Human Trafficking in Malaysia

Human Trafficking in Malaysia

Zuraini Ab Hamid

IIUM

Press Gombak • 2017

Published & Printed in Malaysia by

Contents

List of Cases……………………………………………………… xi

List of Statutes……………………………………………..……xiii

List of Treaties……………………………………………………xv

Preface…………………………………………………………...xvii

List of Abbreviations…………………………………………….xix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2: FACTORS, FORMS AND EFFECTS OF HUMAN

TRAFFICKING IN MALAYSIA ........................................................ 9 Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 Background Of Human Trafficking In Malaysia ..................................... 10 Factors Contributing To Human Trafficking In Malaysia ...................... 12

Push Factors For Human Trafficking ....................................................... 13 Pull Factors Of Human Trafficking .......................................................... 19 Other Factors ............................................................................................ 24

Forms Of Human Trafficking In Malaysia ............................................... 25 Exploitation Of Forced Labour ................................................................. 25 Exploitation Of Sexual Service ................................................................. 27 Exploitation By Selling Of Babies For Multiple Purposes ....................... 29 Exploitation Of Human Organs ................................................................ 32

Modus Operandi Of Human Trafficking Activities In Malaysia ............ 33 Effects Of Human Trafficking .................................................................... 37

Financial Effect ......................................................................................... 37 Political Effect .......................................................................................... 39 Social Effect ............................................................................................. 40

Conclusion .................................................................................................... 41

CHAPTER 3: STATISTICS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING, THE

APPROACHES AND FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING

IN MALAYSIA .................................................................................. 42 Introduction ................................................................................................. 42 Statistics Of Human Trafficking In Malaysia 2008-2014 ......................... 43

Number Of Human Trafficking Cases In Malaysia .................................. 43

vi

Number Of Human Trafficking Cases Raided By Enforcement Bodies In

Malaysia.................................................................................................... 44 Number Of Human Trafficking Victims In Malaysia ............................... 46

Statistic Of Prosecution For Human Trafficking In Malaysia ................ 49 Number Of Reported Cases At Selected States ......................................... 52 Forms Of Human Trafficking Cases In Malaysia .................................... 53 Malaysia’s Approaches In Combatting Human Trafficking ................... 54

Prevention ................................................................................................. 55 Protection Of Trafficking Victims ............................................................ 60 Prosecution ............................................................................................... 64

National Council Against Human Trafficking .......................................... 65 Malaysia’s Position In Trafficking In Persons Report ............................. 68

Malaysia’s Weaknesses In Tip Report ...................................................... 70 Australia’s Experience In Combatting Human Trafficking .................... 75 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 78

CHAPTER 4: THE FIVE ENFORCEMENT BODIES IN

MALAYSIA ....................................................................................... 80 Introduction ................................................................................................. 80 Basic Power Of The Enforcement Bodies In Atipsom 2007 ..................... 81 The Five Enforcement Bodies In Malaysia ............................................... 82

The Royal Malaysian Police ..................................................................... 82 The Immigration Department Of Malaysia ............................................... 85 The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Unit ............................................. 86 The Department Of Labour Peninsular Malaysia ..................................... 91 The Royal Malaysian Customs (Rmc) ...................................................... 96

Investigation Procedures For Human Trafficking Cases ......................... 98 Management Of Victim Procedure For Human Trafficking Case ....... 103

Victim Placement At Shelter .................................................................. 103 Procedure In Gathering Evidence From The Victim .............................. 105 Procedure After The Trial Or Lapse Of Ipo ............................................ 105

Other Legal And Procedural Compliance Based On Standard Of

Procedure (Sop) ......................................................................................... 106 Efforts Taken By The Enforcement Bodies In Malaysia To Combat

Human Trafficking .................................................................................... 107 Training .................................................................................................. 107 Cooperation Among The Bodies ............................................................ 110 Use Of Technologies .............................................................................. 113

Problems And Challenges Faced By The Enforcement Bodies ............. 114 Manpower And Expertise ....................................................................... 116 Basic Facilities ........................................................................................ 118 Other Problems Faced By The Five Enforcement Bodies ...................... 123

A Case Study: The Difficulty Faced By The Enforcement Officer ....... 124

vii

Australia’s Experience In Combatting Human Trafficking .................. 127 Australia Federal Police (Afp) ................................................................ 128 Department Of Immigration And Border Protection .............................. 130 Australian Customs And Border Protection Service (Acbps) ................. 133 Other Exceptional Efforts By Australia .................................................. 134

Conclusion .................................................................................................. 135

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ......................................................... 138 Introduction ............................................................................................... 138 Research Findings ..................................................................................... 139 Recommendations...................................................................................... 140

Adequate Manpower And Expertise, And Facilities .............................. 140 The Establishment Of Specialised Centre To Handle Human Trafficking

Case ........................................................................................................ 141 Submit Memorandum To Object Trafficking In Person Report ............. 144 Future Research On Human Trafficking Issues ...................................... 144

Conclusion .................................................................................................. 145

Bibliography ..................................................................................... 147

Index ................................................................................................. 161

This book is dedicated to

Muammar Kamil bin Abdul Mohsin,

Qisth Munirah,

Qusyairi Amri,

Umar Aziz,

Ab Hamid bin Bakar

and

Bidah binti Mat Junoh.

May Allah s.w.t bless and reward them in this world and

hereafter.

