human identity and environmental challenges
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Human Identity and Environmental Challenges. Tim Kasser, Ph.D. Ecological Crises. More scientific research. Responses. More scientific research. Public denial and apathy. Responses. More scientific research Simple behavior changes. Public denial and apathy. Responses. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Human Identity and Environmental Challenges
Tim Kasser, Ph.D.
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Ecological Crises
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Responses
• More scientific research
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Responses
• More scientific research
• Public denial and apathy
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Responses
• More scientific research
• Simple
behavior
changes
• Public denial and apathy
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Responses
• More scientific research
• Simple
behavior
changes
• Public denial and apathy
• Failure to spill-over into larger lifestyle changes
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Responses
• More scientific research
• Simple
behavior
changes• Policy proposals
• Public denial and apathy
• Failure to spill-over into larger lifestyle changes
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Responses
• More scientific research
• Simple
behavior
changes• Policy proposals
• Public denial and apathy
• Failure to spill-over into larger lifestyle changes
• Tinkering due to low public demand and institutional resistance
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
HumanIdentity
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
HumanIdentity
Infor-mation
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
HumanIdentity
Infor-mation
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
HumanIdentity
Infor-mation
Behavior
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
HumanIdentity
Infor-mation
Behavior
PoliticalActions
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
Group Identity
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
Group Identity
Coping Strategies
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Human IdentityCrompton & Kasser (2009)
Group Identity
Coping Strategies
Values & Goals
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Values & Goals
• Guiding principles in life• Affect people’s attitudes towards particular
objects and policies• Orient people to engage in particular
behaviors• Many different types of values and goals
exist
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Values & Goals
• Organized in systems• Validated in many nations around world• Some values are compatible, others in
conflict• Data can be represented with circumplex
models– Compatible values are next to each other– Conflicting values are on opposite sides
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Universalism
Benevolence
ConformityTradition
Security
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
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Universalism
Benevolence
ConformityTradition
Security
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
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ValuesSchwartz (1992)
• Self-enhancing values– Social power, wealth, authority, successful,
influential
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Universalism
Benevolence
ConformityTradition
Security
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
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ValuesSchwartz (1992)
• Self-enhancing values– Social power, wealth, authority, successful,
influential
• Self-transcendent values– Helpful, responsible, mature love, social
justice, equality, a world of beauty, protecting the environment
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Self-transcendence
Physical self
Extrinsic Intrinsic
Spirituality
Community
Affiliation
Self-acceptance
Physical health
SafetyHedonism
Financialsuccess
Image
Popularity
Conformity
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Self-transcendence
Physical self
Extrinsic Intrinsic
Spirituality
Community
Affiliation
Self-acceptance
Physical health
SafetyHedonism
Financialsuccess
Image
Popularity
Conformity
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GoalsGrouzet et al. (2005); Kasser & Ryan (1996)
• Extrinsic – “I will have enough money to buy everything I want.”
– “I will achieve the ‘look’ I've been after.”
– “I will be admired by many people.”
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Self-transcendence
Physical self
Extrinsic Intrinsic
Spirituality
Community
Affiliation
Self-acceptance
Physical health
SafetyHedonism
Financialsuccess
Image
Popularity
Conformity
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GoalsGrouzet et al. (2005); Kasser & Ryan (1996)
• Extrinsic – “I will have enough money to buy everything I want.”
– “I will achieve the ‘look’ I've been after.”
– “I will be admired by many people.”
• Intrinsic- “I will express my love for special people.”
- “I will help the world become a better place.”
- “I will assist people who need it, asking nothing in return.”
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Two Applications
• Dispositions– General priority placed on values in system– Stable over time
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Universalism
Benevolence
ConformityTradition
Security
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
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Two Applications
• Dispositions– General priority placed on values in system– Stable over time
• Activation– Moment to moment changes in priorities– Varies across situations
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Universalism
Benevolence
ConformityTradition
Security
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
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Relevance to Science Educators
• Personal value dispositions are differentially correlated with ecological attitudes and behaviors
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Eco-Attitudes
• Attitudes towards the environment– Good (2007); Saunders & Munro (2000)
• Concern about effects of environmental damage on other people, animals, and future generations– Schultz et al. (2005)
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Eco-Behaviors in LabSheldon & McGregor (2000)
• Assigned people to one of three groups• Played forest management game• High extrinsic groups harvested forest at less
sustainable rates
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Eco-Behaviors in Lab
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Eco-Behaviors in Life
• Frequency of riding bikes, recycling, reuse, etc. – Gatersleben et al (2008); Kasser (2005); Richins &
Dawson (1992)
• Size of Ecological Footprint– 400 N Americans – transportation, housing, food
– Brown & Kasser (2005)
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Eco-Behaviors in NationsKasser (2011)
• 20 wealthy nations • Citizens’ values for achievement, power, status,
