HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-3aUnit 2-3a

Tropical RainforestTropical RainforestAnd GrasslandsAnd Grasslands

Characteristics of The Tropical

Rainforest

Tropical Rainforest

Temp Precip Biodiveristy

High High High

LocationsTropical: South America, Congo, Indonesia

Grasslands Seasonal Average Average

LocationsTemperate: Midwest US, Europe, China

Characteristics of The

Grasslands

What do these biomes have in common?

Plants & Animals Of The RainforestRainforest Adaptations:

• The Emergent Layer Nocturnal – Fruit bat

• Canopy (Absorbs 90% of the sunlight) Elusive – Golden Lion Tamarin

• Understory Camouflage – Jaguar

• Forest Floor Resourceful – Venus Fly Trap eats insects for nutrients

The rainforest floor is constantlyrecycled so it doesn’t store nutrients

Threats To The Tropical rainforest

Rainforest Facts

• Each month 6,000,000 acres of rainforest are cleared for logging, development & agriculture. (About the size of NJ)

• It is the home to many foods including…

As the rainforest is destroyed through deforestation, consider how much we might be

losing!

Coffee

Fruits

Sugar

Chocolate

Plants & Animals Of The Grasslands

Grassland Adaptations:

Burrow for food & shelter; Ex: Badger

Flat Teeth used to grind grasses; Ex: Bison

Plants have…

Deep Root Systems – Stores energy & taps into groundwater

But this biodiversity is lost when we plant food crops!

The Importance Of Grasslands

Grassland Facts

• Have fertile soil from decaying matter in the winter.

• Produces most of our food including…

Corn

Wheat

and Potatoes

Which other important crop isn’t from the grasslands?

Our Dependence UponTropical Rainforests &

GrasslandsConsidering the rapid growth of the human population…

Are there enoughgrasslands to feedall the world’s people?

Many medicines haveoriginated from plantsthat can only be foundin the rainforest!

Madagascar Periwinkle has been shown to treatHodgkinsin’s Disease, childhood leukemia & other

cancers.

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. Compare the temp, precipitationand biodiversity for the grasslandsand tropical rainforest.

2. Where are the grasslands andtropical rainforests located?

3. What adaptations do species useto survive in the grasslands?

4. What adaptations do species useto survive in tropical rainforests?

5. How important are grasslandsand rainforests to you everyday?

HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-3bUnit 2-3b

How Ecosystems How Ecosystems ChangeChange

Characteristics of The Desert

DesertTemp Precip Biodiversity

High Low Low

Locations Southwest US, Middle East, Australia

Temperatures can drop drastically at night

How Deserts Are Created

A Rain Shadow is created when…

Warmer, humid airfrom the ocean…

climbs over themountain & coolscreating rain orsnow.

The dry air passesover creating twovery different biomeson each side of a mountain range.

How is the weather in Seattle, Denver & San Antonio

affected by the Rocky Mountains?

Plants & Animals Of The Desert

How do they survive in extreme heat & with scarce water?

Desert Adaptations:

Conserve Water – Kangaroo rat

Burrow &/or Nocturnal –Trapdoor spider

Plants often…

Store water &/or Have spines;Prickly Pear Cactus

Which of these adaptations are similarto those found in the grasslands?

How Ecosystems Change

Primary Succession – Development of an ecosystem on undeveloped land; This occurs where new rock is formed

Ex: Volcanic activity

or Glaciers retreatingwhen new rock isexposed aftermany, many years.

• Pioneer species (mosses & lichen) grow on bare rock

• Taller grass & trees kill off some of the shorter plants.

• Trees develop over many years into a diverse forest.

This volcanic island erupted from the sea in 2006.

How Ecosystems Change

Secondary Succession – Development of an ecosystem where another ecosystem once existed.

This can be a natural,continuous processthat improves theecosystem, such asforest fires that returnnutrients to the soil.

Over many years, a climax community can form which is a final, stable community in the ecosystem.

Which of these is probably not a climax community?

Desert – Old Growth Forest – Cornfield

Mount St. HelensBefore & After

In 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted with a force of 20 million tons of TNT, killing over 50 people.

The eruptioncreated thelargest debrisavalanche inhuman history.

Is this anexample ofprimary orsecondarysuccession?

How long will it take forthis ecosystem to recover?

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. Describe the temp, precipitationand biodiversity for a desert.

