0vj u)G 4) ) 004 0 u mLL'IU*W 4). '0 W'- . CC a;L -H) 1- 0 -4 m (V +3um V) E %D0 S. V4) o V)o .+)
WO 0 4V.l -i-- V" ) *''0 .\JsI.. bo 411') 0
4)C) OCL >.- 4O) 00.0s 0.C.-4 C4V N(4 0ýJ:U r-I 4-) - ;%: Z (
I-- - F-Q% ým 4 1%o r )0L) 0 -C 0 - L LaM I= rI r
0c v 0 Ln 00 00 -0NV-mccV
m- +0-) 0 $1-... 41.I-C1- 0 4 1
00 4r U))4C E. 4 0a:1 4)-qM. -4.61 3 ) (V 043 0 ) 1 :30.~ E V $-0.-4C ) V) :) 41 4
S. 0019 M .0 3 Ow4 0 ý1-)0 0L4J i= 4C .4.) J Od&' 0 1.%. '-4C 0) 0 0 1 -C)--w 00 D0 (4 )0, -. j ;*~.ia-=0)o '-4 1.,) . 0 C). 4)Vu 1-l4 0 C..i1)L0J. -000 0 u '1'f4% 0..-) >~ a- 0'0000 4.
0. 1--C) 0."E- *1 M *C 'Z41 0 0 t0CrJ0 L0Cw 0(0o- 06 or4) X 0 0 X ti..cLJ 0L0 & 1. * .0 D~1-0 ( f ) w* , (V Os- V4X c. A-V C 412 = 3 C..-c..-o 43 (
0i - C4 ) 0 4)410.'M-ts-if .,4o w m a > 0'i L0 1 4J - 0 'm O 0~ .0ca U -- 0 to .I q 0 tClD 0 00 ..- (00 0C m C 4 0
co/ u to 4) 0 .. ,-'M 0. 4 J 4 ) 4) .0 a -4 0-4 41 r- N00 L fl( .44)C VO~~)'0- O M V) t M ;x -..,o VV. U
-~~~ '4 '- 0 S- .0. >'.- C).44 0 .- ' VU Qi co+.0 (U r C0LA U '. to ' 'l c(
3- -)C-' V .9-EE +)' )00ML
L, Q7
0 0M-4' M.
-4>0 -
V 0 0 E U)' M
L) W~ A) 04
V) bo 4 91-. "c 0. c _ U
bo L 0 1*-4 .40ý
4) 4) -4 c nto 0V E0Ac4 ) u 0 r.i.0 4.1 V
v.01 0)- 4) 0 4--4L r-4 .,4 10 >P. &4)) a) -
'cco miV4 .~4 L. '04q V)' *4. )0 U- 4) r
a) a V)4 4O ) 4 V00 0e C0142b L - -
a 0c UE - 0 0 04)-4) C 000- q-i
4.3-
4) 4) 'bo .0
0.) :3 4 v 4) 4)c1- 4) L. 4 2 V V)4 ) 4) '0 0
1.. c -I 0 4ý C .. -,I CU 0 > - 44m " ( m m 4 a V (VU C%4 V) - Y
) 0._ 4) 0 1 0 41L4) .- 'D
4)41 4)14 >142 -4 0 L. :3.00 (0 4) ( 4.)4
'a.1/ - 1 c j 04- ) r- -4 Uu' C 4
.1. 4 c--4'\~ 4) (u 0. 4
L) 'io 0 c) 04 0 o V) r-U 4) 4) V) -4a W .4 (2
LA E V4) C m ,-4 0 %.-4 C M .0.0 .*4I-' c r_ 0
ol V) m04 4)1 (D V i4 4(4 2c to -M-H" .- 14 1a. VNLA: 1:424 1/4 CO.- ' C 4-V) 0 -4 = 'o 1- 4
0) u .3 1-O s M -4 .A .4) 0M f .'.* C *.
0 Li. C)'' *~- (a a -I2.-. m V >-4 t- 0 *0.0oýoC : ý -a '4) 000C M r-4 10 r-
4.3 4J .. M~ *1 V'0 N C1V)0. &.. Z1C' .04 .rq-, 4 0C 06 r . .0 -0 . 4n cl..Cr * :p -4 M43.,q
0 0G)-4 t- A-) . 3cIV ) c- V) 12 L "4 -H
4) s.. *'- 01- 4)(U M 0 4- *- M c-H M C
41 -42> co'. C -U' r-~ -42.04 OX(- 0 W 0 L 0. 0
00
142 4 ) r )
0 O V) L r--4 00- ; a a-A .,4~i (D - 0 4. -
0 .'4) 0D .0 0 0
-H 0 1.)L , 04'r_ ..w cp40 C-4,-4 M4). V)r 0 '04)$- -.,4 (n
14)0 P- 0l 34)4 03 04 .0VV X iC) u O4'L4 C7 H4 44cin c ) 00 4
042 V) .. c 4)24 4 ca bV1
." M X P 0 r-4 a 0 .Oe-0
0.0 C' r4 (-4 0 -,4V V)42
lei..- 1.q L -V , 4.I4-. V'a 04u .4m m - w " L *.>O- Q.0 0- 7
A: J0- 0 01 4 -40
M4 V(42ýQ 4)uw) CQ N IZ > 4.)-H o
4-4 " m -H)4 *00 >0 >O0 V) 0 02 4-4 .4) S- :4C4)0 ;-i .N-*(\
4) ) r. 0 3 V 0 4 0 0 -4 4/2.- ~4J0142v 4) -4 :9 '14 =)0 > 4.
0 0) L.. OUV $-00 * b-o404)m ( V> 0. 4) a- W r- O(42H4.,
4)4
0 0CU- en-.
Cv 0
-4
L)
L) z
4) 4) c 4
f- 0. V) 4)L .X CA )4:3m .4 _4 0 0 4 -L) +z 0 z6 L ) 0"00b
4)cV) V Q 4) VgMS - Hd J( U)"" w ~ I A. 4) 0E3toE04z 04 a .> 0L)" .=.0 . C . U Cu-4 E M w C 4 1 .0 a m
LOw QW .' u)C4 04)4) 0 V -4L) 4))0 C r-qLA.).- 4-)0r - 41)0 L4.) -11 441 0. 0O E E"m
1. >UC- u 0V) 0. 4)C :3 0) M 0 E.0 44) R E 401 m. m0 )o..0 c (" 4
0 S .4) 4 C ;,< V 4)) V r- CV . 4 a) r_ 4) E)~f.>.4 0'- 0.4 m r/ 4)-4 LA= 1 0S - I-., . >,0
(.) M.- C)-4 .0V4)CO d.)mECU 4. .0 r 4-3 0 A WOV) c 4V r-I -cc 0 0o>1co 24)o.d). "1 0 -4 .0 1 4cc)
L- .- -4 O U4 L :3 1 . V (tU c*. e-4 4 V)0 m0. C1..) 41 :3 0 0 4) 0 0 AJ 0 t-- Z0 4. -- - . 4) 4C
o3 m 0 ,4C c-l $- %O.- 0(1 + V InM - M'. .40 4)~U) C) C - ) r- j J.. ) 0 .IP2 r 0r-UN w 4) 0 4)E'D
V)s. S..In m ým 0am gr.) V)-Q * C G 0.mU0.ICcI - C .. O 2 * 1.' *- ,
410C.44 o4 ~ Ecj)o 4V ) C.44. 0) (. bV0-o s m -C -. * o o0
4)U 4.)r.0C ) 4.0 . U .0 u 0)- r-04).Iv -em/C) U .C (4))0( 4 .~ 00 :9 -am(Uo'Q
In) V)M .)C)c0 0 - .v .-
U) . 4j)0.0r ))A00 &3 E.4 0 = c =
on 'UU 1.0()r5-. 0 c ~ 00 = 4.) CU(UCUC
-) ~ ~ ) 4) .,4 w -CvM V V)0 444)Q 0 4)) c CMU4)
V) W&)U) 0001+30 ,4 4)jL b)4
0 0 U a m Ec0 c 1- ars. L .0 .0 E...41. -4) 0o
0 " 0 %- S- 0 6 m (U)> mvww-i 0 04) 0
-4 C cu - 4 -4 L0 V *0
0 ))-~Vui. ~ U C0 - LL
C4V) - C 00 ) ) ý
0 r41fwl 4)~. V-0) r -d.4> ~ .041-~0 1- 0)
1. .)d) f- d) I-
V- C-40 41-0 r_ 0 V)M" aO M.- -&. LG'.-(- + '0 S +
"-44) N L. V4) P. wC 4)). v> -M4 L 14 L 0.
uo (41 .-4 MV4-) r= ý4 > 04)4 CD %00: CV. 4 0 >)'-4 0
0 4a) J1 -I 00 m
'V~( 0P mCO0'- 'VU1'00 t- C M/ 0 .a . 0 'a CD
0 0 .0V 'V 004.) .a -V3a. C~j4 0) J C., - >, . d)4
o 0 "1 *4.a ) 3 ID L. S 1 6I- $.. *00 . C ME alr-I4 4) 41 -4
0.. 0. fa-4" L.2 E > %Z' =000 4 0 v 0 =.- m cr
'V (U 4410.aOL)c r OO0 0r_( i> .0 'a 0O- mV) .0 a q
4$..
u H 4)m01-= ca. C) CA U 4)
VV 4). 41 EC0 0,- 0)LO)4) 0 1..0- r-C 410) 00L.c 4DO.41 .0 0 4
.041 d) :di-4 04 0.''. ml 00w
41 .0.. 00 P.(D1 4J M G
60 to .0>. 4) r,)))E L
Ls. >04)4 M 0 3 - )o 'm > ,-.0 C -or1 1 .. V , 19-4_
4) V). 0C0 0-~S.C 0- > 4 41'- -
0 Vi 0 (DQ4) *C.. E 0Y ., 0.dM,4-4 0 4-C\ 4-) 0Ca ( m,4' . ., v)
a) m0 . CV-0 0u'-ý.C. 0 a 4) 1 - 0) .S.1(a.0 4 1 r - o3 C ( c
41m4) (p ,410 *v C~V 0)*0 4)L a .001 )bo E zV 0 m xV IA. ,-P .0 d) 01 0L t- C 3t
V1 L D r4.-40. (D--.4. o c E to4)1 00..
z0 r-41 o) 0 4)1 w) *1cc 0 'a 0', L .41)L r-4.-4 41r-I.(/ V.0 = -. 0-C 41 0c*rI4 V
0 I V2 -4 S..0 4 4) 1
:3 . 0 41 C) V.0 0 2
=0 1C)L. c m * 00>C0 w V)v (V- M (a 1- 4) (0 4)CL *a V1 >.. r_ 041 MV t
* . '-I -H > 5.0000 0 0 m -
>' ~ 0 >4 4) c0 41 0 obo0 -r4 I. 'D, 4)0 IV- CV a H M
V) 41 aa40V m..4 >% m 0 c41 0 r-4 CS, - 30 -4 c -H E - 4) &a~L) .0 (L.J44) . .. . 'Vr4 w u 00
0i. 1.. s- r)..'- 4 E'6-. ) LA MrqLL.. -43~ C41 r-4~ E0 c 'P X
0~ V) mV 0 0 0 '10 w )F 4 E>1 c 00 0' ) ) JO
If-) .0 -4 10 .. ,4 *' 0 20 M C'.L) 14m4 4) V)41S- CVL00 tV'.-I V) I- V) ',-1y
:3 41-0'-4.on V41 0 rq j s V4) 0w1 'p (aI-e) 410 0 1 00 >. 44 C
-4
10
r- m
01 41 -M 1-a- '34.) V) c C*
-4 E.4 CJ 'D -Mo s-u M O bomc
Ca b)Co4 CC
-,4(.- C C)Va) ýqtoLWO':-m 4)
0) r. M
0 0 CL 4 l)0 0 Q J'.
