humanities 100: sculpture and architecture

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Sculpture and Architecture Humanities 100

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Humanities 100, Visual Arts: Sculpture and Architecture, The Pyramids of Giza, The Sphinx, Taj Mahal, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, Japanese and Chinese Architecture

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Page 1: Humanities 100: Sculpture and Architecture

Sculpture and Architecture Humanities 100

Page 2: Humanities 100: Sculpture and Architecture

Sculpture

- Sculpture is a three-dimensional form constructed to represent a natural or imaginary shape.

- It is shaped from hard materials such as stone, wood, and metals like gold, brass and iron.

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Types of Sculpture

1. Full Round

2. Relief

3. Linear

4. Kinetic

5. Assemblage

The Thinker (French: Le Penseur) is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin.

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Free-standing or full-round

It inhibits three-dimensional space in the same way that living things do.

Sculpture in the round cannot be appreciated from only a single viewpoint but must be circled and explored.

Votive statue, Tell Asmar (Mesopotamia) 2750-2600 BCE

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Roman bronze copy, 2nd century, Discobolis

Kouros, marble, Archaic Greek, 600 BCE

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The "Terracotta Warriors and Horses" is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210–209 BCE and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife.Estimates from 2007 were that the three pits containing the Terracotta Army held more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remained buried in the pits nearby Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. Other terracotta non-military figures were found in other pits, including officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians.

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Relief SculptureA relief sculpture grows out of flat, two-dimensional background, and its projection into three-dimensional space is relatively shallow.

The back of the relief sculpture is not meant to be seen, the entire design can be understood from a frontal view.

Relief sculptures are usually used in combinations with architecture as wall decorations.

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Relief: attached to a surface

High Relief Bas Relief

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Akhenaten- New Kingdom (1350 BCE)

Centaur & Laptih relief, metopes, Parthenon

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Kinetic SculptureA kind of structure where the parts or a certain part are/is movable.

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Assemblage SculptureA kind of structure where in the elements present are just assemble from things that are found in the surrounding.

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By Lirio Salvador

Drone TransitMixed Media85×221× 24 cm2009SANDATA NI BERNARDO

CARPIOMixed Media108×46×7 cm2008

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Lirio says "It's all about the merging of my native oriental culture and the present industrial environment that is slowly corrupting my native land". He creates his assemblage of musical instruments using day to day materials that are found in his present environment, including bicycle gears, drain cleaning springs and stainless steel tubes.

Elemento in action

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Elements of Sculpture

Orientation - the position or direction of the object with reference to the background.

“I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying.” --- St. Theresa of Avila

The Ecstasy of St. Therese by Bernini

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Elements of Sculpture

-Proportion - the relative size of each part in connection to the whole.

David by Michelangelo

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Elements of Sculpture

-Scale - how massive or how small the sculpture is in relation to the surrounding.

The Sphinx of Giza – Ancient Egypt

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Elements of Sculpture

-Articulation - manner by which we move from one element to the next (how the artist has repeated, varied, harmonized, & related its parts and the movement from one part to another)

Capitoline Wolf - Romulus and Remus

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Elements of Sculpture

Balance - a state in which various parts form a satisfying and harmonious whole and nothing is out of proportion or unduly emphasized at the expense of the rest.

Tomb KV5 – Tomb of Ramses II / Ramses the Great

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Elements of Sculpture

Space and Mass

a state in which various parts form a satisfying and harmonious whole and nothing is out of proportion or unduly emphasized at the expense of the rest.

Venus de Milo and Venus of Willendorf

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Elements of Sculpture

Texture and Pattern - the way in which an artist depicts the quality or appearance of a surface

Triste in bronze resin

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Elements of Sculpture

Color

Flamingo - Alexander Calder

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Methods of Sculpture

1. Subtraction / carving – cut away unwanted raw material; carving away

2. Manipulation/ modeling – shape material with the use of hands

3. Substitution/ casting – material that is cast from one state to another

4. Assembling/ fabrication – add an element to another element

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Methods of Sculpture

Carving is the process of creating a sculpture by cutting or chipping a form from a solid mass of material using some sort of chisel or carving tool.

