HUMANITARIANRESPONSE PLANNIGERIA

ADDENDUM COVID-19 RESPONSE PLAN2020BORNO ADAMAWA AND YOBE STATESNIGERIAN-NORTHEAST

2

Table of Contents

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Revised HRP Overview

Humanitarian Needs AnalysisPublic Health Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic Health effects on people Effects on health systems

Indirect Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic Macro-economic effects Indirect effects on people and systems Most affected population groups

Expected Evolution of the Situation and Needs Until Decem-ber 2020 Planning Scenarios

Strategic Priorities and Response ApproachStrategic PrioritiesResponse Approach An integrated multi-sectoral and inter-sectoral response approach Response to public health impact of the pandemic Response to indirect effects on people

Monitoring Framework Situation and Needs Monitoring Response Monitoring

Funding RequirementsFunding Requirement for the COVID-19 ResponseFunding Requirement for the Revised Non-COVID-19 Humanitarian Response

Sectoral PlansCCM, Shelter, and NFIEarly RecoveryEducationFood SecurityHealthNutritionProtectionProtection: Child ProtectionProtection: Gender-based ViolenceProtection: Housing, Land and PropertyProtection: Mine ActionWater, Sanitation and Hygiene

AnnexesParticipating Organizations Planning Figures by Sector Planning Figures by Admin Level What if We Fail to Respond? How to Contribute Acronyms End Notes

3

S01: Save lives by providing timely and integrated multi-sector assistance and protection intervention to the most vulnerable

In 2020, the humanitarian community plans to assist 4.2 million people with multi-sectoral responses that have a direct impact on peoples’ short term mental and physical wellbeing and to access timely and integrated multi-sector assistance and protection interventions. The assistance will continue to address specific severe and extreme needs of women, girls, men, and boys, and specific vulnerable groups such as elderly, children under five, and persons with disabilities who have been displaced, living in host communities or at various stages of return. The inter-sectoral response will be delivered through the most appropriate modalities, including static/facilities based approach, mobile teams as well as in-kind, cash and voucher assistance programming. The response will remain flexible to meet the lifesaving emergency needs of people coming from inaccessible areas or those experiencing multiple displacements due to insecurity and flooding in BAY states.

S02: Enhance timely unhindered and equitable access to multi-sector assitance and protection interventions through principled humanitarian action

The humanitarian response will address overlapping physical and mental wellbeing and living standards consequences of the conflict

HRP Response by Strategic Objective

#STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE

REVISED PEOPLE IN NEED

REVISED PEOPLE TARGETED

REVISED REQUIREMENTS (US$)

S01 Save lives by providing timely and integrated multi-sector assistance and protection interventions to the most vulnerable.Strategic priority 1: Contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and decrease morbidity and mortality.

5.6 M 5.0 M $670 M

S02 Enhance timely, unhindered and equitable access to multi-sector as-sistance and protection interventions through principled humanitarian action.Strategic priority 2: Decrease the deterioration of human assets and rights, social cohesion, and livelihoods.

Strategic priority 3: Protect, assist and advocate for refugees, IDPs, migrants, and host communities particularly vulnerable to the pandemic.

8.1 M 5.9 M $280 M

S03 Strengthen the resilience of aected populations, promote early recovery and voluntary and safe durable solutions to displacement and support social cohesion.

2.2 M 1.6 M $130 M

on 4.2 million displaced persons, returnees and host communities by promoting their protection, safety, and dignity. Through active community engagement, humanitarian actors will deliver equitable assistance to women, girls, men, and boys, wherever they can be reached. Access of humanitarian actors to persons of concern and of persons targeted for assistance to essential basic services will remain a priority.

S03: Strengthen the resilience of affected populations, promote early recovery and voluntary and safe durable solutions to displacement, and support social cohesion

The humanitarian community will support recovery and resilience of 1.6 million people to multiple shocks and to reduce needs, risks, and vulnerabilities by integrating early recovery, including social cohesion and livelihood support, across the humanitarian response. Assistance provided will contribute to enhanced community resilience and boost the provision of (or access to) integrated support in essential public services, conducive conditions for durable solutions for IDPs and returnees, livelihoods, and local governance. A strong emphasis will be put on strengthening the humanitarian-development nexus across the three states, where possible. Enhanced collaboration with development partners, including international financial institutions, and the government will focus on joint analysis, planning, programming, coordination and flexibility, risk-tolerant, and predictable multi-year funding tools to achieve collective outcomes.

4

Overview map

Needs and Planned Response

Proportion of PiN targeted

Fune

Biu

Bama

Song

Toungo

Fufore

Damboa

Konduga

Tarmua

Gujba

Mafa

Bursari

Jada

Fika

Hong

Kaga

Geidam

Yusufari

Magumeri

Gubio

Yunusari

Jakusko

Gwoza

Mobbar

Gulani

Gombi

Hawul

Ganye

Dikwa

Nganzai

Girei

Ngala

Damaturu

Chibok

Shani

Askira/Uba

Maiha

Demsa

Monguno

Jere

Bayo

Kala/Balge

Mayo-Belwa

Machina

Shelleng

Nguru Karasuwa

Lamurde

Nangere

Numan

Michika

Guyuk

Bade

Madagali

Yola South

Mubi North

Potiskum

Bade

Kwaya Kusar

Mubi South

Maiduguri

CAMEROON

NIGERCHAD

CHAD

less than 100,000

100,001 - 200,000

200,001 - 300,000

300,001 - 400,000

more than 400,000

Estimated number of people targeted for humanitarian assistance per local government area

Proportion of PiN targeted

Fune

Biu

Bama

Song

Toungo

Fufore

Damboa

Konduga

Tarmua

Gujba

Mafa

Bursari

Jada

Fika

Hong

Kaga

Geidam

Yusufari

Magumeri

Gubio

Yunusari

Jakusko

Gwoza

Mobbar

Gulani

Gombi

Hawul

Ganye

Dikwa

Nganzai

Girei

Ngala

Damaturu

Chibok

Shani

Askira/Uba

Maiha

Demsa

Monguno

Jere

Bayo

Kala/Balge

Mayo-Belwa

Machina

Shelleng

Nguru Karasuwa

Lamurde

Nangere

Numan

Michika

Guyuk

Bade

Madagali

Yola South

Mubi North

Potiskum

Bade

Kwaya Kusar

Mubi South

Maiduguri

Yola North CAMEROON

NIGERCHAD

CHAD

less than 50,000Pre-COVID-19COVID-19

50,001 - 105,000

105,001 - 160,000

160,001 - 235,000

more than 235,000

Estimated number of people targeted for humanitarian assistance per local government area

Revised Overview Map

PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED

7.9M 5.9M

PRE-COVID-19 COVID-19 OVERALL

PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED

7.7M 5.6M

PARTNER BUDGET

89 1.08B

PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED

10.6M 7.8M

REVISED

2.8M

1.2M

1.9M

3.6M

0.9M

1.1M

The designations employed and the presentation of material in the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

5

HRP Key Figures

Humanitarian Response by Targeted Groups

Humanitarian Response by Gender

Humanitarian Response by Age

POPULATION GROUP

PEOPLE IN NEED

PEOPLE TARGETED

Internally displaced people 1.9 M 1.8 M

Persons with disability 0.9 M 0.9 M

Children under 5 yrs 2.3 M 1.7 M

Single heads of households 15 k 15 k

Host communities 5.6 M 4.4 M

GENDER IN NEED TARGETED % TARGETED

Boys 3.3 M 2.6 M 33%

Girls 3.2 M 2.5 M 32%

Men 2.0 M 1.3 M 17%

Women 2.1 M 1.4 M 18%

AGEIN NEED TARGETED % TARGETED

Children (0 - 17) 6.5 M 5.0 M 64%

Adults (17 - 59) 3.7 M 2.5 M 32%

Elders (60+) 0.4 M 0.3 M 4%

Humanitarian Response for Persons with Disability

GENDER IN NEED TARGETED % TARGETED

Persons with disabilities

6 k 6 k 100%

Financial Requirements by Sector and Multi-Sector

SECTOR / MULTI-SECTOR RESPONSE

$REQUIREMENTS(US$)

CCCM 26.5M

Coordination 18.8M

Early Recovery 112.7M

Education 54.5M

Shelter 76.3M

ETS 3.0M

Food Security 315.1M

Health 140.0M

Logistics 30.3M

Nutrition 103.5M

Protection 25.1M

GBV 35.3M

CP 27.3M

MA 7.9M

HLP 0.4M

WASH 104.1M

* The Protection funding requirement includes all the AoR requirements which form part of the Protection Cluster [CP, GBV, HLP and Mine Action]

6

Historic Trends

YEAR OF APPEAL

PEOPLE IN NEED

PEOPLETARGETED

REQUIREMENTS(US$)

FUNDINGRECEIVED

% FUNDED

2015 4.6 M 2.8 M 100 M 58 M 58%

2016 7.0 M 3.9 M 484 M 268 M 55%

2017 8.5 M 6.9 M 1054 M 732 M 69%

2018 7.7 M 6.1 M 1048 M 714 M 68%

2019 7.1 M 6.2 M 848 M 566 M 67%

2020 10.6 M 7.8 M 1.08 B - -

BANKI/BORNO, NIGERIAGirls studying in one of UNICEF's temporary learning spaces.

Photo: OCHA/Yasmina Guerda

7

PEOPLE IN NEED PEOPLE TARGETED REVISED NEEDS AND TARGETS

SECTOR PRE-COVID-19 COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

PEOPLE TARGETED

Camp Coordination Camp Management 1.9 M 1.9 M 1.2 M 1.2 M 1.9 M 1.2 M

Early Recovery 3.3 M 3.3 M 1.6 M 0.7 M 3.3 M 1.6 M

Education 3.1 M 3.1 M 0.8 M 3.1 M 3.1 M 3.1 M

Emergency Shelter and NFI 2.5 M 0.8 M 1.0 M 0.2 M 2.5 M 1.0 M

Food Security 3.8 M 2.6 M 3.3 M 2.6 M 3.8 M 3.3 M

Health 5.0 M 5.0 M 4.5 M 4.5 M 5.0 M 4.5 M

Nutrition 1.1 M 0.6 M 0.8 M 0.6 M 1.1 M 0.8 M

Protection 5.4 M 2.5 M 2.5 M 1.0 M 5.4 M 2.5 M

Gender Based Violence 1.9 M 1.0 M 1.3 M 0.5 M 1.9 M 1.3 M

Child Protection 1.8 M 1.4 M 1.8 M 0.3 M 1.8 M 1.8 M

Mine Action 1.7 M 1.7 M 0.6 M 0.6 M 1.7 M 0.6 M

Housing, Land and Property 1.4 M 0.1 M 0.9 M 0.1 M 1.4 M 0.9 M

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 4.5 M 0.8 M 2.5 M 0.8 M 4.5 M 2.5 M

Overview of Sectoral Response

8

SECTORCOVID-19 TOTAL

OF WHICH:HEALTH NON-HEALTH

PRE-COVID-19 TOTAL

TOTAL PRE-COVID-19 + COVID-19

Camp Coordination Camp Management $6.5 M - $6.5 M $20.0 M $26.5 M

Coordination and Support Services $0.3 M - $0.3 M $18.5 M $18.8 M

Early Recovery $12.7 M - $12.7 M $100.0 M $112.7M

Education $14.5 M $3.8 M $10.7M $39.9 M $54.5 M

Emergency Shelter and NFI $10.7 M - $10.7 M $65.6 M $76.3 M

Emergency Telecommunications - - - $3.0 M $3.0 M

Food Security $103 M - $103.0 M $212.1 M $315.1 M

Health $53.8 M $53.8 M - $86.2 M $140.0 M

Logistics - - - $30.3 M $30.3 M

Nutrition $12.7 M $12.7 M - $90.8 M $103.5 M

Protection $2.5 M - $2.5 M $22.6M $25.1 M

Gender Based Violence $6.4 M - $6.4 M $28.9M $35.3 M

Child Protection $4.5 M - $4.5 M $22.8 M $27.3 M

Mine Action $0.1 M - $0.1 M $7.8 M $7.9 M

Housing, Land and Property $0.3 M - $0.3 M $0.1 M $0.4 M

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene $18.0 M $18.0 M - $86.1 M $104.1 M

Revised HRP Financial Requirements (US$)Financial requirements (US$)

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19 REQUIREMENTS

246M M

REQUIREMENTS

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 834

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

1.08B

TOTAL REVISED REQUIREMENTS

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH $158M

$88M

9

1

Purpose and ScopeThis document is an addendum to the 2020 Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP)1 and it aims to address the additional needs of people affected by COVID-19 in Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe (BAY states).

The 2020 HRP informs the humanitarian pillar of the broader United Nations Integrated Response Framework for preparedness and response to the impact COVID-19, which complements the Government of Nigeria’s (GoN) National COVID-19 Multi Sectoral Pandemic Response Plan, and integrates health response, stabilization, and recovery, peacebuilding and security, access to social services, livelihoods and economic recovery. The Addendum therefore outlines only the humanitarian component of the preparedness and response that complements GoN’s health response to the COVID-19 outbreak in the BAY states. The activities underpinning the projects in the Addendum are clustered in three categories: (a) Existing projects that may be shifted and repositioned as a consequence of COVID-19; (b) COVID-19 non-health interventions as established under the Programme Criticality (PC) assessment 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2) and the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) on food, nutrition, WASH, protection, Camp Coordination Camp Management (CCCM), shelter and NFI response; and (c) health specific COVID-19 activities defined as PC1.

The timeframe for projects in the Addendum is nine months, for an additional estimated US$ 246 million required to contribute to the containment of COVID-19 outbreak in the BAY States and reduce the humanitarian consequences of the pandemic and interruptions of the ongoing humanitarian assistance. The funding requirement is an additional request to the initial US$ 834 million requested under the 2020 HRP.

2

Humanitarian Needs Analysis

2.1Public Health Impact of the COVID-19 EpidemicHealth effects on peopleAs of 07 May 2020, 3,145 COVID-19 cases have been confirmed in Nigeria, with 103 deaths and 534 recoveries2. The BAY states recorded 144 confirmed cases; 116 in Borno and 15 in Adamawa, and 13 in Yobe in the same period. It may not be possible to know the real impact of COVID-19 in the country, as many of the victims may die before they are diagnosed and recorded accordingly. With the limited capacity and pace of testing, confirmed cases reported in Nigeria could be seriously underestimating the real state of play3. Factors that may contribute to the spread of COVID-19 are a weakened health system, multiple disease outbreaks, high population concentration in specific urban centers, lack of access to safe potable water and sanitation infrastructure, inadequate awareness on preventive measures, and traditional practices. This is particularly true in the conflict-affected BAY states, that have been affected by a decade of violent conflict.

People affected by humanitarian crises, particularly those displaced and living in camps and camp-like settings, are often faced with specific challenges and vulnerabilities that must be taken into consideration when planning for readiness and response operations for the COVID-19 outbreak. They are frequently neglected, stigmatized, and may face difficulties in accessing health services that are otherwise available to the general population. It is of extreme importance from protection, human rights, and public health perspectives that people affected by humanitarian crises are included in all COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response strategies, plans, and operations. There is a substantial public health rationale to extend all measures to everyone, regardless of status and ensuring inclusiveness.

The impact of the humanitarian crisis in the conflict-affected BAY states presents one of the most significant vulnerabilities to the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria. According to the Borno State COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plan, IDPs are a high-risk category for the spread of COVID-19. This is due to the extreme congestion in IDP camps, with IDPs living in less than 1m square meter per person in some locations, making it practically

10

impossible to practice any meaningful social distancing measures. According to UNHCR, an additional 12.5 million m2 (1259 hectares) of land is required to decongest highly congested camps to allow for per capita space of 35m2 – per the acceptable global standards. The lack of access to water and sanitation also further compounds deprivations and vulnerabilities and the implementation of preventative measures.4 The most vulnerable population groups are children, women, the elderly, and people with chronic medical conditions and decreased immunity associated with diseases and risks typical of humanitarian contexts such as comorbidities of malnutrition, measles, malaria, HIV.

Effects on health systemsThe BAY states are facing the COVID-19 pandemic against the backdrop of damaged health infrastructure. According to the 2020 Humanitarian Needs Overview, thirty-five percent of health facilities in the BAY were damaged as a result of the conflict. There has also been a significant disruption of vaccination campaigns and other essential health services for children and other vulnerable groups living in inaccessible areas. Furthermore, funding has been a considerable challenge. In 2019, the health sector received only 25 percent of its funding requirements.

In addition to a high disease burden, a deterioration in security in the past four months has exacerbated the situation, especially for the most vulnerable displaced women, children, and the elderly. According to the 2020 HNO, around 4.7 million people need humanitarian support, including health services. The majority of these are in Borno State which is worst affected by the conflict in North-east Nigeria, and contributes 83 per cent of IDPs as of 2019. Also, data from WHO Early Warning and Response System in June 2019 indicates that malaria compounded by malnutrition is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for 34.4 per cent of cases and 18.1 per cent of reported deaths in the crisis-affected areas. Similarly, overcrowding in IDP camps and host communities, along with poor sanitary infrastructures, contributed to the massive cholera outbreak in Borno State in 2018, with 6,439 persons affected, including 74 associated deaths mostly among IDPs.

By the end of December 2019, Borno reported over 21,052 cases of measles. This is due to disruptions in immunization campaigns for displaced children living in insecure areas, which further compounds the risk for children under five years who are already facing dangerously high levels of malnutrition, endemic malaria, and other epidemic-prone diseases.

Maiduguri International airport serves as the hub and link to Lagos and Abuja. Lagos is a hotspot State of COVID-19and with the weak health system in Borno, this could be a vehicle for transmission. Besides, the State has nine international porous land border connections with, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger all of which have reported COVID-19 cases.

2.2

Indirect Impact of theCOVID-19 Epidemic Macro-economic effectsAccording to the World Bank5, Sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly Nigeria as one of the biggest three economies, will suffer the first recession in the past 25 years6 due to the ongoing coronavirus outbreak. The outbreak significantly impacts economic growth, which is predicted to drop sharply from 2.4 per cent in 2019 to between -2.1 per cent and -5.1 per cent in 2020. Moreover, food insecurity will potentially increase because agricultural production possibly contracting between 2.6 per cent in an optimistic scenario, and up to 7 per cent if there are trade blockages.

The short, mid and long-term effects of the COVID-19 crisis will mostly impact individuals who have lost livelihoods and productive assets and would have to depend on food assistance and thus expanding the current humanitarian burden in the BAY States and beyond. Employment creation remains weak and insufficient to absorb the fast-growing labor force in Nigeria. According to the National Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank, the rate of unemployment in Nigeria was at 23 per cent in 2018. Consequently, the COVID-19 outbreak will further compound the situation in the Northeast where the ongoing conflict has impacted livelihoods and employment. Specifically, the COVID-19 associated movement restrictions and lockdownare likely to cause severe hardships for people whose incomes and food supplies are generated on a day-to-day basis such as wage laborers, small agricultural producers, workers in the informal sectors, the unemployed and marginally employed and displaced populations. This also comes with reduced purchasing power (reduced economic food access) for the affected population given their relatively low resilience capacity, as food prices have reportedly begun increasing as a result of a combination of factors including slight weakening of the Naira, ban on imports including rice, and the seasonal increase in demand for food towards the Ramadhan season. This increases the risk of negative, dangerous, and irreversible coping mechanisms such as selling off assets, debt, early/forced marriage, and forced prostitution as a result of constricted food access.

11

It is expected that food consumption will continue to deteriorate as vulnerable households approach the lean season, with the peak yet to come around June toJuly, and part of August. This exposes vulnerable households to various coping strategies, including dangerous and irreversible ones such as selling off assets, debt, early/forced marriage, and forced prostitution. Overall, COVID-19 has the potential to disrupt both food supply and demand significantly. Supply will be disrupted since agricultural production and trade flows will be negatively impacted due to COVID-19 prevention measures such as movment restrictions, and farmers, producers, and traders themselves becoming affected with the disease. The target population groups have intersecting vulnerabilities that compound the health and secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Households that have members featuring one or several of these vulnerabilities are particularly at risk of adverse effects from the pandemic.