UL. 0.. 06.0 V) ( 3 3-
V 3 a .0 tv m
L tko VýO M V "20
U c.- 03 (9 a C1 M E:CU- (0 r'C O C-rq s- *riu0O0 ClA
z'w co E C 3 3-0 w 0CL . 0:) W S4-) S z 0 :t ' 02) 0 -. 0'
CL 4-) 0 aarU)-4 40, m e4 '" lu 0 -H F. (-
u - mW 0,l w r- iv ~ 4 Vi U ' -IVu.- V)) QC C: '32 T..tc jc cC
0 a) d)C '- ; W 4 r- t 0 0 (a 4= (
w 1.-. 04D o'C u 0 N 4
d) 00" 0. - -. 0 W VA 4-'3 .6= D. L ,4rC -4C () -, 9.C
3M
ca 0. > ~~ N-3'L0~ a a'MQ T 040 Q u cV 0S. 4*' ý 00 O -Ca. ..4r
Q t C r-f,- - a~.)~ 4 . (0~~ >.- Cr.0 0V~' M >w2
En 0 V S-Q --4 0 * 4.) -0 0 4..'3 . 0. -U4) 0 X.i CQ 2Uu L LL.C C
E r_0)
.0 ou m0 a) L.
C,. '.'. 4HCL V 00 C).,
E 0l)-4 C4) 2
0)0 r-4 4tAOL .0 :
0 E
C C. 0L. 0 0 4
0 V2 40 4)
Ui) > V) 4) )
- 4' -, to4-) - .
LI.I-f-
Cu 0
u M)
"-4
M 4.
'0 '00V) V)4.0 o0. 060
'00
44aC Q4) 0 ) c Vcc
CU -4 00 cc.- 4) 45...~~ M)~). 0~) */) Qu -s.
5.. 0 > 41m 0u 0.. ~- .Cu d ) m -0 10 (i,0 C4)
C) -,I a)~ o ., " t- 4)- >4)4)C*- 4 024) 4-) -14 '0 4 4) 0 'D 4-3M0 M IN (U = 10 0 . 0'.0 0-
p M u40 r , . -0 s- m V) 4) V) 0 -4 c 41 4) r-4 "4
m o ,( 30 V L. 4. 0) to~- 0 0 = v r- >).C Dr r ( 0 ..- v1s.. -c m V)C.,-4.(a 0r)v" C
0 *-4 V) 4. 00 4)-, "4)C 06 C 0 ME V V.0 W =
U. V4 V) 'L ~ 0~v0 --)-Y too M E4) 110 M 130 '0.C L) 06-41 0Q) :)30u -4 ) 0 ~0 44 U)14.)4) 4)
0 04J a 0= -q 0 0 Cu 4).L4)I.CX 4) *io c0 Li- 'D u0 - r-4 0 4.) .6 . CfV)) . '10 M 4a uCJC .9 Cs.
S 4) S-. V) (D 1) " 0 M4. cu *3 V44.41 -V 0 > ~C~j 0 4) bD .0 4) 0 ro~(.- 'D a 4b C r C .q n ' *-4 ~ - 4 -3 - r0 aC C 54u1. 0 tao-H
4) 0) wc4)w 04wC'V 0 () _-r m 3 -1110 )c a) 00 Lot-4 a 35.. ~ 0 -1 )-4'0 C 4i V) - I -- .0 aM : i-
4) a .. 5.0.4a0 0 E V)m 4 *4a :0 -H M.0 m~ $-.r-4) E 0E 4) a W4) a - r-- 00 410 u u a m 4
4) 0 0 00 -4r-4) 0 V)4).VC) r WXLi.0 V) Cu (1) 4_) V' -) .) C .0 U ' -. L('N 0 &V2 .0 W .0 -4- 4) Cu k .4
4) X4- )
11- 4) 0) C0 04)>10 01 boJ 4)4A)11 .4..)r- 4 W 1 (0L -4. V CU 3 (D 5 * + 4)4 1:. C0
r- =4 C4~~r4 r_ d) 40). *Cu 0 4) L*10 M
tk mO 4 4. w. z.-04 m sV) c >o~)C3>~, 41lG
4) 0 C ~S0 0C u r- 0 C4) 4- ) 4J 0 0 +...)% d4)
0 r_ E -i o 2.04)
LACu r/~L .O 0. v.) 4-) -o0 0~~) bO:3(VM )( C .C 4)
"'1 a~) E 4) 0 L.0C0 04) C *0 (1) C'V ) r-4 U~4)4).4) n vc34. Cuo 0
4) ) U)> 4.C b. OC V.) E C ..CO o r- - r44 ) r- . ,-II
0i. C/) :3 L4; L(V" I M ) 4-) L .00 2W i. U) tO4)'-4 Q) 4) > 4) 41) : -f r C
0->4)a> (1 >'4'-~C4 0).. U 0SC')0~ ~~~~- 4) 0 ,1 - .AF -4V)C -el (1 0 V)
H) 00' -U 6' .. .4
i-i 0..0 E4)0'I4- 0E-
12
c0 0 c4
L. 4 4. U
(f 0
0 d)
4) )E C4j
0 0 m C 4)co o
m- 0. *E 4)0.o 0L 0)E M) 4)a
0O4 ) 4C . )' .>m 0 0 41)L r- C 4 0
CL 0 Ec Cc0 :it 4-3 E - C
CU0 0o _4 -4 0. Lti 0)-I t C 4.3 0 CC MV) 04)j1-4 z -- rz>r
4) a) 4- j ý9 0 . 4).0 MO 0 0 r%4.)-i
0 r_ L.V) ML0CM-V 4.~ 1- - C.41C0..) 0 0 CJ 0 (0 6 .01..-
W- IV 4) +b $. 4) 0C Z CoU mo s- LU 040:3 'D 4) M 04-) -F )z
4) MV - 4v 0 l96 0 CU W)4 0. - L -N
r-f~~ 4)) 1. 4 -0 .1 0 4 m V0) 4)) m = 0 C %-Q J ) - '4 ) -iC V - >W1 U.fl4)4)CC- CEJC'-
r.) 44) -MV)4)0): v M C-1 r- -0 HV4- 04)C)4-)4-4) N 41 0
r_ 4) - 0- . JC 4) aAj V (0 4)1 - ) 0 JC.)W4-V 044Lu0 C04 Q m 0 -Cc c 1 ) )$ -0 )I.)) ' M- u OCl I- >f-4 >1- 0 W.
0) 14 ) 0.4(n w 0 01~ )40 to -H4) C 4)V I
z4)A4)I z 4) w 4 A.4) a)WE' b JSr4 . )00- . U - - .C .C I 0 41 4-) . - -P CC 4)VS.) 0) c 04In 0 1)V C 0C -) V)> -)0 -4 o 4.) 0 .-C (10 4)XC 0 fO *C
.0 -4., ., V ) -4C s 0 o "4) r- L. 0.c C 0.V¶ M v C4-00.C-) - )Q. 4)) 0 oU.- '04-.) u) D 4) V1-) 0r Lc/) C3 'D "U4).r. M vo 31-2- )4 0 .00.-H CDOW g 0.4) t
0O V) w I( ) 4. dV)1 4) 0, 4)) 4 4) r_4 4-) W0-)." .0 EA s00 -. 0C "a =~- C) u v w - 4 q ( L d0 a4)x 9 ) 4V4) - ý -H.-1-00 0 4 N c M 4( l" 3 S )a0 to )-C V -40 0 r-4 r-4CC 1 4 '.30 4) D C) V D 0 )& r4 G 4) M-COO- /):V.0 1k -4 Q .0(0 4) C 4)4) a 4) 0 Dr 4 r-4I0 O V~1 M 0 U V)C O > 9 CC"4- M) C 1 -41-)4JC) 4)4*4-)V) 0C
0 -0C/I *'Co)0 M ) ~ 0) OO H))W)
4-. O1-C4)' 1- .0 ~ ~ -4- 4)- K-I ~'13
c 10 V-x : 4) r-
+)o 0. M 0 O.-4).>0: 0~ 4I:3V $
a , 4) r-4 W 0 C 06C) r-q -M V)-Hý .,
m 144) .)4 .04)U 4)0U r. =0 C*.4 C.5 *~0 V Q ,Z. .0 .)
L) -4~- In .J 1 Z4) 0 0),- 4.-0.C00 0 4 E (U 0 1-
l- ~ ~ ~E 0 M H U 0 S.VA VO E- L 4) Q)41m0>01
4) .)1-0)4) d). 0 =In *. 4)1 4) *..60r4 4) 0..4.) 4
C. 4J Q. a) V-4 "D c4 *.- i.,4 S.a o))0~4 40 4)0V 0 r4) 0- 4E4) 0v u S-f4
V)20 m 4)1 ~0ECW40 D .6O.E ) 4) .410V) Caa & C 4-3 r( 0 0 I1-4 Icn0' .M>0 d)c( 0 >c
00 u4)C : =a )-r ý0-
L)~
0
0 U.
V))
0
to (D 0 4
4.L.
4) - 4.)mr- v 0-0 C 6.0 00 o0z4)00. c "4-
0 0 44)0 J JL ( , =L )-
064000 04 4-) C C.4 I-~w) r-V 4)0 rzc: q* .CWVVE5-
s- 0 r- I ) C( H > ý 0 ca0 0o ) VL-4-)0 4J 0C4J ~ 0 1-. E 10 C G)
.,4"0 In (-L 4)-4) S.- ) 0Q O V)(4oC 4n.-) A um ) fýL 00 r-41-4) M . 0 C)MD ~t 4V).ICON
u ULA.O.)-Wq 'c 4) - .. L n 0 0 0 ('Si0i r- 4
*)
VU V) > o 4) '-40 4)~ :30I Li-W 4-3 V1.- (U1-- 5 )-IOa
--) 'D 0V -I4tlV.) C ) 0L4)pUv aoX: M C o M 0 ' Lo.J4) r- > m w0-4-
0 -a
4) H0
14
0 ) .0
CC) Ccig.,-4 4)(V 0 4)E .- i. •
0) E .,-• 41 a
V) Q) =) 00V~
C 4)L V(V .- 4)EC ..4)Li....• " o " 0 o bo •.,I
tic L. C -,4 C V)
r4r-a) CL m.-I cL.1.f(00 Q
4 4) ) Vo 0 U
c 1 0 d)L-.) tiL -4
ti 0w c I > V)
0. .'- C . $ -. *.-. ,.0 0c) +) 0 0 0 ( v. (> ,-0
(V
V0o. 06
4) 1 .ri 0u )a Ut 4)
0 U-E- )CV
0.. EC ,.L
4) W U )
o- 0 4) 0
4 o3 >0 0 a,0(..VJ (V. u, 0,. 0)FI Q .r .(
o .,-4
t)O > 0 c .4 •
V) cu4
0 .() J- 4.-)0 4)
-- 4 0 00 0 0
"b r' 0 6•.4" ,L
U) 0 ) . 2- ' M "0 4 ,)
- >> 0
SE toLf | I
4) w0
- 0 Q) a
W0 toI C1> 0
04 .-4 z *4)I-m
0) 1-1 ý4 L -11 $i-4L)4) k C )X0.(a
0) cc 4L4 (i.0 I.0 .;ONC(
0 J.)V 4)r )r
~4.0 L. Vi L.1 1 10 ~4 to iO
X:) V) _ t-(V
0) V) 4). - CQ a) CV
L~~V C 1*-41204d) 'v1-4 -> 0 1--
f-4- 0r- 0
Ca.ca C4 AI'
15
0
L) Uv 0
0)
00 4
0.Qo) 0o1 )4
0
C0) M
.0 Q 0 4 wo -4uo.) )O &A- 4)t 1 1..0 m0)L P.0. 4 0 0$. 0)ý 00 11 U( M ý-44J0 L,-4 co r0) 400) C =
C. . m cC " 0 or
rl rY H 0 J 0- -- 4C, 0 .,- 0~*-0 4jVE G M0. C
> 0 :3 14-VE-0 0*0 0 W 4-> 0L L
4c 0 C ) C)
'DV.) -4 (4) 1 - ) ) >
4).
