human physiology(circulatory system)...7 open circulatory system: blood is pumped from a simple...
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Human Physiology(circulatory system)
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Circulatory system :
The human circulatory system
demonstrates the organizational
complexity of the human. It is made up
of a number of different tissues
organized into organs such as the heart,
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules
and veins.
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यक्तसॊचाय प्रणारी : भानव सॊचाय प्रणारी भानव की सॊगठनात्भक जटिरता को प्रदर्शित कयती है। मह टदर, धभननमों, धभनी, केर्शकाओॊ, वेन्मूल्स औय नसों जैसे अॊगों भें सॊगटठत कई ऊतकों से फना होता है।
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Open versus closed circulatory systems
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Open Circulatory System: blood is
pumped from a simple heart and
flows out of blood vessels and
around tissue cells of the organism,
e.g. invertebrates, such as insects.
The blood is then returned to the
heart via small pores called Ostia.
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खुरा ऩरयसॊचयण तॊत्र : यक्त हृदम से ऩॊऩ किमा जाता है औय यक्त वाहहिाओॊ औय जीव िे ऊति िोशििाओॊ िे फाहय फहता है, कपय यक्त िो ओस्टिमा नाभि छोिे छछद्रों िे भाध्मभ से हृदम भें रौिामा जाता है।
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Ex-insects and some mollusks (snails, clams) उदा- कीड ेऔय कुछ भोरस्का (घोंघे, क्रैभ)
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Closed Circulatory System: blood flows
around the body enclosed in blood
vessels and does not leaves the blood
vessels, e.g. human.
फॊद ऩरयसॊचयण प्रणारी: यक्त वाहहिाओॊ भें सॊरग्न ियीय िे चायों ओय यक्त प्रवाह ियता है औय यक्त वाहहिाओॊ िो नहीॊ छोड़ता है, उदा- भानव
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Structure of the human
circulatory system
भानव सॊचाय प्रणारी की सॊयचना
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The human circulatory system consists
of: भानव सॊचाय प्रणारी भें ननम्नर्रखित शार्भर हैं:-
Blood vessels/ यक्त वाटहकाएॊ Heart/ह्रदम Blood/यक्त
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1.Blood vessels/ यक्त वाटहकाएॊ :
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a)Arteries: blood vessels that carry
blood away from the heart in pulses. It
has a thick wall and small lumen.
धभननमाॊ: यक्त वाटहकाएॊ जो यक्त को हृदम से दयू रे जाती हैं। इसभें एक भोिी दीवाय औय छोिा रुभेन होता है।
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The thick wall of arteries contains a tough outer
layer of collagen that gives strength to the artery
that supports the pressure the blood is under from
the heart.
धभननमों की भोिी दीवाय भें कोरेजन की एक कटठन फाहयी ऩयत होती है जो धभनी को ताकत देती है जो उस दफाव का सभथिन कयती है जो यक्त हृदम से नीचे होता है।
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It also contains a layer of smooth (involuntary)
muscle that contracts pushing blood along.
इसभें चचकनी (अनचै्छछक) भाॊसऩेर्शमों की एक ऩयत बी होती है जो यक्त के साथ धक्का देती है।
The internal layer of the artery is composed of a
layer of cells called the endothelium.
धभनी की आॊतरयक ऩयत कोर्शकाओॊ की एक ऩयत से फनी होती है च्जसे एॊडोथेर्रमभ कहा जाता है।
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b)Veins/नसों : blood vessels that carry blood
towards the heart in an even flow. They have
thin walls, a large lumen and valves.
यक्त वाटहकाएॉ जो यक्त को हृदम की ओय एक सभान
प्रवाह भें रे जाती हैं। उनके ऩास ऩतरी दीवायें, एक फडा रुभेन औय वाल्व होता हैं।
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Blood pressure in veins is much
lower than arteries, hence the
thinner wall.
नसों भें यक्तचाऩ धभननमों की तुरना भें फहुत कभ है, इसर्रए ऩतरी दीवाय होती है।
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They also have smooth muscle to push
blood along in one direction and have
valves to prevent back flow of blood.
