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Huygens Probe Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) Jianfeng Xie ASTR/GEOL/ATOC 5835 11/15/2011

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Page 1: Huygens(Probe( Gas(Chromatograph(Mass(Spectrometer( (GCMS)lasp.colorado.edu/~horanyi/graduate_seminar/GCMS.pdf · CassiniZHuygens(Probe • Cassini(launched:(October(15,(1997(•

Huygens  Probe  Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer  

(GCMS)

Jianfeng  Xie  ASTR/GEOL/ATOC  5835  

11/15/2011

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Science  ObjecKves

11/15/2011   2  Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer  

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Titan's  atmosphere

11/15/2011   Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer   3  

Titan’s  atmosphere  hypothesized  by  scienKsts  

Nitrogen  (N2)  and  methane  (CH4)  were  well  established  as  the  major  atmospheric  consKtuents  aUer  the  Voyager  1  encounter  

Voyager  1  spacecraU  (1977,1980)

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Cassini-­‐Huygens  Probe

•  Cassini  launched:  October  15,  1997  •  Arrives  at  Saturn:  July  1,  2004  •  Huygens  Probe  Release:                December  25,    2004      

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•  Entry  and  Landing:  January  14,  2005  •  Probe  mass:  318  kg  •  6  instruments  on  the  probe    •  Probe  and  instruments  survived  impact  •  Sent  data  for  90  minutes  on  surface    

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GCMS  locaKon  in  Probe

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GCMS    Outlet

GCMS    Inlet

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GCMS  ConfiguraKon

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Exhaust  Tube

Pressurized  Housing

Moun?ng  Flange

Outlet  Break  off

Thermal  Inlet  Isolator

Inlet  Break  off

Ion  Pump  HV  Supplies  

Center  Sec?on  

Prom  Board  

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Other  Instruments

•  ONMS  –  The    Pioneer    Venus    orbiter    neutral    mass  spectrometer    (1978)  

 

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•  GPMS  –  Galileo  Probe  Mass  Spectrometer  (1989)  

 •  NMS  –  Planet-­‐B  Neutral  Mass  

Spectrometer  (1998)

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GC  and  MS

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GC  Column  

•  Gas  Chromatograph  (GC)    

•  Quadrupole  Mass  Spectrometer  (MS)  

 

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Ion  Source

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Gas  Chromatograph

Mass  Spectrometer

Ion  Source

Ion  Source

Ion  Lens  Assembly

Filament  Assembly

Electron  Beam  Lens  Assembly

Electron  Beam  energy:  25  eV  and  70  eV

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Sample  CollecKon  and  Processing

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GCMS  Cutaway  View    

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Other  GCMS  Components

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ACP  (Aerosol  Collector  Pyrolyzer)

Geder  Pump

Hydrogen  Reservoir

Pressure  Regulator  

Enrichment    Cell

Microvalves

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Gas  Flow  

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GCMS  CharacterisKcs •   Quadrupole  mass  spectrometer  with  a  dual,  secondary  electron  

mul<plier  detec<on  system;  5  electron  impact  ion  sources;  and  3  

gas  chromatographic  columns  

•  Sample  trapping  and  enrichment  system  

•  6  ion  pumps  and  8  geDers  

•  17.3  kg  mass,  41  W  average  power  

•  Mass  range  2-­‐141  u  

•  Dynamic  range  >1x108  

•  Resolu<on  1x10-­‐6  for  adjacent  half  masses  

   up  to  60  u,  less  for  higher  masses  

•  Sensi<vity  limit:  1x1014  counts/s/mbar  source  pressure

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GCMS  Descent  Sequence

11/15/2011   Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer   15  

a.  Ambient  atmospheric  pressure

b.  Pressure  in  the  direct  sampling  ion  source

c.  ACP  ion  source  dedicated  sampling  ?me

d.  Opera?ng  ?me  of  the  ion  sources  for  GC                              columns

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Instrument  Performance •  The  instrument  executed  the  pre-­‐programmed  sequence  as  

expected  

•  Data  were  taken  from  about  146  km  al<tude  to  the  surface  

•  2h27m  descent  opera<on  yielding  5634  mass  spectra  

•  1h10m  surface  opera<on  yielding  2692  mass  spectra  

•  Ion  source  5  failed  to  operate  early  in  the  descent  

•  Loss  of  data  from  one  gas  chromatograph  column  which  

resolved  CO  and  N2  

•  Loss  of  channel  A  effected  <me  resolu<on  and  signal  

sta<s<cs,  no  loss  of  essen<al  data

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ScienKfic  Results  Summary •  Height  profiles  of  molecular  nitrogen  (N2),  methane  (CH4),  and  

molecular  hydrogen  (H2)  were  determined.    •  Traces  were  detected  on  the  surface  of  evaporaKng  methane,  

ethane(C2H6),  acetylene  (C2H2),  cyanogen  (C2N2),  and  carbon  dioxide  (CO2).    

•  The  methane  data  showed  evidence  that  methane  precipitaKon  occurred  recently.    

•  The  methane  mole  fracKon  was  (1.48  ±  0.09)  ×  10-­‐2  in  the  lower  stratosphere  (139.8–75.5  km)  and  (5.65  ±0.18)  ×  10-­‐2  near  the  surface  (6.7  km  to  the  surface).    

•  The  molecular  hydrogen  mole  fracKon  was  (1.01  ±  0.16)  ×  10-­‐3  in  the  atmosphere  and  (9.90  ±  0.17)  ×  10-­‐4  on  the  surface.    