0)0 )
41 *0 C~ m
W- $0L - W 40 4)kov- *4-)4 4)) 0 . 0.4.>. r-i
Ei' L (CO 0 0)4)' a w 11
(1 1. .0.q . 4 ) 04-3 M .-MAn U .0LLV -4 I)
V) V)4; 4)V
00 0
(1 04.0(D L)H4 c -
c 0 0 Ck W -16
c 0
L) C
4 L W
41) V)4-
o 00. 0.
0 0
4) E)~ 1 0 *-4 V cr-4r- W rE 0 .-4 4) ( 0 . - -1 4) cc > E
u c c m4I).4fO c) s.- 4) 0 V ( C"
4)F4 3-41 4) 4 i- 40 0C 4)0 ) L.Lc aZ~ 41)v C- 0 0C
.,A :3m IO4-3 r C 0.3 : ) - 0 0 0)O 0 0 0 r 04)CO> -* 44 ) b-+. ) .4 L) L 0 S- CL4) rq4. r- c L. r r V) co9.0 to0ca"U VU~ )" 0 o Cvr 04) bo -40 * 0. a) 0 - . DCCrt
I-I k0 " i4. )0 COd.) E 0 M0L. E V~) 4-Iu CUO 0XC ) 0)C (41) fo L) X)* 0 .-- I 4J ; Q r &-) :) C 4U) L. -,4 m
wob ECL t a 0. * -C c -. UI s- UE CU 4.) 0W.M. v to. L.aj L..4 -I V
0/ Q) W) V) Q) C N *.) CU u* r1 C i. 0)1 *L4 > f-,4 4.4) 0) 4.. ) Cm C) .C
- ~ -14 4.) H C ,40C 0 (D 21- .0 0.r4LC- . (C 0 (" 0 "0 0. 0.CU4.) -4 -,q w W m mE 0 w . c =C) VJ)L. -4 0~
0 LL. > ) ,. M 4.. ) U / .C4.)eF-4 ., )4.) 31 > V) MU 4) 40) (v0 - -
-.) (a- - rq OLn m >ý Vm a) r-I M m m ~ 40) 0 w
C 4)0J.4)-1 - 4~) :3ONj0 0.01' V) - c 4) U 1 1- -w/ a) .. )-4 (\j -' S-~ -4.0 4 : 'a 4) I-.-4 C4.r-~ w 4-) V) ( co a)
Q) $-. 0) MC MU0.te4Lt.iE 'C 0 :3 -,4 V)m14> 0 w0)G)L.0 m-a :31/ 1- 0 S-030 d) 0 'D -4 -3 $ ;-% 4-)0 E0 -qL >% # -4 )0
.4-) u C(U(-* U4) 04 C ULNaOL-C 4) 40) 41 M -4 3C , 3 0r
C)
2: 4) V)S
Ov ti-)L.0 c :
CL. - -4 L C 2 C4)ý bV04) 1O. .a) 43 u .C MrI
r- .) .( cc.. " 4) 4 ).0 0 ) 4-)4-N4ý) >
:i2 cCU . 41) 4 )in r_ v 4) E c (.14 9: -
a) 0 M C ) 042U
0 -4EV0 bo) w/ 0 )La- La ~ 4) 0). 3 4)4) -4
0. LI4L 4 )-C C. m/ 0L. o- UO aa La 0- r-
0.1 bO LzE 41 CL.0)-)41 ., 0 ;.% r-1 L)
CUC If) CJ.)-4.C X: vI - M(D CJ 4))) V)r. 4-) *
W'> ~)4.) V -40obo Mv
V)4 v4 (aV 0-. 10) ' Im
> PK S. X (/).CCU *C4)*- 06 .V4w z C') )" :RLa7 3 ) W O L.
0a) ccU)( QL)E
0) 'U
17
CC 0 10 q)
V) -4)s.
LV V0 L(t 21t(C Q-. 4)4 44) 0 0 ar
1. 4.) N .4 ) 0 (v V) J- .~ C. 0 = (VcCO M "a .4)C 0Li) ' 0 0 v) .0.
V C.-4 -.. )00 4'-4 V.0-4 '-c 4)V3 .a--4V4 zV. 0
4)VL MV ivMS-c S CC E Lrr_- aV.Z CLVM N +.,4 - = --i $-- 0
th 0)LQ' 1-~ :3Cc W X- 041)L0. 0 4) 004) "04) 0)*-4 4
w) C.- U).-0, 4) *dL >4 4) 0
L)' I-I. L 0C &- U41'-4 -40V- a (0 m) (V.H l V -H
V) 4)4. (V.,q 4-) C)00) 4*. 94 - 0>ý - V)',4.4) -M o * .C 41
r- 11 ) V) 41 JV)(-i3 Cý4.)C4)C 4) V) 0)0 0 Q) U).4-P r- L. 0M C 'D4) (0:3 - 10
C"0. L 0 3E 0 > 41C- 0(0o )V4) (D um 04.)0 0 41-)40 '40
V UL C.- 4) " Ft-i r- r: C- :3 L) :.C S .. C.CwC - CO0 )( a. m-.- mV (V )' 41+ 4.
r -3
Cj 00-) - I )r0)-4 4)M .0- CL ) ,1C
0 CV th ) .,-4 C . 41 ) U)Cfl CV X.C ) .- 4-)Ox Co-
4L) Cd) C-.- 4) V0 .0 cu m 4 %0
-.) 4) w s - 0 4V .,4 () 4~I.)4>- 0 C. o ) 06 1) L 4-3 r- w .-
(D4 L4) 4.) -Q~ 4 4)
J. w341 L4 0( 4 s.-,4/)~~t .,ý(V -o C-. L. ) . .0
L~4-) r).-4- 0CC 4)(aL/L. bo 00 D . cu F--4- o s- . W )
a =1 m4))( 0 Cc . V) Q) 0)c
4V) m~ V0I a V CVUU
L S- L.0 * 4),-)...4) S-. to .~.4V a H*)0c.3
N V) : - 4-im V
.f0 0 X0~ bo )CJ(Vbo W4 )
Cd) 4) 0
4)r-. 4-).0 Z4),
a) L ~
a) 0 0C)4-) C
.- L L 4C.3 0' wLC= 4)( U' L 0O
C 03ILLO CA 4)0 M
o')4 - 4 (I) Z. 4) d) 3 $- -H(V( V) : Cr- 0 & Z- JOm'
4-) 4) W -M-'C0 -4.4 'VVJ Cl 4-3 4-) MOc
CO WL-c::E W 4)0d) (V t--4CVC 0.I.0 -I ccL> I
L4.
.-o 0.a
The Crew Station
Table 2 lists the 31 major human factors problems associated with the crewstation which houses the squad leader and the gunner. As in Table 1,available design crJteria are shown for the problem or proposed orlteriachanges are presented to solve the problem. Recommended addition5 to existingcriteria are noted. In .ome cases, relatively simple engineering solutionsare possible.
The basic workspace provided for the squad leader and the gunner In thecrew compartment was inadequate. A significant proportion of the anticipatedArmy personnel that might have been in the vehicle would have found Itcramped, uncomfortable, and difficult (if not dangerous) to use, as did moztof the test subjects on FOE I. This situation in part Is to be expected,since basic vehicle design profiles limit space available and there 1s a greatdeal of equipment that must be in the compartment. It is, therefore, all themore jr.portant that the space be properly apportioned on the basis ofanthropometric dimensions of the anticipated users. Adequate support must beprovided in terms of lap beltý and shoulder harnesses so that crew members arenot slammed into the equipment or into sharp surfaces by changes in speed ordi rect ion.
For task performance it was apparent that little attention was given tointegrated control-display design; equipment modules were sir t;' I tac;k"a iaround the two crew members (Babbitt, Seven, & Muckler, 19871 i.age 26) Crewstation lighting received insufficient attention, for it produced an un-desirable glare off display surfaces and made task performance at nightdifficult.
In all these parameters there are available adequate human factors designcriteria and design data. The facts are reasonably known as to what isrequired for good soldier-machine interface design. It is to be hoped thatfuture FAADS design of workspace, control-display design and integration, andcrew station layout will be considerably improved.
Much more complicated is the design of the basic task to be performed inthe crew station: the target engagement sequence. Successful execution ofthe target engagement sequence is the mission-critical task. It, indeed, isthe reason for the existence of the system. Data from 271 Force-on-Force(non-live fire) engagement sequences produced a mean time to fire of 16.5seconds, well uver the system operational requirement (Babbitt, Seven, &Muckler, 1987, page 83). Clearly, this was unacceptable performance.
The tabulor approach to design criteria problem3 may be too limited tocope with the general problem of tactieal aircraft identification for the fireor hold-fire decision. Identifying aircraft as hostile or friendly is thesingle most important and difficult issue in the domain of air defense.Hostile aircraft must be Identified at sufficient range so that they can beengaged before they have released their ordnance. Further, the identificationmust be highly valid and reliable. Friendly aircraft assets are of high valuebecause they are high in codt, limiLed in nu&ber, and required highly trainedand selected operators. Even a one percent fratricide rate imposed by each
19
friendly air defense fire unit would eventually doom friendly air assets,,because there are so many fire units and because each friendly aircraft andpilot must overfly so many fire units so many times in carrying out even oneday's mission. Thus, the central problem for air defense is how to beexceedingly accurate and timely in making the tactical identificationdecision. It seems a rather weak contribution to say that the identificationfunction should output 80% correct calls and minimum false alarms - or to saythat "automation and decision aiding 1s essential." It is beyond the scope ofthis report to provide a solution to the general Issue of tactical aircraftidentification.
In further speculation, part of the problem with the non-ucce3esfulexecution of the target engagement sequence may be in the complexity of thesystem operating modes and levels of automation. Only in the Radar Auto modeand the system preempt engagements was system performance within the ti:-we tofire requirements for a substantial proportion of the engagements. The othermodes were simply too complicated for quick human response, despite theautomation aiding provided. A message that may apply to all future FAADSsoloier-computer interfaces for the target engagement sequence is: Keep theinterface very simple If very short response times are required.
20
0~~. ti ( -4 10,q ' -A 4U
.40 .) r4 W 4)
V mi V (-. >0 m~ -4
L L- bg 0 41)
C Ti C
Lýn ) U 0 C> O
in V"1 Co0aL 00. in 171.-
ri. 0 F- 4) mu4) V). I..v
C C 0 3 in 0 4.-) EU. Ul C 0 4j 4
4)~V 4)4.).