List of Cases

Barat Estates Sdn Bhd & Anor v Parawakan Al Subramaniam &

Ors [2000] 4 MLJ 107

Mat v PP (1963) 29 MLJ 263.

PP v Basri bin Salihin [1994] 2 MLJ 476

PP v Foo Jua Eng [1966] 1 MLJ 197.

PP v Kong Kok Kyt & Lee Vo Tu Uyen (Unreported) Case No:

62-127-2008, Session Court Ipoh.

PP v Lim Chee Chong; PP v Kong Kok Kyt & Lee Vo Tu Uyen

(Unreported) Case No: 62-127-2008, Sessions Court of

Ipoh.

PP v Nam Oithanthip [2008] 5 CLJ 285

PP v Yap Chee Hong & Anor (Unreported) Case. No: S3-62-43-

2009, Sessions Court Ampang.

PP v Yong Thim Thai & Ors (Unreported) Case No: S2-62-02-

2011 Sessions Court of Ampang.

Public Prosecutor v Zhao Jingeng & Ors [2010] 7 MLJ 306.

Said Mir Bahrami v Pengarah Penjara Sg. Buloh Selangor

(Unreported) Appeal Case No: 05-68-05-2012(W), Federal

Court of Malaysia.

Siti Rashidah binti Razali & Ors v PP [2011] 6 MLJ 417

List of Statutes

Anti-People Smuggling and Other Measures Act 2010 (No. 50,

2010)

Anti-Trafficking in Persons 2007 [Act 670]

Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants

Act 2007 [Act 670]

Child Act 2001 [Act 611]

Court of Judicature Act 1964 [Act 91]

Criminal Code Act 1995 (No. 12, 1995)

Customs Act 1967 [Act 235]

Entertainment Places Act of B.E. 2509 (1966)

Evidence Act 1950 [Act 56]

Extradition Act 1992 [Act 479]

Federal Constitution of Malaysia

Immigration Act 1959/63 [Act 155]

Juvenile Courts Act 1947 (Act 90).

Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Act 2004 [Act 633]

Migration Act 1958 (No. 62, 1958)

Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 2002 [Act 621]

Penal Code [Act 574]

Penal Code Amendment Act (No. 17) B.E. 2547 (2003)

Prevention and Suppression of Prostitution Act, B.E. 2539

(1996)

Prevention of Crime Act 1959 [Act 297]

William Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorisation Act

Woman and Girls Protection Act 1973 (Act 106)

List of Treaties

Convention for the Suppression of the Trafficking in Persons

and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others

Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

Hague Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children

and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption

(Hague Adoption Convention)

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child

on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child

Pornography

Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.

Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in

Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,

Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN

Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2001

(UN TIP Protocol)

United Nations Convention on Transnational Organised Crime

(UNCTOC)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR 1948)

Preface

Human trafficking is a transnational organised crime which has

threatened all regions around the world including Malaysia.

Currently there are no books in the market that addresses the

prevalent occurrence of human trafficking in Malaysia. Most of

the materials such as articles, journals, books and writings are

from the international market, written by foreign researchers and

can only be gathered from the internet. Nevertheless, these

works are very much constrained within the laws and practice in

the selected countries which in certain cases are not suitable to

be adopted elsewhere, especially in Malaysia due to differences

in culture, geography, laws or policies. None of the writers

managed to disclose the extent of human trafficking issues in a

state government. Their argument also lacks concrete evidence,

including absence of reliable data and statistics.

Therefore, this book will be the main reference for the

human trafficking issues, particularly in Malaysia since it will be

among the main references published in Malaysia. The book

examines all forms of human trafficking globally and revealing

Malaysia’s issues on the heinous crime. It will further enhance

the reader’s understanding on current phenomena of human

trafficking in Malaysia, and suggesting mechanisms for the

prevention of the crime, protection of the victim and prosecution

of the perpetrator. The book will further provide relevant

proposals to strengthen the enforcement bodies and prosecution,

best approach to protect the victim and ways to enhance

cooperation among the stakeholders. References are made to

Australia and other countries especially on their laws and

enforcement side. In addition, it will enhance the academia

world where the lecturers and students will have a reference on

the issue of human trafficking.

List of Abbreviations

ACS Australian Customs Service

AFP Australia Federal Police

AGC Attorney General Chambers

ATIP Anti Trafficking in Persons

ATIPSOM Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling

of Migrants Act 2007

CAMSA Coalition to Abolish Modern Day Slavery

CLJ Current Law Journal

DIMA Department of Immigration and Multicultural

Affairs

DPP Deputy Public Prosecutor

GAO US Government Accountability Office

GRO Guest Relations Officers

IMF International Monetary Fund

IOM International Organisation of Migrants

IO Investigation Officer

IPO Interim Protection Order

INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organisation

KLIA Kuala Lumpur International Airport

LCCT Low Cost Carrier Terminal

MAPO Majlis Anti Pemerdagangan Orang

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MLJ Malayan Law Journal

MMEA Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency

MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs

NAP National Action Plan

NGO Non-governmental organization

NFA No Further Action

PO Protection Officer

PNG Papua New Guinea

RM Ringgit Malaysia

RMC Royal Malaysian Customs

xx

RMP Royal Malaysian Police

SUHAKAM Human Rights Commission of Malaysia

STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

TIP Trafficking in Person Report

TVPA Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization

Act

UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

UN United Nation

UNCTOC United Nation Convention on Transnational

Organized Crime

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

US United State

WHO World Health Organization

HTT Human Trafficking Teams