hwang, j.h., et al._2009_estabilishment of offshore process feed method

7/29/2019 Hwang, J.H., Et Al._2009_Estabilishment of Offshore Process FEED Method

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Establishment of Offshore Process FEED (Front End Engineering Design) Method for Oil FPSO

Topsides Systems

Jihyun Hwang1), Kyuyeul Lee1), Myungil Roh2), Juhwan Cha1), Seungho Ham1), Boram Kim1)1) Seoul National University, 2) University of Ulsan,

Seoul, Korea

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we describe an offshore process FEED (Front-End

Engineering Design) method for oil FPSO (Floating, Production,

Storage, and Offloading) topsides systems based on the concepts andprocedures for FEED of general offshore plants. First, various activitiesof the general process FEED phase are defined and analyzed, and thenthe offshore process FEED method, which is suitable for application toall offshore oil and gas plants, is established. Finally, the established

FEED method is applied to oil FPSO topsides systems in order to testits validity. This established process FEED method would contribute to

performing successful offshore projects in the future.

KEYWORDS: FEED; Topsides systems; FPSO; Offshore oil

and gas plants; Offshore projects

INTRODUCTION

As the demand of oil and gas, which are representative offshore

resources, is increasing relative to other energy resources, potential newoffshore fields are being explored. The installation area of offshore

production plants is gradually moving toward the deep sea, and theneed for multi-functional offshore plants is increasing. (Jung et al.,2006). Accordingly, the demand for Oil FPSO (Floating, Production,

Storage, and Offloading), which can produce, storage, and offloadcrude oil in the deep sea, is also increasing. Particularly, the demand ofLNG FPSO projects will grow with the greater demand for natural gas.Therefore, the prospects for offshore production plants are bright in themedium and long term. (International Maritime Associates Inc., 2005)

Oil and LNG FPSO are production plants for transferring offshore oiland gas to onshore plants. The job of production plants is to separatethe well stream into three components, typically called phases (oil,gas, and water), and process these phases into some marketable

products or dispose of them in an environmentally acceptable manner.In mechanical devices called separators gas is flashed from theliquids, and free water is separated from the oil. These steps removeenough light hydrocarbons to produce a stable crude oil with thevolatility (vapor pressure) to meet sales criteria. The gas that isseparated must be compressed and treated for sales. Usually, the

separated gas is saturated with water vapor and must be dehydrated toan acceptable level. In some locations it may be necessary to removethe heavier hydrocarbons to lower the hydrocarbon dew point.

Contaminants such as H2S and CO2 may be present at levels higher

than those acceptable to the gas purchaser.Overall engineering phases of such offshore production plants consisof two engineering phases. One is the FEED (Front-End Engineering

Design) phase. The other is the detailed engineering phase. Of the twoengineering phases, the FEED phase is the more critical phase fordetermining the feasibility of the development of specific well areas

Economic analysis on the development of specific well area isperformed based on the outputs of the FEED phase. Based on theresults of economic analysis, the detailed engineering phase is executedif the value of the development is big enough to perform considering

many aspects of economic analysis. In other words, the FEED phasewhich is the basis of the detailed engineering and the feasibility odevelopment on the specific well areas, is the most important part ofoverall phases of offshore plants projects in determining the success of

the projects. The final outputs of the FEED phase are the total costs, theweight, and the layout of offshore plants. The feasibility of offshore

plants projects is determined by these final outputs. First, each systemcapacity and size of topsides systems are determined to get the fina

outputs such as the total costs, weight, and layout. Offshore processengineering, one of the highest priority areas in engineering, is the mos

important component in calculating the system capacities and sizes otopsides systems. The overall engineering for offshore topside systemsincludes offshore process, piping, mechanical, instrumentationelectrical and outfitting engineering. The major engineering data are

derived from the activities of offshore process engineering in order toobtain the final FEED outputs. So, an effective method of performingoffshore process engineering activities is needed to increaseengineering efficiency. Therefore, our study establishes an optimized

offshore process FEED method at the stage of FEED and presents theresults of its application to oil FPSO (Floating, Production, Storageand Offloading) in order to obtain successful FEED outputs of offshore

plants in the future.