0 CON cc E. 0 4)
4)V 0 0 4j 0 -,1 ~W 1- . r- 4 -4 C in zn 0. 0.
u c-V )orl-
Li t.0 0 tnM430E N mV ,4rL 3140 L L V) c~4 0.11 V- to C
LI C. CU I-"-a 4) 0 .0M ) 0 VRU C C4~'- "- o ýo >% -M --am u 4)C E f
41 E~- V)0C~ d) (U 0 M~ 4)4VC 1-r- ~U .U. - LQ C-( '0 C) .4C .o...U0
0. r-4)/ 4-. 4) -4~ U X.$ V c m
0 1.. 1.UC I- En,- :P'C %00 % 4 HV)V .:9. - mi OC.. n *.) 0 1 E z-.E.4( .Cc 0
vi E M C ýt 4) 0 N 'o ow 0 C: 4-) I C u4) 1) W-0.i4 *CU 4) V)C .+) 0 c c 0 L
I.C in 0 V L.,4 iL. )M+)% )bi=0' 4 -0C4) 0 C 0 "06 I - 0 - d 0 CO 1C.-) n-i V)
U- 0 U-1 0-' oV N-cc -0 ( inU t0
C: ,'s-4 s-n d) ( UV L U.41 ..o/ 4 E Lo 3')inm L)0. 4) to-MOC Ls- ýc)m
0,-iL '- 4):-4 m mr- 4)iV O C0
Cnt.% L' V)U)0 c 0 0 r-4 .- E MO0 4'V -r4iW Q 0. 00( Ir. 00 VO * GO j*-
m 0 $-4) .5) to A. lo) - 41i
00 4 0 E) -1 a O0 a z -Y L.t mIA. (D ) O ý.- CL m a. M 4JU W aGj.
0-. U V~ 0- in L.. s- a. V
ct*- m 0 .- w2).i w) -AC'U 0l - (Uo C. vinCL.m 0
DOV)n 4)6 0...' I-q V-.. 444~I- .- iý 0 0) .C) ) r4) V .1 m H vCl 7
d)0 3C-1 M 2 tkD Wrl ýG4 ) z +3 iV m -3 E.0)4 0 E - ) 3N- -4
0 m1A4 4J)-4C - L. (.-0-4 41 M.10 C6 V) 04 M 2 UV )I-
0. U, Ci0. .O) "/(UU " ;b MQW- Mw0:V): 4 c~ wnvO Q..- m. w C. 0 v
-.4 bo Xini Q =~nV ) .' n )
0 a) ~ .. 40 .V
C
CD 0
C"C
C a)
4.3~
0 0 43 -au .40OD4) jC0)M I )r
c1u a) -. (
Ca E- uo 0 4) 0~ 0 ~ C0)*~ .-)C r.4 O- m .C.D
L6 mD LL 'a W 0 s-.4-)4) a) :1.c 0 .,- 4
X. O*.iI 4)CD C ) M W1) V~) u0 L c 10c Z) u
'-.4W ) Q C.O r4CE *.q 00 rC1-P4 V r-4' M) L.4 C -~~ 0 0 0tao c DO c ,o 4)0 m C M
to *.u r~.-'-C m OCvCL$-$-4.) CLiL. .,I~ . V )C 0 ~V"-LM a a) >0 .- i 44) ) 0
M 0 a% aC 0 4.) 'n En -,a
1.0 1.4
0'1 ONa)C)0 1 -r- ~ 0 )C)C ) I,-lC E. o C
4.)~ ~~ ~ >1 '.4r- C LC j Ec,)C CCJ ~ ~ CO aCD *4 U
43 4-. c) C ) 4r- C M 0C 0.-,.4a Q D LCA 10 L) (U cd 0~( )04 J /
L)U'-W-4A-
a m.I,., 0 ) 4. ) c 4
16-4 4J 1 4 4
0 m ma0c0 0
V) E 0 0D
* C6
CC 0 X:4)C) ,L) F L
022
(V 0 r-i x.
-4 'cc .. IC) U
(U V r-4.C4) V)
-I r- (L) 41410 m.( 1- U41 1-
L) M E. ~
"-4 C:.0 3 -5- C :
a) 0 )0r
4)4 41
4) CJ4
C) V) a\ ~ cu
a.C.4U 4))
X 4) 0 41 (
S- 0 4) 0C 0) U4)>.v) 0 a. .0 W Wa) CI '-4 a .0 ) ;L
4.-) 4) 4- d) C W )- .2 M V *,.C- C6 0. V)+r.4 d3) : UU>. 4 .- -a.. 'oi (Vo * 4' ) :3.,- c 0 C mL 0. O O -X .0 4)A CLo- c- 0)2)
V2 4)i 0 r- M c C w
3- 4.) 00 thx (V L m r-4I'd 4) CO 4. (u. U)'(,4."4.-.n- . 'C-.) .p 41 V C 4) r-VI 4) *.4C m-2 a >, m 0
C 0., a -- , -I4' 0. Q.4 4) 2 > rI.0.ca 0CA 4'O F 6- m CIO ,-'- 4 0. ( 0 c 4'.C)U
3 o C)C 4)-04O,4C) C0. =JO, 4V3.)bO *.- r"-4 c-i44.- ~ .. ~ ( .M) 4-)4C( +- 0L+ 0 ) t
0L U) IL. V) mW'M-40 MCU( Lt0-U 4)C x : 404E U)'4p42 v- W-U) U41 LE 0 X"Q0..42w
2 - VO 4-( C 4J O .- I.. C .C U) 4J4 )4'- J - (
to (D~ EC ( . 4 -) E. C. C.2U ta0 ) q0 (VV *dI *u44)X34)4- c 4-) 0>> * 2 04 _m x r"L. .U240C " Qfe ) 1 CL
M) 0.fI.- .r4'(VWC m4'40(0Lto 0 m CLL r>0 )- %- .,4m '1 4'L.-.(3 L .0 1- 4 ) ~ E : . 4) 41. .4) p
IC (E 0 L(f m z V) bo t)E44) S 0 g- t- a .4- a4' C. ) o4a 40 )-. v )4) .c p c 02$0 0 * >.4)4)4C (
M~d (V >. m'U ) 0 U'ý S. ( VM r-j r'.4)4'. C(-. 0i4 ). 1 5.
E o C 02 cd) j V 4) I~ O bV o) mV ( 4'
r-4 mV S. -I c 9S 4 14*g C 241 r_10 :3 IDc OV4)4 0 4 XC20 0 bWU) 0 c d'~C..~C )
0 M 0 o w 4 -4 i 0L . 0M da (U 4) 4 ='(V0m M0
C 0 r- b. A~.) 0 q V)V -) 4) 3 0L. a )-0 "
I-.2V44 E aU V 0W M)CM-.) - = .> 0-4 ~ E .14 m u(.2( I.C)-0o> z V) Sca. . C0 4-
U) C) 4) 0 4') a m 0 0 XC(V4 4-% =.-H 7 Wu0 4 A444' ~ .4V r-4 93.0 m0 c Uqto 9. Lv.4V)4VLU)U)U) ) r2*3 4.0.r
.0 a. (v 0 X 0*m0 2 V) 4) ul 104'L O I- M 04.4)V" 0) L.)4O44 CO )C L) .4m 4) (H .r.) 0 0 V)
4. CC V(V 4'mC §=4) A) v x 4)0L 41L.r)4)o= :3 = C1 2 C 41.-H i. L...-4 :3E E 4 4,3'0 "'0. O
0 CI o - m $. U41 % v 000V00 V)v Q. 0W*m4-) 44) 0 .O0 1-0.C=, M A:C5s- r- -4L. 02
x 0 4) z c -44) wW CO 3 q4. ).rv0 =c vri t 4)"m 1-= ws t-W '4) -4 v0. rq> V) 4) 4)r (V .CV'a4j tk.-,4 W 0Cc-4 C41S. :3 -mi o04) =. r_.z41 U0 M IV V)U). E -.-I
OWm L 0L41- - 4) V) 4.$.0 4) 4- . w "" 0 .4.5 0 ).- M >%cS.') M 1 a0-4'V'3 U 4-)C'C'D4)4-) 3 06~ a-14- (0 r-24) 4A! I
1- L0 C 0. CoW(7 (uC M cu" CU 4) 04) 4a (D0 1.M 04)2 I'ri U.-I'"-. 4,-a 0.."fU)0 3L'941 V)~ x V) w~. (a 3 0),2 U S-M.
- U~
23
Os 0
s$ 4
14
(D-
0 0
0 00
0 04-
04 r04o 0
$4 $4
0 0
-~ ~ >40w$0 0 ( 0I C) 0 I .4 $4 Ws 00 044 -" 4 0 .
$4o $4 c 0 " 0 J W '- 4 M . C 0 p ) e U W L- i 0 6H C 4
A- n0 t CJ 40 Dri .0$ - 0 co-4 4- 0.J. N -4J1A) 0' D; .ý44. CO ~ 0 1 U4 0 'V O (0 *wrcv
$4 Os(0C 0 4 1 r$ OP4 q:. 0 0 4.4 r_-0~'t-4-I~t 00J COO (vs'' 4 0(C I4 4~
ý4~~~ ~ $4 CO~ wJ 0 $ t 4UW Hr4$400 -( . rUJ- 0 - (v4)C ?I 0 to~O 4-1 0 00 Q w
m- .000 to 0- 0 U) W 1.4 0 Q~4 (L -4c) C41 Cd r- CO 0 4 co m4~ 0. 0 $4 .0- CU
00 J.V.H - 0~" ~ (U 0 r--4 --1 to w# %. , w44Z1o, .4 U 0 f 0)r %4 4 0 0 0,~J W4.U ~(0 -, r. 0 to $4(
:> co 4J & -0 " w0. C:.jC (0
00 S..4 0 o0 co co C a) ,4 ( 0-co 4O0 444J$4 4-44J $
0 $4J~ r.O :r C~O ..- CO0 U )9) 0 ; 44
4I 0 Q a v- - " 0-O W IV 00 '-.044J04 &JJ- 0 wo 0b0W0 G M0 0 CO C4 4s-4 0) -1 o 04-j0 41c m l0 r
(n0 to 60 4-J$4 W O~ a) - C)" 40 N 6 t ot : 0060 -. $p$4m O0 -ýo4 .6140J0- r- Ma e * 00Jw." I = IV
0Y "M ,- l$4 = r.~40 . . 1"o : l00 0 0 -H0 "
a-I 10 j9$~ (0 C .4AJ s %0N. U)4-4CO 4-1 .,E-- 0 0
0~ 14444 Z 0 0
0 4.1 ) UW$441 $4 -4'44 r~- " -A4 " C.)0 6cJf
00 s.- -4 0~
-H 04U) -4 I
f-* - ow 004 c AzU$ 1~4 O 4 V
41' 0 C.( 0. ()U
0 P4 oo W MW b W4-400 to 0 41 r.~ C0
0 N0 rj) 0 b00 w .0$ p 4
0 H 0 0L (u C U A
C4 Aj 4 a04d-4.d4J --) A C :J4 0 0. * =4
0 m Y U W $44-41 W jC3co a)4 $4.J
Q 4) ci C; u 0 0 c -405
z * -I 4 Wr~ -Hc £X U 4J0$4$ -
-' cum0 0 rz. li
24
VV
V
C 41CO -4O
u L
V V
0 0.
o 03:I-
coS-mc
c 94) Ca..m4VL
1.X 4)0 - - C3-40C., .i L 0 b0 0 0r
W -o4- 4) ~ ~~V4) 4 oM
0) V)O -4 o m=LA L ~ 2 L- r-q 0 C
0 c >')0 0 0 L 0:Nc 0V '. C4-3 0
o UL- C0 1-4
Po * -H (2 W) 0. -, W V
Cl) r_ C4.-O4 . ' 4)
V)4. 0 0 AJ . M
W4.) a. 0. Wv *.C,-I ZlC2.LJ 0 Q' U. C-% (P V) V) (
U- 4Q i -4r .