Because material is taken away from the

mass, carving is known as a subtractive method of sculpture. The most common materials used in carving sculptures are stone and wood. In fact, most sculptures throughout history were made using this method.

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Michelangelo's David, perhaps the most famous sculpture in history, was carved from a block of solid marble.

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Granite sculpture by Verena Schwippert, 2007- By the Hands of Humans #3

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Queen & son Pepi II, 6th dynasty Egyptian, alabaster

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Methods of Sculpture

Modeling is a process in which the artist uses a soft, pliable material such as wax, clay or plaster that is gradually built up and shaped until the desired form is attained.

Unlike carving, modeling is an additive method, as the sculptor is continually adding material to the form. The material will typically be constructed atop some sort of metal frame or skeleton to lend support to the soft material, so it will be able to maintain its shape.

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• Mimbres pottery, fish with human headed animal and net trying to catch the fish, 1000 ce

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Sung Dynasty celadon vase, 1000 CE

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Manunggul Jar, Terracotta, incised and polychromed, 890-710 BCE, Palawan, Philippines.

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Methods of Sculpture

In the casting process, an artist creates a sculpture from a soft, malleable substance such as wax, plaster or clay.

This sculpture will serve as the model that will

be encased in plaster, silica or some other substance to make a cast. Eventually, a fireproof cast is produced that can be filled with molten metal such as bronze. When the metal cools, the result is a metal version of the original sculpture.

The major benefit of casting is that the artist may be able to produce multiple copies of the sculpture using the same cast.

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Sculpture by Kylo Chua (2009)

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Akan Brass Weights: based on Islamic ounce. A wedding gift could be a set of weights for a bridegroom.

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Cycladic: 17th century BCE. Gold Ibex statue. Lost wax

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Africa: lost wax bronze, Benin kingdom, late 15th c.

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Methods of Sculpture

The most modern sculpting technique, also

known as assembly or construction. The artist will take existing materials and attach them together in some fashion, with the resulting

combination of materials forming the sculpture.

Sculptures created through this process typically use found objects, such as scrap metal pieces that are welded together. A creation of art is done through joining or fastening. It also includes welding, gluing, stapling, soldering, nailing materials together.

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•Assemblage: assembling found objects in unique ways.

Joseph Cornell

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Sandata 3rbBy Lirio Salvador

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•Kinetic Sculpture: movable parts (wind)

Alexander Calder: the mobile

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Famous Sculptors and Sculptures

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian artist and a prominent architect who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. In addition, he painted, wrote plays, and designed metalwork and stage sets.

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Bernini's 1623 marble statue of "David" resides in Rome

Apollo and Daphne, 1622 -1625

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Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of the Four Rivers) is a fountain in the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy.

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Famous Sculptors and Sculptures

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni commonly known as

Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.

Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, were sculpted before he turned thirty.

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Famous Sculptors and Sculptures

François-Auguste-René or most commonly

known as Auguste Rodin was a French sculptor. Although he is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Paris's foremost school of art.

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The Kiss is an 1889 marble sculpture by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin. The embracing couple depicted in the sculpture appeared originally as part of a group of reliefs decorating Rodin's monumental bronze portal The Gates of Hell, commissioned for a planned museum of art in Paris.

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The Thinker (French: Le Penseur) is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of over life-size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, and is often used as an image to represent philosophy.

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Famous Sculptors and Sculptures

Guillermo Estrella Tolentinois a product of the Revival period in Philippine art. Returning from Europe (where he was enrolled at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Rome) in 1925, he was appointed as professor at the UP School of Fine Arts where the idea also of executing a monument for national heroes struck him. The result was the UP Oblation that became the symbol of freedom at the campus. Acknowledged as his masterpiece and completed in 1933, The Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan stands as an enduring symbol of the Filipinos' cry for freedom.

