Human’s CellsBy

Christian Dennis, Sharine Sinaga, Kelvin Prihadi

Content

Heart

Liver

Blood

Skin

Muscle

Neuron

Intestine

Stomach

Kidney

Ovum

Sperm

Heart

Scientists consider heart cells a part of the muscle cell family, though with unique differences in mitochondria, intercalated disks and t-tubes, as well as in cellular growth.

Mitochondria Unlike other muscle cells, heart cells are highly resistant to fatigue because they have more mitochondria organelles than any other cell in the body.

Intercalated disksIntercalated disks regulate the passage of positive and negative electrons. As electric currents repel and attract, it causes electron depolarization, which regulates heartbeat contractions.

T-TubulesPlasma membranes that surround each cell and organize them into pairs to create the striated muscles strands used to build the myocardium

Cell GrowthCardiomyocytes of the human heart actually generate new heart cells.

LiverHepatocytes

Hepatocytes are the main cell for protein synthesis. They are also responsible for recycling lipoproteins.

Kupffer Cells

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages. A macrophage is a cell that is a part of the immune system.

Stellate Cells

Stellate cells are part of the nervous system. They innervate the organ to provide a connection between the brain and the liver. It helps with pain and sensory information from the liver to provide communication

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are located in most human cells, but there is an elevated number in liver cells. Mitochondria play a large role in metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

SkinMelanocytes: The main function of melanocytes is to produce melanin, which is responsible for the colour of our skin

Langerhans Cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Langerhans cells interact with white blood cells called "helper T cells" in immune responses and are easily damaged by UV radiation

Merkel Cells: Merkel cells are located in the deepest layer (stratum basale) of the epidermis of hairless skin, where they are attached to keratinocytes by desmosomes.

Dermo-epidermal JunctionThe Epidermis and Dermis are separated by the Dermo-Epithelial Junction. This junction holds the epidermis and dermis together and this is achieved by various fibers including collagen and desmosomes.

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Muscle

Muscle is composed of thousands of muscle fibers, each composed of a single muscle cell. A muscle cell contains a series of ultramicroscopic filaments called myofibrils. Each myofibril is a muscle cell that contains units called sarcomeres.

Sarcomeres contain thick microfilaments composed of the protein myosin. Sarcomeres also contain thin microfilaments composed of the protein actin. The actin and myosin filaments are arranged parallel to one another, with the myosin filaments' molecular “heads” protruding toward the actin filaments.

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Blood

NEUTROPHIL

This granulocyte has very tiny light staining granules. The nucleus is frequently multi-lobed with lobes connected by thin strands of nuclear material. These cells are capable of phagocytizing foreign cells, toxins, and viruses.

Blood

T

EOSINOPHIL

his granulocyte has large granules (A) which are acidophilic and appear pink (or red) in a stained preparation. This micrograph was color enhanced to illustrate this feature. The nucleus often has two lobes connected by a band of nuclear material.

Blood

BASOPHIL

The basophilic granules in this cell are large, stain deep blue to purple, and are often so numerous they mask the nucleus. These granules contain histamines (cause vasodilation) and heparin (anticoagulant).

Blood

LYMPHOCYTE

The lymphocyte is an agranular cell with very clear cytoplasm which stains pale blue. Its nucleus is very large for the size of the cell and stains dark purple. (Notice that the nucleus almost fills the cell leaving a very thin rim of cytoplasm.) This cell is much smaller than the three granulocytes (which are all about the same size). These cells play an important role in our immune response.

Blood

MONOCYTEThis cell is the largest of the leukocytes and is agranular. The nucleus is most often "U" or kidney bean shaped; the cytoplasm is abundant and light blue. These cells leave the blood stream to become macrophages. As a monocyte or macrophage, these cells are phagocytic and defend the body against viruses and bacteria.

Blood

ERYTHROCYTEThe background cells in this micrograph are erythrocytes (red blood cells). These cells are non-nucleated, biconcave discs that are filled with hemoglobin. The primary function of these cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

Blood

THROMBOCYTES – PLATELETS

Platelets, which are cell fragments. Platelets are important for proper blood clotting. Each cubic millimeter of blood should contain 250,000 to 500,000 of these. If the number is too high, spontaneous clotting may occur. If the number is too low, clotting may not occur when necessary.

Intestine

Along the whole length of the gut in the glandular epithelium are goblet cells. These secrete mucus which lubricates the passage of food along and protects it from digestive enzymes.

Ovum

The ovum is one of the largest cells in the human body, typically visible to the naked eye without the aid of a microscope or other magnification device.

The human ovum measures 120 µm in diameter.

Sperm

Motile sperm cells of algae and seedless plants. Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require water in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization. These cells cannot swim backwards due to the nature of their propulsion.

Non-motile sperm cells called spermatia lack flagella and therefore cannot swim. Spermatia are produced in a spermatangium.

Kidney

Kidney glomerulus parietal cell

Kidney glomerulus podocyte

Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell

Loop of Henle thin segment cell

Thick ascending limb cell

Kidney distal tubule cell

Kidney collecting duct cellInterstitial kidney cell

NeuronNucleus : contains genetic material (chromosomes) including information for cell development and synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival. Covered by a membrane.

Nucleolus : produces ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins

Nissl Bodies : groups of ribosomes used for protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic reticulum : system of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm. Can have ribosomes (rough ER) or no ribosomes. With ribosomes, the ER is important for protein synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus : membrane-bound structure important in packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles.

Microfilaments/Neurotubules : system of transport for materials within a neuron and may be used for structural support.

Mitochondria : produce energy to fuel cellular activities.

Stomach

Mucous cells: secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear stress and acid

Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid!

Chief cells: secrete pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme

G cells: secrete the hormone gastrin

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