.CO 43ý V) VL b
V)4
to L. 1. 4) cu 3C C. (.0 -H C M V ).0 4)- d)2 0 LS .0 ( 4-- 0. :
r- 4 10 3 O > m V) Ll L.c c-0 M *) 0. M MW 04 a) r-O Q) .-.
0 - 4 S.. 0U M (V.4G 0 0C )X
4.q 0 0 ) . ) 1En OV V)-q bo4) r. M Cc ) o M r 10 0v '-,0 -r 4)'v-_ e- V -1 .: ;3 v O4-~4 ( 4) C
.4 4-I-4 )5 _4 FJU 4 C L) r4c IC)I L ).0 .y-)V)
0 " ~ j) 0 0 CU" ef > 4) :90 4 4.) -U2. 2C r- +) C'-o V- 0) >U 3t =. vJ 0.)-r4.6= . 0 >4-4 wV(20
""( 'a. (U V) L' C 4- .v4GJ C 0 4)ý I>0 D V/- 1- 6 4 D ,qL S! 0~ 0-4 v '.V4)
o4 "4 U) m C)C 4)I 0 )G) C 0Gy( U C L " ) -m~ r.O W '. E04 )r _& 4-) c *0 u(0 C 42) *) d) mV > V N 0
2: 0- wm4 1-dr- 000 r VV)=3 4 t Lni" "4 gz V m 0 ) 44 1 c 4C: V -4 1 L))- r- I: 0= 41o3 - 9&
0 m .) r M - 4) 4JM " C 4) 0 4 25
0 0U0
4) Q9. 4) ) 0'-.9- o0 4 2'0 -
o3 0.- 4) 0
0 W IC 6-0rO4 r4 G .0
two4 C4 r4) C
M0- -4 r- *0 d)
4) r- L i 4k 4)c )4) L)) cu.4 M4)LV
10 0 *9r-) (4) 0o) 4)) 4)1-V) II o. r4)4 CLU, .,I4. u 4-)E.0.t ttG. 41
0 0 IV L. 4 C)- -$- &-0 00 .S0 4M-q$
C -. 0 0 ko 4.0(u
4)
V)) V 04 E I -"". 'D 0 V 0 N.- 4)0 4). 44-. 41 Q CO ) O 41V)., . . .41 -1
0 -1. 4 M U- E L : + +)U` . .0 (U
Q. V,-i 0 a r-C.4C)C0N44). 4..4) ) C 044 -'. 4 4i. L 4)-
m 0 (004 0V) C6 -*4r..-ig 3 .r-4 -4 ()1.. '- 4) W '0 I
w to> 4)( in ex I- o. 0 a) INC - E WCLC rt)
m c -M0lQ'- 0* L4V ,V4J 0 CO U
0~~~- 0-~. L~)(ŽC . ~41 .0) .).. 00U. -. cc S...'. ~0 L40 x .4 V)
o o. rV- c "I V) 0.*- d4.) m o *
4)41 .1.,1r -,4 0 4) .0.r~ .r-1 ~ C*"-m 0> "- M 04.)... 4-). 0 L. bo0 k r I'm, (UL
c:4) 4-)0 *0 0M41 V) 0w 0 c -14 0' . 06.. "t LU L.4 4 4) ito z 4'' ý0 1 0(
4)) I.1 3a 'a>.)4 ."a4 ) 4.) W) Z #4)c (u r-40 -N4 0 M III M V (V .
41 0. V4r-4 0 40 oIV .C 0 0 0 =A) -H *4)
I') Cj 0
4) 0.. 0.*.~44).4 i) E)4 IV))v L00 0- *'4. 4.,4 C 4 0
0. 4~~) V)0)*- Z ~4)-C)~ 4-).-4 4-5 4) 4) 3vV
C..0 . 4.) -H 4)0 co ) C "- S-. 0
E ,q4 3 w4)(- 4) 1 4)0.0 c 4- a =
AM- .0 E -1VV41 :3v 10 . 4.) 4)a4) 0 .0 M 4)= .C) S-0pa4)CCM
I" c IL.. 04C4) 4-) 4 )J O44. 0 0V wwo414)0 C. 41C- I= L- 504 .
u I-..4 ;- -L 0. CtIs-. .. C .;74 3t r m. J 0 00
0 bO 41 4.)4r-44f )Il (20 4) 011go $... -e .9.44, U 13 d)g t uCC
4) C 3c~0 P- I. 4 00 '. **).-i* *0 cn :9(~.) a) 0 = cM#..., ,qa
4) Z -. ,-I C .~ 5M 0- O V 4-) 0 0 V) DP0.0 O 4) 04,r-4 -4) Cl)04)
wt w- O E. 0r 4 0 > F-4 0. 0 f4.In.0 C I v
cs 0~4 V Q .0 (- vt) ~. > in 4.) 0.4) M
4, (L)-4 04
.0 E a) '11CV 0.z
26
0
4.) L)L
0
o1 0
4) 4.) 0
"" 0 ý 09T -cV0 N r ) r )r
.C 4) )4) I % 0 IV)4 . , w 'Ic ) -4) 4-) : 0 3 -4 3V n & )' -
1.0 ) s ) o ~ rg 430ML : S e .L- Q) r. 0 :1m x C - 4) -4041mý
Cu .0 E 4.)C1 V) rU- 4. V)w- U U 4Ja '-) r- 4) WCL 4) MW 0 I4""(n0 0) 4) -4
C. 0 "au .. $- 0 C LC'0 >. Z' C L.LL b - 4. > 0 ,-4o 0 ) V)- 0"4CG).
goo) 4 J C 04)f .04 *A .,A - C-X -4)4 0 0 4L)-0$
c . aJ) W w tk4cu 4J : 0 -4 E - 4) ,4 4-)C 'j- m0.. .0c,--4 0(N4 (f~ .I4)C S. 0 -0 04).
4-4 .,q0 > wC.0GL 4)Co ru4u C-q U"4j 00CJSL4c )L 0 n 41 bo4) r- .0
o i '- 4 .) LO. 44.) L. *'-q, C 4.) 4- CLa. 442 0-4 C1 3.4)J- 0.. * 4-4 00l M r4 )L.
4. V4) = = 0 UM O4)0 E -W~))44 " 4EC)m-0.W-zO3 4 Jb )r Ei. ON C.iL. Vl)I. E) 0 -4 th 6 0 0 V M
4. 0.4.1-4 4)>.04-) :5o 0 ,A0 1 w(V..S CU r-a u.M
Q) ) 0r 4-)S) 44 .0r-4 44) ~ .cu bl .0 104. 4) 0"44 (f'-"..'44L
4) r.4JV)3 W c 4)4)04c0 C .44)S.I c04) Cu 0 M V -,4 0 D
1) 5 &42.3 Z4)m00r-000-1 4- MW V04J 4) (U~FC 'S~- 4 M L.d) C(CO4u) r
44) V) CC'-'a04 ~ u'a L EMO4)5-0CX:)3 4 Eu V)'00+ 4- 4)' 4a) 4) (42 v.-'-"=4 -.- 4C -M4
-C (u '0 4)4 0 r44E -)U '0'-L c0 ýc -
0- 4V-C'-) .99- m~)I 0oaH1 4)0 )44C4)U0 4) 4-) r-I OC 4) 4) Co("
0 91. ~". 00 tio r_ M 0 0-1- i. L)~4' cz . 4 a ) u 1- Cu0 L c:j o
-4 w:3 w 4) W -M 0 4.4 CU44) .Cmc V 00 )0 " aE L.(m 0 v) 4) v) 04 6 V C 43 jO
x 0 w C'.qU)V)4 1. M m. r4 'V0 M 4) -q0a t I-4 o - * WU 3Ul.. M4) Cuýu"a C0~ "). C4.3 c m4 4)'-o 0V. ... ,- .4 -0C 0 (U r-4 E.1
0 oat I '4) CD 0CD C 0 o C ' L U C 4) c4) -0) -'0 4)a- H ,4*.)-, 4 4) -M E 'D .4j> C
L.C 0 . a- r_ a 4 30 CC4)) m )4C) E 'oa L C 0 0.0 00 0/~.4) ' VE;.* E~ *04 ).m C u nV r= -4 w
0 H ~ 0 : 0 " r .4 C' 0 M 4o - -4 M V(U0 CS-0
m 0 C a C-.
OC . OS-U4)5-..4)20 U'0 I2.27
0
m C (U
L) 00
4) - -4
L) '-u0-
U) C).- Vt jV)C =)U 1-4
0) C) .. cU 0o o .4.) rl-4
r. 0. Mo~ t )o:
C0 0- MU (a
41 v) .,1 0 L 0 r- 4r4. = U)) U)-a)( 0
4.. ) .0 ( 0 1 4 0 3 1 o .. c04) V ,-4. 41u 4)- 0) LV( L~ 4)C4U~) (r'A4. 04) L
(UL04 4)L. W LU4-) W 3.oc00. 4OC rOL4)>0 -4 L. 0 v) v) - -r
4. >U r.3+OL 4).)4) 0 3_0z(D 4) mUN
L-I I- w 0 ,..)4f -I L -0rC. M.0.0 t V0 o Q x V ) -- 4 M)E(O W I ) ZC
oo- ..U4 4 0.q- V +0(-)M Is- 4 M Cmb) o 0 0 ) Y)>o :3 >U f4.4 ) -4 r- m
4) U ,- D "3 0: r4 0 0)0 Z 4).C C) +' J4C0 E 0V)p., SL3 U) 4 .C30 3(0 V ID 40 C E 0U)CLA .,
r) 0m > , 1c 4rz- )0 u :3 w- .C.
I- M 04 MD.0U) 0))C.. -c 4 d) d >%4)~~~ 3: 04~ -3~ r .a))4(. 3:~ tC o
0. 0 V S. U V +.E4V4)-
U))
S0 L) .
01 0 0 ON
m:C 0-4 m
r.1 .0X a- 0 L
0L. m C. 0r
Va) 0c m0V
0 x
C of 1 *
0) Cl .
L) I-.L
28
U V)
1.43 .. C 1
9) 4) L.C
L) I.. V)a. 04)
4)4)
M V)0 0~
0 0 4)0
o~V o )
c~ 0 c 4.) --* V0 0 L) 0 :3 m
C ;2 i- fu 0m
0 V ( . ) 4
C): C) .0 c _
r- 0 0 > C) 0 r4) 4 ) .u-' C).=0)*- 4-3 X) 0 -IC 4 *. = -14",)cr4 Cli ) C C (~Q m. X4) 0' C .0 M m'a*)M
UL4) 4- ) rO ~ C 0.4 i = . -m0.5-. 4) ýC V) d) L~ 0 0 0 d ~ ) 90
a) LG.)V) CI.. C C ).. M 0C)._ C5 0
r.4 04 0,i C) 4.3 V) . (D..C4 .0o 4-' 0± 10 V1 M 0 'ar-4m M C),E U')
Ua. 1) L 4) MC) r- L.C 0 .L4AC".LC) 0 C 4V).C= )4)C L UN ) C) 4).