Indirect effects on people and systemsAs a significant producer of crude oil, any loss of export revenue would impact the economy. Over 90 per cent of the total value of Nigeria’s exports are related to products from the petroleum industry, including crude oil. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, prices of crude oil have plummeted to under $20 per barrel, which is the lowest since 2002. The loss of oil revenue will severely impact Government expenditure including funding for its social safety net programs that are critical to cushion the most vulnerable households from the impact of COVID-19 . Reduced social protection programs will see a rise in vulnerabilities, and income inequality will impact livelihoods and extreme poverty. High unemployment and poverty and social and political unrest will likely rise as a result of widespread interruption to trade, livelihoods and services due to Government restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Many people in rural and urban areas already face poverty and struggle to get food and the situation could worsen inthe COVID-19 epidemic. The very poorest often depend on casual labor and menial jobs in the informal sector, and these jobs would be affected by conditions of a lockdown or enforced social distancing associated with COVID-19 mitigation and control.

Initial estimates by the World Food Programme Nigeria indicate that a COVID-19 outbreak in the BAY states would impact economic livelihoods of 7 million people resulting in an increase in the number of food-insecure individuals by 3.4 million7. Borno State that hosts 83 per cent of IDPs is expected to be hit the hardest, with 62 percent of its population, or 3.6 million people, adversely impacted by a potential COVID-19 outbreak. Meanwhile, the more agriculture-based sources of livelihood in Adamawa and Yobe will shield some of the impacts.

As COVID-19 spreads, health resources are being diverted from bolstering primary healthcare and tackling other health emergencies. As cases increase, preventative health care will be severely impacted. Some schools are closed, and social distancing will be impossible for IDPs and refugees living in overcrowded camps and camp-like settings. With widespread food insecurity affecting the most vulnerable in the Northeast, the outbreak will negatively impact agricultural production systems nationwide.

The humanitarian situation in the BAY states is expected to worsen due to COVID-19, mainly due to ongoing stressors on the health system, and a projected 39.2 per cent increase in the number of people in need as the pandemic compounds pre-existing impact of movement restrictions, economic deterioration and strained public services.

Most affected population groupsThe COVID-19 pandemic will compound the needs of populations groups in need of humanitarian assistance identified in the 2020 HRP, with dire consequences for the elderly, persons with disabilities, women, men, boys and girls. These include IDPs, returnees, refugees, and host communities living in overcrowded camps and camp-like settings in the BAY states The impact will vary between urban and rural populations and their access to livelihoods.. The analysis in the 2020 HRP Addendum will focus on the needs of these groups and sub-groups and prioritize them for the response.

Assessments conducted by CCCM, Shelter, and NFIs sectors in IDP camps in BAY states indicate that one in four of the camps, which host 430,000 IDPs, is highly congested with per capita space of less than 15m2. 8In three of the camps assessed in Jere, Gwoza, and Kala Balge LGAs in Borno State, for a total of about 64,000 people, the static crowd per capita space is less than or equal to 1m². Consequently, the Borno COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plan has identified almost all Local Government Areas (LGAs) hosting the over-congested IDP camps in as ‘high risk’ areas for COVID-19 transmission as social distancing measures are physically impossible to enforce.

The closure of schools and learning activities as part of the government’s COVID-19 mitigation and prevention measures has affected about 400,000 IDP children attending some form of learning in the camps and host communities, and planned activities for the first and second quarter of 2020 will not be completed as planned.

The COVID-19 pandemic will increase vulnerabilities of women and girls and exercabate GBV risks and risk of infection as women and girls are expected to continue their role as care-givers. Past experiences have demonstrated that where women are primarily responsible for procuring and cooking food for the family, increasing food insecurity as a result of the crisis increases tensions within the household and may place them at heightened risk, for example, of intimate partner and other forms of domestic violence.

12

2.3Expected Evolution of the Situation and Needs Until December 2020With one hundred and forty-four confirmed cases in the BAY States, there is a high risk of the spread of the virus in communities due to the increasing number of confirmed cases in the neighboring States (Bauchi has registered seven confirmed cases), high level of congestion in IDP camps and, the porous borders with the neighboring countries (Cameroon, Chad, and Niger), and a constant movement of travelers for trade and safety because of conflict around the Lake Chad Basin. According to Borno State’s risk assessment, the risk transmission is greater in Jere LGA and Maiduguri Metropolitan City while Bama, Gwoza, Damboa, Ngala, Kala Balge, and Monguno LGAs are classified as high-risk for imported cases of COVID-19 transmission. The assessment also identified the weak health system and limited capacity to deal with significant disease outbreaks and congested IDP camps as grave risks for the BAY states.

Planning ScenariosThe expected evolution of the situation and needs is grounded in two scenarios defined in the PC assessment for BAY states conducted in March. The table below summarizes the assumptions, drivers, and the humanitarian consequences for each of the scenarios envisaged.

13

SCENARIO DEFINITION FOR PC BAY STATESMOST LIKELY SCENARIOS

Description: TimeLine and Trends• 28 Feb 2020, the first case of COVID-19 Coronavirus is detected in Lagos and Federal Government establishes measures prevention and

response measures.

• States commence discussion and engagement with partners in ensuring preparedness for an outbreak.

• The Borno State government develops and share a Coronavirus Response Plan, while Adamawa and the Yobe States have also instituted measures.

• The Borno State government issues directive limiting access to IDP camps within locations in the state.

• Between 1 – 40 cases of COVID-19 Coronavirus are detected

• There are sporadic COVID 19 cases identified at a relatively small scale in BAY/non BAY states; however, no cases have been reported yet at IDP camps and host communities

• Increasing restrictions on movements of persons and goods

• Limitations on assembly of individuals

• Most UN office have limited their footprint in the BAY states and are working remotely from home.

• There are signs that traders are beginning hoard goods with supermarkets experiencing unusually long lines of people.

• There is no indication of a lull in the conflict because of the COVID-19 Coronavirus. There have been a number of attacks by NSAGs

Drivers• Floods: Seasonality – the rainy season from July-September could further aggravate the situation.

• Displacements due to military action:

• Spontaneous Returns by IDPs and refugees from neighboring countries.

• Pre-existing Elements

• High humanitarian needs for basic lifesaving services such as Water food, health, and shelter

• Congestion within the camp sites

• The vulnerability of persons of concern such as the elderly of over 55 years and above, the sick, children, pregnant and lactating mothers, men and women IDPs

• Food insecurity: 2.89 million people are food insecure and 314 thousand people are isolated in BAY states due to lack of accessibility (CH in March 2020).

TRIGGERS AND INDICATORSIndicators• #of people infected by COVID-19 in the neighboring states or within the states.

• # of death recorded as a result of COVID-19 in the neighboring states or within the sates

• # of awareness sessions conducted with in the states

HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCESSupply Chain issues:• Inadequacy of critical communications and mobility in areas of deemed as hotspots

• Shortages in essential goods (food equipment, PPEs ventilators etc.) due to limitations in movement and hoarding.

• Anticipated disruptions in the supply of essentials.

• Delayed procurement processes,

• Limited on no UNHAS flights to field locations thus affecting program activities

14

WORST CASE SCENARIOS

Description: TimeLine and Trends• Widespread COVID-19 infections.

• Local transmissions in Borno, Adamawa and Yobe exceed the minimum numbers set in State specific emergency response plan scenarios (Borno: 40; Adamawa: TBC; Yobe: TBC).

• Healthcare system is overstretched, State lockdown is tightened

• Cases of insurgency in LGA HQs, IDP camps increase in search of supplies, community-IDPs tensions as a result of reduced livelihood options for either groups;

• Increasing COVID-19 cases reported in Nigeria in general and in neighboring States to BAY. Over 40 COVID-19 cases reported in Borno, Adamawa or Yobe;

• Government imposes full restricted movement in and out of camps and LGA therefore no access to persons of concern. Restrict self -isolation at home, closing of shops, markets and businesses.

• Increase in infection rates of IDPs and host communities.

• Reduced humanitarian response and activities which might trigger intensified humanitarian needs. Inadequate information gathering due to human capacity

• Evacuation of staff from field locations and international staff by sector partners

Drivers• Floods: Seasonality – the rainy season from July-September could further aggravate the situation.

• Displacements due to military action:

• Spontaneous Returns by IDPs and refugees from neighboring countries.

• No approval of logistics cargo movement for some materials

Staff capacity:• Deceased staff capacity or footprint in the field locations

• High turnover.

• Increase stigma against international staff as vectors of the Corona Virus

Sectoral Impact:1. Agriculture• Delays to preparations and implementation of 2020 rainy season agri-input distributions

• Delays to distributions of livestock

• Delays to distributions of micro/backyard gardening inputs

• Delays to distributions of fuel-efficient stoves

• Delays to distributions of Fresh Food Vouchers

• Delays to planned workshops and trainings

2. Health• Health system stretched and barely coping with detected and suspected cases; trade and commerce grind to a completed halt due to shut

down; access to essential food and non-food items; security personnel enforcing lockdown

15

Pre-existing Elements• High humanitarian needs for basic lifesaving services such as Water food, health and shelter

• Congestion within the camp sites

• Vulnerability of persons of concern such as the elderly of over 55 years and above, the sick, children, pregnant and lactating mothers, men and women IDPs

• Food insecurity: 2.89 million people are food insecure, and 314 thousand people are isolated in BAY states due to lack of accessibility (CH in March 2020).

TRIGGERS AND INDICATORS• An escalation in the spread of COVID-19 nationwide due to porous borders, affecting Communities and beneficiaries of humanitarian

assistance.

• Coordination failures between the State governments and humanitarian agencies, limiting effective prevention measures in remote areas, where most vulnerable populations reside.

• Declaration of extended total lockdown (at least 1 Month) that covers of BAY States, Restricting Movement to a limited number of staff per agency

• Declaration of a total lockdown of one or a number of LGAs due to the COVID-19

• A major attack in one LGAs forcing a system-wide withdrawal of staff

• Protests (violent or non-violent) around UN compounds, guesthouses or offices due to accusations that the humanitarian staff brought COVID-19 to the State or their communities

• Negative copying mechanisms

• Malnutrition rates

Indicators• # Positive COVID-19 cases in the capitals of the BAY states.

• # Positive COVID-19 cases in one of the LGAs

• # attack by NSAGs in the LGA (or Maiduguri)

• # COVID-19 case originating from an aid worker

HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES• Restriction of movement of goods, creating shortages and slow pace of replenishments; Limited availability and overstocking occasions

increase in commodity prices; closure of small businesses and income-generating activities as part of containment measures and due to stock out

• The strained capability of health workers to manage cases; security to keep order; informal security outfits to maintain intelligence functions against insurgency; UN Staff remain restricted to hubs and homes;

• Infection spreads in the communities. Person to person transmission increases, including as a result of inability to social distance, to regularly apply sanitation measures based on limited access to water resources; Infections in security sector limits capability to manage social unrest; Severe disruptions as a consequence of increasing attacks by insurgent groups; more people are displaced;

• Inaccessibility of roads for transporters, loss of stocks by traders and stores hence affecting supplies by traders and storage facilities. This affects market operations overall.

• Inability to deliver in-kind assistance and Cash Voucher Assistance to the different locations.

• Supply of international commodities into the country is likely to be majorly impacted

16

People in Need and People TargetedThe most people affected are those displaced and living in camps and camp-like settings, who often face specific challenges and vulnerabilities and should be considered in readiness and response operations for the COVID-19 outbreak. They frequently face difficulties in accessing health services that are otherwise available to the general population.

If the scenario comes to pass, the humanitarian situation is expected to worsen because of COVID-19, and aggravating factors such as ongoing stressors on the health system, and the impact on current and projections of people in need. A tightening of pre-existing movement restrictions, economic deterioration coupled with strained public services will further increase humanitarian needs and compound existing operational challenges.

Of the 11.7 million people estimated to be affected by the humanitarian crisis in the BAY States, the 2020 HNO projected 7.9 million people – more than one in two people in the three crisis-affected states would require humanitarian assistance in 20209. In addition to lack of space, the lack of access to safe water and sanitation further compound community deprivations and vulnerabilities and constrain the implementation of preventative measures. An outbreak of COVID-19 in such conditions could likely follow simulation estimates under unmitigated and high (and possibly even higher) transmission rates of 3.3.

In the event of a simultaneous outbreak in highly congested camps, as many as 400,000 IDPs could become infected. The spread of the virus in extremely congested living conditions coupled with a high prevalence of comorbidities, including high incidences of chronic malnutrition and endemic malaria, the ongoing measles, cholera, and Lassa fever outbreaks will have severe implications on containment efforts in the region and the rest of the country.

A COVID-19 outbreak will severely hamper the capacity of humanitarian actors to assist affected communities by disrupting supply chains and resulting in fatal delays of aid delivery. A significant loss of life could be expected.

Based on the most likely scenario defined in the PC assessment stated above, the Borno State risk assessment which was extrapolated to Adamawa and Yobe states, and the assessment of the COVID-19 risk vulnerability and capacity to respond in the BAY Sates, 21 LGAs ( of which eight arein Borno) out of 61 (excluding the four inaccessible LGAs) are projected to be in acute humanitarian need and increased risk of severe COVID-19 transmission of imported cases.

Furthermore, a recent publication10 on modeling increased risk due to comorbidity indicates that one in five individuals worldwide has a condition of an increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Chronic kidney disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory disease were found to be the most prevalent conditions in males and females aged 50+ years. In Nigeria, the study estimated that 14 per cent of the population has a multimorbidity, hence at increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease. By extrapolating the result to the BAY states and using the 2020 HNO data, the humanitarian community estimates that of the 3.8 million people in need not included in the 2020 HRP caseload, 0.5 million people would be at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Overall, the humanitarian community projected that between 7.9 million and 11 million people would be in need, inclusive of the initial 2020 HNO prediction, representing an increase of 39.2 per cent. The number of people target is projected to be between 5.9 million and 7.8 million inclusive of the initial 2020 HRP figure, an increase of 52.5 per cent

17

Fune

Biu

Bama

Song

Toungo

Fufore

Damboa

Konduga

Kukawa

Tarmua

Gujba

Mafa

Bursari

Jada

Marte

Fika

Hong

Kaga

Geidam

Yusufari

Magumeri

Abadam

Gubio

Yunusari

Jakusko

Gwoza

Mobbar

Gulani

Gombi

Hawul

Ganye

Dikwa

Nganzai

Girei

Guzamala

Ngala

Damaturu

Askira/Uba

Demsa

Chibok

Shani

Monguno

Jere

Bayo

Machina

Nguru Karasuwa

Lamurde

Michika

Maiha

Kala/Balge

Mayo-Belwa

Shelleng

Nangere

Numan

Guyuk

Bade

Madagali

Yola South

Mubi North

Potiskum

Bade

Kwaya Kusar

Mubi South

Maiduguri

Yola North LGAs Classification

Very High

High

Medium

In-accesible

In-accesible

MediumHigh

Very high

4 5

1739

Number of LGAs by Risk classification Population by RiskIn millions

MediumHighVery High

2.5 M

3.6 M

6.8 M

COIVD0-19 Risk classification by LGAs

18

Further risk assessment into the 8-high risk LGAs as demonstrated in the table below.

Tab 1.0 LIST OF THE HIGHEST RISK LGAs IDENTIFICATION FOR COVID-19 IMPORTATION PREVENTION PREPAREDNESS IN BORNO STATE

NUMBER NAME OF LGA TYPE OF RISK REMARKS

1 Jere Very High International airport, hub for international humanitarian workers from affected countries, overcrowded IDPs camps, weak health systems and lack of access to pota-ble water.

2 MMC Very High Presence of an international airport, hub for international humanitarian workers from affected countries, crowded IDP camps and lack of access to potable water.

3 Bama High Crowded IDPs camps, border town to COVID-19 affected country, weak health system and lackof access to potable water.

4 Damboa High Crowded IDP camps, weak health system and lack of access to potable water.

5 Ngala High Crowded IDP camps, border town to an affected country, weak health system and lack fo access to potable water.

6 Kala Balge High Crowded IDP camps, border town to an affected country, weak health system and lack of access to potable water.

7 Mongonu High Crowded IDP camps, border town to an affected country, weak health system and lack ofaccess to potable water.

8 Gwoza High Crowded IDP camps, border town to an affected country, weak health system and lack of access to potable water.

9 The rest of the LGAs (except Kukawa, Marte, Kwkawa, Guzamala, Abadam)

Medium Weak health System and poor living conditions in IDP camps.

19

Fune

Biu

Bama

Song

Toungo

Fufore

Damboa

Konduga

Kukawa

Tarmua

Gujba

Mafa

Bursari

Jada

Marte

Fika

Hong

Kaga

Geidam

Yusufari

Magumeri

Abadam

Gubio

Yunusari

Jakusko

Gwoza

Mobbar

Gulani

Gombi

Hawul

Ganye

Dikwa

Nganzai

Girei

Guzamala

Ngala

Damaturu

Askira/Uba

Demsa

Chibok

Shani

Monguno

Jere

Bayo

Machina

Nguru Karasuwa

Lamurde

Michika

Maiha

Kala/Balge

Mayo-Belwa

Shelleng

Nangere

Numan

Guyuk

Bade

Madagali

Yola South

Mubi North

Potiskum

Bade

Kwaya Kusar

Mubi South

Maiduguri

Yola North

Legend

Very High

High

Medium

COVID-19 Risk Classification

HNO Needs SeverityLow/Minimal

Stressed

Severe

Extreme

In-accesible areas

0.6M

1.1M

0.8M

0.2M

1.1M

0.1M

A d a m a w a B or no Y ob eA d a m a w a B or no Y ob e

People in Need (HNO) in Very High and High Risk AreasNumber of LGAs with Very High and High Risk classification

5

6 6

2 2

1

High Very High High Very High

COVID-19 and pre COVID-19 humanitarian needs severity

20

3

Strategic Priorities and Response Approach

3.1Strategic PrioritesThe COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity for Nigeria to accelerate the effective implementation of the New Way of Working (NWOW) to advance humanitarian and development collaboration. The 2019-2021 multi-year HRS11 from which the 2020 HRP stems has fostered a humanitarian framework of partnerships and cooperation across government, UN agencies, international and local NGOs, private sector, and civil society actors to leverage strengthened strategic, operational and complementary engagement in all phases of the humanitarian crisis and response. This will be critical to leverage the capacity of other actors to address the multi-sectoral impact of COVID-19, including the socio-economic impact that falls outside the 2020 HRP and this Addendum.

The Addendum builds on the first two Strategic Objectives of the 2019-2021 HRS12 to save lives and enhance protection for the most vulnerable, which are also linked to the three overarching strategic priorities defined in the Global HRP for COVID-19 outlined below:

Strategic priority 1: Contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and decrease morbidity and mortality.

Strategic priority 2: Decrease the deterioration of human assets and rights, social cohesion, and livelihoods.

Strategic priority 3: Protect, assist and advocate for refugees, IDPs, migrants, and host communities particularly vulnerable to the pandemic.

3.2

Response Approach3.2.1 An integrated multi-sectoral and inter-sectoral response approachThe main l objective of the response outlined is this Addendum is to reduce risks linked to conditions of displacement and conflict, and identification, referral, and care of victims by all sectors concerned, as well as prevention of the adverse effects of forced cohabitation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In line with the first two Strategic Objectives of the 2020 HRP and the three strategic priorities of the GHRP for the COVID-19 pandemic, the response for COVID-19 in the BAY states outlined in this Addendum will adopt an integrated multisectoral and intersectoral approach to ensure that humanitarian partners deliver multisectoral relief packages that are adapted to the needs of the targeted people living in the same areas. The integrated multisectoral response will focus on: (i) a multisectoral relief packages and (ii) response modalities that are adjusted and fit for purpose for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic with priority on the vulnerability of population groups or sub-groups idenfitied in this Addendum. Direct assistance may be prioritized during the first phase of the response, while the medium-term response will consider strengthening self-care capacities and progressive empowerment of the affected population, especially vulnerable groups.

