hv uav multispectral compared to hyperspectral final

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HV-UAV multispectral compared to hyperspectral data collection as applied to vegetation indexes calculation Prof. Sabino Aurelio Bufo*, Dott. Massimo Bavusi** DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE *Dipartimento di Scienze – Università degli Studi della Basilicata – [email protected] ** Terralab S.r.l. – [email protected] – www.terralab.eu ** Tab Consulting S.r.l. – [email protected] – www.tabsrl.com Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015 1

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Page 1: Hv uav multispectral compared to hyperspectral final

HV-UAV multispectral compared to hyperspectral data collection as applied to vegetation indexes calculation

Prof. Sabino Aurelio Bufo*, Dott. Massimo Bavusi**

DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE

*Dipartimento di Scienze – Università degli Studi della Basilicata – [email protected]** Terralab S.r.l. – [email protected] – www.terralab.eu** Tab Consulting S.r.l. – [email protected] – www.tabsrl.com

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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Contents Assessing the robustness of Vegetation Indices

(VIs) to estimate Durum Wheat grown (precision agriculture).

Comparing satellite remote sensing (multispectral reflectance) and hyperspectral measurements (first year)

Comparing UAV multispectral vs field hyperspectral data collection (second year)

Working in progress for environmental applications

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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First Year MAPRE Project Regional Project on ‘Advanced Precision

Agriculture Tools to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Wheat Cropping (Triticum Durum, Desf.)’. Funded by P.S.R. Basilicata (European Fund for Regional Development) 2007/2013.

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

ExperimentalField (10 ha)

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MethodRemote sensing: The RapidEye Satellite Constellation http://blackbridge.com/rapideye/products/ortho.htm

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Multispectral reflectance values, monitored by satellite, were used to determine specific indices of plant health.

Spectral bands Blue: 440-510 nm (B)

Green: 520-590 nm (G)

Red: 630-685 nm (R)

Red Edge: 690-730 nm (RE)

NIR: 760-850 nm

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MethodMostly used indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), or structural index (canopy development)Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE), or chlorophyll index  

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

NDVI = NDRE = NIR – Red NIR + Red

NIR – Red Edge NIR + Red Edge

Spectral bands Blue: 440-510 nm (B)

Green: 520-590 nm (G)

Red: 630-685 nm (R)

Red Edge: 690-730 nm (RE)

NIR: 760-850 nm

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MethodOther indices:

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Spectral bands Blue: 440-510 nm (B)

Green: 520-590 nm (G)

Red: 630-685 nm (R)

Red Edge: 690-730 nm (RE)

NIR: 760-850 nm

• Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) or Nitrogen uptake index: CCCI = NDRE/NDVI

• Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) or water stress index: (NIR-BLUE)/(NIR+BLUE)

• Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), or chlorophyll assessment index:

(NIR-RedEdge)/(RedEdge-RED).

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MethodField measurements (walking):

 

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

FieldSpec® HandHeld 2:Hand-held Vis-NIR Spectroradiometer, working in the 325 nm – 1075 nm spectral range, with an accuracy of ±1 nm and a resolution of <3 nm at 700 nm, equipped with GPS accessory

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

8Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

NDVI, March, 2013

NDVI, March, 2013

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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NDVI, April, 2013

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

NDVI, April, 2013

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

10Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE)

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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NDRE, March, 2013

NDRE, March, 2013

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

11Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE)

NDRE, April, 2013

NDRE, April, 2013

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

12Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI)

MTCI, March, 2013

MTCI, March, 2013

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

13Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI)

MTCI, April, 2013

MTCI, April, 2013

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

14Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)

MDWI, March, 2013

MDWI, March, 2013

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

15Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)MDWI, April,

2013

MDWI, April, 2013

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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Results

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

16Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI)CCCI, March,

2013

CCCI, April, 2013

CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto

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Second Year FRUINDEX Project

Regional Project on ‘Reduction of environmental impact in the production of durum wheat by means of fertilization based on reflectance measurements and related vegetation indices’.

Also funded by P.S.R. Basilicata (European Fund for Regional Development) 2007/2013.