उनके ऩास यक्त को एक टदशा भें धकेरने के र्रए चचकनी भाॊसऩेशी बी होती है औय यक्त के प्रवाह को योकने के र्रए वाल्व होत ेहैं।
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c)Capillaries: blood vessels with walls one cell
thick that carries blood from arterioles to
venules through tissues, releasing nutrients and
taking away wastes.
केर्शकाएॊ: दीवायों के साथ यक्त वाटहकाएॊ एक कोर्शका भोिी होती हैं जो यक्त को धभननमों से रेकय ऊतकों तक
र्शयाओॊ तक रे जाती हैं, ऩोषक तत्वों को छोडती हैं औय
अऩर्शष्िों को ननकारती हैं।
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blood circuits:The human circulatory system consists
of two blood circuits: the systemic circuit and the
pulmonary circuit. This is why the human circulatory
system is described as a double circulatory system.
यक्त सर्कि ि: भानव सॊचाय प्रणारी भें दो यक्त सर्कि ि होत ेहैं, प्रणारीगत सर्कि ि औय पुफ्पुसीम सर्कि ि मही कायण है र्क भानव सॊचाय प्रणारी को दोहये सॊचाय प्रणारी के रूऩ भें वखणित र्कमा गमा है।
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Systemic circuitsThe systemic circuit carries blood to all the
major organs of the body, except the lungs.
प्रणारीगत सर्कि ि: प्रणारीगत सर्कि ि पेपडों को छोडकय शयीय के सबी प्रभुि अॊगों तक यक्त ऩहुॊचाता है।
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pulmonary circuitsThe lungs have their own blood circuit,
called the pulmonary circuit.
पुफ्पुसीम सर्कि ि: पेपड़ ेिा अऩना यक्त सकिि ि होता है, स्जसे पुफ्पुसीम सकिि ि िहा जाता है।
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Heart
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Structure of the heart.
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It is an extremely important part of our body, which is situated on the left side of the chest. The heart weight of a closed gauze is about 300 grams. There are two lungs on either side of it.
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हभाये शयीय का एक अत्मॊत भहत्वऩूणि अॊग है, जो वऺ भें फाईं ओय च्स्थत होता है। फॊद भुट्ठी के आकाय के हृदम का बाय रगबग 300 ग्राभ होता है। इसके दोनों ओय दो पेपड ेहोत ेहैं।
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The heart has a membrane coating, called the pericardium. It has two layers - one layer is in contact with the heart and the other is outside it.
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हृदम ऩय खझल्री का फना एक आवयण होता है, च्जसे ऩेयीकार्ड िमभ कहत ेहैं। इसकी दो ऩयतें होती हैं- एक ऩयत हृदम के सॊऩकि भें यहती है औय दसूयी इसके फाहय होती है।
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The heart is actually a muscle, inside which blood is filled. This part is called myocardium. The layer inside it, which is in contact with the blood, is called Endocardium.
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हृदम वास्तव भें एक भाॊसऩेशी है, च्जसके अॊदय यक्त बया यहता है। इस बाग को भामोकार्ड िमभ (Myocardium) कहत ेहैं। इसके अॊदय की ऩयत, जो यक्त के सॊऩकि भें यहती है, एन्डोकार्ड िमभ (Endocardium) कहराती है।
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Aorta: largest artery in the
body carrying oxygenated blood
away from the left side of the
heart to all the major organs of
the body (except the lungs).
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भहाधभनी: ियीय भें सफसे फड़ी धभनी ऑक्सीजन मकु्त यक्त िो हृदम िे फाईं ओय से ियीय िे सबी प्रभखु अॊगों (पेपड़ों िो छोड़िय) ति रे जाती है।
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Pulmonary artery: carries
deoxygenated blood away from the
right side of the heart to the lungs to
excrete carbon dioxide and absorb
more oxygen.
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ऩल्भोनयी धभनी: िाफिन डाइऑक्साइड िो फाहय छनिारने औय अधधि ऑक्सीजन िो अविोषित ियने िे शरए हृदम िे दाईं ओय से पेपड़ों ति डीऑक्सीजनेिेड यक्त िो ऩहुॊचाता है।
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Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood
towards the right hand side of the heart from
the lungs.