The multisectoral response will be underpinned by human rights-based and people-centered approaches to safeguard and protect the rights of the affected population and ensure that specific groups and sub-groups such as elderly, women and girls, children, people with disabilities, migrants, other marginalized and displaced groups are prioritized and targeted. Priority will be given to the needs of the elderly who are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 as evidenced by global statistics. The multisectoral response package of the COVID-19 related to healthcare must, therefore, address the needs of the elderly, including the need for psycho-social support.

Persons with disabilities will also face unique challenges due to COVID-19 pandemic. While there is no current evidence highlighting disability as a higher risk factor for COVID-19, persons living with disabilities can have underlying conditions that may make them more vulnerable. Putting in place additional social protection measures can help persons living with disabilities while protecting their rights to health care, dignity, and security

The centrality of protection also underpins the two specific objectives of the 2020 HRP and the three strategic priorities of the GHRP for COVID-19. Therefore the response modalities will be underpinned by four critical principles of Centrality of Protection, namely: (i) "Do No Harm," security and dignity, (ii) protection of specific access, (iii) Accountability and (iv) Participation.

Previous humanitarian crises have shown children to be increasingly vulnerable to mistreatment, violence, and exploitation. It is a priority that

21

precautions and the requisite child protection mechanisms are adapted to protect at-risk children. Strong collaboration between the Child Protection area of responsibility and the other sectors is crucial to the success of preparedness and response actions to address protection and health risks for children. Child safeguarding and protection from sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA) remain paramount considerations in the preparedness and response actions by service providers in child protection and across other sectors. Support for the continuity of confidential, safe, and accessible community reporting channels for PSEA will be imperative. In situations where reporting channels, and complaints and feedback mechanisms, are interrupted as a result of physical distancing, other modes such as telephone contacts or online reporting can be utilized where feasible while preserving safety and confidentiality.

CCCM Sector, in coordination with the Health Sector and other partners, including the Humanitarian Communications Working Group will ensure systematic and consistent messaging and risk communication for behavioral change tailored to the needs of different age and interest groups with particular consideration for the elderly and pregnant women.

3.2.2 Response to public health impact of the pandemic

Ongoing ResponseThe UN system in Nigeria launched the One UN Response Plan to COVID-19 in Nigeria to support the Government’s National COVID-19 Multi-Sectoral Pandemic Response Plan. The Plan is underpinned by the “Four Ones” guiding principles of engagement to respond to the pandemic agreed with Government of Nigeria, the UN, and key bilateral donors: (i) One agreed on National COVID-19 Multi-Sectoral Pandemic Response Plan; (ii) One COVID-19 National Coordinating Authority with a broad-based multi-sector mandate; (iii) One COVID-19 M&E system for tracking and reporting progress; and (iv) One COVID-19 Financing and Investment Platform.

Within the “Four Ones” framework, the UN and Government of Nigeria established the COVID-19 Basket Fund to serve as a Financing and Investment Platform, through which the different stakeholders (including UN, multilateral and bilateral donors, private sector donors, foundations and philanthropists) can channel their financial contributions to the multisectoral efforts coordinated by the Presidential Task Force (PTF) as the government’s apex coordination body on COVID-19 pandemic. The UN, through the Basket Fund, has already mobilized and deployed over $2 million from the UN system for the procurement of essential medical supplies that will boost the efforts of GoN in containing COVID-19 and caring for confirmed cases in need of critical medical attention. The European Union has also committed 50 million Euros to the Basket Fund.

As of 19 April 2020, the country’s testing capacity for the virus hadincreased from five to thirteen laboratories including two in Federal Capital Territory Abuja, three in Lagos which is the epicenter of the pandemic, and one laboratory each in Edo, Ibadan, Ebony, Osun, Borno, Kano, Sokoto, Kaduna, and Plateau states. The Government also deployed COVID-19 starter packs to all tertiary institutions and Federal Medical Centres. Rapid Response Team (RRT) to support response in all states with confirmed case(s) have been deployed.

Health facilities capable of providing clinical care for suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been identified, and the necessary coordination structures established for referral, treatment, and discharge. However, the healthcare facilities need to prepare for significant increases in the number of suspected cases of COVID-19 as pandemic evolves. Under the leadership of WHO and the State Ministry of Health, humanitarian partners have put in place measures to ensure that health facilities in IDP camps and host communities continue to deliver routine health services such as emergency obstetric care, skilled birth attendance and postpartum monitoring for IDPs and host communities. Health partners have also put in place measures to separate people accessing regular services from suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases.

Existing community-based surveillance (CBS) has been strengthened and expanded in all accessible areas for investigation of alerts and referrals of suspected cases for diagnostics, potential isolation, and case management. An incident management team is already working at the level of Public Health Emergency Operation Centre (PHEOC), on priority actions including rapid deployment of designated staff from state and partner organizations in high risk areas for priority preparedness and response actions, monitoring the Point of Entry operations, development, and dissemination of Information and Education Communication materials, etc.

The existing Health Sector coordination mechanism will be used to coordinate the health response at the state and LGA levels. The Health Sector will continue its collaboration with WASH, CCCM, Shelter, and all other sectors for a coordinated response that results in the timely containment of an outbreak and facilitates joint interventions. The Health Sector will implement joint programmes with the Nutrition Sector on the treatment of children with acute malnutrition with medical complications. The Health Sector will work with WASH and CCCM sectors for more coordinated interventions in the areas of infection prevention and control, improvement of water and sanitation facilities, community mobilization, etc. Similarly, the Health Sector continues to promote joint planning and monitoring mechanisms across the sectors.

22

Response gaps and challengesUnderfunding and limited infrastructure have been a significant concern for Nigeria’s healthcare system. In 2001, as per the Abuja Declaration,13 GoN committed to dedicate to the healthcare system at least 15 per cent of its budget. However, from 2018 to 2020, the budget portion allocated to the healthcare system slightly increased from 3.9 per cent to 4.5 per cent. The COVID-19 response also faces several other challenges. The country has only about 40, 00014 doctors to provide health care for an estimated population of about 200 million. The physician-to-patient ratio15 is one doctor for 2,500 patients, compared to WHO recommended ratio of one doctor per 1,000 patients in a non-health crisis. Furthermore, there are five hospital beds available for every 10,000 people in Nigeria.

The Borno State COVID-19 readiness checklist reveals vast gaps in human resources and institutional - currently equipped with just 52 and 100 beds in ICU and isolation centers, respectively. The situation is not better in Adamawa or Yobe. Thus efforts to put in place localized contingency plans in the BAY states remain urgent.

Coordination and rapid response teams, capacity building, community communication and engagement strategy,and isolation units and bed capacity and testing capacity across the country need to be scaled up. The state governments through the State Ministry of Health have taken measures to detect occurrences and prevent the srepad of COVID-19. For coordinated control and response activities, the development of state preparedness and response plans is a critical milestone to provide an overall direction and guidance to all actors for a more coordinated response. The success of this plan will require continued WHO/State leadership in collaboration with partners and excellence in a wide range of diverse but interrelated areas of implementing proven strategies for the prevention and possible control of COVID-19 outbreaks.

3.2.3 Response to indirect effects on people

Ongoing ResponseThe PC assessment for the BAY states completed in March helped to determine the most critical UN programme outputs and tasks that should be maintained during the disruptive impact of COVID-19. The PC will help in determining staff functions that will be necessary to maintain business continuity. A BCP has also been developed based on the PC assessmen to help identify and maintain critical functions, support functions, and remote-management modalities. The PC results provided a legitimate determination of critical programmes, functions and tasks and is, therefore, an important input into BCPs. The BCP will ensure that the UN and partners remain and are able to deliver the most critical programmes and tasks during the COVID-19 disruptive events.

The CCCM, Shelter, and NFIs Sector partners have developed preparedness, readiness and response guidance for COVID-19. The guidelines have since been approved and adopted by government agencies and sector leads.

COVID-19 and potential impact on the already challenging humanitarian operational environment is shedding light on existing challenges that have been advocacy points with the Got at all levels for the past year or two. As already noted, camp congestion is catalytic for the spread of COVID-19, and humanitarian partners in Borno have drafted a concept note on the Decongestion of the most crowded camps that has been shared with the Borno State High-level COVID-19 Task Force to advocate for additional land to decongest the camps ,, especially Borno’s 49 highly congested camps in nine LGAs.

Collaborative efforts to support the Health Sector’s eight pillars of response preparedness have also been initiated. This is in addition to collaborative efforts between the WASH and Food Security Sectors in COVID-19 prevention and response, especially in Risk Communication and Community Engagement. CCCM Sector is also involved in Point of Entry monitoring and screening, and monitoring of COVID-19 related hygiene promotion.

For the GBV Sub Sector, the activation of remote management/lockdown for partners presents some risks associated with guaranteeing safety and confidentiality. Therefore, the GBV Sub-sector will support the scale-up and rapid rollout of Primero/GBV IMS+ to organizations that are not yet on the platform to document their case management practices while on lockdown/limited engagement. The GBV Sub Sector is also scaling up the pilot rollout of the Smart RR, an application that allows service providers and survivors to report and refer cases from their smart & basic phones confidentially in Adamawa and Borno States.

Support to women and girls of reproductive age will be enhanced. Dignity kits and other critical material support for women and girls will be prepositioned. Also, local production and assembly of standardized dignity kits will be scaled-up. Efforts will be made to procure locally available personal protective materials such as face masks, hand sanitizers, and soaps. Women and Girl’s Friendly Spaces (WGFS), integrated facilities, one-stop centres, women’s empowerment centres, and other service provision facilities will be equipped with dignity kits to ensure menstrual health of women and girls is not compromised. Partners will mitigate risks of infection through ensuring adherence to Infection Prevention and Control protocols in service provision facilities and harmonized COVID-19 and GBV prevention/response awareness creation and innovative psychosocial support to inform the affected communities and activate community networks that include women and youth as key community mobilizers.

23

During the period of school closure, humanitarian actors in collaboration with different education stakeholders of the ministry of education are developing alternatives approaches to education. Technical work is being done by the Federal Ministry of Education to gather, develop, and adapt existing curricula to other options such as radio programs, and courses downloaded into flash drives, and distributed to families. Programs in reading within families shall also be drafted. The Federal Ministry of Education is supporting states to contextualize their response. This approach will enable continuity in accessing education during the period of the school closure that has affected up to 361,300 children. At the state level, a contracts have been signed with several radio and TV stations for broadcast programmes. Furthermore, a young girls-oriented response is being developed to ensure that radio hours programs and reading sessions in the family are accessible to both girls and boys. Different materials shall be tailored to the needs of children with special needs. In collaboration with the Protection actors, the education response shall be combined with child protection messages. Linkages between volunteers, teachers, community mobilizers, and young adults with child protection groups at the community level will be employed to ensure the messages of protection are linked with the resources available at the community level for those at risk.

The ongoing nutrition interventions have been modified to reduce the risk of exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic. These include support to a scaling up of the “Mother/Family MUAC approach whereby mother/caregivers self-screen and make referrals to service providers, therefore, reducing exposure for both targeted community and health workers. A critical intervention to ensure the identification of acutely malnourished children is ongoing. Secondly, the treatment of acute malnutrition protocols have been modified to minimal or no-touch approaches. Thirdly, training of nutrition service providers, including health workers and community health workers in COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies, and putting adequate IPC measures at all nutrition service provision sites is ongoing. Fourth, prepositioning of nutrition supplies and equipment to LGAs and health centres to ensure continuity of services in the event of movement restrictions, and; integrating COVID-19 IPC strategies and key messaging in all ongoing nutrition interventions.

Response gaps and challengesThe PC assessment outputs ranked as a priority are grouped into four categories collectively agreed by the HCT: The first group of prioritized activities are new health and WASH preparedness activities, which entail COVID-19 related health emergency response activated in the BAY states, including, strengthening Public Health Emergency Operation Centers; disease surveillance and case management; risk communication; deployment of emergency medical teams; training and deployment of frontline health workers to support identification, isolation, and treatment; procurement and provision of medical supplies and equipment for prevention and infection control.

The other three prioritized groups of activities are on exiting live-saving activities under the 2020 HRP and mainly focusing on logistic supports and common services such UHNAS and Humanitarian Hubs, and ensuring crisis-affected populations, including IDPs, returnees and host populations are provided with immediate life-saving age and gender-responsive humanitarian assistance, through the provision of safe water, health (including trauma management), NFIs and shelter, emergency food assistance, detection and treatment of acute nutrition, clinical management of rape, psychosocial support, and sanitary materials in a coordinated manner.

The other activities classified under PC2, although important, are not as time-critical and sensitive interventions in saving the lives of the crisis-affected population and can be implemented in the next nine months the specific objectives. All the activities under the PC assessment are linked to the first two Strategic Objectives of the 2020 HRP. The activities can be implemented within the scope of the HRP without changing the narrative or and extensive revision. However, direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 on people and systems impose additional costs, which have been estimated for this Addendum.

The lack of land to support the decongestion of over 400,000 individuals currently living in overcrowded IDP camps, remains a significant challenge for the COVID-19 prevention and mitigation measures, which makes it impossible to promote social distancing and personal hygiene practices. Humanitarian partners estimate that up to 1,274 hectares of land is required to decongest the most congested camps and receptions centers through proper site planning and appropriate shelter construction and repairs, and support the construction of other necessary humanitarian facilities for WASH services, access roads, shelters, markets, schools, and health facilities.

For nutrition, the lack of adequate MUAC and sufficient RUTF is impacting the scaling up of Mother/Family MUAC approach and pipelines to cover for the possible increase in severe acute malnutrition and to optimally preposition supplies in all the LGAs and health facilities. Maintaining social distancing in hospitals as per IPC standards is practically impossible due to the lack of adequate space in hospitals to ensure the spacing of beds.

The direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 on people and systems impose additional costs to the humanitarian response, which have to be estimated.

24

4

Monitoring Framework

4.1Situation and Needs MonitoringThe 2020 HNO needs and situation monitoring framework will be expanded to consider the indicator for tracking the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. Work is ongoing in the AAWG to include COVID-19 outbreak indicators in the next MSNA,. The respective sectors will provide sector specific indicators to be included in the framework. Sectors will also monitor needs among IDPs arriving in camps and host communities from inaccessible areas as proxy indicators for the situation in those areas.

4.2

Response MonitoringThe monitoring of the COVID-19 response plan will be integrated into the existing 2020 HRP response monitoring framework and will be tracked regularly against the progress towards the three strategic priorities. Response monitoring provides a tool to ensure that resources are channeled in a principled manner according to the highest and most urgent needs of the targeted population. Response monitoring will determine the progress against plan implementation and identify constraints and challenges that require immediate action or adjustments to ensure that the response remains comparable and appropriate to the needs of the people targeted. The ISWG will provide periodic inputs to track progress against sector-level targets as an indicator of the overall performance of the 2020 HRP indicators and the Addendum The monitoring will consider gender, age, and protection lenses to identify specific needs and enhance the participation of girls, women, boys and men in the response. Humanitarian actors will undertake regular additional situational analysis and share critical contextual updates with national and local authorities to address emerging issues related to the ongoing COVID-19 disease outbreak.

25

5

Funding Requirements

The humanitarian community will require an additional $ 246 million, to the $834 million HRP 2020 ask, amounting to an estimated $ 1.08 billion in total to deliver the response to an estimated 7.8 million people and achieve the overall objectives of the 2020 HRP, including COVID-19 strategic priorities. In partnership with the GoN and 89 humanitarian partners (31 international NGOs, 44 national NGOs, and 14 UN agencies), the response will be delivered through projects to address critical problems facing the crisis-affected population.

5.1Funding requirement for the Health COVID-19 response Additional funding is required to complement the government effort to address the outbreak. The requirement will address the response to the direct health and indirect socio-economic impact of the pandemic. However, with regard to the socio-economic impact, the funding will cover only indirect effects contributing to the persistence or aggravating the virus outbreak. An estimated amount of $88.3 million will be needed for COVID-19 related activities. This financial requirement intended to cover unplanned activated for Education, Health, Nutrition, and WASH, sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

5.2Funding requirement for the revised non-Health COVID-19 response Additional funding of $157.7 million is required to sustain the projects submitted under the 2020 HRP, which have been re-prioritized and expanded to new geographic locations, to cover preparedness activities. This is a provisional estimated financial requirement intended to cover re-prioritized and adjusted activities of the CCCM , Early Recovery, Education, Food Security, Health, Protection Protection and sub-sectors, Shelters and NFI, and WASH sectors. Estimated costs for projects or activities that have been suspended were deducted from the initial submissions.

26

SECTORCOVID-19 NON-HEALTH

% OVERALL BUDGET

COVID-19 HEALTH

% OVERALL BUDGET TOTAL

Camp Coordination Camp Management $6.5 M 2.6% - - $6.5 M

Coordination and Support Services $0.3 M 0.1% - - $0.3 M

Early Recovery $12.7 M 5.2% - - $12.7 M

Education $10.7 M 4.3% $3.8 M 1.5% $14.5 M

Emergency Shelter and NFI $10.7 M 14.3% - - $10.7 M

Food Security $103.0 M 41.9% - - $103.0 M

Health - - $53.8 M 21.9% $53.8 M

Nutrition - - $12.7 M 5.2% $12.7 M

Protection $2.5 M 1.0% - - $2.5 M

Protection: Gender Based Violence $6.4 M 2.6% - - $6.4 M

Protection: Child Protection $4.5 M 1.8% - - $4.5 M

Protection: Housing, Land and Property $0.1 M 0.1% - - $0.1 M

Protection: Mine Action $0.3 M 0.04% - - $0.3 M

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene - - $18.0 M 7.3% $18.0 M

SUB-TOTAL $157.7 M 64.1% $88.3 M 35.9% $246 M

5.3

Funding requirement by sector (US$)

27

Sectoral PlansCCM, Shelter, and NFI

Early Recovery

Education

Food Security

Health

Nutrition

Protection

Protection: Child Protection

Protection: Gender-based Violence

Protection: Housing, Land and Property

Protection: Mine Action

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

6

Sectoral Plans

28

Needs analysisDirect and indirect effects on people COVID-19 pandemic will increase the vulnerability of IDPs, increase their dependence on humanitarian assistance, and reduce their coping mechanisms related to search for income and livelihood due to movement restrictions and lockdown.

Direct and indirect effects on systems The Sector have critical ongoing humanitarian responses through their partners’ programs in BAY states that must continue. With the protracted need to provide more critical humanitarian support to address the health emergency due to COVID-19 pandemic, the sectors will need to scale up and broaden their coverage to and to strengthen intervention through improved coordination with other sectors and government, prepare the community to mitigate and respond to CIVID-19, and this will require additional funding on both ongoing and COVID related projects due to unstable market prices and project adjustments/amendments which will require a more significant resource envelop.

Most affected population groupsAlthough all IDPs are categorized as a most affected population group, there are more significant vulnerabilities even among the IDPs such as the elderly, women, and girls with specific needs, children and persons with disabilities, and those with underlying illnesses. It is also important to highlight that IDPs living in host communities and host communities without CCCM site facilitation or out of camp are equally under the category of the most affected population group due to limited COVID-19

preventive and response measures. Furthermore, a higher percentage of IDPs are living in heavily congested camps and deplorable conditions. Many are sharing their shelters with other households, while others live in damaged makeshift shelters, and others live in the open without any shelter and core relief items.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseThe Sector partners through the sector technical working groups drafted CCCM PRRP guidelines on COVID-19, CCCM PRRP operational guidelines for field locations, Shelter and NFIs COVID PRRP operational guidelines, Shelter kits, and NFI kits distribution guidelines and frequently asked questions from IDPs. The guidelines have since been approved and adopted by National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), and State Emergency Management Aagency (SEMA) and sector leads. In addition to the above, a Decongestion concept note has been drafted and shared with the High-level COVID task force to advocate for additional land to decongest camps in the North East, especially in Borno’s 49 highly congested camps in nine LGAs.

