human factors - university of stirling
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Factors
![Page 2: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Human Factors
We take a closer look at the human factors that affect how people interact with computers and software:
Physiology– physical make-up, capabilities
Cognition– thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, memory
Perception– how a person perceives what input they get through their
senses
Preece et al, Chapter 3, 4, 5Shneiderman, Chapter 5, 8
2Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 3: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Human Factors
In order to design, it is important to understand the capabilities and limitations of those we are designing for.
Key point from this lecture: – Users share common capabilities, but are individuals with
differences which should not be ignored.
Handy slogan:– Design for the majority, design for the minority
3Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 4: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Physiology
Human physiology often affects the design of devices, by applying constraints.
Example:– Keyboard keys cannot be smaller than finger size.
How small can a keyboard be?– Smaller machines must use different input facilities.
4Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 5: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Physiology
Particular HCI factors to consider:– Left or right-handed?
– Reaction times
– Movement
– Loss of usual facilities - disabilities
5Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 6: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Reaction Times
Human reaction times:– Audio signal - 150ms
– Visual signal - 200ms
– Pain - 700ms
Examples of use:– Design of video games
– Double-click feature on mice
6Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 7: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Movement
Speed of accuracy of movement important for interactive systems.
Examples:– Mouse - keyboard movement (affects choice of which controls
operate which actions of the system)
– Time taken to move to a target on screen
– Careful arrangement of menu items so that frequent choices are placed first
7Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 8: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Disabilities
Designers must design so that disabled users can achieve maximum functionality and usability from computer systems e.g. Java Accessibility API allows keyboard navigation (full mouseless controls)
Also devices to assist disabled users:– Speech input and output systems (useful for blind people and
those with severe motor impairment)
– Keyboard pressing devices
– Eye movement detection devices
8Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 9: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stephen Hawking
– Has motor neurone disease
– Confined to a wheelchair, unable to talk
– Speech synthesizer and word processor controlled using a single switch
– Uses every known technique to speed up text input!
9Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 10: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cognition
Cognition - the processes by which we become acquainted with things, how we gain knowledge.
Involves understanding, remembering, reasoning, attending, awareness, acquiring skills, creating new ideas.
The HCI objective is to understand the interaction between humans and computers in terms of how knowledge is transmitted between the two. Cognitive psychology underpins this understanding.
Preece, Ch 3
10Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 11: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Attention
Focused attention – our ability to concentrate on one event from a mass of
competing stimuli
Divided attention – attending to more than one thing at a time
Interface designers need to focus attention on the right place:– Structured information
– Information grouped into meaningful parts
– Amount of information presented not too much/little
11Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 12: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Memory
Different forms of human memory:– Sensory store
– Short-term memory (working memory)
– Permanent long-term memory
Memory is limited– eg approx 7±2 new things can be remembered for about 20
seconds in short-term memory
Human memory very versatile– music
– where are my car keys?
– fingers remembering password
12Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 13: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Memory
Features appropriate to memory constraints:– Use of graphical interfaces substantially reduces memory
needed
– Material is far more easily recognized than recalled
Be consistent with the user’s mental model - use meaningful interfaces:
– command names and icons should be selected carefully
What is meaningfulness?– Context in which used
– Task for which it is being used
– Form of the representation (icon?)
– Underlying concept being represented
13Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 14: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Example 1: Icons (bad)
Zoc (a communications application):– Send
– Send without carriage returns
– Send with quotes
Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 15: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Example 2: Easy CD Writer (bad)
Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 16: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example 3: Image Preview
16Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 17: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Perception
Input from the different senses– Auditory Perception
– Haptic (Touch) Perception
– Visual Perception
– Taste and smell - not currently used in computing
We need to understand how the input information is perceived by humans, and what difference this makes to us when considering good HCI
17Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 18: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Auditory Perception
Sound is rarely used to its full potential in interface design. Uses of non-speech sounds include the following:
– Attention attracting • eg to an emergency situation that the user should respond to
– Status information • eg quiet background noise can monitor the progression of a file
downloading
– Confirmation sound associated with an action, • eg file deletion
Dix Section 1.2.2
Preece Section 12.4
18Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 19: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Haptic Perception
Less important than sight or hearing, but crucial
Three main types of touch receptors– Thermoreceptors (temperature)
– Nociceptors (intense pressure, heat, pain)
– Mechanoreceptors (pressure)
Simple tasks like picking up objects are made very difficult without the feedback from touch receptors!
– Very funny watching VR users who can see computer-generated objects but can’t feel them!
Dix Section 1.2.3
19Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 20: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Haptic Perception
As far as use in computing design goes...
Touch is an important source of feedback when using devices:– Pressing buttons
– Using keyboard (dots on the ‘f’ and ‘j’ keys)
– Hand-held devices (even your smartphone)
For users with other senses impaired, touch may be a vital additional source of information (eg braille)
20Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 21: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Visual Perception
Three main aspects:– Size/depth
– Brightness
– Colour
All these factors affect the graphical design of interfaces. (See design guidelines earlier in course)
Aside: RGB typically used to specify colour in computing– R, G, B values typically all from 0-255 (each stored in 1 byte)
– Eg. Orange R=255 G=135 B=75
– Turquoise R=23 G=173 B=178
21Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 22: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Perception of Size/Depth
Our two eyes give us 3D vision, but we can see in 3D even with one eye closed.
In order for us to perceive the 3D world, some very powerful constraints must be placed on our interpretation of 2D images.
These same constraints are responsible for many illusions, which deliberately go against these constraints.
Illusions are very good for revealing the interpretations we place on visual information.
22Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 23: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Perception of Size/Depth
These same automatic interpretations are responsible for many illusions.
– Illusions are very good for revealing the interpretations we place on visual information.
–If you are interested in optical illusions visit ( the last is all one URL)
www.youramazingbrain.org/supersenses/
www.eyetricks.com
psylux.psych.tu-dresden.de/i1/kaw/diverses%20Material/www.illusionworks.com/index.html
Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 24: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Size/Depth Perception
24Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 25: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ames Room
25Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 26: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Depth Perception
26Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 27: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Visual Perception: Shadows & Highlights
27Autumn 2016 ITNP023: Foundations of IT
![Page 28: Human Factors - University of Stirling](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020706/61fc32e0bd999d59970f4c1c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
End of Lecture