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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Instrumentation and techniques

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Field Spec HandHeld2Spectroradiometer

•Spectral range: 325 nm – 1075 nm•Accuracy :±1 nm•Resolution: <3 nm at 700 nm

SenseFly Ebee

Resolution: 1.2 Mp x 4Ground resolution at 100m:10 cm/pxSensor size: 4.8 x 3.6 mm per sensorPixel pitch: 3.75 umImage format: RAWUpward looking irradiance sensor

Multispec 4c

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UAV

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Synonymous and variants: RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft), RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft), SAPR (Sistemi Aerei a Pilotaggio Remoto), APR (Aeromobile a Pilotaggio Remoto); Autonomous Aircraft

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The vectorHardwareWeight (inc. supplied camera): Approx. 0.69 kg (1.52 lbs)Wingspan: 96 cm (38 in)Material: EPP foam, carbon structure & composite parts

Propulsion: Electric pusher propeller, 160 W brushless DC motor

Battery: 11.1 V, 2150 mAhCamera (supplied) : WX (18.2 MP)Cameras (optional), S110 RGB, thermoMAP,Carry case dimensions, 55 x 45 x 25 cm (21.6 x 17.7 x 9.8 in)

OperationMaximum flight time: 50 minutesNominal cruise speed : 40-90 km/h (11-25 m/s or 25-56 mph)Radio link range: Up to 3 km (1.86 miles)Maximum coverage (single flight): 12 km² / 4.6 mi² (at 974 m / 3,195 ft altitude AGL)Wind resistance: Up to 45 km/h (12m/s or 28 mph)Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): Down to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) per pixelRelative orthomosaic/3D model accuracy

1-3x GSDAbsolute horizontal/vertical accuracy (w/GCPs)Down to 3 cm (1.2 in) / 5 cm (2 in)Absolute horizontal/vertical accuracy (no GCPs)1-5 m (3.3-16.4 ft)Multi-drone operation : Yes (inc. mid-air collision avoidance)Automatic 3D flight planning: YesLinear landing accuracy: Approx. 5 m (16.4 ft)

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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UAV in AgricultureIndex variationsPatterns in canopy height, vigour, colour, densityDeveloping erosion channelsDamage observationsPlant statistical variations & comparisons to other data (e.g. planter data)Patterns in dry soil vs. wet soilDetermine relative location of drainage tile & whether functioning/brokenDisaster management

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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UAV in Agriculture

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Platform

Cost

Time consumptio

n

Spatial

resolutio

n

Spectral

resolution

Cloud sensitivi

tyCoverage

On demand services

Satellite

high low 2-30

m

4 or more bands

highSquare

kilometers

No

UAV low low

3 -20 cm

4 bands low Up to 10

Km2 Yes

Field low high

Depending on the step

Hyperspectr

al ability

low few hectares Yes

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Fruindex project: location

Location: Genzano di Lucania (Basilicata, Italy)Coordinates: 40°49'15.35"N, 16° 4'43.96"ESoc. Coop. Agr. LA GENERALE

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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Fruindex project: test site

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for  Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

N fertilization: 100 or 150 Kg/ha applied in two rates April and May

Wheat accessionsTirex and Core

6 replicates

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Fruindex project: Flight plan

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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Fruindex project: vegetation indexes

NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation

Index)

NDWI (Normalized Difference Water

Index)

NDVI is directly related to the photosynthetic capacity and hence energy absorption of plant canopies

MTCI (Meris Terrestrial

Clorophyll Index)

MTCI is sensitive to chlorophyll content

NDRE (Normalized Difference RedEdge

Index

NDRE is sensitive to chlorophyll content

CCCI (Canopy Chlorophyll

Content Index)

(NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)

(NIR-RE)/(NIR+RE)

NDRE/NDVICCCI is sensitive to the

chlorophyll content

NIR-RE/RE-Red

NIR-Blue/NIR+Blue

NDWI is sensitive to changes in water content of vegetation canopies

VariGREEN Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index

(Green-Red)/(Green+Red+Blue)

Related to the resistance to adverse climatic conditions

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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NDVI: (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)

FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May

Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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NDRE: (NIR-RE)/(NIR+RE)

FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May

Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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CCCI: NDRE/NDVI

FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May

Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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MTCI : NIR-RE/RE-Red

FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May

Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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NDWI: NIR-Blue/NIR+Blue

FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May

Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for  Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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VariGREEN : (Green-Red)/(Green+Red+Blue)

FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May

Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

FieldSpec - May

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NDVI vs production

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

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Advantages of UAV multispectral mapping

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for  Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Control of sprayers based on remote sensing data can lead to a reduction of 80 % -90 % of the doses of herbicide.

Full coverage herbicide

Patch-sprying

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Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for  Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Other applicationsVegetation and biodiversity monitoring

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Other applications

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for  Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015

Landslide characterizationExecutive planning

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Many thanksfor your kind attention

Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for  Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015