Collaborative efforts to support the Health Sector’s eight pillars and the WASH and Food Security Sectors in COVID-19 prevention and response, especially in Risk communication and Community Engagement, has been initiated. This is implemented through the sector partner’s community volunteers, community leaders, and other community structureswho have been trained and oriented to support information dissemination and awareness creation on COVID-19. CCCM is also involved in Point of Entry monitoring, and screening and monitoring of COVID-19 related hygiene

CCCM, SHELTER, AND NFI

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

20M

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.9M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.2M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.9M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.2M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.9M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.2MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH6.5M $6.5M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $20M

$6.5M27M

PRE-COVID-19

Coordination and Camp Management

Emergency Shelter and NFI

REQUIREMENTS

65.6M

PEOPLE IN NEED

2.5M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.0M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEED

2.5M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.0M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

0.8M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.2MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH11M $10.7M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $65.6M

$10.7M76M

29

promotion with guidelines from WHO and WASH sectors, support with food distribution monitoring, and inter-sector coordination.

The Sector through its partners have conducted post knowledge surveys, awareness session feedbacks and mapping of the most vulnerable populations and locations as part of its information management and sharing activities to gauge the level of conception of the COVID-19 messaging, IDP perception, interest and eagerness to acquire more information about the virus, and the frequently asked questions. The feedback and complaints from these, and information analysis has provided the Sector with specific messaging, particularly on the area of focus, impact analysis, required capacity building and sensitization area of interest and also improved the Sector information products and appropriate and needed project activities for COVID planning.

Response gaps and challengesThe Sector under the interventions/implementation of PC 1 and 2 will provide support and monitor humanitarian response in the camps and camp-like setting to ensure that critical services are delivered while supporting Health, WASH, and other sectors to reduce the potential risk of transmission of COVID-19 to persons of concern and staff. Since the majority of the IDPs reside in host communities close to campsites, the sector would like to target the IDPs in host communities and host communities indirectly in different LGA for out of camp COVID-19 response activities because of anticipated voluntary movements/displacements due to COVID-19 related perceptions. Unfortunately, the sector’s capacity to target IDPs in host communities and Host communities is limited due to inadequate resources, and lack of data on the host community.

It is necessary that Sector partners scale up their actions/project activities to meet the changing humanitarian needs of persons of concern in the coming months to provide additional sector activities and those in support of the Health and WASH sectors such as dead body management, community contact tracing and follow up, joint planning and coordination with partners and local authorities across north-east Nigeria, installation of additional handwashing stations or increasing capacity in support of health services at screening points for new arrivals,

support to rapid response teams for referral pathways, site decongestion, planning and improvement of quarantine spaces and waiting areas, construction of shelters for the people sharing shelters or living outside and NFI provision especially the provision of fuel/coal for cooking during restricted movement or total lockdown by the government. For this to be achieved, sector partners will need additional funds to meet the new humanitarian COVID-19 related needs.

Since the most effective way to avoid getting infected with Coronavirus is a combination of social distancing and personal hygiene practices, the Sector will need to acquire 1,274 Hectares of land that will enable the decongestion of 424,515 individuals who are living in less than 19m2 space per person. The current spacing in prioritized 49 IDP camps in 9 LGAs in North-East Nigeria is at a bare minimum of recommended sphere standards (45sq m per person). It does not conform with the WHO’s recommendations on physical distancing which is a crucial component to the prevention of COVID-19. The land required also supports the construction of other necessary humanitarian facilities i.e., WASH units, access roads, shelters, markets, schools, hospitals, among others. The human to human transmission can be significantly reduced with the decongestion of reception centers and camps through proper site planning and appropriate shelter construction and repairs.

Information sharing and management to support on-line communication channels after the restriction of social gatherings has become very important to pass accurate information to both persons of concern and humanitarians. As such, the need to improve sector data analysis tools and products is vital in this COVID-19 response for both sector partners and the public. Capacity building in awareness, sensitization, and dissemination of updated key messaging through community engagement will assist in the data collection and feedback to support sector data analysis through the site tracker tool.

Environmental infection control as part of site maintenance and improvement through routine cleaning, and environment disinfection of communal /public facilities such as WASH facilities, distribution spaces, shelters, and other facilities to decontaminate and also reduce the spread of the virus which is said to stay on surfaces for days will be critical.

30

Needs analysisDirect and indirect effects on people Humanitarian workers in deep field locations, especially those in the frontline face the risk of contracting the coronavirus from contacts with infected people. Likewise, any infected aid worker may spread the COVID-19 to IDPs and vulnerable host community whom they serve. It is paramount to ensure the safety of the aid workers from COVID-19 as they continue to aid the people affected by the crisis in the BAY states.

Direct and indirect effects on systems Humanitarian workers accommodated in humanitarian hubs across Borno State need to continue assisting people. The hubs need to deploy additional measures to ensure minimized exposure of the aid workers to COVID-19. Due to the need to reduce staff footprints across the BAY states during this COVID-19 pandemic, occupancy at the humanitarian hubs has reduced.

Most affected population groupsThe sector does not provide direct assistance to the people affected by the crisis in BAY state, but rather supports the coordination and common services to aid workers. The aid workers in deep field locations are the most at risk if they contract the coronavirus as medical facilities are few and very basic.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseThe sector partners are providing accommodation services in the humanitarian hubs, as well security coordination and management, data collection and information management and coordination support to sectors and the HCT.

Response gaps and challengesThe sector, under the PC 1 interventions of providing accommodation services, needs to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the safety of the humanitarian workers using the services of the hubs and continue operating the hubs despite reduced occupancy. The mitigation measures include enhanced handwashing and sanitizing facilities, temperature screening, observance of social distancing, and wearing of face masks and hand gloves. In addition, operational modalities will be modified to reduce the chances of spreading coronavirus in the hubs.

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES SECTOR

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

18.5M

REVISED COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH0.3M $0.3M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $18.5M

$0.3M19M

31

Needs analysisDirect and indirect effects on peopleNigeria’s North-East region is already experiencing fragility, protracted conflict, recurrent natural disasters (such as floods) and forced displacements. COVID-19 outbreak increases multiple burdens to the already affected population. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 35 per cent of health facilities in the affected states oBAY states were damaged as a result of the conflict. There has also been a significant disruption of vaccination campaigns and other essential health services for children and other vulnerable groups in inaccessible areas16. The 2020 HRP identified approximately 1.6 people from the BAY state of requiring recovery and resilience services. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic which has forced state governments to impose restrictions on movements in and out of states, this has increased vulnerability of people through: a) increased unemployment and loss of remittances: The most vulnerable to be impacted by unemployment include daily laborers and CfW program beneficiaries due to restricted labor migration, small businesses and those in the informal sector such as agriculture and non-agriculture sector, who are very often women and young people. The loss of jobs and business opportunities in urban and peri-urban areas have put further strain on rural households who depend heavily on local remittances and monthly cash pay-outs; b) Continuation of the lockdown with limited labor availability in the informal sector will lead to decreased rural and urban incomes which in turn will affect household’s ability to buy essential commodities; c) restrictions on imports and exports. With local basic commodity supply chains disrupted, many would naturally rely on imports, but government has closed its borders to trade and travel which will in the short term impact the private sector, informal sector and other value chain actors from being able to distribute their products or goods and services. Closure of informal cross-border trade with neighboring countries is also expected to disrupt this supply and access to basic essential commodities; and d) markets disruptions and price fluctuations: state-wide lockdowns, and government policies closing markets and restricting public gatherings, could be disruptive not just for traders but for the public who will likely struggle to access markets and continue small-medium scale trade for MSMEs. Furthermore, limited access to income sources and inability to afford prices of water, food and another essential basic service could aggravate social tension and further fuel intra-community conflicts, crime and social disorder. Lockdowns in the period preceding the rains could also restrict the ability for communities in the three states to prepare the land for agricultural production, limit animal movement in search of pastures and have further

knock-on effects on food production and income to agro-pastoralists.

Initial estimates by the World Food Programme Nigeria indicate that a COVID-19 outbreak in the BAY states would impact the economic livelihoods of 7 million people resulting in an increase in the number of food-insecure individuals by 3.4 million. Given the t urban and peri-urban sources of livelihood in Borno, it is expected to be hit the hardest with 62 percent of its population, or 3.6 million people, adversely impacted by a potential outbreak. Meanwhile, the more agriculture-based sources of livelihood that define Adamawa and Yobe will act to shield some of the impact. Nonetheless, 3.4 million individuals are projected to be adversely impacted and could become food insecure in the two states .

Direct and indirect effects on systemsThe current ongoing humanitarian responses through sector partners’ activities are providing critical recovery and resilience services needed by affected people in BAY states, however, the COVID-19 outbreak creates a big challenge for the already underfunded response, to the extent that, some of the activities of the sector will need to be re-organized and redirected towards strengthening emergency health systems, provide WASH services and respond to social and economic hardships created by the outbreak. Much as the socio-economicgoal of Sector presently is not to stimulate demand and increase economic activities before the virus is under control, however, the Sector’s priority will be to take redistributive actions to smoothen the shock of pandemic. While the focus remains on preventing the spread of the virus, the response should not lose sight of the immediate and urgent recovery needs of the affected communities, especially the vulnerable groups. The goal of a resilient early recovery approach is to bridge humanitarian assistance and development, ensuring the achievement of early recovery and a rapid return to sustainable development pathways. This will require humanitarian and development actors to rely on existing social protection safety nets, while at the same time being innovative to expand on beneficiaries and the increase cash voucher assistance programmes quickly and voucher sums transferred as an efficient way to help people during and after the pandemic.

Most affected Population groupsIt has been established that the COVID-19 outbreak affects all segments of the population. Early evidence indicates that the health and economic impacts of the virus are being borne disproportionately by the poor, and those in displacement. For example, in conflict-stricken zones like Northeast, people without access to adequate running water, refugees, migrants, and or displaced persons suffer disproportionately both from

EARLY RECOVERY

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

100M

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.3M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.6 M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.3M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.6M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.3M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.7MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH13M $12.7M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $100M

$12.7M113M

16. WHO Nigeria, Health Sector Bulletin, September 2019.

32

the pandemic and its aftermath – whether due to limited movement, fewer employment opportunities and increased stigamisation. It is also essential to note although all IDPs are categorized as the most affected population group, there are more significant vulnerabilities even among the IDPs such as the elderly, women, and girls with specific needs, children and persons with disabilities, and those with underlying illnesses. It is also important to highlight that IDPs living in host communities and the host communities themselves equally fall under the category of most affected population groups due to limited COVID-19a preventive and response measures and of access to recovery and resilience interventions .

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseThe aim of preparedness and mitigation measures for COVID-19 developed by the Early Recovery Sector partners is to support the re-establishment of conditions necessary for a quick return to a path of building resilient communities, improved social contract, and overall human development that can foster more inclusive societies in the future. The survivors of conflict and others directly affected by the disease as a result of measures to limit spread through a lockdown and movement restriction will be assisted to regain their lives and the affected communities supported to recover their livelihoods, jobs and education especially when the lockdown measures are lifted. For the already overwhelming humanitarian needs especially in BAY state where the majority of the IDPs are located, the Sector partners are working with Ministry of Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (MRRR) in Borno State and SEMA in Yobe and Adamawa, to coordinate a multi-sectoral response, engaging communities to protect most vulnerable groups from exposure to COVID-19 and its impact on their economic livelihoods. Within the ongoing early recovery efforts on strengthening health Sectors’ and other infrastructure rehabilitation, attention will be given to ensuring that these facilities can continue to offer primary healthcare services for all other diseases while increasing their WASH capability with a view of ensuring that personal hygiene is possible for all users and neighboring communities. WASH facilities therein and beyond will be further strengthened in this respect. In line with an integrated focus, these centers of early recovery action may be used to accelerate public engagement with messaging on risk reduction and prevention of COVID-19 spread. At the same time, local structures (leadership, area management, community committees), maybe strengthened as an avenue for community messaging as well as identification and resolution of potential community conflicts over resource access and use.

Response gaps and challengesBefore COVID-19 outbreak, social infrastructure within these three states have been r in an advanced state of decay most especially public health

facilities which lacked human resources due ongoing conflict. There is also been limited or inadequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities. The insufficient water and sanitation infrastructure coupled with extreme flooding has witnessed cholera outbreak during every rainy season, in addition to the effects of the conflict that has kept IDPs in overcrowded camps and some finding themselves in host communities with less access to humanitarian assistance which has overstretched the little resources and necessary infrastructure in host community. Meanwhile, the Borno State COVID-19 readiness checklist revealed huge gaps in institutional and human resources as well as equipment where, it is currently equipped with just 52 and 83 beds in ICU and isolation centres, respectively.

The Sector’s interventions under PC 1 and 2 will provide support and monitor ongoing humanitarian response in host communities to ensure that critical services are delivered while supporting Health, WASH and other sectors to reduce the potential risk of transmission between persons and staff. Sector partners will ensure that livelihood protection initiatives (social safety net) will be rolled out/scaled up while strengthening ongoing/previous early recovery programs. It will be critical to initiate/strengthen coverage of the social protection measures for the non-agric and agricultural laborers, poor pastoralists, poor urban households to minimize the impact of the disease on household food security and nutrition. Also, partners will need to increase the transfer amount to existing social assistance participants and expand the social protection programmes (cash or in-kind) to non-beneficiaries of the existing programmes who are vulnerable to the impacts of the COVID19.

Given the fact that majority of affected people ( IDPs and returnees) have put pressure on available limited essential services in host communities, the sector partners would like to scale up their targeting, but, the Sector’s capacity is limited by inadequate resources, and lack of data on the host community due to prevailing insecurity.

Response strategy It is necessary that Sector partners scale up their actions/project activities to meet the changing humanitarian needs of affected people now and in the coming months to provide additional sector activities and those in support of the health and WASH sectors, while recognizing and intervening in sustaining social cohesion. This will require a strong emphasis on information sharing and management to support on-line communication channels after the restriction of social gatherings has become very important to pass accurate information to both affected persons and humanitarians. In that context, there will be need to improve sector data analysis tools and products on COVID-19 response for both sector partners and the public. Capacity building through awareness, sensitization, and dissemination of updated key messaging through community engagement will assist in the data collection and feedback to support sector data analysis through the 5Ws reporting tool.

33

Needs analysisOn March 19th, 2020, a circular6 from the Federal Ministry of Education granted approval for the closure of all schools for a period of one month commencing on Monday 23rd March 2020 to prevent the spread of the Coronavirus (COVID-19). Each State in Northeast Nigeria has contextualized this circular. In Borno State, on 20th March 2020, the Governor appointed the Deputy Governor to head BornoState’s response team and tasked the team to tighten restrictions around IDP camps and directed that schools close in one week.

Not only will the closure of schools affect close to 46 million students throughout the country, but 4.2 million students in BAY States, the most vulnerable groups of children targeted by the education partners through the 2020 HRP, are also likely to be impacted the most. About 400,000 IDP children attending some form of learning in the camps and host communities will be affected by the stoppage of learning activities.

It is important to note that the closure of schools during this pandemic, while necessary to slow the spread, negatively affects not only the gains made in the education sector in the region over the past years, but will adversely affect mental health. This will result in negative psychosocial and security ramifications on children, families and communities. The absence of physical attendance in schools leaves girls at a disproportionate level of risk of exploitation due to forced labor, sexual harassment and early childhood marriage. State and NGO partners need to innovate in order to support an ongoing culture of learning through alternative learning mechanisms during the closures, incorporating mental health and psychosocial support through whatever mechanisms available. The repurposing of school infrastructure for purposes other than education (decongestion of IDPs and isolation centers) is a consequence of this pandemic that needs to be jointly and carefully managed. This is in order to ensure that schools remain first and foremost safe spaces for the purpose of learning and in order to ensure a safe and inclusive return to schools upon re-opening post-pandemic. Depending on the duration of the school’s closure, children may lose learning skills or the entire school year and find themselves drawn in other tasks in helping the family.

There is also a risk of losing voluntary teachers due to the fact that they will no longer be paid, and, coupled with the pre-existing scarcity of teachers that was a severe barrier in accessing education, the the negative impact of closure of schools on education will continue even when schools reopen.

Response Priorities and ApproachBased on the COVID-19 Sector response plan, humanitarian actors aim to respond to the crisis in three phases, representing three critical periods.

Before the crisis, and during prevention :, Actors are developing means of communication and sensitization so that children, teachers, and entire schools and communities should be informed on ways of protecting themselves to reduce the spread of the virus. These messages are written in local languages (Hausa and Kanuri) and child friendly tailored. Several means of dissemination shall be utilized according to their availability in each state. In this regard, SMS messages, television and radio broadcasting programs, and other audio and visual materials shall be utilized. Sensitization will continue throughout the crisis so that everyone should keep the message. Sensitization will be intensified in IDPs camps and places of gathering where the risk of propagation of the virus is higher. The sensitization messages are not only focused on the spread of COVID-19 but also on the risks that children face during school closure. The Child Protection sub-working group is also preparing messages on child protection, especially for young girls in the family and communityies Mental Health and Phsychosocial Support (MHPSS) is an essential element of the response during this pandemic, as protection and MHPSS risks can increase when schools close. For this reason, partners are engaged in ensuring SEL and PSS elements are integrated into the e-learning and distance learning options. Engagement with the Child Protection sub-working group will be paramount to provide integrated approaches, and explore program linkages between education and protection.

During this period of school closure, humanitarian actors in collaboration with different education stakeholders of the Ministry of Education are working on developing other alternatives approaches to edcuation. Technical work is being done by the Federal Ministry of Education to gather, develop, and adapt existing curricula to other options such as radio programs and courses downloaded into flash drives, and distributed to families. Programs in reading within families shall also be drafted. The Federal Ministry is supporting States to contextualize the response. This approach will enable continuity in accessing education during the period of t school closure for 361,300 children. Already at the State level, contracts have been signed with several radio and TV stations for the radio programme.

A young girls-oriented response is being developed to ensure that radio programs are available, and reading sessions in the family benefit both girls and boys. Different materials shall be tailored to capture children with special needs. In collaboration with protection actors, the education

EDUCATION

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

40M

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.1M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.8M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.1M

PEOPLE TARGETED

3.1M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.1M

PEOPLE TARGETED

3.1MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH15M $10.7M

$3.8M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $39.9M

$14.6M55M

34

response shall be combined with child protection messages. Linkages between volunteers, teachers, community mobilizers, and young adults with child protection groups at the community level will be employed to ensure the messages on protection are linked with resources available at community level for those at risk.

While waiting for the return to normalcy in a month, the response aims at preparing and organizing secured, protective, and inclusive return of children into learning spaces. Depending on the duration of the school lockdown, the Sector shall ensure that children resume schools on a steady go back to school campaign coupled with family follow up. In collaboration with the WASH and CCCM Sectors, 3,355 classrooms will be disinfested/fumigated, and 419 schools will be provided with latrine

disaggregated by gender and age according to standards for girls and boys with water points. School administration will ensure the availability of code of conduct with reporting mechanisms in each school and availability of teachers trained in MHPSS.

In order to reinforce community resilience, the State Minister of Education will benefit from a working session based on lessons learned and good practices at the end of the crisis.

In collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Education, the Sducation Sector shall monitor the capacity of the actors in decision making and strategic orientation.

KONDUGA/BORNO, NIGERIACovid-19 sensitization with community outreach volunteers at Konduga Boarding School camp.