Q 4) v 0 ( 0.W.M4 C: ) C6Vc/0w- a)V 404- C r_ C',.
0 L. -i4ý)C . w- .0.c 0 0~x MV M. a 04J0-.' 01 C 4) 3
SE E) 0LlV0 0 o 0. a c c41 A) S- " InC E .0 *0 s- 1 a0O0
Ck 04(D 0 -- -4 L- 4 4) C)C r- )4C) C C .- 4 C 0 0 -1 4 -. )v ,1-4 ) r4)4
d)I. r *~))C0 0 M -4 E 4 boC) CC~.-4.)4 1) 5> C)
E )51)lCC))L~l) 0C4) V) 11-),40 0 40L. C ). 0 1
14) 4) m~. m m0 C) 00 >- S. :
0) (U 0 c.0 4) Ccc E)C IV P6E0 (VOU m
0 C))C 0 4 0 aCL. w 0 4400
0 1: 00 .C
4Ql .C M).0 a)C~.
L 4) r- L. at CO ;-0 .PW p .X a. 0 4.4) m
0 x C .0o CA.0r S.. L) 0
4) *,0) V~ ) M t- lr%C) 1) .C 4j CU c =rrLa.. r_). C E 4L )
0 ) (D Ls 0 v .4 0 0 11 : l-b
0 0 Z O) 0 1d'0)u0C)L. to4)..U4C ) r- -
E) 4)CfJ0 G-)
29
.0 0 U) C)*M.4) 0)0 41 1
Cu 0 (V4j4) L. 0 Ii
C -0 aw0 +
-4CU )r V) I-4 *.
.,- WL &~ OxC L. w C6 C
.1- 4) (1) 0 41 1-. 0 O Ca 4) -4 : .0~ aC c I-
V) t .14. 1. 0 .J)0a ~ c 0.m -OC0Cc 1- 0 $- 41 CL I
v0k a ~ L. 41 cm
a 0 S. 0 0043
(Uci 41 2C.) u cE r4 r1 .0Q)( M
C -)V "OC 10 > C . 41 u
0 0U C'-r~ 0C- z0CCS.E C 9'~ 0 M 0 E :3fl
4 1
LL C
I- m -00 0 0
0"D V 4)0 m )
cu. aC L4
to. 0 0 C) _r1
V) Eu 0j-) -
0 :3 -4 E
0. 0 q tCA - CU N004)
0/ t0 cC~ £-
0a -q v- %V o*) 0 0
G map (--4 0C .W In 03r 0-4
.0 ., W IE0V r . 1r
0 1- ad 0 .OOV.L 3 )(Dw" cE0StoS- 41 = 0C III. G) W 0 4.) 17 1- ) 0 0
00 S-"to- V0 4.O OL.cs c0-4)
Cý 4-O -. 4)-44~ 4-C 0a. (D CO- Mýuj 0 CO C)C0 . 1 r
w t.0) Lr-4 0 i- 00 0-4 4) 0 0 C r-1
IV V 0 U C - ~ 0 c-C I -4C0..4)~OC) 0 .2 C.-)4 Sýo v x V .30 ) .-.0 *3) 0 s- )L Z0..A 7 -4t .mIIv MC0- J0j aa. 1-L 4 o ):,10 nI- M : - M r- ,cn 3 OV .ir-Cu.0
0 - CL .c 4-) r-C) I oA)I r4 4--O ) d) w U) 0rU c-4 m-C 0 0 in 4.. 41 CI.)-1 4
C0 = O0 L. -l M 00 0u.. m 0G(V Q0Cu4. r).C m ti :3 ) I 0 Oa 001 . .
.,00( A.)V)43 .C*ci.4 =OO V)MXE0 CCCW'
X:0 w.6)' 0- ...U 0,- r-It Or- 0 z cc " z L.
CL' 0O 0 4) 4).e 0 LJEýc 0 a "00 z u O u ) 0 MC *I ~ Q 4) () . ) ) 0 a I0I
0.-:3 0OJ0L. C to .).0> 0CEM -4 . a
V) 0 1--4 U .m a 0 w 0 06 t.. to - ,3 r- ap Q..V-40 -4 V) I I4
30
(V 0
"--c +
L)
QG)
0 0C. 0.0 0L. I- a
V 0ccc
C:
c.4( 434 I-a
v) 41C r-)L to 0I~QC OcV)
r- .00 v M0 mVC4'4 .24 ,- Q 'o 0' r4r * )0 - a043> 0 n
0 r- >a*. .6.CJ( * 0( r- 0/W C r wO.- C ) * >..0 . 4 4VO.
'- ' CO m '-4 VL' U) v Z 4CVj- HV wU,4a 04-. r- a S tho4.) bo14 Z H )+e : 0 to
sz0 A)4 M w~~ 4.) )G 4 u) V) :3 o .g-e .,z 9 3 U)f V) V)- a)*
Q 1 3:C) 0. 0> . ) C V (U V) E -4.A. (.0 10+ M C cu 0 c20U.- C6~ u
r_ 0 J *,-,
L C 'D ) 4j to 4' q>0.- ) - : V14 0 U CM 0 5. S.M -4 Cq V)p-L V)S U'4 LO. 0> 0 ,
o. S-" 0 " C dC 4- r_))) 0L-3
L4) 0S. 4/)* a)
0 m 0M-
0-'- C W ' . Q
(U - U(Y m m0 mC-
1-- 6
0 E4)E C ) C 2 V ov W 0 0LI. 0,0r
.0~ Ca.7% a
M- ::tS-I
m (U o cy 031
(0 0 C 0.- u.
S. ~4 OLD wm r
L.C) C -4 Co(oa) 00 0 0
V) 60C C~o0)24 V)0 .
Vo r 0.,.,1 44) Co.3 c 0 IA.IUV) 4) 0.-U
0 r-4 E " -ý4m 40 =~ 4. a
0) .,-1 'm~ 0UU)~V (D c)-~)+ 4
0O w0. 0
m 00
C. P S- C r_ 41a(o0= V u(
to 43aC) - ;0 -
'a 0 0 : 3 ,14)U4, c 4 r 3 0 1
L0to b cc
03 (D V :% m m.-3:
.,C. . 1a+ U ) F 4NO
X-t )( )= = m 4)- 14 o - t oCl. Y )rIL - N4 - -- ) -C ,IW' I m >
I- (U o0 a 4 .q- i V :1.
co 0 z
L) f-)V
C3
1- 4
0~ "-4
V) 0
WL
CL.
:3 Cc UL4) 44):
Dt L0 - o -
V) 0 0 4) 0 . (D
S- L. co - V)* OL c . ,IE-4 0
0 ~ 4) 1-C L4j',-i MC.~ r-I0 cco 3: .C 4-)t -C o04 0 "A C.)).C
3. L r- 04 C4 E *403 > 0 '4 a
0O 0 () 4 -4 0 4vH . ~4)(I- d) 0 L . -C) 4C. ;j -7 M 4)
0) a )04) s- 0C.M 4 ) *HLv
o: .0= V)- ,-40 -)v- , 40C *aC cc
)~d)
4)U 4) L LC. 4ELt) 41 w m m0100 A'- Ca)> c.H0,4 -
0I F-, -P .. Sý M4 C V) ) .- C L 241--rL 0 Ci s- .-i a Ed) 0- o 3 11 Lv "H 4
o) V 04). X i
G 0 - 0 r4 mVTcW ) 4- -4 -4 MLW -
'-4 w, PC 4J4 v 0 )Lvu dE C:ý .)4) 4Lv ()4 4. _ -
w qc w >.LvC0 .,1 -ICLO
J = s 00 V )0 0C L a) V 010 ) E >'-4 0 i'4L C
AC vCfl+-44-1O4 -4).-.x 4cV4,c
U) n :1 ~ 0) Aj ,- -0 a m r-c
r0 0-3 0. 0)- a 0 4 1 4.) (U g4)O 0 tio9- V ., E OU C 4)O 4)-
Li- f ... 4-) M14 -4 4. CC 0 4 4)fL. M~~) C (UU~C 0i ) mCM - -
C.4-- >r 0L 0 V) .4 )4
Lv co 'CD uC 4) a)~4 r- $-V 4 10-j 0) V0) t0 to r_ r_ Lv m o9 0 ) -1 r
0 ) (0)-.4)o.Ci (L .P C,4)=0 :3'-4) :I W >U4- M 0 * V V 0 0IC
Cr (U . C U U V .4 2C .4) 0 aU4)o ~ ~ J~v O)
CLI) ~ Lv0 U)C ~'L>C.L 'HC133
-4)
au 0
"-4 .~~-4U )d. ) C CL(o I (
,a u..C S-4o to
-1.)4. Vti) bOO. s-- r-im
U) Z 4 0--L-C
.C 4j 4-U) ., u0 V4.) 0~~4) . t-L44V)0 a4) 4. D 4 - 44 )V 4M C 4 C 4- ))I--4) 0) *.0.5u .- 30a4 - 4. .0UCW)I>
o- 00,.It o 1g - 0 4oi 0 4) 0 -) r
4) H0-4) . 0 0 .
0 '-44 ) :: Q) -4 Q) 0- )V)4)Cs) 0 12 ., 'L- - 01 0 .- m WW tOS
4- 4) 4.. L4 0>3C 4) th.s 4 .v~ *0 C nO 4)ti U) V) .).V) ) a)~ c 4 O~ CuN .0 .5 )b.I) 4 S-0
L ,. 4Ju4C *~ 0 4) .,1 m . 4 ) U 1. 05Qw)c-4 :W . LV CO £UOz O -. 0U)0.,uU 00Hu .. ,4ad-0 r-4 -S))' 0>-.r4 OM).C *S c *4Cu .L. '0 4) ).-4. V4'ý 0 u
u OG)U) c 0IzW0 4C O. ) )4 .,4 Cu04).0U)O0 E4.bOCU bO CJ Q. '.w g-m
4)~ ~ LV C4U)m0 U . 0o C .- . . )
00 4 4 V.- 4 0 t- 0U U 4 4 Xs5 V - 4L~~~~~ 04 0. 0 r- 0 u 4 *b U0 1... ~~~ o0 4 r-) ~ . ) ) ))(V E ' L U)4) M UO~ IV0( O..-C r w wrC 004 = 4-)4 4)5 $)V-C W-C
Cr CU E - 0- '5.- 4 .0 :3 Sý I m). 0C)4) 4-) :94 J -4) - S t b 0 0
0- SO-- r-a. V z.~4) *. oS)5. 4-) 0 4 0. 0 a.t'>,- .4r-,4 .$.- V 00.L. V 4-ý ( -uoo) 0 0 O b 4)S- ,-t 0O 4 0 )u C 40 0 6D 4.) - C-.4C~.0 .00 *ris4o )4. U) 4.w W0 U) Lo U) c) 0i .-. 0 L3 .dig A ). S. 0- 4 u~ 4
V) C) 0 rz- 0) L. C inO4)- .,q~ U4 M 4)- 4
0 -U 0. M j4) .0
0 0 W~a V)mV) C0)5U L -4 C)V) 3: 2'4) 114 a) c 0 ..0.s..4)4)s-v
t-4) t- :04) I" C' E
5 ItLU) *U
C/)J)14r4 *-~ ~ 0
Cu4)~uU)QC 4) 5 34
c m* to u oc 4 O i
.1. M C " = Ua)3 Q9Z 4j V) -i M rL J-) M
(L) s-- aC C 41 baC -m( .0 S-..-4 14E~ , 0.- ) OC rV C
V a . Q -I "r. ( 1a).1, 4 u -
Q c :3( 0 OD :: a (D z w yj -DU) Vrto C 0) .- tic 0 . Z Va t:
C 41 L (L) C: En ) C L f/a 4) 4) C .4bo ) -e V .9 - *-4 ..