पुफ्पुसीम शिया: पेपड़ों से हदर िे दाहहने हाथ िी ओय ऑक्सीजन मुक्त यक्त ऩहुॊचाता है।
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Left atrium: upper left chamber of the
heart that receives blood from the lungs
and contracts pumping blood into the
left ventricle.फामाॊ आशरॊद: हृदम िा ऊऩयी फामाॉ िऺ जो पेपड़ों से यक्त प्राप्त ियता है औय यक्त िो फाएॊ वेंहििर भें ऩॊऩ ियता है।
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Inferior vena cava: carries
deoxygenated blood from the lower
half of the body back to the heart.
ियीय िे छनचरे आधे हहटसे से वाऩस हदर ति ऑक्सीजन यहहत यक्त ऩहुॊचाता है।
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DLB 46
Tricuspid valve: allows one-way flow of blood
from the right atrium to the right ventricle -
preventing back-flow of blood.
िाइिसषऩड वाल्व: दाएॊ अशरॊद से दाएॊ वेंहििर भें यक्त िे एि-तयफा प्रवाह िी अनुभछत देता है - यक्त िे ऩीछे-प्रवाह िो योिना।
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DLB 47
Right atrium: upper right chamber of
the heart that receives blood from the
vena cavae and contracts pumping blood
into the right ventricle.
याइि एटिमभ: टदर का ऊऩयी दामाॉ कऺ जो वेना कावा से यक्त प्राप्त कयता है औय यक्त को सही वेंटिकर भें ऩॊऩ कयता है।
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DLB 48
Superior vena cava: carries
deoxygenated blood from the upper
half of the body back to the heart.
सुऩीरयमय वेना कावा: शयीय के ऊऩयी आधे
टहस्से से वाऩस टदर तक ऑक्सीजन
यटहत यक्त ऩहुॊचाता है।
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DLB 49
Semilunar valves: allow one-way flow of
blood out of the heart - prevent back-
flow of blood into the heart.
सेर्भरुनय वाल्व: हृदम से यक्त के एक-तयफा प्रवाह की अनुभनत देत ेहैं - हृदम भें यक्त के प्रवाह को योकते हैं।
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HEART RATE AND CARDIAC OUTAPUT
हािि येि औय कार्ड िमक आउिThe heart beats about 72 times per minute, i.e., these many cardiac
cycles occur in a minute.
हृदम प्रनत र्भनि रगबग 72 फाय धडकता है, मानी, मे कई हृदम चक्र एक र्भनि
भें होते हैं।
So it could be deduced that the duration of one cardiac cycle is
about 0.8 seconds.
एक हृदम चक्र की अवचध रगबग 0.8 सेकॊ ड है।
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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
Electrocardiogram is the graphic record of the
electrical potential differences produced by the
excitation of heart muscles as a function of time.
इरेक्िोकार्ड िमोग्राभ सभम के एक सभायोह के रूऩ भें हृदम की भाॊसऩेर्शमों के उते्तजना द्वाया उत्ऩाटदत ववद्मुत अॊतय का ग्रार्पक रयकॉडि है
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DLB 56
Electrocardiograph is the machine used to monitor the heart
function. To obtain a standard ECG, the patient is connected
to the machine with three electrical leads, one in each of the
wrists and one to the left ankle, that monitor the heart
function.
इरेक्िोकार्ड िमोग्राप वह भशीन है च्जसका उऩमोग हृदम र्क्रमा की ननगयानी के र्रए र्कमा जाता है। एक भानक ECG प्राप्त कयने के
र्रए, योगी को तीन ववद्मुत रीड के साथ भशीन से जोडा जाता है,
प्रत्मेक कराई भें एक औय फाएॊ ििने भें, जो हृदम सभायोह की ननगयानी कयता है।
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57
IMPORTANT FACTS FOR EXAM 1.RBCs की अचधकता (साभान्म से ज्मादा): ऩोरीसाइथीर्भमा (Polycythemia)
2. RBCs की कभी (साभान्म से कभ) यक्ताल्ऩता :(Anaemia)
3. WBCs की अचधकता (साभान्म से अचधक) ल्मूकर्भमा: (Leukemia)
4.WBCs की कभी (साभान्म से कभ): ल्मूकोऩीननमा (Leucopenia)
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THANK YOU