Photo: IOM/Adoo Mercy Jekelle

35

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleThe short, mid and long-term effects of the COVID-19 crisis will mostly impact individuals that lost livelihoods, including assets and would have to depend on food assistance and thus expanding the current humanitarian burden in the worst affected BAY States in the Northeast and beyond. Notably, in places like the Northeast where the ongoing conflict has impacted livelihoods, including employment, this would further be affected by the outbreak of the COVID-19. Moreover, the COVID-19 associated movement restrictions would cause severe hardship for people whose incomes and food supplies are generated on a day-to-day basis such as wage laborers, small agricultural producers, workers in the informal sectors, unemployed and marginally employed and displaced populations. This also comes with reduced purchasing power (reduced economic food access) for these categories of people given their relatively low resilience capacity, as food prices have reportedly begun increasing as a result of a combination of factors including slight weakening of the Naira, ban on imported rice and the seasonal increase in demand for food towards the Ramadhan season. This increases the risk of negative coping strategies as a result of constricted food access.

It is expected that food consumption will continue to deteriorate further as vulnerable households approach the lean season, with the peak yet to come around June, July, and part of August. This exposes vulnerable households to various coping strategies, including the dangerous and irreversible ones such as selling off f assets, debt, early/forced marriage, and forced prostitution. The above population groups have intersecting vulnerabilities that compound health and secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Households that have members with one or several of these vulnerabilities are particularly at risk of adverse effects from the crisis. Overall, COVID-19 has the potential to disrupt both food supply and demand significantly.

The very poorest often depend on casual labor and menial jobs in the informal sector, and these jobs would be affected considering the conditions of a lockdown or enforced social distancing associated with COVID-19 mitigation and control.

Direct and Indirect Effects on Systems

With widespread food insecurity affecting the most vulnerable in the Northeast, the outbreak will negatively impact agricultural production systems nationwide. Overall, COVID-19 has the potential to significantly

disrupt both food supply and demand. Supply will be disrupted since agricultural production and trade flows will also be negatively impacted due to COVID-19 restrictions, and farmers, producers and traders themselves may become ill and be unhealthy. Shortages of labor could disrupt production and processing of food, notably for labor-intensive crops hence reducing production, and likely to impede farmers’ access to markets, curbing their productive capacities and hindering them from selling their produce. Movement restrictions are particularly obstructive for fresh food supply chains and may result in increased levels of food loss and wastage. The limitation in movements combined with the closure of bordersand explicit ban on imports of rice since late 2019, will lead to reduced food availability. Demand will also fall due to higher uncertainty, increased precautionary behavior, containment efforts, and rising financial costs that reduce people’s ability to spend.

The lockdown might disrupt peacebuilding efforts by humanitarian and security actors in this fragile context. Community-level peacebuilding, social protection and early recovery measures in the Northeast play a central role in rebuilding social bonds; reintegration of former combatants, and restoration of community livelihoods. The spread of COVID-19 into the communities and the restrictive measures to contain it will most likely disrupt these interventions.

Most Affected Population GroupsThe most vulnerable categories to COVID-19 in the humanitarian setting are associated with personal characteristics (age, gender, disabilities, type of livelihoods) and their geographic location (urban, rural, and areas already under stress due to conflict). These include IDPs, refugees, and host communities who are also at high risk, particularly in the conflict-affected BAY states, due to prevailing food insecurity and presence of IDPs. Attention should be placed on the differentiated needs of women, girls, boys and men, and specific vulnerable subgroups such as the elderly, people with disabilities, and children under five. These groups and sub-groups with particular challenges and vulnerabilities should be prioritized in readiness and response operations for the COVID-19 outbreak. The categories of populations groups will include both the households that were targeted for humanitarian assistance, and also those who were previously marginally self-sustaining, but as a result of loss or affected livelihoods, additional households that were not receiving humanitarian assistance will also become vulnerable and not only in need of support to cover food gaps but also to protect livelihoods (including assets).

FOOD SECURITY

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

212M

PEOPLE IN NEED

3.8M

PEOPLE TARGETED

3.3M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

3.8M

PEOPLE TARGETED

3.3M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

2.6M

PEOPLE TARGETED

2.6MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH103M $103M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $212.1M

$103M315M

36

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseGiven that food assistance has been categorized under PC1,be the critical focus will be to not only save lives but also as a means to protect livelihoods (including assets) which may be at risk of depletion. This will be the priority and shall include both households originally targeted for humanitarian assistance and the new category that will need assistance as a result of COVID -19 pandemic The Sector will continue to coordinate the feedback and response mechanism during the response and recovery time. Overall, the COVID-19-specific response is to ensure vulnerable households are able to meet the food consumption needs including those in isolation/quarantine centres, and inclusion of energy for cooking for households. As part of the preparedness for setting up isolation and quarantine centres, the Sector will call for an Expression Of Interest for partners to provide food assistance at the various identified sites that are being set up in the BAY States

Sector partners have continued to deliver food assistance in the respective locations, however, with precautionary measures on COVID-19. The Sector also continues to advocate and sensitize on the restrictions that are in place that, inhibit the movement of humanitarian assistance.

The Sector continues to monitor the changes in the food security situation. Cognisant of COVID-19, the Sector has facilitated the formation of a framework that includes taskforces that feed into each other. The taskforces are focused on; Food Assistance, Agricultural Livelihoods, Remote Market Monitoring, and the CH Food Security Monitoring Taskforce to provide an updated analysis of the fast-changing context.

To complement the food assistance efforts and also further ensure the protection of livelihoods, partners have encouraged the implementation of household or individual level activities such as backyard gardening whose risk levels are very low. Therefore, partners will support household level agricultural livelihood activities for the upcoming rain season.

However, Public Works/Community-Based activities were strongly recommended to be postponed since they expose many people to risk.

Response gaps and challengesThe response gaps are mainly as a result of an increase in the numbers of people in need of assistance within and outside of the BAYstates and an increase in operational costs for partner organizations.

Given the complexity to project how the pandemic will affect people’s lives, food security, and livelihoods in the next few months, it was necessary to set up a Cadre Harmonize Food Security Situation Monitoring Taskforce, to provide consensus among key stakeholders on the emerging food insecurity situation, specifically on the below three key questions:

Where are current hotspots in terms of disease transmission, livelihood, and market interruptions?

How many people are in critical need of assistance in BAY states and beyond?

Who are the people most affected by the situation?

The restrictions in movement in the BAY States including the temporary lockdown in Borno State, will also affect food security activities. This will entail difficulty receipts and dispatches of food commodities with immediate effect. If the restrictions and lockdown persist, and inter and intra-state transporters can’t move, vendors will not be able to restock and production will alsofall below normal. Hence prices will increase significantly, again putting the poor at high risk of food insecurity.

In the medium to longer-term, these effects will further negatively impact the overall response for both targeted and non-targeted beneficiaries, since poor food availability and access may not only affect targeted beneficiaries but beyond. Recovery would also be made more difficult if market capacity will have dropped, since transporters are a key supply actor in markets. This will not only affect partners implementing CVA programmes, but also in-kind beyond the lockdown/COVID-19 period.

37

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleThe impact of the humanitarian crisis in the conflict-affected BAY states presents one of the most significant vulnerabilities to the spread of COVID-19. The situation is a complex, protracted crisis with huge developmental needs, damaged infrastructure, near abscene of governance and the rule of law outside Maiduguri and major garrison towns. The most vulnerable population groups are children, women, elderly, and people with chronic medical conditions. The biggest fear is the effects on the decreased immunity associated with diseases and risks typical of humanitarian contexts such as malnutrition, measles, malaria, HIV, etc.

The impact of displacement on communities and displaced persons is vast and has remained key to the increase in disease outbreaks with consequences. Borno State is currently experiencing an outbreak of measles with over 21,052 cases as at the end of December 2019. This is due to non-immunization amongst displaced children from locations that are security-compromised, which further puts at high-risk children under five years already facing dangerously high levels of malnutrition, endemic malaria and other epidemic-prone diseases. Cholera outbreak in Adamawa and Lassa fever in Borno has just stopped as no more cases were reported during the last four weeks. The deterioration in the security situation in the past months has exacerbated the situation especially for displaced women, children, and the elderly being the most vulnerable.

Direct and indirect effects on systems The COVID-19 pandemic is placing significant strain on healthcare facilities that are already overwhelmed by lack of capacity as well as high-risk disease outbreaks such as cholera, Lassa fever, measles and malaria. More than 40 per cent of health facilities in the affected BAY states have been damaged/destroyed as a result of the protracted conflict. There have also been significant disruptions to vaccination campaigns and other essential health services for children and other vulnerable groups in inaccessible areas. Funding has also been a significant challenge, noting that in 2019, the health sector received only 25 per cent of its funding requirements. The Government will draw on resources from the national purse otherwise destined to combat other health emergencies and disease outbreaks. As cases increase, preventative health care will be severely impacted.

This emphasizes the need to step up funding to addressthe combined effects of the conflict and COVID-19 pandemic on the people in the

BAY states. The Borno State COVID-19 readiness checklist reveals vast gaps in institutional and human resources as well as equipment - currently equipped with just 52 and 83 beds in ICU and isolation centers, respectively. The situation is not better in Adamawa or Yobe. Thus efforts to put in place localized contingency plans in the BAY states remain urgent.

Among the critical factors that might contribute to this rapid spread are; the weak health system, high population concentration in specific urban centres like the city of Maiduguri, inadequate awareness on preventive measures, and unfavorable traditional and cultural practice hamper the states’ efforts to contain the outbreak. The experience of managing outbreaks with droplet transmission in Nigeria is also not strong.

Most affected population groupsIt is of extreme importance that people affected by humanitarian crises, including humanitarian workers, are adequately protected. People affected by humanitarian crises, particularly those displaced and/or living in camps and camp-like settings, are often faced with specific challenges and vulnerabilities that must be taken into consideration when planning for readiness and response operations for the COVID-19 outbreak. They are frequently neglected, stigmatized, and may face difficulties in accessing health services that are otherwise available to the general population. Internally displaced persons (IDPs), host communities, refugees and returnees, and migrants already experiencing high needs will be most affected. While further adaptations might be needed for some population groups, including those living in slums, this response aims to assist field staff in responding to urgent needs immediately.

Health workers are at the front line of the COVID-19 outbreak response and, as such, are exposed to hazards that put them at risk of infection. Hazards include pathogen exposure, long working hours, psychological distress, fatigue, occupational burnout, stigma, and physical and psychological violence.

The Health Sector places emphasis on the protection, dignity, and promotion of the rights of women and girls. The existing protection and gender inequalities could be further compounded and the risk of Gender-based violence, sexual exploitation and domestic violence will increase due to house confinements. Provision of sexual, reproductive health (SRH) care, family planning and other SRH commodities, including menstrual health items, are central to women’s health, empowerment, and development and the supply chain, which is already impacted due to the ongoing conflict, could experience further strains from COVID 19 pandemic response. Women represent the largest segment of both

HEALTH

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

86M

PEOPLE IN NEED

5.0 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

4.5 M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

5.0 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

4.5 M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

5.0 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

4.5 MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH54M $0M

$53.8M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $86.2M

$53.8M140M

38

beneficiaries and healthcare system workforce in the Northeast and thus need special attention with regard to the gendered work environment, and their sexual and reproductive health and psychosocial needs must be treated with utmost priority during the COVID19 pandemic.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseCurrently, there are forty-two confirmed COVID-19 cases in the BAY states while contact tracing and sample collection are ongoing in all high-risk locations. The Health Sector response is based on eight key response pillars to address all prevention, preparedness and response actions. The existing Health Sector coordination mechanism is fully supporting the coordination of response at the state and LGA levels. The Health Sector is closely working in collaboration with WASH, CCCM, Shelter, and all other sectors for a coordinated response including the construction of quarantines and isolation centres, social distancing mechanisms, early warning, and alert systems for the timely containment of outbreak and facilitate joint interventions. The sector is closely working with WASH and CCCM sectors for more coordinated interventions in the areas of infection prevention and control, improvement of water and sanitation facilities, community mobilization etc.

Similarly, the Health Sector continues to promote joint planning and monitoring mechanisms across the sectors. The coordination of COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response operations in camps and host communities will be aligned with existing humanitarian coordination mechanisms across the sectors, OHCT and ISWG level which are already in place at state, LGA and also at camp level. An incident management team is already working at the level of Public Health Emergency Operation centre (PHEOC) one crucial priority actions including rapid deployment of designated staff from state and partner organizations in high risk for priority preparedness and response actions, monitoring the POE operations, development and dissemination of IEC materials, etc.

The existing community-based surveillance (CBS) systems are fully operational and will be strengthened and expanded in all accessible areas. The presence and rapid deployment of an outbreak rapid response team is ongoing to ensure their presence in all camps and hosting communities for investigation of alerts and referrals of suspected cases for diagnostics, potential isolation, and case management. The surveillance actions are directed towards the rapid detection of imported cases, comprehensive and rapid contact tracing, and case identification. The surveillance and contact tracing teams are also monitoring the geographical spread of the virus, transmission intensity, disease trends, and the assessment of impacts on healthcare services in deep field locations. Robust COVID-19 surveillance data are essential to calibrate appropriate and proportionate public health measures. The existing EWARS/IDSR mechanisms with more than 200 reporting sites will be further strengthened for the timely collection of alerts and disease data from the health facilities.

Efforts and resources at points of entry (POEs), including Maiduguri international airport, Yola airport and all entry points on the international border, are ongoing to support surveillance and risk communication activities. The key actions are the development of an action plan, training of port health authority staff, the establishment of isolation facility at the

airport and transportation of suspected passengers to treatment centers, dissemination of IEC materials to passengers, and monitoring of the POE screening process for effectiveness and necessary adjustments.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices in communities and health facilities are ongoing and will be further strengthened for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and prevent transmission to staff, all patients/visitors and in the community. Minimum requirements are in place, including functional triage system and isolation rooms, trained staff (for early detection and standard principles for IPC); and sufficient IPC materials, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and WASH services/hand hygiene stations.

A 100-bed capacity isolation center is functional in Maiduguri with all necessary equipment including ventilators, PPE, and other supplies are available. An isolation ward and ICU is also functional in the University of Maiduguri with a functional Nigeria Center for Disease Control reference laboratory for testing of suspected cases. Health partners are closely working with IOM and Shelter Sector to identify and construct isolation centers in all high-risk LGAs and quarantines centers for people coming to IDPs camps from high-risk areas in Nigeria and neighboring countries. Measures are in place to ensure routine health services remain available to all camp populations and host communities inside the health facility’s catchment area. It is important to separate people accessing regular services from suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases. Access to emergency obstetric care and skilled birth attendance for all deliveries needs to be ensured for all women and girls in need, including postpartum monitoring. The existing services will need attention as their epidemic risks especially cholera is the significant risk factor every year for which all hotspot locations will need treatment centers and enhanced response capacity in all hotspot areas.

The existing structures of community mobilization teams and social mobilization staff and staff working with different sectors like CCCM, DTM, WASH, Food security are already engaged for mass awareness and community mobilization through close community interactions and dissemination of IEC materials. Health and other sector partners are closely working to identify and work with local influencers in the site community (such as community leaders, religious leaders, youth and women leaders, health workers, community volunteers) and local networks (women’s groups, youth groups, traditional healers, etc.). Where and when possible, community staff will work with camp management teams, camp/site committees and/or community leaders to carry out consultations on risk assessment, identification of high-risk population group, existing trusted communication channels (formal and informal), and setting up of surveillance focal points per blocks and sections, as well as community task teams, etc. The risk communication and community engagement teams will provide clear and unequivocal messages focusing on what people can do to reduce risk or which actions to take if they think they may have COVID-19. Perceptions, rumors, and feedback from camp residents and host communities are regularly monitored and responded to through trusted communication channels, primarily to address negative behaviors and social stigma associated with the outbreak. Partners across the sectors will use the existing large-scale community engagement network for social, and behavior change approaches to ensure preventive community and individual health and hygiene practices, in line with the national public

39

health containment recommendations. Awareness-raising activities may also represent an opportunity to include joint messaging and an occasion for MHPSS actors to provide psychological first aid (PFA) to alleviate the stress and anxiety resulting from the situation.

Response gaps and challenges• The resppnse gaps and challenges include:

• Weak community-based surveillance and no surveillance in inaccessible areas like Kukawa, Abadan, Marte, Gwazamala, etc.

• Population living in overcrowded IDPs camps and urban centers high risk of transmission in big camps in Moguno., MMC, Bama, and Gowza

• High endemic region for cholera, malaria due to seasonal patterns, weak water, and sanitation practices and infrastructure, social behavior patterns.

• Existing disease burden and higher infection-to-case ratios and progression to severe disease due to the virus’ interaction with highly prevalent co-morbidities, including different NCDs, measles, malaria, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, and food insecurity issues

• Higher infection-to-case ratios and progression to severe disease due to the virus’ interaction with highly prevalent co-morbidities, including non-communicable diseases

• Weak response capacity on COVID-19 Case Management support from a few international humanitarian agencies with overstretched capacity and lack of adequate resources

• Weak screening mechanisms at PoE, especially no screening system in place at international borders.

• Lack of fully equipped Isolation/treatment Centre and functional triage wards for COVID-19, especially in LGAs-need for ventilators, oxygen concentrators, respirators, etc.

• Weak health system as more than 40 per cent of health facilities across the three states is non-functional or partially functional.

• Risk of higher transmissibility due to larger household sizes, intense social mixing between the young and elderly, inadequate water and sanitation, and specific cultural and faith practices- mass prayer gatherings, large weddings, and funerals.

MAIDUGURI/BORNO, NIGERIA'Learning how to make soap is really important for my family and I. The soap will keep us protected from diseases and I am also making small revenues which help my family buy food, explains Amina, who came from the town of Bama five years ago.

Photo: OCHA/Eve Sabbagh

40

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleThe COVID-19 pandemic could, directly and indirectly, impact the nutritional status of the population, especially children and women who are most vulnerable, as follows:

• COVID-19 infection may result in malnutrition to the infected persons due to the increased physiological needs in terms of energy, protein and micronutrients requirements;

• Malnourished children and women are more likely to contract COVID-19 due to their compromised immune system and further complicating their nutritional status and treatment regime;

• Mother/caregivers infected with COVID-19 may be too sick to properly take care of children including optimal breastfeeding resulting in malnutrition;

• Households affected by COVID-19 may divert resources to COVID-19 treatment resulting in reduced access to nutritious and appropriate health care with the children and women most affected, resulting in malnutrition. Besides, the members of the household may not be able to work to provide adequate nutritious foods for optimal nutritional status;

• Closure of all land borders leading to a disruption of the food supply that, in turn, will increase food prices and exacerbate food insecurity;

Direct and indirect effects on systems In an already degraded context of weak health systems, expanded food insecurity, massive population displacement, limited access to WASH infrastructures, and restricted humanitarian access, the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant threat to the nutrition service delivery including the following:

• Compromised quality of care for acute malnutrition treatment if hospitals and health staff are overwhelmed leading to increased mortality;

• Suspension of Infact and Young Child Feeding (IYCF)and mother support groups, cooking demonstrations, mass Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)screening, and Micronutrient supplementation distributions due to COVID-19 prevention measures that do not permit the gathering of people;

• Reduced coverage of curative and preventative health and nutrition interventions due to restricted movements and decreased geographical access;

• Suspension of nutrition programs due to national directives or measures, or complete unavailability of the health system and/or

health workers.

Most affected population groupsThe most vulnerable population sub-group includes children less than five years, and pregnant and lactating women. Those in IDP camps are more vulnerable due to the congestion in the camps.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseThe ongoing response is focused on the adaptation of nutrition interventions in the context of COVID-19, including the following:

• Scaling up of the Mother/Family MUAC approach whereby mother/caregivers self-screen and refer therefore reducing exposure for both targeted community and health workers; a vital intervention to ensure identification of acutely malnourished children is ongoing.