,q 4. 4 > ) mc m v)10 r- ~ =)~) 4)C CLi
C. .L bo W c 3 ) 0* O04,>3 M WCl u 2 .0.4 4.) 0 41 P-4 I-.-4 Cq) : V
mU &'rC 4 C Q V *n Cf~-~ .- C-0 0O IV~~r4 QJ7% -. 4 V) 4) L.(0
a) )4) *V )4Ua). - > 4;V)() CL sm 0. -q k. > ru U,% 0 0 4) CU .U 0. )
0 0 06 )O00O 'fC
Ca. C .- 0. .4- 4 L*.0. 1- L n. ZS .-0
C)(UC MVC V0. 0 0LC
C ~U 0.0C CUO. '- C) .1 1- 1U al.
a 0 c 0 V a 0 . UL)c
S._ S.. 0 LO :3 -MCa) aV)C ~ ) E '-4 M V6 14V I0 0c)at
r_ 4) 4-). (U IL.. U
no 73UV .J rC4 a) L m r_ %L -I -Hc) 4-) -k E 14 r-,4 A.-) Q. 1
m -4) CO -M V) 0 C r-4 M M G) *- 4)4- L. 0~- CU- C 0 0 C I~ LL. E ) r .,
4) a D (UL C - CO 4) (VO)C Cl- I V) aF- -a : O4U)0.>(UD VC . ,O M(UC (
0C 0. a)C d)a)-,1).4C L.J:3 VLO )>4.-OCJ ) i 0
Co .a a) Z -, Cc :1 C ID5 fLA. ) '.UC I1- C6 U-)C r- )E 43 r_- M1
to .- W d) V)4) C). -m 0 0 UG)4) 4a OV%-a)G)E PI-4 U Q "I-~C M .4-) Lf%
0 CU> 4.)- 3U wO)' b)O W4. C . 0 ~.C C 0 4-) CO C 4.) -4.- r-0 r; C .
x * E-.0 CO M S-C: . 4) 4) Lt..V) (0 VU).~)
4) Q.) 0.0 >.~~ C *.. C o V PA.,
r-) ,) ( ).C-4 M U C.)004)'- (D 0 C QV0. C-.0- 0~ m Ln 3: CU ) w U", N S. - S.
Q) r.. C-4 m V) 4-) z 4.) E U .)Ls= C06 M4C
S.) -ac m w 4)0 r-4 r-CCI L. r- -i Lr) Z M 1 4)
CIEn). I- . .i u 1 . 0 0 r
QJ CI) I) 4)C L (I)
(P UI " 4ý -,q 4) .-,1 0 -M . 10 = C' 4CLV -1 .I 0 CU CID p 4 w 0-
L., CU Ve c ~ -P. 0)L' ODC4z)c v4 L.04C: 0~ E) ai )CtV > I,- 4) LU46 ca)4m
X: - -0c EC0U C 41 -,f- .,.O 44Q . a) 4 ) a ) a1 0 Q v) C . , (4V C - ) ) 4 )
th C.4- co c1 mSC)- ALL ) m> : S rE) 0 (D. c ) Cd) -M 0.4r_ 0 m S0i)E. 0 4 -. . ) - 4 . S. C aý = .,-I " 9. 0) 4C O . VC U
4) 0) M 44) . C6C> Li 0O U) -EL(C S.) X 4)0 0_ C4 C V -
.0 0 - 4.1 . : ( U a) .- 43 to q30 2 -4C00 =419 0 00 M - 0 -q4 0U-.4)20C4 4 :3 Cr-
O l ý 0" X " (n ~3 .0C )U Q -IC :90 .) L.L. 0 CfUS.4U w a 0 OCU &j V) - oV , a0 u 0 0I
L c - r mI -0 m C: O4v r4 ') 4.U) 1- : N -H ~ aa) w) 4) G n L: Ld -1) .- 4Li)"VCEcu 0 .. m
".r- 4 0 .0 w 1-. C.fl .134 0 m Ll c ja :r CI) -3, U)0
V)'4 Ub'o 1 j &I) 0 110c w 0) 0 0C m -
C) -, .l)1-r-IO -4 13 a 4(UC)LUaa)0o u a) > cI-f L- (a Q) b--4 1. : , I - 4.4) w 0 ~W , 4 V)' f-I C
O 0 I W( (D J-r. 0-,4 ) -, 0 A.)OA) 0 :3 m m co w
S... (Vt s- 444-4io4 V )v)4 C
4) CUC
.0 E 0) IC'jm(U 0.Cz jC'j N.
j- O~-j
35
CV~ 0 U)-4bo4)0 0 0
C-) M0 90 C- )
Lb UCV a)> c )ca~ -H U) -- 4.) IV
u L M ) ( tC C I~a C V 3a C) *f C)
4) 0 > 4
0 0O 0~. " .0,- m$0) 0 ) j+4 . ý
E C 4i) L..) V.~ ) 'D LCL oa) 4 4)0EL4) X: X
r- 0. C c 0 CIO 0 V 4-C)
ok c ..V GJlaV) *4 I C.~I. *Eia (- W tk bVmL a
m0a..- > 10 0 M0 S) 4 = )u .,1 0 L. 0 CO U4)V) .,-4 FA 4 a
0 .0m04 u N) do) d) >3 M )U4) V 4)01a CLV h a) u 0V V C J-- 0 - V 1
(U 0 .L q 0 OJ. V) M C E) ")> 4-) Va) 0 0 Mu) oa) m0)AZ - a4.)Ec 4C.w 0to V. H
I- r4 ) .4c a) 0 W V) -. 0.-4 4jI. a *,-lbOZLoVo a)-r4 0.,-4 CV -V0 L )4 v w V)
0 )0 0 )V tn L-L0U C -4 4)- $-4 0.-"r4)r. X )O 0V CU.Ci C~)aC U)U M -
4 0 0V0W.0 -P)4. 4) V..m.M 0 0~ i .0 -rq(V 4j E'-Cý .C-4U a C V 0 0 1. .3 4 a 41 -4 L . 4) 06)
u~. x~) V ,' '.-.V0.C L ) ~4. cc4 aj m -1 lO 0. rq z Z) ) 4) c r..1. U C a~V. V.C 4) N u 0.U I.*i -H O.t. 4) 4 (U..-L
r- %- C~ 4) - 4-) 4) a(U4. C V0 > *) r- 001to (D u) o 0 a),-. VU) )L L).-) b..- o I.> %-: r
L C: r- ; L -4 (a r- 0 a (NJ4 Ua 4) > 0W m )(o mi. M V) X d-'0 m .V D 4)U)00aD))V) 0 c 41) r-4 .L0.p 1- (D 00 S-a C EW V)Er I
uC C ( o) I.1- a) V.-I >1x 0 '. -r-I ) E 0 4) o-.-I04D
a)0 . w. *.U)).( C 0( aC c- 4.C40. M fq ) U F 0 EI-
E:V v) V. --t 0 L '/E 1C i
*1-4 -- 41 cV-
:3 E :5 M - Mf- I
.OL. 0 0X-0d0 ~ C.) 0 CC 2icr
U) 0 d) 0. 0
"(' ýC* 0 4) r-,- 0.- .ICh Q.- 4.(.-i IV a Z C 4.)
1U) a a .. )0 E: *of,-C0 r4 0
Q0 -C " U r-- 0 0 0ýa)4> 0 m-V 3 Cr 'a4. C - L.
x 0 w 0 0 1- r_4) b 1 4) 4C) a) C u) C) -H -4 .14 =i.CV4-)
01 , CJbOL4 00 39Lx) 0CU CCU 0 r 3,- 0I-
.0 C.bI o U 0a r.- 4 m L.t*rcm -4 U)-)3C 0 1VCU
C (D CC .1 4 Q M 0 4) 4 c'-NCOL W. -cc)U.44 c c04 o 6
0 0).V) C 0O-4 4) Q
0 . ~
36
, 0 0
4) --
41)c _ )
4) d)4)C 4.. -P
L. r-0.M )E )
Ic 0 ).4 - D 0'1 4- )Q t 44zi
4- 0 - . 0- 4) - 4 4) F- C 0 240) ) C, NVb0) Q -4 a r=-4(.5 C -00.Q V) 0-V-4V)
Li 0 -0 4,.,4 4 Er-D 0) CL MM u 11r 4) 40 o oV t o 4 0~ Om-
4: I- oo 0)1
LL w - om .4 4)4 -'-C E). o* OC M >4-14L = L) M nV4.)41> ) AD004) 1..0Cm." N-4L.:
.!& 4 ( 4-) cc uZ~- .- i 4)4 In -0 c c~- >.0 0-4L4 r-I 5 M .0 0 M) :9~0S C +34)5 *
0 m L :3 m))~~- E r4--4?4C 0r- = 0V>n (U C),S- .0 Z~ U --4 CV 000 II-.. bo 4-. 0
41MO --' 4)-InnIn-. .,IdOCO C 0 .0%4- 4 W 04). Mn C) ) V)00 ( 4> 4 ,2C ., I
W4a 4.C ' -) 4-) MC * J S . 0 % 4) -4 3 V)-4L)!-4)- S.- u H m w.4V r-1 0 0 : a 4) 4- $
DL JW E'm- - ..C..C "..0- 0C0 + ~) Q ' 004 0 4>.) (/4. wV)0 ~ opn"i.mC EWC .- 4-w4 -b4'- ECE
4J~~4 L) m4. (a.r C . W$ c0I -M-9:0 -4 CC CL 4) 4.C M n E. a~ S)))... - rH E
4) -04 (U->444 E.-4H.0
40 0 c a (- 3: 0 ~4LI4)C) q E
0I n) m4) ) )-l > vVr_ =0 41 .6) .M-M4)1cac ) FOL L0 r-4~
:30 ut a .0*-4 1-0 A.-)-e-
r0. r-4 .H4 CI -- ~ '- -- .c4C~ In )La
.1 10- .0 Z4- -.- .04) IV ".,quI r. &. ".) V 00 4) 4)4-4.4 $- I- b
(U I-00 A-C m a 00 - -.q4.0 La4 i-.V) .41 4) t 40 . m r_ b
00 X~ Q.- 4.) ;) V4) C .L) 4-4)V ..- 4La. 0- 00 'a .4 I
0 I-.w)VE4) 1-40 -0 bo u tkLI gn 4 S..-a$ID III V)LA. M
w I b 0 r. 4v 0.,q " r 4) L
Z:0O . c 0I 0- w ~.-4) lo E M -04 nO-4 L.:)C 0o L4 .441) L VWC O-'0t
'.4.)c ,qV)C"- Vn ) >% (.4 .0 -I4) &) r-4 I)00m L"- j-rl.H) 4-3 W-4V0 4) m m b
4) a --) * .4) -1 - oV .0E C
0o -1-' ("'- f-4-> ~0U)0 4-~e) >:3 '4) 0 0 "1E M :3M 1-4)
VY r- "4 94 m V OC
r- 0..i 24E '. I lCO 0. C'. jj
37
(V 0 ~O 1 1- a
t wo " 0 4) . 4J M.. 00
C .c10 c1 v4 P
UuC c ' 4 004)-0 0 1-2
En V) A. ) CU 4-4)04
CL 10* c V 0) = V) 0 .