money vs. loyalty, helpfulness, social justice, a world of beauty
• Associated with National CO2 emissions– even after controlling for GDP/capita
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Relevance to Science Educators
• Personal dispositions towards values are differentially correlated with ecological attitudes and behaviors
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Relevance to Science Educators
• Personal dispositions towards values are differentially correlated with ecological attitudes and behaviors
• Activating one set of values:– Supports and encourages attitudes and
behaviors consistent with those values– Suppresses and discourages attitudes and
behaviors in conflict with those values
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Universalism
Benevolence
ConformityTradition
Security
Self-Direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
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Self-transcendence
Physical self
Extrinsic Intrinsic
Spirituality
Community
Affiliation
Self-acceptance
Physical health
SafetyHedonism
Financialsuccess
Image
Popularity
Conformity
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Activation of ValuesMaio et al. (2009)
• Cardiff students given pre-test measure of SE, ST, and other values
• Then either– Told that their peers highly valued 4 of the Self-
Transcendent aims – Told that their peers highly valued 4 of the Self-
Enhancement aims – Memorized value-irrelevant words (control)
• Then given post-test value measure with new SE, ST, and other values
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Change in ST values
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Change in SE values
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Activation of Eco-AttitudesSheldon, Nichols & Kasser (2010)
• University students primed with identity– Human, Missouri Student, American– Extrinsic American, Intrinsic American
• Asked to recommend ideal Ecological Footprint for Americans in 5 years– 11 items
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Recommended EFs
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Activation of Eco-Behavior Vansteenkiste et al. (2004)
• Subjects - education students• Asked to read a text on recycling framed as:
– Helping the community (intrinsic)– Saving money (extrinsic)
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Activation of Eco-Behavior Vansteenkiste et al. (2004)
• Compared to those given Extrinsic frames, those given Intrinsic frames:– Learned material more deeply– Were more likely to visit library to learn more– Were more likely to go on later trip to recycling plant
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Activation of Eco-Behavior Maio et al. (2011)
• Students completed survey about extent to which car sharing– Protects the environment (ST/I)– Saves money (SE/E)
• Then designed logo & disposed of draft drawings
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Recycling
Experimental Condition
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Implications for Science Educators
• Avoid iatrogenic effects in environmental messages
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Possible iatrogenic effects
• SE/E values are encouraged when communicators:– Make motivational appeals based primarily on self-
interested reasons– Focus primarily on the “business case for
sustainability,” “green consumption,” and “fees for environmental services”
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Possible iatrogenic effects
• Fear-based messaging• Insecurity shifts people towards SE/E values
– Economic insecurity (Inglehart, 1977; Sheldon & Kasser, 2007)
– Relational insecurity (Kasser et al., 1995; Sheldon & Kasser, 2007)
– Death (Kasser & Sheldon, 2000; Sheldon & Kasser, 2007)
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Implications for Science Educators
• Avoid iatrogenic effects in environmental messages
• Form coalitions with groups interested in related outcomes
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Well-being Correlates
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Measures of Well-beingKasser & Ryan, 1993, 1996, 2001; Sheldon & Kasser, 1995, 1998, 2001
• Distress:– Anxiety
– Depression
– Physical Symptoms
– Unpleasant emotions
– Drug & Alcohol Use
• Happiness– Self-actualization
– Vitality
– Life Satisfaction
– Pleasant Emotions
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Found in many samples
• Types of people– Middle & High School
students
– College Students
– Adults
– Business People
• Countries– Australia – Denmark– Germany– Hungary – India – Russia– Singapore – S. Korea– United Kingdom
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Social Correlates
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Social Attitudes
• Empathy – Sheldon & Kasser (1995)
• Social dominance orientation– Duriez et al. (2007)
• Racial & Ethnic Prejudice– Duriez et al. (2007); Roets et al. (2006)
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Social Behavior
• Pro-social and anti-social behavior– Cohen & Cohen (1996); McHoskey (1999); Kasser &
Ryan (1993)
• Cooperative vs. Competitive Behavior– Choose to “get ahead” vs. “cooperate” with friends in
game to win movie ticket– Sheldon et al. (2000)
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Implications for Science Educators
• Avoid iatrogenic effects in environmental messages
• Form coalitions with groups interested in related outcomes
• Work to diminish causes of Self-enhancing/Extrinsic values and to encourage Self-transcendent/Intrinsic values
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Advertising
• Designed to promote consumerism
• Often creates feelings of insecurity
• Presence everywhere promotes social norm that consumerism is good
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Advertising -Directions
• Remove ads from public places
• Ban advertising to children
• Tax advertising as a form of pollution
• Use revenue to promote intrinsic values
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National Indicators
• Currently Gross Domestic Product is dominant• Promotes less sustainable policies and behaviors• Alternative indicators include metrics with
intrinsic values in their computation– Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness
– Happy Planet Index
– Genuine Progress Indicator
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Gross Domestic Product vs. Genuine Progress Indicator
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National Indicators - Directions
• New social norms will be encouraged
• New policies will be developed to maximize alternative indicators
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Summary
• Attention to aspects of Human Identity might improve ecological sustainability– Values & Goals– Social Identity– Coping Strategies
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Summary
• Important implications for Science Educators
• Beware Iatrogenic effects
• Form Coalitions
• Discourage damaging identities and encourage helpful identities
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