human immunodeficiency virus.doc

8/14/2019 Human Immunodeficiency Virus.doc

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease is characterized by a progressivedeterioration in immune function1. Hipofunctional saliva glands (decreased secretion of salivaobjectively) and serostomia (complaint about dry mouth subjectively) is often associated witHIV infection. !hallacombe and "agli# ( $$%) affirming that HIV infection have an effecteither directly or indirectly on the oral mucosal immunity on saliva. HIV induce s changes ooral epithelial cells& together with the failure action of !' lymphocytes and mucosal change ocyto#ine secretion could lead development of secondary infections in the oral mucosal&. *istiget al ( $$ )& +in et al ( $$ )& !oates et al (1,,-)& *weet et al (1,, )& and /andel et al (1,,/ulligan ( $$$) said that the rate of saliva flow in patients HIV positive lower than individualnegative&%&0. *alivary disfunction causing reduction secretion of saliva on patient HIV 2I'*.*ecretion of saliva glands and composition of saliva changed as a result of HIV infection. +u

( $$0) mentioned that the HIV replication can affect endothelial cells and caused obtruction blood capillaries that supplies blood to secretion cells of glandular saliva. 2s a result& secretiof saliva become lower& serostomia& and increasing susceptibility to lesion or oral infecti. "avazesh et al ( $$ ) report that there is relationship between progression of HIV infection witalteration of submandibula and sublingual glands function. 3he number of 3 cells !' 4 $$cells mm has been identified is the ris# factor to a decrease in rate saliva flow-.

*alivary fluid is an e5ocrine secretion consisting of appro5imately ,,6 water& containing

a variety of electrolytes (sodium& potassium& calcium& chloride& magnesium& bica phosphate) and proteins& represented by enzymes& immunoglobulins and other antimicrofactors& mucosal glycoproteins& traces of albumin and some polypeptides and oligopeptideimportance to oral health. 3here are also glucose and nitrogenous products& such as urea aammonia.3he components interact and are responsible for the various functions attributed tsaliva, .

*aliva behaves as a buffer system to protect the mouth& as follows, 71. It prevents colonization by potentially pathogenic microorganisms by denying

them optimization of environmental conditions.. *aliva buffers (neutralizes) and cleans the acids produced by acidogenic

microorganisms& thus& preventing enamel demineralization.


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"egatively loaded residues on the salivary proteins wor# as buffers. *ialin& a salivar peptide& plays an important role in increasing the biofilm pH after e5posure to fermentabcarbohydrates. 8rea is another buffer present in total salivary fluid which is a product ofaminoacid and protein catabolism that causes a rapid increase in biofilm pH by releasinammonia and carbon dio5ide when hydrolyzed by bacterial ureases, .

*aliva plays a fundamental role in maintaining the physical9chemical integrity of tootenamel by modulating remineralization and demineralization. 3he main factors controlling thstability of enamel hydro5yapatite are the active concentrations free of calcium& phosphate&fluoride in solution and the salivary pH. 'epending on the pH& salivary calcium can be ionized lin#ed. Ionized calcium is important for establishing e:uilibrium between the calcium phosphateof enamel and its adjacent li:uid. "on9ionized calcium can be lin#ed to inorganic ions (inorgani

phosphate& bicarbonate& fluoride)& to small organic ions (citrate)& and to macromol(statherin& histidine9rich peptides& and proline9rich proteins). 2 special case of the combinof calcium is its strong lin# with ;9amilase& where it acts as a co9factor necessary for the enzyfunction. Inorganic orthophosphate found in saliva consists of phosphoric acid (H


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*aliva plays a role as a buffer so that the up and down of the degree of acidity (pH) can be retained. *alivary buffer capacity is determined by the bicarbonate concentration of - 61 6 is determined by the concentration of phosphate and 16 by salivary proteins. >icarbonate isthe main component of saliva to neutralize the acid thus inhibiting the caries process11.

Pain due to caries caused by stimulation received by the structure of

teeth, email, then forwarded to dentine, get to the relation of pulpa-dentin,

which contains receptors pain and finally to pulpa. The stimuli will be

converted into impulses and transmitted to the nerve center. The stimulus

can be a chemical, electrical, mechanical or thermal stimulation.

referensi71. (/ehta *& ?iovannucci @& /ugusi A/& *piegelman '& 2boud *& et al. ( $1$) Vitamin

*tatus of HIV9Infected Bomen and Its 2ssociation with HIV 'iseaseiol 1,%,G1 71 91 .%. *weet *@>2* D2FI@*. *2I"*3I*. V=+8/@ 1(1).1 . Balton& Fichard @ dan /ahmoud 3orabinejad.


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human immunodeficiency virus.doc

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