THE CONCEPT OF OFFSHORE PROCESS FEEDENGINEERING

Offshore & Onshore EngineeringFigure 1 shows the offshore and onshore engineering scheme forrefining petroleum products from oil and gas from the specific wellareas. As mentioned above, the main function of offshore engineeringis to separate light hydrocarbon components from heavy hydrocarbon

components, refine each hydrocarbon components to meet the

Proceedings of the Nineteenth (2009) I nternational Off shore and Polar Engineeri ng Conference

Osaka, Japan, June 21-26, 2009

Copyri ght 2009 by The In ternational Society of Off shore and Polar Engineers (I SOPE)

ISBN 978-1-880653-53-1 (Set); I SSN 1098-618

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specifications for saleable oil and gas, and transfer the oil and gasproducts to onshore plants. The main function of onshore engineering isto convert the oil and gas into petroleum products. This onshore

engineering consists of two fields. One is for refining oil products,which consist of heavy hydrocarbon components, through distillationand fractionation processes. The other is for gas products, whichconsist of light hydrocarbon components, through refrigeration

processes. In the case of LNG FPSO, a liquefaction process, which is a

part of the onshore engineering field, is applied to the offshoreengineering field. That means, engineering technologies graduallymoved from onshore to offshore. So, a large extension of the offshore

engineering field is expected in the future

Figure 1. Offshore and Onshore Engineering

Offshore Process FEED EngineeringOffshore plants consist of two main systems. One is the topsidessystem, and the other is the hull system. Topsides systems, which areon the deck of offshore plants, are used for the production of oil and

gas. Hull systems, which are on the lower parts of offshore plants, areused for the storage of oil and gas. Our study performs the applicationto oil FPSO, which consists of topsides and hull systems, afterestablishing the offshore process FEED method. The importance of the

topsides systems is far greater than that of the hull systems, consideringthe main function of FPSO. Engineering fields on topsides systemsconsists of offshore process engineering, piping engineering,mechanical engineering, instrumentation engineering, electrical

engineering, and outfitting engineering. Among the mentionedengineering areas, offshore process engineering is the better part oftopside systems engineering. (Hwang et al., 2008)Offshore process engineering consists of the FEED and the detailedengineering. The specifications of process systems and utility systems,which are located on the topsides part, are determined according to the

requirements from clients specifications, rules and regulations at thestage of FEED. The determined specifications are thoroughly examinedand actualized at the stage of detailed engineering. That is, the periodof detailed engineering can fluctuate according to the results of FEED.Offshore plants projects can actually be canceled because of the results

of FEED. Accordingly, offshore process FEED is an engineering phaseof great consequence because it can determine whether an offshore

plant can or cannot be constructed.

The Definition of Offshore Process FEED Activities

Figure 2 shows offshore process FEED activities at the stage of FEED(Lee et al., 2008). FEED results estimate overall costs, weights, andlayouts of offshore plants. The followings are the process FEEDactivities that obtain the FEED results. First, Design criteria, such asthe engineering considerations of equipment, instruments, and pipes on

topsides systems, are determined after fixing the requirements fromclients (Figure 2-1). Then, the overall process flow, which correspondto the production flow of oil and gas, and the utility flow, which is in

charge of the support of process flow, are defined and simulated tocalculate physical, thermodynamic properties, and utility specification

per each process and utility systems (Figure 2-2). Thereafter, the

specifications of equipment, instruments, and pipes are determinedbased on the results of process simulation and utility consideration(Figure 2-3). And PFD (Process Flow Diagram) and UFD (UtilityFlow Diagram), which represent heat/material table and overall safetyand control logic, are prepared also based on the results of process

simulation and utility consideration. (Figure 2-4). Then, PED(ProcesEquipment Datasheet), PID(Process Instrument Datasheet)UED(Utility Equipment Datasheet), UID(Utility Instrument Datasheetare generated in order to get the information of equipment andinstruments (Figure 2-5). Finally, P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation

Diagram), which shows safety, operation, and maintenance factors ofeach system and vendor data of equipment and instruments, are

preliminarily prepared based on PFD and UFD (Figure 2-6). The aimof performing above mentioned process activities is to obtain overal

costs, weights, and layouts of offshore plants in order to determine thefeasibility of well developments on specific areas. If economicfeasibility is sufficient based on the FEED results, process detailedengineering are performed.

Figure 2. Offshore Process FEED Activities

Process FEED Purpose

The purpose of performing process FEED is as follows. The first aim isto calculate the sizes of equipment and instruments, which are the maincomponents of topsides systems, by calculating overall capacities o

topsides systems and receiving suitable information from specificvendors. The second aim is to calculate the size of pipes, which conneccomponents of topsides systems, by process simulation and utilityconsideration. By calculating the size of equipment, instruments, and

pipes, the layout of overall topsides systems and pipes can beperformed efficiently. Various cranes, which are necessary in

constructing and installing topsides systems and pipes, can also beselected through the weight information. And most importantly, thetotal cost of topsides systems and pipes can be estimated. Therefore

process FEED results are the most important factors in performingoverall engineering, construction, and installation of offshore plants

The process FEED results can ultimately affect the success or failure ooffshore projects.