• Modifying the treatment of acute malnutrition protocols to minimal or no-touch approaches.

• Training of nutrition service providers, including health workers and community health workers in COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies, and putting adequate IPC measures at all nutrition service provision sites.

• Prepositioning of nutrition supplies and equipment to LGAs and health centres to ensure continuity of services in the event of movement restrictions.

• Integrating COVID-19 IPC strategies and key messaging in all ongoing nutrition interventions.

Response gaps and challengesThe response gaps and challenges related to the COVID-19 preparedness and response include the following:

• Lack of adequate MUAC tapes to scale-up the Mother/Family MUAC approach;

• Lack of proper RUTF in the pipelines to cover for the possible increase in severe acute malnutrition and to optimally preposition supplies in all the LGAs and health facilities.

• Lack of adequate space in hospitals to ensure spacing of beds per the IPC standards;

• Guidelines on Nutrition and COVID-19 are based on new and quickly evolving evidence that requires constant updating and training of health workers, which is impeded by movement and gathering restrictions.

NUTRITION

PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

91 M

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.1M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.8M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

1.1 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.8 M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

0.6 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.6 MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH13M $0M

$12.7M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $90.8M

$12.7M104M

41

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleNorth East Nigeria has been in the throes of the Boko Haram insurgency for several years which has displaced hundreds of thousands of people from their homes and into camps. This situation is now compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Humanitarian actors have commenced undertaking of measures to ensure the affected populations, both in camps and in the host communities remain abreast of the situation in terms of information, advocacy, community-based approaches and social distancing. The Protection Sector, NE Nigeria, is striving to continue to ensure the delivery of protection-based services to the affected populations and ensure minimal impact on service delivery. In respect of containment measures directed by the HCT and government protection partners on ground are affecting certain adjustments. Already protection partners in camps have reduced the number of meetings; some humanitarian agencies have relocated international staff out of Maiduguri, access to affected populations is restricted due to restrictions on camp visits and some partners have reviewed or adjusted presence in some locations.

• Heightened vulnerability of affected populations as they are unable to access services which is likely to increase resort to negative coping mechanisms. This can lead to disruption in peaceful coexistence, domestic violence, sexual violence and also criminal activities thus vitiating the protection environment

• Inability of affected populations to access livelihood opportunities and firewood due to movement restrictions. This has potential to increase resort to begging, survival sex, child labour, child/ forced marriage among other such traits

• Movement restrictions on protection partners inhibiting their ability to provide protection services

• With reduced humanitarian presence the access of affected populations to essential services will also reduce; this also includes access to protection related services including civil documentation, case management, right to asylum, refugee returnees etc.

• Stigmatization of COVID-19 infected people among camp communities and aversion towards new arrivals on fears that they may bring COVID-19

• People are likely to hush up or not disclose any illness or sickness for fear of being quarantined

• Restrictions likely to impact on mental health and wellbeing of

affected populations

Direct and Indirect Effects on Systems• General Protection led engagements at field level including meetings,

sensitizations and FGDs will be reduced. Furthermore, at FGDs and sensitizations the number of participants will also be reduced in order to comply with social distancing guidelines

• Disruption in referral services and coordination among partners impacting service provision

• Protection actors on ground face exposure to COVID-19

• Excessive use of force by security forces while enforcing lockdowns and other movement restrictions. Abuse of authority is a real threat especially with the reduced presence of protection actors and protection monitors

• Challenges to access other essential services including food, water, health, schools etc will enhance vulnerability of affected populations and expose them to risk taking behavior including resort to negative coping mechanism

• The overall restrictions and inability to access services and fulfil needs can give rise to conflicts among affected populations affecting peaceful co-existence, including an increase in petty crimes

• Misinformation, fear and frustration among community members is likely to increase tension, including hostile attitudes towards humanitarian personnel

Most Affected Population Groups• Elderly people

• New arrivals including those from other LGAs

• Asylum seekers and refugee returnees

• Persons with specific needs

• Protection monitors

• Undocumented people.

• Women especially Female headed households

• Children and adolescents

• Detainees, Lockdown violators and vulnerable people travelling though checkpoints.

PROTECTIONGeneral ProtectionPRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

22.6 M

PEOPLE IN NEED

5.4M

PEOPLE TARGETED

2.5M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

5.4M

PEOPLE TARGETED

2.5M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

2.5M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.0 MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH2.5M $2.5M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $22.6M

$2.5M25M

42

Response Priorities and ApproachProtection Sector’s Preparation and Response Plan is directed towards minimizing protection risks and concerns arising from the measures adopted by authorities to prevent spread of Covid-19 and towards enhancing partner capacity to continue delivery of essential protection based services to affected populations to ensure the affected populations have timely access to such services. The Protection Sector’s 3 strategic priorities in this regard are:

1. Mitigate risks and contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic through interventions based on inclusion and involving vulnerable people including all women, men, boys and girls in Northeast Nigeria.

2. Enhanced Protection mainstreaming especially for government programs to mitigate risks of abuse of authority by officials and to other humanitarian partners on protection risks through capacitating and sensitizing the authorities and partners on human rights, advocacy, persons with specific needs and prevention and reporting of violations, excesses.

3. Engage and enhance the capacity of community-based structures in advocating and sensitizing the community on COVID-19 related threats and risks for smooth flow of information targeting behavioural change in order to mitigate risks and enhance protection

Protection Mainstreaming

Protection Sector approach is based on the imperative to protect and uphold the rights of IDPs to access essential services especially health related services, enhancing coordination with state authorities and inter sector as well as use of community structures. Additionally, with certain restrictive measures likely to be in place including restricted movement, social distancing and others it is important to emphasize on protection mainstreaming in the implementation of such measures. It is likely that with such restrictions, violations of human rights will occur and therefore protection monitoring remains crucial. Enhanced protection monitoring, especially with cooperation of community volunteers and community structures, can serve to protect rights of IDPs as well as to ensure access to essential services and mitigate protection concerns.

Support to community-based structures

Enhancing capacity of community-based structures, volunteers and leaders is essential as measures restricting movement will affect humanitarians and their presence on ground. Religious leaders, community volunteers and mobilizers including members of protection action groups will be capacitated to ensure continuity of essential protection services and shaping community response to COVID-19. At the same time the Protection partners will also seek to innovate with resort to non ‘face to face’ communication and other tools as well.

Coordination

The Protection Sector is ready to receive and address reports regarding various protection concerns and human rights violations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. At same time it is also necessary to ensure smooth coordination and collaboration with state authorities, especially to ensure that authorities are aware of their responsibility to provide essential services, including health and food related service. Protection Sector will strive to enhance the channels of communication with government interlocutors and enhance coordination with the military and state authorities in general to ensure respect for human rights and to mitigate the suffering of affected populations under imposed restrictions.

Protection partners will engage in the following activities as part of the response:

• Protection monitoring

• In kind assistance to vulnerable and affected populations with COVID-19 related supplies

• Awareness and sensitization on COVID-19

• Provision of documentation

• Border monitoring including that of isolation and quarantine centers

• COVID-19 intense human rights monitoring

• Enhanced case management & MHPSS services

• Strengthening referral mechanisms for people with protection concerns

• Capacity building/ training of community members on various aspects of protection service provision and for making arrangements for alternate care and service provision

• Periodic assessments and regular monitoring of the situation

Ongoing response

Protection preparedness with partner and protection actors

• Developing key messages and information regarding COVID-19 including IEC materials with guidance from Health Sector and familiarization/ capacity building of protection actors on the same

• Engagement and orientation/ capacity building of community volunteers for continued service delivery

• Advocating and coordinating with authorities and other sectors on provision of adequate hand washing materials in the camps and for their strategic and protection-sensitive placement/location

• Ongoing protection monitoring and update of referral pathways

• Ongoing and enhanced sensitization of camp communities on health and hygiene

• Identifying gaps in service provision

• Protection mainstreaming across sectors in preparedness/ response activities particularly key messages developed by sectors on the threat and its containment, including in isolation facilities

43

• Enhanced coordination with Protection Sector Working Groups

• Capturing, documenting and sharing a paper on protection risks and concerns arising out of COVID-19 situation which also includes recommendations on mitigation

Protection Engagement with Government interlocutors

• Enhanced and ongoing consultations

• Exchange and flow of information on measures and feedback

• Coordination of activities

Protection Sector and CMCood

• Regular Meeting

• Advocacy for security escorts for firewood collection and escorting of affected populations while venturing out of the camps

• Calls for Protection of Civilians

• Call for application of Proportionality principles in military and law-enforcement operations

• Civilian movement and coordination

Ongoing measures in response to situation by Protection actors include the following

• Most Protection Sector Working Groups are continuing activities though there may be absence or reduced presence of some PSWG members. Core activities continue and field presence is current. However further disruptions cannot be ruled out

• In most locations partners are working together on messaging on the prevention of COVID-19 with Health sector taking the lead.

• PSWG/ protection desks equipped with key messages and other advocacy materials on COVID-19 ‘dos and don’ts developed with guidance from Health and WASH sectors with hand washing points strategically placed. The participation in risk communication and community engagement is a vital aspect of the protection response

• The Sector has developed a paper on protection concerns in the context of COVID-19 which highlights risks and enhanced vulnerabilities along with recommendations for mitigation

• The Sector is developing a guidance note on the management of quarantine/ isolation centers

• Participation in inter sectoral coordination mechanisms established for coordinated response

• Coordinating with sub sectors and government on preventive actions

Response gaps and challengesConsidering the risks and challenges that a COVID-19 context presents the Protection Sector will strive to ensure that the enhanced need for protection related services continue and are accessible to the affected populations. It is understood that protection mainstreaming is required in all advocacy and sensitizations for the camp communities, as well as enhanced protection monitoring in light of restrictions that make situations of abuse and denial of service more likely. Given the context the challenges remain as in:

• Misinformation regarding the COVIdd-19 pandemic among affected populations and particularly the misinformation regarding humanitarian workers as carriers of the virus

• Activities of NSAG are consistent in their frequency and likely to increase which will further hinder the provision of essential service. Besides, such activities are likely to bring in more new arrivals to camp gates

• Camp congestion makes social distancing and adherence to similar preventive guidelines untenable. Similar is the issue with good hygiene behavior among affected populations with general scarcity of water in many locations and NFIs

• Absence/ withdrawal of humanitarian personnel on ground affects continuity and efficiency of service provision/ referrals

• The efficacy of innovation to non face to face case management and other innovative practices are yet to be tested

• Inability or lack of on field presence calls for heavy dependency on community volunteers which may affect accurate understanding of given situation as well as monitoring

• Funding gaps and especially given the current COVID-19 context and its impact.

44

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleThe COVID-19 pandemic will affect the protection and well-being of girls, boys, and their caregivers as follows:

• Girls and boys are likely to be separated from their caregivers and families as a result of isolation and hospitalization measures, death of caregivers, and restriction of movements and other control measures.

• Children without parental care, including children on the street, children, deprived of liberty, and children in institutions may experience increased vulnerabilities and limited access to essential services and care.

• The mental and psychosocial well-being of girls and boys will be affected as a result of the closure of schools, reduced psychosocial and social activities, and additional caretaking roles within the household, especially for girls; this will primarily impact girls and boys in IDP camps and host communities.

• Girls and boys may be subject to increased risks and exposure to abuse, exploitation, neglect, and violence, including child labor, sexual violence and child marriages as families are pushed towards negative coping mechanisms.

• Caregivers will be exposed to increased stress due to reduced access to or loss of livelihoods, changes in childcare within households due to school closure, and reduced positive coping capacities.

• Limited access, for children and caregivers, to credible information on the pandemic as well as misinformation, may result in stress and anxiety and may lead to stigmatization.

Direct and indirect effects on systems • The delivery of child protection case management services for

existing caseloads of vulnerable children and identification, referral, and support of new caseloads have been constrained by physical distancing and other control measures as well as fear and stigmatization when child protection workers have to wear protective equipment.

• Alternative care arrangements for unaccompanied, separated, and other vulnerable children may be strained due to limited coping capacities.

• Access to mental health and psychosocial support activities, particularly for children in IDP camps and host communities, have

been affected due to physical distancing and other control measures, resulting in reduction, temporary suspension, and adaptation in delivery modalities of activities versus a continued and rising need for such services.

• Interim care reintegration services for children formerly associated with armed groups have been reviewed for risk mitigation, whereas community-based reintegration services will be affected due to control measures.

• Disrupted access to essential services such as health and education and goods such as food, particularly for displaced communities dependent on humanitarian services, will heighten the vulnerabilities of children and families.

• Due to the need for control measures to ensure the safety and well-being of child protection workers and community volunteers, the quality of care in child protection service delivery may be compromised. Also, there will be increased demand systems for supporting and mentoring child protection workers and community volunteers.

Most affected population groups• Vulnerable children requiring case management services and

classified as ‘high-risk’.

• Girls and boys, including adolescents, in IDP camps and host communities.

• Caregivers of vulnerable children in IDP camps and host communities.

• Children without parental care, particularly children on the street.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing response• Education of child protection workers and community volunteers on

the facts and myths of COVID-19, the implications on child protection, how to protect themselves and their families, and how to safely refer to health/support services in their localities.

• Development and dissemination of guidelines on preparedness and response actions for child protection actors and

• Development and dissemination of child-friendly messages on COVID-19 and prevention measures, catering to varied language needs and literacy levels.

• Family tracing and reunification where requirements are met to reduce

PROTECTIONChild ProtectionPRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

22.8M

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.8M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.8M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.8M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.8M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.4M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.3MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH4.5M $4.5M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $22.8M

$4.5M27M

45

the caseload of unaccompanied and separated children; this includes children formerly associated with armed groups who had been placed in interim care.

• Identification and counseling of foster carers and families for existing and new caseloads of vulnerable children in need of alternative care.

• Mental health and psychosocial support activities for children and caregivers through reduced schedules and numbers to comply with governmental control measures and sectoral guidelines. This is complemented by the provision of handwashing facilities, soap and handwashing knowledge in child-friendly spaces and other community spaces frequented by children.

• Child protection messaging to address protection risks that are likely to arise or be exacerbated by the pandemic and related control measures.

Response gaps and challenges• Remote child protection service provision including follow-up

of cases, provision of psychosocial support, and community-based reintegration services is limited to locations where telecommunications are available.

• Limited access to financial resources for national/local child protection actors to ensure continuity of child protection services, adjust child protection activities within the context of the pandemic, and provide support and mentoring services to child protection workers.

• The limited presence of governmental social workers at local government levels to support prioritization and continuity of essential child protection services.

46

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleThe lockdown and restriction of movement measures may place women, girls, and children at heightened risk of intimate partner and other forms of domestic violence. In 2019, 73 per cent of reported incidents of GBV in the BAY States occurred in the context of intimate partner violence, meaning that, of the married/cohabitating survivors who reported an incident of GBV, in at least 98 per cent of the incidents, the perpetrator was their partner (former or current) (GBVIMS Annual Report, 2019). Besides, data on GBV incidents within the context of service provision suggests that 54 per cent of the new incidents of conflict-related sexual violence in 2019 were perpetrated by security personnel (GBVIMS Annual Report, 2019). Hence, incidents of abuse and violence are likely to increase as the armed security personnel are required to enforce travel restrictions and lockdown measures.

The crisis may pose additional burdens on women and girls as caregivers to the children, the sick, and the elderly with chronic diseases in the family, and may increase their risks of COVID-19 infection. The overcrowded shelter conditions in the camps may also exacerbate the risks of women and girls’ caregivers to COVID-19 infection. The closure of schools may expose girls to additional caregiving roles, which may also heighten their exposure to COVID-19 infection. The situation of children separated from their caregivers may lead to an increase in the number of female-headed households, which may add a financial burden on them and expose them to exploitation and abuse.

The potential low or loss of household income may have a long term economic impact on women compared to men and may increase the risk of exploitation and sexual violence. Financial challenges due to limited livelihood opportunities during the lockdown may increase tensions in households, which may fuel domestic violence and other forms of GBV.

Direct and Indirect Effects on SystemsGBV survivors may experience challenges in accessing services due to movement and access constraints, or resources may be diverted for health interventions. Life-saving services for GBV survivors like clinical management of rape, psychosocial support, case management may be suspended or interrupted as service providers may be overwhelmed with the response for the COVID-19 cases or due to movement restrictions. Pregnant women and girls may face more challenges in accessing health care services, especially for those who are locked down at camps. Access to safe shelters and legal services may be challenging

for survivors that require assistance due to the lockdown and movement restrictions. Women and Girls Friendly Spaces and/or safe spaces may also be converted into isolation centres.

Women’s rights organizations and service providers across Nigeria are already reporting increases in GBV incidents reported to them since the COVID-19 outbreak. It is clear, however, that most cases of GBV will remain unreported due to the lack of available, safe, ethical, and quality response services as well as fears of stigmatization, reprisal, and lack of access to appropriate information on seeking help. At the same time, maintaining the health and wellbeing of GBV workers and contributing to rigorous efforts to stop the pandemic is of critical concern, and present a challenge to traditional modes of GBV service delivery.

Most Affected Population GroupsWomen, girls, and children remain the demographic group at heightened risk of GBV in northeast Nigeria. Overall, 99 per cent of the reported incidents of GBV were perpetrated against women and girls across the BAY states with 81 per cent of incidents of GBV perpetrated against adults over the age of 18 years and 19 per cent of the incidents perpetrated against children (GBVIMS Annual Report, 2019). Within the context of camps, women and girls face a high risk of transactional sex in exchange for mobility, safety, and access to resources. Further, the risk for girls to GBV remains incredibly high as they are at heightened risk of early marriage and child labor. Adolescent girls, female child-headed households, orphaned girls living with caretakers, among others, are, particularly at risk.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseIn the face of the complexities of COVID-19 response, GBV service providing organizations will have to shift their service provision to remote and/or mobile and flexible approaches. Such a shift in the modalities of service delivery requires considerable adaptation for different areas of GBV service provision. In line with this, the GBV Sub Sector plan focuses on two components;

• Integrating critical GBV response within the relevant pillars of COVID-19 while contributing to rigorous efforts to stop the pandemic;

• Ensuring that women and girls, men, and boys access to GBV support services remains a critical and lifesaving intervention. At the same time, maintaining the health and wellbeing of essential GBV service providers, including caseworkers.

PROTECTIONGender-based ViolencePRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

29M

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.9M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.3M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

1.9M

PEOPLE TARGETED

1.3M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.0M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.5MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH6M $6.4M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $28.9M

$6.4M35M

47

The Sub-Sector has developed and disseminated relevant guidelines and resources to support response actions and conducts continuous service mapping and service provision capacity assessment to update GBV referral pathways to reflect any changes related to the provision of services. It will continue to facilitate GBV risk mitigation efforts through supporting frontline Health care, WASH, CCCM, Shelter, NFI sector workers and other relevant sectors who are part of an outbreak response to having the necessary skills to respond to disclosures of GBV that could be associated with or exacerbated by the epidemic. The Sub-Sector will work closely with the Food Security Sector to facilitate access to alternative sources of energy for individuals whose risks to GBV have been heightened by the epidemic.

The Sub Sector will provide GBV case management and specialized services (medical - including psychiatric services, psychosocial services, access to justice, safety options, and security mechanisms) and ensure health facilities incorporate GBV case management capacity. To adopt modalities for transitioning to remote and, or mobile service provision to GBV Survivors in the context of COVID-19, the Sub-Sector will establish functional call centres/GBV helplines with toll-free infrastructure critical for facilitating remote service provision – psychosocial support and GBV case management- and facilitate referrals for essential services. The Sub Sector will strengthen the functionality of safe shelter facilities to link referral/one-stop centres in the BAY states. The Sub-Sector targets to ensure that all the survivors that have reported incidents of GBV have access to service provision.