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Famous Sculptors and Sculptures

Napoleón Isabelo Veloso Abueva (born January 26, 1930), more popularly known as Napoleón Abueva, is a Filipino artist. He is a sculptor given the distinction as the Philippines' National Artist for Sculpture. He is also entitled as the "Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture". He is the only Boholano given the distinction as National Artist of the Philippines in the field of Visual Arts.

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Blood Compact. This shows the international ties between the Filipinos and the Spanish were first sealed on March 16, 1565, through Datu Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. This commemorative sculpture by National Artist Napoleon Abueva, a Boholano himself, takes one to the times when palabra de honor didn’t mean just signing a pile of documents, when blood used to be thicker than ink.

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Architecture- is both the process and the product of

planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt

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Ancient Egypt

The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

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Ancient Egypt

The Great Sphinx of Giza commonly referred to as the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining or couchant sphinx that stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the face of the Pharaoh Khafra.

It is the largest monolith statue in the world. It is also the oldest known monumental sculpture, and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafra

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Ancient Egypt

Temple of Ramesses II, Abu SImbel, Aswan, Egypt

The Abu Simbel temples are two massive rock temples in Abu Simbel, Egypt. They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser, about 230 km southwest of Aswan (about 300 km by road). The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh. However, the complex was relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir.

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The Valley of the Kings or the Valley of the Gates of the Kings is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East Valley (where the majority of the royal tombs are situated) and West Valley.

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Mesopotamian Architecture

The architecture of Mesopotamia is the ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed construction for the government, nobility, or royalty.

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Mesopotamia

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Mesopotamia

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Ancient Rome and Greece

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The Parthenon

The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC although decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the zenith of the Doric order.

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The Coliseum

The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering. It is the largest amphitheatre in the world.

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The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events.

The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the

animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, Barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, Caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches.

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The Pantheon The Pantheon is a building in Rome, Italy, commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) and rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian about 126 AD.[2]The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome

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The Bath

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Bathing played a major part in ancient Roman culture and society. Bathing was one of the most common daily activities in Roman culture, and was practiced across a wide variety of social classes. Though many contemporary cultures see bathing as a very private activity conducted in the home, bathing in Rome was a communal activity.

While the extremely wealthy could afford bathing facilities in their homes, bathing most commonly occurred in public facilities called thermae. In some ways, these resembled modern-day spas. The Romans raised bathing to a high art as they socialized in these communal baths. Courtship was conducted, as well as sealing business deals, as they built lavish baths on natural hot springs. Such was the importance of baths to Romans that a catalogue of buildings in Rome from 354 AD documented 952 baths of varying sizes in the city

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Asia and the Pacific

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Taj Mahal (India)The Taj Mahal (“crown of palaces”) is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".

Taj Mahal is regarded by many as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles.

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Angkor Wat (Cambodia)

Angkor Wat was first a Hindu, then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. The temple was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura (Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu.

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Japanese ArchitectureJapanese architecture has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design, and is today a leader in cutting-edge architectural design and technology.

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Chinese Architecture

Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

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The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China in part to protect the Chinese Empire or its prototypical states against intrusions by various nomadic groups or military incursions by various warlike peoples or forces.

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The Forbidden City

The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty. It is located in the center of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost 500 years, it served as the home of emperors and their households, as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government.

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Philippine Architecture

The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are based on a mix of Indian, Japanese, Chinese, indigenous Austronesian, American, and Spanish influences.

The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural materials but there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spanish colonizers came but not well documented. An example of this is the pre-colonial walled city of Manila although later after the Spanish colonization, dismantled by the Spaniards and rebuilt as Intramuros.

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The Nipa Hut (Bahay Kubo)

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Intramuros, Manila