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THE OFFSHORE PROCESS FEED METHOD

Figure 3 shows the overall schematic of offshore process FEED method

proposed by this study. Through the proposed FEED method, thecapacities and sizes of topsides systems and pipes can be efficientlydetermined without useless time-consuming engineering work.Engineering data from vendors can be received based on the capacityand size of overall topsides systems and pipes. In the long run, the

potential feasibility of specific well development can be rapidlydetermined because the total costs, weights, and the effective layout ofoffshore plants topsides systems from size information can be achieved

by the proposed offshore process FEED method. Detailed descriptionsof offshore process FEED method are as follows.

Figure 3. Offshore Process FEED Engineering Method Schematic

Thermodynamic Methods StudyIn physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a relation

between state variables. (A to Z of Thermodynamics, 1998) Morespecifically, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equationdescribing the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions.It is a constitutive equation, which provides a mathematical relationship

between two or more state functions associated with the matter, such as

its temperature, pressure, volume, or internal energy. Equations of stateare useful in describing the properties of fluids, mixtures of fluids,solids, and even the interior of stars. Presently, the Peng-Robinsonequation is widely used as a mathematical model to calculate fluid

phase equilibrium.

Process Configuration / Simulation StudyThe purpose of performing process configuration and simulation usingthermodynamic methods is to calculate physical properties per each

stream based on unit operation at the operating condition.Case studies are performed according to major considerations such astemperature, pressure, flow rate, and mole fraction from well reservoirs,and efficient configuration of main topsides systems. Then, the case

that satisfies the most severe condition per each system is considered asthe design case.

Heat and Material BalanceHeat and material balance is the process activity of calculating physical

properties and electric loads of each topsides process system throughprocess configuration and simulation. The heat and material balance isthe most important data in performing topsides process system

engineering. The specifications of equipment, instruments, and pipes of

the topsides process systems are determined based on the heat andmaterial balance.

BFD (Block Flow Diagram)BFD is the drawing that shows the overall flow on topsides systems

Organic relations among oil processing systems, gas processingsystems, and water processing systems, can be understood by BFD.

PFD (Process Flow Diagram)PFD is the drawing that shows the safety and control logic of overaltopsides process systems and heat and material tables, which presenengineering data (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and mole fractionof each topsides process system per specific design case. Engineering

information of all process equipments from specific vendor can beobtained based on PFD. And, PFD is expanded to P&ID withincorporating safety, operation, maintenance factors of all topsides

process systems.

Utility BalanceUtility systems play an important role in supporting process systemsEngineering data of each topsides utility system are determined afterfixing engineering conditions of each process system. Utility balance isthe process activity of calculating physical properties and electric loadof each topsides utility system through utility consideration. This utility

balance is the most important factor in performing topsides utilitysystem engineering. The specifications of equipment, instruments, and

pipes of the topsides utility systems are determined based on utilitybalance.

UFD (Utility Flow Diagram)UFD is the drawing that shows the safety and control logic of overalltopsides utility systems and utility balance tables, which present

engineering data (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and mole fractionof each topsides utility system after diagramming all utility systemssuch as instrument air, utility air, seawater, freshwater, cooling water

diesel oil, lube oil, etc. Engineering information of all utility equipmenfrom a specific vendor can be obtained based on the UFD. And, theUFD is expanded to P&ID with safety, operation, maintenance factorof all topsides utility systems.

Process CalculationsProcess Calculations are the process activity of performing theoptimized engineering of equipment and instruments of topside

systems based on the results of process configuration/simulation.

Equipment DatasheetsDatasheets on equipment in topsides systems are prepared on the basisof process configuration/simulation and process calculations. All datanecessary for the procurement, installation, and operation of equipmenare contained in equipment datasheets.

Safety / Operability / Maintenance StudySafety and operability studies of topsides systems such as hazard

operability study are performed in order to incorporate all potentiahazardous factors in topsides process engineering on the basis of theengineering data of PFD and UFD. Then, a maintenance study onequipment and instruments of topsides systems is performed to mee

the lifetime requirements of topsides systems.

Preliminary P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram)PFD and UFD can be expanded to P&IDs on each topsides system afteincorporating the results of safety, operability & maintenance studies

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and the receipt of vendor data. P&ID is the diagram showing all data,such as operating conditions, process control & safety logic etc., onequipment, instruments, and pipes.