•  Isotope  raKos  were  167.7  ±  0.6  for  14N/15N  in  molecular  nitrogen,  91.1  ±  1.4  for  12C/13C  in  methane,  and  (1.35  ±  0.30)  ×  10-­‐4  for  D/H  in  molecular  hydrogen.    

•  The  mole  fracKons  of  36Ar  and  radiogenic  40Ar  are  (2.1  ±  0.8)  ×  10-­‐7  and  (3.39  ±  0.12)  ×  10-­‐5,  respecKvely.    

•  22Ne  has  been  tentaKvely  idenKfied  at  a  mole  fracKon  of  (2.8  ±  2.1)  ×  10-­‐7

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ScienKfic  Results

11/15/2011   Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer   18  

Upper  Atmosphere  Averaged  Spectrum    (130-­‐120  km)

Lower  Atmosphere  Averaged  Spectrum    (20-­‐10  km)

Averaged  Surface  Spectrum  

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Surface  Response

11/15/2011   Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer   19  

Surface  Response  of  N2  and  CH4

Surface  Response  of  C2H6  and  CO2

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Rare  Gas  Experiment  Averaged  Spectrum    (with  Background  Subtracted)

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The  GCMS  Team H.  Niemann,  Principle  InvesKgator,  

NASA  GSFC  

             S.  K  Atreya2,  S.  J.  Bauer3  K.  Biemann10  ,G.R.  Carignan2  ,  J.E.  Demick1  ,T.  Donahue2  ,R.  L.  Frost7  ,  D.  Gau<er4  ,  J.  A.  Haberman1  ,  D.N.  Harpold1  ,  D.M.  Hunten5  ,  G.  Israel6  ,  J.  I.  Lunine5  ,  W.  T.  Kasprzak1  ,  K.  Mauersberger11  ,T.C.  Owen8  ,  M.  Paulkovich1  ,  F.  Raulin9  ,  E.  Raaen1  ,  S.  H.  Way1  

                 1.Na<onal  Aeronau<cs  and  Space  Administra<on                    2.University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  MI  48109-­‐2143,  USA                    3.  Ins<tute  for  Meteorology  and  Geophysics,  University  of  Graz  

 4.  LESIA,  Observatoirede  Paris-­‐Meudon    5.  Lunar  and  Planetary  Laboratory,  University  of  Arizona    6.  Service  d’Aéronomie  duCNRS    7.  University  of  Alabama,  CMC    8.  University  of  Hawaii    9.  Laboratoire  Interuniversitairedes  Systèmes  Atmosphériques,  Université            Paris  12  et  Paris  7    10.MassachuseDs  Ins<tute  of  Technology    11.Max  Planck  Ins<tute

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Companies  Involved    With  GCMS              Company                                                                                                Product/Services                                                                            Aker  Industries                                                                              Microvalves    Artech  Industries          Ceramic  to  Metal  Brazing    AutoFlow  Products          Pressure  Regulator    Collimated  Holes                          Capillary  Leaks    Command  Technology            Machining    EG&G  Pressure  Sciences        Vacuum/Pressure  Seals    Electron  Beam  Engineering        Electron  Beam  Welding    Ergenics            Hydrogen  Storage    F&M  Machine          Machining    Form  Grind          Hyperbolic  Rod  Manufacturing    Galileo  Electro  Op<cs          Secondary  Electron  Mul<pliers    Herme<c  Seal          Vacuum/Pressure  Feedthrus      Insaco            Ceramic  Insulators    Kulite  Semiconductor          Pressure  Transducers    Laser  Applica<ons          Laser  Welding    Micro  Machining          Machining    Restek  Corp.          GC  Columns    Reynolds  Industries          Ion  Pump  Feedthrus    Spiralock  Corp.          Self-­‐locking  Taps    Summit  Machining          Machining    Supelco            Adsorbent  Material  for  Enrichment  Cells    Teledyne  Electronics          Hybrid  Manufacturers    University  of  Michigan        Analog  Electronics    Westport  Development        Thin-­‐walled  Bellows  

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References •  Niemann,  H.  B.  et  al.  The  Gas  Chromatograph  Mass  Spectrometer  for  the  Huygens  

probe.  Space  Sci.  Rev.  104(1),  553–-­‐591  (2002).  •  Niemann,  H.  B.  et  al.  The  abundances  of  consKtuents  of  Titan’s  atmosphere  from  the  

GCMS  instrument  on  the  Huygens  probe.  Nature.  438(8),  (2005)    •  Niemann,  H.  B.  et  al.  ComposiKon  of  Titan’s  lower  atmosphere  and  simple  surface  

 volaKles  as  measured  by  the  Cassini-­‐Huygens  probe  gas  chromatograph  mass  spectrometer  experiment.  J.  Geophys.  Res.,  115,  (2010)  

•  hdp://huygensgcms.gsfc.nasa.gov/  •  hdp://www.hems-­‐workshop.org/5thWS/Talks/Thursday/Harpold.pdf  •  hdp://www.chem.arizona.edu/massspec/intro_html/intro.html  •  hdp://www.machinerylubricaKon.com/Read/352/gas-­‐chromatography  •  hdp://www.files.chem.vt.edu/chem-­‐ed/ms/quadrupo.html  •  hdp://anthony.liekens.net/index.php/Main/Huygens  

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