2. Where are deserts located andhow are many of them created?

3. What adaptations do species useto survive in the desert?

4. Describe how primary andsecondary succession occur.

5. Explain two processes by whichpeople change ecosystems and therisks associated with these actions.

HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-3cUnit 2-3c

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

What Do You Need To Survive?

People have three primary needs for survival…

Food & Water – Energy & Nutrients

Clothing – Cotton, Wool, Nylon

Shelter – Wood, Brick, Steel

We get these things from…

Natural Resources – Materials from nature that we depend upon for survival; There are two types…

• Renewable – Abundant resource; Continuously produced

• Non-renewable – Used faster than can be replenished

From which biomes do many natural resources originate?

Food Clothing Shelter

Your Digestive System

Food is broken down by two methods…

Mechanical Process – Chewing and churning breaks down food into small particles

Chemical Reactions – Convert food into a form that can be absorbed into the blood stream

What happens to food that isn’t absorbed by the body?

Where Is Food Digested?

Mouth - Saliva digests some carbohydrates before reaching the…

Pharynx – Leads to lungs & stomachEsophagus - Delivers food to the…

Stomach - Uses enzymes andacids to digest proteins

Small Intestines - Breaks downfats & completes digestion

Large Intestines (Colon) – Reabsorbs water beforereleasing waste

The Liver, Gallbladder, & Pancreas also aid in digestion.

Nutritional Requirements

Calorie – Measures energy; People should consume… ~2,000 Calories a day

Carbohydrates – 4 calories/gram;Ex: Sugar & starch found in…

Breads, pasta, cereal & fruit

Proteins – 4 calories/gram;Includes 20 amino acidsfound in…

Meats, eggs, nuts, beans (soy/tofu), & dairy products

Lipids – 9 calories/gram from fats & oils found in…

Red meat, dairy products, & fried foods

Instructions: How To Eat

Step One: Chew your food thoroughly!

Step Two: Follow the government’s food pyramid!

What foods should be eaten the most & the least?

Lipids & excess carbsare used sparingly.

So are foods high inprotein but low in fat.

Fruits & Veggies arevery important.

Carbohydrates are thebase of the pyramid.

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. Describe two types of naturalresources and how we used them.

2. Explain how and where food isdigested in the human body.

3. Where are carbohydrates,proteins & lipids primarily digested?

4. Provide examples of food rich incarbohydrates, proteins & lipids.

5. Explain how the government’sfood pyramid can help you maintaina well-balanced diet.

HUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMESHUMANITY & THE WORLD BIOMES

Unit 2-3dUnit 2-3d

The Immune SystemThe Immune System

How Can You Live A Healthy Life?

Health – A person’s physical, mental and social well beingPhysical health is affected by…

Follow these Government Recommendations

• Diet – Follow the Food Pyramid

• Exercise – 30 minutes; 3-4 days a week

•Sleep – Youth 8½ - 9½ hrs; Adults 7-9 hrs

If you do not meet these recommendationsit can weaken your body & make it susceptible to

illness!

What Are Your Defenses?

Everyday little nasties are trying to get inside & make you sick. They’re all called…

Pathogens – Any biological agentthat causes disease; Ex: Bacteria,viruses, fungi, etc.

How are we protected from them?

8 Nonspecific Defenses

• Skin – Sweat, enzymes & oils create an acidic barrier

• Mucous Membranes – Line nasal & respiratory passages

• Stomach Acid – Digests swallowed matter and mucous

Second Line Of Defense

Have any pathogens ever gotten past your first line of defenses? How does your body respond?

More Nonspecific Defenses

• Fever – Over 98oF to kill pathogens

• Sneeze & Cough – Expel foreign matter

• Inflammation – Swelling that increases blood flow

• White Blood Cells – Engulf pathogens

• Interferon – Stops the spread of viruses

A Third Line Of Defense

Specific Defenses – Target certain pathogens

Antigen – A identifying markeron a pathogen that triggersyour immune system

Once your body has detectedan antigen, it causes a chainof events including the activationof specialized white blood cells(T-Cells & B-Cells) as well asthe production of many, many…

Antibodies – Bond to a specific antigen, making the pathogens stick together & marking them for destruction

Why do you need a new flu shot each year?

Let’s Review…What have you learned in this unit?

1. Which three factors affectyour physical health?

2. Which three nonspecific defensesare always protecting you?

3. List five nonspecific defensesthat can react to a pathogen.

4. Where can antigens be found?

5. How do antibodies help stop aninfection from spreading throughyour body?