Given that remote service provision has risks associated with guaranteeing safety and confidentiality, the GBVSS will support the scale-up and rapid rollout of Primero/GBVIMS+ to organizations that are not already on the platform to use to document their case management practices while on lockdown/limited engagement. The GBV SS is also scaling up the pilot rollout of the Smart RR, an application that allows service providers and survivors to report and refer cases from their smart & basic phones confidentially in Adamawa and Borno States.

Local production and assembly of standardized dignity kits, locally available personal protective materials such as face masks, hand sanitizers, and soaps. These initiatives are also aimed at the economic empowerment of women’s groups. Currently, there are two centres for production and assembly of standardized dignity kits, in addition to initiatives for the production of local available PPE items following the WHO guidelines. The sector will support the equipment of isolation facilities, WGFS, integrated facilities, one-stop centres, and other

service provision facilities with at least 50,000 dignity kits to ensure the menstrual health of women and girls is not compromised.

Mitigate risks of infection through ensuring adherence to IPC protocols in service provision facilities. Set up handwashing/hygiene measures and provide all facilities and service delivery points adhere to public health standards (Women and girl’s friendly spaces, integrated facilities, one-stop centres, e.t.c). Procurement of PPE, sanitizers, protection kits and other consumables for frontline workers and caseworkers is required. Procurement of PPE, sanitizers, protection kits, and other consumables for frontline workers and caseworkers as needed. Continue to supportively monitor GBV staff to ensure their well-being and address any health concern that they may have for themselves, colleagues or clients.

Strengthen the capacity of community structures, local authorities including law enforcement agencies and partners in emergency preparedness and response (EPR) management and service provision. Activate women committees, community volunteers to offer support to survivors and provide a trusted source of information for GBV service provision, and women’s health. Harmonize COVID-19 and GBV prevention/response awareness creation and innovative psychosocial support activities. Strengthen GBV sub-sector coordination and capacity building of service GBV providers: Remote service delivery requires intensive training on the technology being used, adopt the new protocol, and require real-time technical supervision to troubleshoot any problems.

Response gaps and challenges• Lack of dignity kits which compromises the menstrual hygiene needs

for women and girls

• Inadequate funds to implement the most need change in modalities for service provision. At the moment, the GBV sub sector’s annual request stands at 1.3 per cent.

• Movement restrictions have considerably slowed down service provision and the ability for survivors to access critical services. For organizations that receive required movement passes, GBV service provision is not prioritized.

• Coordination challenges in deep field locations that do not have access to network or internet facilities. This has affected the ability of service providers to link survivors for services and hold the most need case conferencing to address the needs of survivors.

48

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleCOVID 19 pandemic in the BAY states will have a great impact on vulnerable IDPs who are already heavily dependant on humanitarian organizations for support. IDPs vulnerabilities are likely to worsen, whereas new ones may be created as a result of restrictions of movement and lockdown. IDPs in camps and host communities may not be able to access economic opportunities and will lose their sources of livelihood. While activities related to COVID-19 containment, prevention or response are being prioritized, the spread and measures will have far-reaching consequences for HLP rights, more pressure will be on the displaced population to meet their immediate/food needs and are likely not to afford rent; face stigmatization should they be victims of the virus; and may not have easy access to agencies and structures for dispute resolution if a conflict arises. As a result, there is a likelihood of increased threat or actual evictions. This will affect most internally displaced persons residing in the informal site and within the host communities

Direct and indirect effects on systems. Governments and humanitarian agencies are deprioritizing HLP as the crisis continues to unfold through (Programming suspended or curtailed, government services closing, traditional dispute resolution systems suspended). Moreover, having a safe, secured, and dignified housing is more essential than ever. Opportunistic actors may take advantage of diminished government oversight to exploit and abuse HLP right. Evictions can exacerbate a health emergency as it undermines the core aspects of social distancing and proper hygiene. Evicted families may move in with friends and families, exacerbating overcrowding and increasing chances of transmission.

Most affected population groupsVulnerable populations and front-line workers (internally displaced persons, people who have been infected/recovering, health providers etc.) are at a higher risk of eviction due to stigma, loss of livelihoods, and inability to pay rent. Elderly women will be more vulnerable to eviction

if the male relative through whom they access to land and housing dies from COVID 19.

Response Priorities and Approach

Ongoing response

As the numbers of persons affected with COVID-19 raises in Nigeria and in the BAY states, Housing, Land and Property Sub Sector (HLP SS) will provide services to IDPs through alternative communication tools and other approaches that are adaptable to the current situation and will continue to advocate with the landowners/local leaders/government authorities to ensure IDPs are not evicted, suspend all evictions for the duration of the crisis as a public health measure. The use of hotlines to provide relevant information and messages focused on the spread of COVID-19, counseling for those that need services related to the coronavirus, and to facilitate referrals to WASH, FSL Health, CCCM and Shelter sectors.

Undertaking due diligence for the construction of emergency medical and hygiene sites, to ensure that the establishment of emergency pandemic response infrastructure does not violate land rights and are accepted by the communities to avoid conflict. Cash for rent/rental subsidies intervention will be used targeting vulnerable IDPs and will cover a 6-months period to ensure IDPs are housed.

The sector will continue to monitor eviction and other HLP rights violation through regular communication with landowners, HLP focal point in the communities, community leaders and government authorities in order to inform advocacy initiatives with government and other stakeholders.

Response gaps and challengesThe justice sector remains critical for the protection and enforcement of HLP rights and currently unavaulabe for urgent support. There is currently limited availability of land for humanitarian interventions and increasing request for incentives from private landowners for the use of their land. The need for flexibility and top-ups in funding to enable the sector to adapt approaches to the context and quickly adopt new technologies and practices to reach vulnerable populations.

PROTECTIONHousing, Land and Property PRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

0.1M

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.4 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.9M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

1.4M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.9M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

0.1M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.1MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH0.3M $0.3M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $0.1M

$0.3M0.4M

49

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on PeopleThe COVID-19 will influence the threats and vulnerabilities posed by Explosive Ordnance to individuals and communities.

Survivors of previous accidents, especially people with physical, mental and psychosocial disabilities, may be even more marginalized by the pandemic. Access to assistance is hampered. In case of accident, first responders may be less responsive and post-explosion trauma health care will be less available.

The economic impact of the pandemic, to start with lessened access to livelihood, will generate an increase of risk taking behaviors that will lead to increased accidents due to Explosive Remnants of War. When restriction of movement will be lifted, the risk taking behavior will be aggravated by a sense of urgency to find livelihoods. The ease of restriction of movement will also likely lead to a sudden increase of movement by roads, increasing the uncontrolled exposure of people to landmines of an improvised nature emplaced along roads.

Harshened leaving conditions may make it easier to manipulate, coerce or incite people into Person Borne IED bombings.

Direct and Indirect Effects on SystemsPhysical distancing forces to reduce the number of people attending Explosive Ordnance Risk Education sessions. Hampered access to child friendly spaces and schools, where EORE is delivered also affects the number of children benefiting from life-saving messaging. At the same time, mine action operators have to both comply with anti-COVID measures and to preserve their own operational capacity based on the evolution of the pandemic. Whereas the risk to people will increase, the capacity to work on their vulnerabilities will de facto decrease, augmenting the overall risk.

National first responders being also less responsive, this capability gap will leave people under aggravated risks and lessened response, to include the clearance of explosive ordnance and medical cares for those injured by accidents which may result in increased mortality and hampered safe freedom of movement.

In line with the need to decongest camps in order to effectively implement social distancing, the access to new pieces of lands for the creation, extension, relocation and creation of camps and for the extension of security perimeters increases the probability to encounter Explosive Remnants of War and even Improvised Explosive Devices beyond the current trenches.

Most Affected Population Groups• Survivors of explosions and their families, especially with disabilities.

• Girls and boys, including adolescent.

• Young adults, both male and female.

• People living on activities requiring freedom of movement: farmers, stock breeders, fishermen, hunters.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseThe ongoing response covers three aspects:

• Continuity of operations where and when possible: it includes EORE and the maintenance of a capacity to conduct Non-Technical Survey needed to check lands and infrastructures for the presence or absence of explosive ordnance. COVID-19 messaging has been included in the delivery of EORE.

• Development of new ways to deliver lifesaving messages through media and Risk Education Talking Device. This will include other protection messages and COVID-19 prevention messaging. Once the RETD is delivered to communities, they will have an autonomous access to basic lifesaving messages without interacting with Mine Action Community Liaison Teams.

• Liaison with CCCM sector to know where new lands need to be checked for the presence or absence of explosive ordnance through desk review and Non-Technical Surveys.

Response gaps and challenges• Reduction of the attendance for Explosive Ordnance Risk Education

(EORE). With a given capacity to deliver EORE, the number of beneficiaries automatically reduces. Hence the requirement for additional funding which will allow mine action operators to temporarily augment their operational capacity to deliver EORE and NTS.

• Limited access to financial resources for mine action operators to maintain and augment their operational capacity to deliver EORE and thus to ensure that the beneficiary target is met.

• The timeline between the determinations of lands to extend, relocate or create camps and the effective start of works may be short to conduct Non-Technical Surveys.

PROTECTIONMine ActionPRE-COVID-19

REQUIREMENTS

7.8M

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.7 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.6M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

1.7 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.6M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

1.7 M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.6MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH0.1 M $0.3M

$0M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $7.8M

$0.1M7.9M

50

Needs analysisDirect and Indirect Effects on People• COVID-19 pandemic will disrupt social and community systems

since social distancing is recommended. Hygiene promotion and community engagement remain a key component of outbreak response to prevent the spread of disease. Existing community perceptions and beliefs can support or hinder a response, so it is important to understand and address them. Some social norms may need to be modified to prevent disease transmission. For example, work with the community to find alternative forms of greeting to replace handshaking.

• Focus on the immediate public health risk and build trust and accountability with the communities. Prioritize response based on epidemiological findings, assessment of risk factors, transmission routes. For a community that mostly receives less than 15 litres of water per person per day, the increased demand for water and soap to clean hands will pose a considerable burden.

• Due to an increased need to use soap and water, negative coping mechanisms may flourish, which can present a false sense of protection against COVID-19.

Direct and indirect effects on systems • WASH interventions contribute to avoiding comorbidity. WASH staff

should, therefore, be considered as essential. Water and sanitation facilities require constant operation and maintenance during lockdowns.

• The traditional sensitization of persons in groups has been discouraged with a recommendation to have a door to door awareness and hygiene promotion, which requires an increase in personnel and volunteers to provide much-needed outreach activities.

• Distribution of hygiene kits and other WASH NFIs have to adopt options that minimize contact, avoid crowding, which efforts will require additional logistical arrangements.

• Diversion of resources from planned activities to reinforce the containment and spread of COVID-19 will leave weaker and limited resources if outbreaks like cholera or floods occur.

Most affected population groups• While whole families and communities will be affected, children,

women, especially pregnant and lactating mothers, the elderly, and persons with disabilities remain more vulnerable.

Response Priorities and ApproachOngoing responseAll WASH activities aim at reducing virus transmission. WASH on-going programs should be maintained and adapted to the COVID 19 context, with additional activities to be implemented to respond to specific needs such as in Health Care Facilities (HCF), temporary isolation/quarantine centers.

• Mapping of key stakeholders (relevant state authorities – including Ministries of Water Resources, RUWASSA, Ministry of Environment, UN agencies, NGOs, local partners) to be included in the for-risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) and assess the capacities of all relevant partners.

• With cholera and Hygiene Promotion working group, WASH sector developed an RCCE strategy and action plan for Covid-19, as well as standard operating procedures, and key messages focusing on actions to prevent Covid-19 infection and stop disease transmission, including timely and appropriate care-seeking; hand and respiratory hygiene (regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose with flexed elbow or tissue when coughing and sneezing – throw the tissue away immediately and wash hands); avoid close contact with anyone who has fever and cough; avoid unprotected contact with live animals and surfaces in contact with animals when visiting live markets in areas where Covid-19 has been detected; avoid consumption of raw or undercooked animals products; proper food safety and handling practices. Beyond the traditional five critical times of handwashing, messaging should focus on handwashing with soap after sneezing/coughing, before collecting water, attention to multi-touch surfaces (doors, chairs, tables, phones, etc)

• With support from TWB, Tailor-made IEC materials to be developed and translated into local languages to aid awareness and sensitization.

• Targeted messaging for key stakeholders and at-risk groups, such as health care providers (e.g., public, private, traditional practices, community health workers – for case detection, management, referral, and infection prevention and control), elderly, market workers, slaughterhouse workers, those handling live animals/animal products, veterinarians, etc. Depending on how Covid-19 impacts children and pregnant women, this may also include specific messaging targeting children, parents/caregivers, pregnant women, and their families.

• Social distancing should be practiced as much as possible during the distribution of WASH NFIs, water collection points, queues at latrines

WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE

PRE-COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

4.5M

PEOPLE TARGETED

2.5M

REVISED

PEOPLE IN NEDD

4.5M

PEOPLE TARGETED

2.5M

COVID-19

PEOPLE IN NEED

0.8M

PEOPLE TARGETED

0.8MREQUIREMENTS

86MREQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

HEALTH

NON-HEALTH18M $0M

$18M

REQUIREMENTS OF WHICH:

COVID-19

PRE-COVID-19 $86.1M

$18M104M

51

and bathing facilities, etc. Group hygiene promotion sessions should be avoided while the door to door approach must be adopted during this period.

• Identifying key influencers (e.g. community leaders, religious leaders, health workers), networks (women’s groups, youth groups, community health workers, social mobilizers for polio, malaria, HIV and trusted channels of communication (local media, radio, social media, hotlines) to strengthen or establish a system for community engagement at the state and LGA levels.

• Strengthening community-based mechanisms (hotlines, surveys, rumor tracking) to inform the response. Involve traditional media and social media monitoring, local communication systems, and networks.

• Increased footprint and conduct refresher training for social mobilizers and health promotion staff.

• Developed (sector common pipeline and at partner level) an inventory of essential Covid-19 supplies including but not limited to soap, hygiene kits, knapsack spray cans, chlorine, hand washing facilities, protective equipment, disinfectant, and latrines cleaning supplies.

• Prepared supply plans and distribution strategies based on risk analysis, local capacity, and the contingency plan.

• Increase access to water: Repair of broken systems, water trucking, and long term efforts focusing on the small-town construction network for centralized distribution of water.

• Chlorination of all water distributed. Chlorinated water for handwashing can provide an alternative to the soap

• Distribution of hygiene kits, soap, and cleaning supplies for latrines, home, and health facility disinfection.

• Setting up of handwashing stations in strategic and public places within the camps

• WASH services in health facilities are critical and require enhanced minimum standards in handwashing, enhanced water supply, sanitation as well as adapted management of medical waste.

Response gaps and challenges Underfunding and broken or overburdened WASH infrastructure has been a significant concern for communities in the BAY States. The gap between sector requirements and what is funded through the HRP remains substantial, and COVID-19 will add more strain to the limited

resources.

• Lack of space to construct/physically segregate WASH facilities (latrines, bathing shelters), that meet national and SPHERE standards. A ratio of 1:50 persons per latrine after over four years in camps.

• The need for land to construct additional facilities, resolve land issues and demand by landlords who have refused latrines construction in several settlements.

• A shift in design and construction type from the temporary emergency facilities to a more stable/transitional model, which is more resistant to adverse weather. The August 2019 floods and intense winds destroyed hundreds of latrines and shower facilities, exposing communities to open defecation and privacy issues while accessing latrines.

• Myths and traditional beliefs: Covid-19 pandemic will require constant and systematic information and learning using existing social sciences data (e.g., knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) studies, qualitative and mixed methodology studies).

• Limited movement and lockdown will affect the capacity to ensure technical works like borehole drilling, repairs, and maintenance of water systems.

• Movement of essential goods and services, including water trucking, latrines desludging trucks, etc. will likely be affected in the lockdown.

• Price inflation and scarcity of essential goods like soap, disinfectants, and sanitizers will have a massive impact on efforts to combat the spread of COVID-19.

• The increased demand for water to clean hands and other domestic cleaning/disinfection directly exerts pressure on the existing capacity to deliver the minimum quantity of water. Groundwater potential in some areas like Pulka and Magumeri is low. The need to increase the production of available water sources (increased pumping hours, increased storage, and distribution lines) remains a challenge. Longer-term design of urban-type water networks will ensure controlled drilling operations and extraction and reticulation expansion to cover larger populations.

52

Costing Methodology

Participating Organizations

Planning Figures by Sector

Planning Figures by Admin Level

What if We Fail to Respond?

How to Contribute Acronyms

End Notes

7

Annexes

53

Costing Methodology

The 2020 response plan is a result of a project-based approach. The overall financial requirement of USD$1.08 billion for the plan was derived from the sum of the total estimated cost of 338 sectoral, multi-sectoral, or stakeholders’ projects submitted by 89 UN, international NGOs, and national NGOs in the project module and vetted and approved by the Sector Coordinators with the final approval of the Humanitarian.

To improve transparency and ensure a strong linkage with both sector-specific objectives and the overall strategic objectives, and alignment

with an integrated and coordinated response, across sector response plans, details of the costs estimated of all plans are provided. The costing for CVA projects was guided by the average cost of sectoral and multi-sectoral minimum expenditure baskets.