0~~2 0 D0 Fv- U 4.)
.0 EO L. 04 ~0 0 r-1.0
(IC ~c 4).( 4a) C -400
Co 4)) O L
4J 000 VC .1-.- c.40.
bo c >4
0 bo 41
0 .) S-
I-.
V) 0 1+1 0 0
0. S-0) . c
W C E 0..M41 4
0 I (n- M C-- : rq4
0i 0 0 Oo0 bo r1- .CS-4) $-0 6
1.. m 1 $.C
:c 0 ~ ~ ~ ' '0 VwV4-M4) 4 mVq -C +
oI 09 (V00.'V d).0
I-. v mS. E j.u
0I 0 0 u0):M 0 EM0-
4) 04 bO P- .
IV 00( u
-4 0 064)* CO
Eo Z:) *0co'V * ZON 1110 ' .2 ~ 0C ~ '4
j-0.-4 01..0 (V38
(a 0I-
4) .4.
V o
4)4) .
in) V
0
a aS0 0
C.
'V
C r. 0E - ' V C- 1 i) V) ~.q 0 Ea.4:% u.
W M QC -44C) Q L ). C 1-4.)s 4.) 4. 1
(U 4j ýa C) c .14 :3 r) m 4 V) Om- r.4 0 $- 0)Vto 4) M 4 1 E4. .--~ ) ~ . ;.%I). . 20)9
4 i .6-) I.~.r0( O 0.r40 Ce4 . H> 3cc
I-I .i'-~ .0 OV.6" c g = P4 V &)4&O .1.3 ) 9 0
oM S- *i CO V (L S-. I.. C Q.- -, rI 4) 1) V 6...-C I..
L)cu., 4 c -4., d i) to 4)0.- 0 IV ).O>r-4E P 4
G1" 0Cm ) V 4 4) =w04. - 1 6oo tO. C E C4 M*M 4-.0 (aIJO 'oCVC0 -,4 0 M
E ( C r- 0 V) 0 4C 040 (VO 1... *L ( S).3 ) w*-44 (-.4 *>* S.-4- J C0 C4 M4r4
1- 0. a m.... a) .0 M ,I-10C frjr4 r .
0) M) EC 0 C 4- 0C"- Cr-4 W 0 C c 1-. 0 ) 0.) 4)4bd 4)(.E
c4- z - v -. r-f .r40 m 0 S -(
OD Q) 0k .1 .o1 u .d 44).
o- C.~) V QCf 44)) :0 J0 Al4L .4Uv.-4 C4)LI.-44(U(E *4)4)(
U . S- M 0 a *-P 4.) c 0 p S.. " S.
o .)Co3 C 0.L4 Y W/.. -M "4)0P .Ir-lCL -) 0. %= 4 L.0 -,0,- ,4-4U : (- 4)4).3 d
W/ L 4) 4. 0a.t 4 C.)0 0'-' 0 m 060CU -
0 00 U) ~ f4)u.4)I.0 0.).-( a W 2 4
4.) Q *0) ) 2)0ti24) -C.i 14 .0.0 4)0)C- ~ 0) L) U0 4
C..) i-I/) 4 44.44 C U 4)44) 4 M -
0o1 4J 243 4 .( V4) 41~ r- 0 ).(04- 0 S- L4J9 ) *q..4 4 04 ) 4 (J
tk 0 4) V j 0 M ~-' I C) 0 C-.0 '1
M-l9. 4j m c-'= )R 4J.).*) 4)0 X)2.J4 0 4j14 0 r=1.4 L
LaJ4)0C0 a04-) C M " 0)(44V m0) II- 1
o ).0 EOJ 0 ,- IL W 0
5-. fqa vrq0
0 0 aw c bo 0 U 0 ID 39
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
It seems apparent that the Sgt York design was relatively uninfluenced byexisting human factors design criteria and design data. While MIL-STD-1472Band MIL-HDBK-759 (current In 1976) were contract reference documents, there islittle evidence that they were used. The Army's Required OperationalCapability (ROC) document stated that crew station design should be "based ongood human engineering design principles," but it was not (Seven, 1987, pages12-15). The majority of the 51 human factors design problems listed here inTables I and 2 would have been avoided had existing design criteria beenfollowed.
It would appear that many of the functions of the Sgt York needed morethorough examination. The most serious is the frequently unsuccessful (bymission required response times) target engagement sequence performed jointlyby the squad leader or the gunner and the computer subsystem. FOE I perfor-mance data indicated that, the greater the operator's involvement in thetarget engagement sequence, the longer the system's Time to Fire.
Another issue that should be closely examined in future FAADS design iscrew size. Looked at from the limited aspect of the FOE, one might questionwhether three crew members are needed to perform the FAADS mission tasks.However, if one considers the Operational Mode Summary/Mission Profile, thecrew size of three will be taxed when continuous, sustained operations arerequired. Detailed simulation tests and design studies (not to exclude theOMS/MP noted) are all needed to produce a credible estimate of the requiredcrew size. The attractiveness of reducing crew size is understandable, forthe reduction of a single crew member would have enormous impact on workspace,workload, task performance and all MANPRINT domains.
Reference has already been made to the common practice of using a standardtracked or wheeled vehicle chassis upon which to mount the air defense turret.In the case of the Sgt York, the chassis was the M48 which had to be modifiedto handle the primary power unit as it was. It is unfortunate that somemodification could not also have been made to the driver's station. OtherChassis improvemeit seems much needed. The MI chassis also has many limita-tions affecting driver and squad leader (Earl, 1984). Unless the factors ofstandardization and lessened chassis cost lose importance relative to improveddriver, crewmen, and squad leader performance, the expectation of a highperformance future FAADS vehicle is not very optimistic.
These human factors evaluations always raise a question as to what extentthe soldier-machine problems make a difference in mission and system per-formance. Clearly, here there were at least two operational test examples.First, poor driver performance because of poor driver station design didimpact mission performance during FOE I. Second, although it is difficult toassign blame directly, the operation of many of the engagement modes of theSgt York's soldier-computer interface did not allow the target engagementsequence to be performed with desired swiftness. The data suggest that usinga simplified system of target acquisition and engagement modes would haveproduced performance that was more often within the requiredi time limits.
4O
With other design criteria, it is not so easy to correlate soldier-machineproblems with system performance. Some 10 items were identified as potentialsafety hazards (Babbitt, 1988), including, for example, inadequate shoulderharnesses for the crew members.
During FOE I, the rough terrain resulted in many sudden stops, with crewsbeing thrcwn forward. This was a severe problem for gunners who were thrownagainst the inadequately padded gunsights. Another example illustrates thepredicted performance problem. The MOPP gear was very hot and uncomfortablefor the crew members. Yet no effect on performance was shown during FOE I(Babbitt, Seven, & Muckler, 1987, pages 117-119). The actual durations ofwearing MOPP gear during FOE I were too short to show performance degradation;crew members will adapt and adjuStt up to a point.
Another problem associated with all design criteria and notably with humanfactors design criteria is the possible specification of performance require-ments (cf. Kaplan & Crooks, 1980). It has been proposed that performancerequirements be substituted for design criteria, but current and predictedpractice seems to be continued use of design criteria, supplemented, wherepossible, by performance requirements. In the present case, supplementaryperformance requirements can be provided for the target engagement sequencetask, and performance standards can be devised for this task. They would,however, be contingent upon the sensor, signal processing, and fire controlcomputer equipments.
On the other hand, the performance impact of inadequate workspace isdifficult to specify. One performance impact might be that some soldiers oflarger size wearing full MOPP gear may simply not be able to get into thestation. Another impact might be that the larger soldier with full MOPP gearmight have great difficulty or fail to conduct an emergency egress.
In FOE I, and in most operational tests, judgments from subject matterexperts (SME) were solicited regarding the potential impact of design problemson mission performance. Indeed, these judgments were one of the criteria usedin selecting the problems. The extent to which these judgments are validpredictors of mission performance or degradation is not known. For example,one stated problem was that,
"The crew compartments are crowded, hot, dirty, and noisy duringtactical operations."
The subject matter experts judged that this would eventually seriouslydegrade mission performance and nearly always degrade target engagementoperator functions.
The consideration of human factors in the design of weapons systems hasbeen institutionally present in the Department of Defense for over 40 yearsand has been involved in system design since World War II. A very substantialbody of applicable design data has been generated and packaged in specifica-tions, standards, hand books, and technical reports. It would appear thatthere remains a continuing problem of getting human factors design concepts,
41
criteria, and data into some system designs. It would appear, for example,based on the four reports in this series, that human factors considerationshave not had a significant impact on tracked vehicle design.
For future FAADS, it is to be hoped that this trend will change and thatfuture FAADS man-machine interfaces can be radically improved. Such improve-ment will result in greater soldier user acceptance and better systemperformance on the battlefield.
42
REFERENCES
Babbitt, B. A. (1988). MANPRINT analysis of the DIVAD system: I. Humanfactors data from Sqt York Follow-On Evaluation I (ARI Contract No.MDA903-83-C-0033, Final Report, Working Paper Hood 88-06). Fort Hood,TX: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
Babbitt, B. A., Seven, S. A., & Muckler, F. A. (1988). Human factors perfor-mance data for future Forward Area Air Defense Systems (FAADS) (ARI Con-tract No. MDA903-86-C-0365. Final Report, ARI Research Note 89-34). FortHood, TX: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and SocialSciences.
Crumley, L. M., & Earl, V. K. (1985). Human factors en£ineering design cri-teria for future systems. Report No. 2: Design criteria evolving fromthe Fire Support Team Vehicle (FIST-V) operational test IT (ARI ResearchProduct 85-04). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for theBehavioral and Social Sciences. (AD A158 312)
Department of the Army (1981). Military handbook: Human factors engineeringdesign for Army materiel (METRIC) (MIL-HDBK-759A).
Department of Defense (1981). Military standard: Human engineering designcriteria for military systems, equipment and facilities (MIL-STD-1472C).
Earl, W. K. (1984). Human factors engineering design criteria for futuresystems. Report No. 1: Tank design criteria evolving from the MI tankoperational test II (ARI Research Product 84-05). Alexandria, VA: U.S.Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.(AD A146 694)
Earl, W. K., & Crumley, L. M. (1985). Human factors engineering design cri-teria for future systems. Report No. 3: Desfin criteria evolving fromthe Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) operational test II (ARI Re-search Product 85-05). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute forthe Behavioral and Social Sciences. (AD A158 316)
Kaplan, J. D., & Crooks, W. H. (1980). A concept for developing human perfor-mance specifications (Technical Memorandum 7-80, Contract DAAK11-79-C-0115). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Human EngineeringLaboratory.
Seven, S. A. (1987). MANPRINT analysis of the DIVAD system: II. Lessonsrelearned (Contract No. MDA903-83-C-0033, Final Report, unpublished ARIreport). Fort Hood, TX: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioraland Social Sciences.
43