54

COVID-19 Participating Organizations

ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS (US$) SECTORS PROJECTS

Camp Coordination Camp Management 2.82M International Organization for Migration

1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.98M INTERSOS Humanitarian Aid Organi-zation

1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.41M Kanem Borno Human Development Association

1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.40M Local Communities Development Initiative

1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.50M Salient Humanitarian Organization 1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.50M Smiling Hearts Initiatives Interna-tional

1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.50M Translators without Borders 1

Camp Coordination Camp Management 0.36M United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1

Child Protection 0.08M Centre for Community Health and Development International

1

Child Protection 0.35M GOALPrime Organization Nigeria 1

Child Protection 0.36M International Rescue Committee 1

Child Protection 0.06M Life At Best Development Initiative 1

Child Protection 0.01M Relief Rescue Initiative 1

Child Protection 0.07M Restoration of Hope Initiative 1

Child Protection 0.41M Save the Children 1

Child Protection 0.80M Street Child Organization 1

55

ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS (US$) SECTORS PROJECTS

Child Protection 2.17M United Nations Children's Fund 1

Child Protection 0.10M Women in the New Nigeria and Youth Empowerment Initiative

1

Child Protection 0.05M Youth Integrated for Positive Development Initiative

1

Coordination and support services 0.31M International Organization for Migration 1

Early Recovery 1.20M African Humanitarian Aid International 1

Early Recovery 1.13M American University of Nigeria 1

Early Recovery 0.25M CARE International 1

Early Recovery 2.96M Cooperazione Internazionale - COOPI 1

Early Recovery 0.45M Global Village Healthcare Initiative for Africa

1

Early Recovery 0.40M GOALPrime Organization Nigeria 1

Early Recovery 3.32M International Organization for Migration 1

Early Recovery 0.28M Jesuit Refugee Service 1

Early Recovery 0.63M Street Child Organization 1

Early Recovery 1.29M UN Women 1

Early Recovery 0.17M Women in the New Nigeria and Youth Empowerment Initiative

1

Early Recovery 0.60M Zireenza Support Foundation 1

Education 0.40M African Humanitarian Aid International 1

Education 0.10M Global Education Emergencies Support Initiatives

1

Education 0.30M GOALPrime Organization Nigeria 1

Education 0.14M Hope 360 Initiative for Peace 1

Education 0.09M Jesuit Refugee Service 1

56

ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS (US$) SECTORS PROJECTS

Education 0.05M Kanem Borno Human Development Association

1

Education 0.44M Norwegian Refugee Council 1

Education 1.40M Plan International 1

Education 1.45M Save the Children 2

Education 1.50M Street Child Organization 1

Education 0.48M Taimako Community Development Initiative

1

Education 0.35M Transcultural Psychosocial Organization 1

Education 0.28M Tulips International Foundation 2

Education 7.59M United Nations Children's Fund 1

Emergency Shelter and NFI 7.70M International Organization for Migration 1

Emergency Shelter and NFI 1.80M Norwegian Refugee Council 1

Emergency Shelter and NFI 0.30M Salient Humanitarian Organization 1

Emergency Shelter and NFI 0.91M United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1

Food Security 0.80M CARE International 1

Food Security 1.39M Cooperazione Internazionale - COOPI 1

Food Security 22.17M Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1

Food Security 0.18M Green Concern for Development 1

Food Security 0.06M International Centre for Energy, Environ-ment and Development

1

Food Security 0.10M Kanem Borno Human Development Association

1

Food Security 0.20M Salient Humanitarian Organization 1

57

ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS (US$) SECTORS PROJECTS

Food Security 0.10M TEARFUND 1

Food Security 77.54M World Food Programme 2

Gender Based Violence 0.48M ACT Alliance / Norwegian Church Aid 1

Gender Based Violence 0.80M African Humanitarian Aid International 1

Gender Based Violence 1.39M Heartland Alliance International 1

Gender Based Violence 0.35M International Rescue Committee 1

Gender Based Violence 0.51M Life At Best Development Initiative 1

Gender Based Violence 0.35M Taimako Community Development Initiative

1

Gender Based Violence 0.48M United Nations Children's Fund 1

Gender Based Violence 0.21M United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1

Gender Based Violence 1.80M United Nations Population Fund 1

Health 1.72M Action Contre la Faim 1

Health 0.25M GOALPrime Organization Nigeria 1

Health 0.88M International Organization for Migration 1

Health 1.60M INTERSOS Humanitarian Aid Organization 1

Health 7.96M Première Urgence Internationale 1

Health 12.39M United Nations Children's Fund 1

Health 1.90M United Nations Population Fund 1

Health 27.11M World Health Organization 5

Housing, Land and Property 0.25M Norwegian Refugee Council 1

Mine Action 0.10M Danish Refugee Council 1

58

ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS (US$) SECTORS PROJECTS

Nutrition 0.41M Action Contre la Faim 1

Nutrition 0.25M African Humanitarian Aid International 1

Nutrition 0.08M Ekklisiyar Yan' uwa a Nigeria 1

Nutrition 0.58M International Rescue Committee 1

Nutrition 0.66M INTERSOS Humanitarian Aid Organization 1

Nutrition 0.58M Plan International 1

Nutrition 2.80M Première Urgence Internationale 1

Nutrition 0.25M Save the Children 1

Nutrition 1.66M United Nations Children's Fund 1

Nutrition 5.18M World Food Programme 1

Nutrition 0.25M World Health Organization 1

Protection 0.56M American University of Nigeria 1

Protection 0.31M Life At Best Development Initiative 1

Protection 0.85M Salient Humanitarian Organization 1

Protection 0.76M United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.14M ACT Alliance / Norwegian Church Aid 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.65M Action Contre la Faim 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.46M African Humanitarian Aid International 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.93M Catholic Relief Services 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.20M Community Health Justice and Peace Initiative for Development

1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 1.77M Cooperazione Internazionale - COOPI 1

59

ORGANIZATION REQUIREMENTS (US$) SECTORS PROJECTS

Water Sanitation Hygiene 1.68M Danish Refugee Council 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.19M GOALPrime Organization Nigeria 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.07M Green Concern for Development 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 3.52M International Organization for Migration 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.49M International Rescue Committee 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.21M Kanem Borno Human Development Association

1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.09M Local Communities Development Initiative 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.69M Malteser International Order of Malta World Relief

1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.93M Norwegian Refugee Council 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.47M Plan International 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.17M Save The Slum Initiative 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 1.82M Solidarités International (SI) 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.21M Taimako Community Development Initiative

1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 3.06M United Nations Children's Fund 1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.10M Youth Integrated for Positive Development Initiative

1

Water Sanitation Hygiene 0.14M ZOA 1

60

4.4

Planning Figures by Sector

SECTOR PRE-COVID-19 PEOPLE IN NEED

PRE-COVID -19 PEOPLE TARGETED

PRE-COVID-19 REQUIREMENTS (US$)

COVID-19 PEOPLE IN NEED

COVID-19 PEOPLE TARGETED

COVID-19 REQUIREMENTS (US$)

PRE-COVID-19 OPER.PARTNERS

PRE-COVID-19 NUMBERPROJECTS

COVID-19 OPER.PARTNERS

COVID-19NUMBERPROJECTS

REVISED NUMBERPARTNERS

REVISED NUMBERPROJECTS

Coordination and Support Services - - 20.0 M - - $6.5 M 4 4 1 1 4 5

Coordination and Camp Management 0.9 M 0.9 M 18.5 M 1.9 M 1.2 M $0.3 M 9 10 8 8 10 18

Early Recovery 3.3 M 1.6 M 100 M 3.3 M 0.7 M $12.7 M 30 33 12 12 32 45

Education 3.1 M 0.8 M 39.9 M 3.1 M 3.1 M $14.5 M 19 19 14 16 20 36

Emergency Shelter and NFI 2.5 M 1.0M 65.6 M 0.8 M 0.2 M $10.7 M 12 13 4 4 12 17

Emergency Telecommunications - - 3.0 M - - - 1 1 - - 1 1

Food Security 3.8 M 3.3 M 212.1 M 2.6 M 2.6 M $103.0 M 18 25 12 12 18 35

Health 5.0 M 4.0 M 86.2 M 5.0 M 4.5 M $53.8 M 18 23 9 13 18 35

Logistics - - 30.3 M - - - 2 1 - - 2 1

Nutrition 1.1 M 0.8 M 90.8 M 0.6 M 0.6 M $12.7 M 12 20 12 12 20 31

Protection 5.4 M 2.5 M 22.6 M 2.5 M 1.0 M $2.5 M 18 22 4 4 20 26

Gender Based Violence 1.9 M 1.3 M 28.9 M 1.0 M 0.5 M $6.4 M 29 30 10 10 29 39

Child Protection 1.8 M 1.1 M 22.8 M 1.4 M 0.3 M $4.5 M 22 23 12 12 22 34

Mine Action 1.7 M 0.6 M 7.8 M 1.7 M 0.6 M $0.1 M 3 3 1 1 3 4

Housing, Land, Property 1.4 M 0.9 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M $0.3 M 1 1 1 1 2 1

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 4.5 M 2.5 M 86.1 M 0.8 M 0.8 M $18.0 M 27 31 24 24 33 53

Total 7.9 M 5.9 M $834 M 7.7 M 5.6 M $246 M 86 219 54 117 338 89

61

SECTOR PRE-COVID-19 PEOPLE IN NEED

PRE-COVID -19 PEOPLE TARGETED

PRE-COVID-19 REQUIREMENTS (US$)

COVID-19 PEOPLE IN NEED

COVID-19 PEOPLE TARGETED

COVID-19 REQUIREMENTS (US$)

PRE-COVID-19 OPER.PARTNERS

PRE-COVID-19 NUMBERPROJECTS

COVID-19 OPER.PARTNERS

COVID-19NUMBERPROJECTS

REVISED NUMBERPARTNERS

REVISED NUMBERPROJECTS

Coordination and Support Services - - 20.0 M - - $6.5 M 4 4 1 1 4 5

Coordination and Camp Management 0.9 M 0.9 M 18.5 M 1.9 M 1.2 M $0.3 M 9 10 8 8 10 18

Early Recovery 3.3 M 1.6 M 100 M 3.3 M 0.7 M $12.7 M 30 33 12 12 32 45

Education 3.1 M 0.8 M 39.9 M 3.1 M 3.1 M $14.5 M 19 19 14 16 20 36

Emergency Shelter and NFI 2.5 M 1.0M 65.6 M 0.8 M 0.2 M $10.7 M 12 13 4 4 12 17

Emergency Telecommunications - - 3.0 M - - - 1 1 - - 1 1

Food Security 3.8 M 3.3 M 212.1 M 2.6 M 2.6 M $103.0 M 18 25 12 12 18 35

Health 5.0 M 4.0 M 86.2 M 5.0 M 4.5 M $53.8 M 18 23 9 13 18 35

Logistics - - 30.3 M - - - 2 1 - - 2 1

Nutrition 1.1 M 0.8 M 90.8 M 0.6 M 0.6 M $12.7 M 12 20 12 12 20 31

Protection 5.4 M 2.5 M 22.6 M 2.5 M 1.0 M $2.5 M 18 22 4 4 20 26

Gender Based Violence 1.9 M 1.3 M 28.9 M 1.0 M 0.5 M $6.4 M 29 30 10 10 29 39

Child Protection 1.8 M 1.1 M 22.8 M 1.4 M 0.3 M $4.5 M 22 23 12 12 22 34

Mine Action 1.7 M 0.6 M 7.8 M 1.7 M 0.6 M $0.1 M 3 3 1 1 3 4

Housing, Land, Property 1.4 M 0.9 M 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.1 M $0.3 M 1 1 1 1 2 1

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene 4.5 M 2.5 M 86.1 M 0.8 M 0.8 M $18.0 M 27 31 24 24 33 53

Total 7.9 M 5.9 M $834 M 7.7 M 5.6 M $246 M 86 219 54 117 338 89

62

Contribute to the Humanitarian Response PlanTo see the country’s humanitarian needs overview, humanitarian response plan, and monitoring reports, and donate directly to organizations participating in the plan, please visit:

https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/

operations/nigeria

Contribute through the Central Emergency Response FundThe Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) provides rapid initial funding for life-saving actions at the onset of emergencies and for poorly funded, essential humanitarian operations in protracted crises. The CERF receives contributions from various donors – mainly governments, but also private compa-nies, foundations, charities, and individuals – which are combined into a single fund. This is used for crises anywhere in the world. Find out more about the CERF and how to donate by visiting the CERF website:

https://cerf.un.org/donate

Contribute through Nigeria Humani-tarian FundThe Nigerian Humanitarian Fund (NHF) is a Country-based Pooled Fund (CBPF). CBPFs are multi-donor humanitarian financing instruments established by the Emergency Relief Coordinator and managed by OCHA at the country level under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator. Find out more about the NHF by visiting:

https://www.unocha.org/nhf

How to Contribute

MAIDUGURI/BORNO, NIGERIAWith funding from the Nigeria Humanitarian Fund (NHF), local CSO Jireh Doo Foundation is providing capacity-building in soap making to internally displaced women and girls. Maimuna Umar and Amina Abubakar are two 16-year-old girls who have benefitted from the training . 'Learning how to make soap is really important for my family and I. The soap will keep us protected from diseases and I am also making small revenues which help my family buy food., explains Amina, who came from the town of Bama five years ago.

Photo: OCHA/Eve Sabbagh

63

Failing to respond to the critical and prioritised humanitarian needs in the BAY states in northeast Nigeria will result in a high degree of irreversibility of the affected populations' physical and mental wellbeing both in the short and long term. This means the vulnerables populations inability to meet their essential needs, which include goods and services such as healthcare, water, education, shelter, food, and protection. If we fail to respond, food insecurity will persist among an estimated 3.3 million people; and the likelihood of the sector’s indicators to relapse is high if the response is slowed down. Failing to respond will lead to reduced livelihood opportunities, which will likely translate into an increase in food insecurity and significant dependence on food assistance, as well as a further erosion of already weakened coping mechanisms.

Moreover, approximately 2.0 million people (32 per cent will be women, 30 per cent men, 28 per cent girls, and 10 per cent boys) in Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe states will be at heightened risk of protection-related issues, including continual displacement, violations of rights, exploitation, violence, and abuse. Inadequate access to basic services, food, and livelihood opportunities, among others, will further expose affected populations, especially women and children, who will resort to transactional sex and other harmful coping mechanisms if we fail to respond.

Over 583,425 malnourished children-under-five – 255,619 of them severely malnourished and 283,425 moderately malnourished, and 269,492 pregnant and lactating women or caregivers of children 0-23 months will be at risk of death. Moreover, children coming from inaccessible areas will be at greater risk with much higher rates of malnutrition, and 0.8 million children will face severe acute and moderate malnutrition, experience medical complications, and be at higher risk of dying because of the inadequate coverage of health services, especially in-patient

treatment facilities, and limited referral mechanisms. Also, 1.8 million IDPs currently living in camps, camp-like settings, and within the host communities will continue to suffer, exposed to protection risks, shelter overcrowding, limited access to water, and a higher degree of diseases, malnutrition, and unhygienic conditions. Nearly 0.5 million IDPs projected to arrive from inaccessible areas will be without life-saving assistance at reception centres.

Failing to meet humanitarian needs will also have a direct effect on crisis-affected people’s ability to maintain their normal productive and social activities and autonomously meet their basic needs. Some 1.6 million returnees with limited services and no access to livelihoods, will be at risk of further displacement. Moreover, an estimated 0.8 million children without access to quality education will remain in an idle state and at risk of harmful coping mechanisms. Children out of school will be at considerable risk of exposure to abduction, kidnappings, forced recruitment into armed groups, enslavement, and use in suicide attacks. Failure means that a whole new generation of hope that will be getting an education for a better future will be completely diminished. Shelter and provision of necessary household items are pivotal for rebuilding resilience towards future shocks and the lives of affected families. Particularly for targeted returnees and IDPs living with host community households that have access to livelihood assets, not providing support will contribute to deterioration and extra burden to the hosts. If the humanitarian needs are not met there will be a risk of households employing negative coping strategies that could have a longer-term impact on their livelihoods including undertaking high risk and exploitative work.

What if We Fail to Respond?

64

Acronyms

Accountability to Affected Population

Accountability to Affected Population/Community Engagement Working Group

Accountability to Affected Population/Community

Accountability to Affected Population Working Group

After-Action Review

Access Monitoring and Reporting Framework

Antenatal Care

As soon as possible

Borno, Yobe and Adamawa

Blanket supplementary feeding programme

Children associated with armed group

Community based complaints mechanism

Community Based Organizations

Country-based Pooled Fund

Camp Coordination and Camp

Collaborative Dispute Resolution

Complaints and feedback mechanisms

Cadre Harmonisé

Community Health Influencers Persons

Civil Military Coordination

Child protection

Conflict Related Sexual Violence

Civil Society Organization

Cash Transfer Programing

Cash and Voucher Assistance

Cash Working Group

Emergency Directors Group

Education in Emergencies

Education in Emergencies Working Group

Explosive ordnance risk Education

Expanded Programme of Immunization 

Emergency Telecommunication Cluster

Emergency Telecommunications sector

Emergency Tracking Tool

European Union

Early Warning and Response Surveillance System

Focus group discussions

Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development

Food security and livelihood

Financial Service Providers

Food Security Sector

Financial Tracking System

Global acute malnutrition

Gender-Based Violence Sub Sector

Gender-Based violence

Gender-Based violence information Management Systems

Humanitarian Coordinator/Deputy Humanitarian Coordinator

Humanitarian Country Team

Health Resources Availability Monitoring System

Humanitarian and Development Nexus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Housing, Land and Property

Humanitarian Needs Overview

Humanitarian Program Cycle

Humanitarian Response Plan

Humanitarian Response strategy

Inter-Agency Standing Committee

Information and communications technologies

Internally displaced person

Internally displaced persons

Improvised explosive devices

Information management

Information management System

Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergency

Index for Risk Management

International non-governmental organizations

International Organization of Migration

Inter-Sector Working Group

Information technologies/Telecommunication

Inter-Sector Working Group

Joint Education Need Assessment

Knowledge, attitude, practice

Knowledge, attitude, practice and believe

AAP

AAP/CE WG

AAP/CE

AAP/WG

AAR

AMRF

ANC

ASAP

BAY

BSFP

CAAG

CBCM

CBOs

CBPF

CCCM

CDR

CFM

CH

CHIPS

CMCoord

CP

CRSV

CSOs

CTP

CVA

CWG

EDG

EiE

EiEWG

EORE

EPI

ETC

ETS

ETT

EU

EWARS

FGDs

FMARD

FMHDS

FSL

FSP

FSS

FTS

GAM

GBV SS

GBV

GBVIMS

HC/DHC

HCT

HeR

HDN

HIV

HLP

HNO

HPC

HRP

HRS

IASC

ICT

IDP

IDPs

IEDs

IM

IMS

INEE

INFORM

INGO

IOM

ISWG

IT/TC

IYCF

JENA

KAP

KAP-B

65

Key Informant Interview

Local Government Area

Mine Action

Moderate acute malnutrition

Minimum Expenditure Basket

Ministry of Health

Multi-Purpose Cash Grants

Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism

Multi - Sectoral Needs Assessment

Mass Storage Units

North East

North East Development Commission

National Emergency Management Agency

Non-food items

Non-governmental organizations

Nigerian Humanitarian Fund

National non-governmental organizations

Non-state armed groups

New Way of Working

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

Operational Humanitarian Country Team

Oral rehydration sachet

outpatient therapeutic Programme

Primary Health Care

Public Information

People in Needs

Periodic Monitoring Report

Postnatal Care

Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse

Persons with disabilities

Relief Item Tracking Application

Response Planner and Monitoring

KII

LGAs

MA

MAM

MEB

MoH

MPCGs

MRM

MSNA

MSUs

NE

NEDC

NEMA

NFIs

NGOs

NHF

NNGOs

NSAGs

NWOW

OCHA

OHCT

ORS

OTP

PHC

PI

PiN

PMR

PNC

PSEA

PWDs

RITA

RPM

Ready to use therapeutic food

Safe Access to Fuel and Energy

Strategic Advisory Group

Severe acute malnutrition

School-Based Management Committee

School-Based Management Committees

State Committee on Food and Nutrition

sexual exploitation and abuse

State Emergency Management Agency

Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions

State ministry of Health

Strategic Objectives

Security Operations Centres

Service for communities

Standard Operation Procedures

State Primary Health Care Development Agency

State Universal Basic Education Board

Temporary learning space

Terms of Reference

Universal Health Care

United Nations

United Nations Development Assistance Framework 

United Nations Department of Safety and Security

United Nations Humanitarian Air Service

United Nations Human Rights Commission

United Nations sustainable development partnership framework

United States dollar

Unexploded ordnances

Water, sanitation and hygiene

World Food Program

World Health Organization

RUTF

SAFE

SAG

SAM

SBMC

SBMCs

SCFN

SEA

SEMA

SMART

SMoH

SO

SOC

S4C

SOPs

SPHCDA

SUBEB

TLS

TOR

UHC

UN

UNDAF

UNDSS

UNHAS

UNHCR

UNSDF

USD

UXOs

WASH

WFP

WHO

66

End Notes

1. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/ocha_nga_humanitarian_response_plan_march2020.pdf

2. https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/

3. UN in Nigeria, Briefing Note 2 (april 2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, Potential Impact on the North East

4. ibid

5. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/09/covid-19-coronavirus-drives-sub-saharan-africa-toward-first-recession-in-25-years

6. Nigeria had a recession in 2016

7. UN Nigeria, Briefing Note 2, ibid

8. UNHCR ranks ≤29m per person in an IDP camp as “critical” https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/45581/camp-planning-standards-planned-settlements

9. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/ocha_nga_humanitarian_needs_overview_december2020.pdf

10. https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/severity/Global_risk_factors.html

11. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/29012019_nigeria_humanitarian_response_strategy.pdf

12. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/ocha_nga_humanitarian_response_plan_march2020.pdf

13. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/218711-health-funding-endless-wait-abuja-abuja-declaration.html

14. https://punchng.com/nma-nard-tell-ngige-youre-wrong-as-only-40000-doctors-care-for-200m-people-in-nigeria/

15. https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/countries/Nigeria_En.pdf

67

GOLONGOLONG/BORNO, NIGERIAWith a grant from the Nigeria Humanitarian Fund, (NHF), local CSO Greencode delivers water to internally displaced people who fled their homes in Mafa LGA five years ago and are now living in an informal settlement about an hour outside Borno State capital Maiduguri. Before the NHF-funded project started, this community had no access to water.

Photo: OCHA/Eve Sabbagh

68