Instrument DatasheetsInstrument datasheets on all instruments of topsides systems are

prepared on the basis of process configuration/simulation and processcalculations. All data necessary for the procurement, installation, andoperation of instruments are represented in instrument datasheets.

Line Size Calculation

Line size calculations are the process activity of performing theoptimized size engineering of pipes of overall topsides systems based

on the results of process configuration/simulation after investigating theresults of velocity and pressure drop at operating conditions such astypes of fluid, flow rate, pressure, temperature.

APPLICATION TO OIL FPSO TOPSIDES

Our study applies the offshore process FEED method to typical oilFPSO topsides systems. The capacities of topsides systems and the

overall size of pipes are used to obtain the costs, weights, and layout asfinal process FEED results. Three stages are divided as follows: Thefirst stage is the process configuration & simulation study. The second

stage is expanding simulation to PFD. And the final stage is expandingPFD to P&ID.

Product SpecificationTable 1 shows the requirements on oil for sale, gas for sale or injection,and treated water after treating raw oil and gas from well reservoirsthrough oil FPSO topsides process systems

Table 1. Product Specification for Oil, Gas, and WaterExport Oil Quality Requirements

Basic Sediment and Water (BS&W) 0.3 volume %

Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) 62.1 kPaa (9 psia)

Salt Content (PTB, lb/1000 bbls) 100 PTB

Oil Export Temperature (oC) 48.9 oC (120 oF) max.

Methanol Content (ppm) 50 ppm

Sales or Injection Gas Quality RequirementWater Content, lbs/MMSCF or Dew

Point, oF

3 lbs. water / MMSCF

Overboard Produced Water Quality Requirement

Oil and Grease, ppm 20 ppm

Water Injection Quality Requirements

Source of Injection Water Seawater and Produced water

Filtration 50 micron particles @ 98%

efficiency

Oxygen Content 10 ppb

Seawater Inlet Oxygen Content 8 ppm

CO2 Content 25 ppm

H2S Content 0 ppm

Sulfate Reducing Bacteria(No. / ml) 10 / ml

Other Bacterial Total (No. / ml) 100,000 / ml

Oil or Grease Content 40 ppm

pH 6.8, 7.5

Process Configuration & Simulation StudyFigure 4 shows the results of process configuration & simulation ontypical oil FPSO topsides systems performed by our study. The

function of oil FPSO topsides systems is to separate the well streaminto three components, typically called phases (oil, gas, and water),and process these phases into some marketable products or dispose ofthem in an environmentally acceptable manner. In mechanical devices

called separators gas is flashed from the liquids and free water isseparated from the oil. These steps remove enough light hydrocarbonsto produce a stable crude oil with the volatility (vapor pressure) to mee

sales criteria. The gas that is separated must be compressed and treatedfor sales. Usually, the separated gas is saturated with water vapor andmust be dehydrated to an acceptable level. In some locations it may benecessary to remove the heavier hydrocarbons to lower thehydrocarbon dew point. Contaminants such as H2S and CO2 may be

present at levels higher than those acceptable to the gas purchaser

Considering the above mentioned functions of oil FPSO topsidessystems, typical oil FPSO consists of three processing facilities, each

for gas, oil, and water. In our study, process configurations andsimulations of these three facilities are performed in order to meet thespecification of oil for sale, gas for sale and injection, and water. Casestudies are performed in order to determine the design cases for eachsystem. Then, the capacities of topsides systems and the overall sizes of

pipes are determined on the basis of the design case, which satisfies the

most severe condition per each system. The factors determining eachdesign case are as follows.

Figure 4. Process Configuration/Simulation of Typical Oil FPSOTopsides

Consideration of the Flow Rate Factor

As the volumes of oil, gas, and water from an oil well change with timethe maximum production flow rate is used as the design case in oil-gas-, and water-processing systems. So, case studies on the maximumoil, gas, and water flow rates are performed in order to determine thedesign case of each system.

Consideration of the Well Components Factor

Well fluids include heavy and light components, a water componentand contaminants such as H2S and CO2. Among these components inwell fluids, H2S and CO2 have a bad influence upon oil FPSO topsidessystems and act as obstacles. So, the sweetening system must be

installed in order to remove these contaminants. Case studies have beenconducted on each contaminant in order to determine the capacity othe sweetening system.

Consideration of the Pressure & Temperature Factors

Temperature and pressure are changeable in fluids from well reservoirsCase studies have been conducted on maximum and minimum valuesof inlet temperatures and pressures of well fluids.

Expanding the Simulation to PFDFigure 5 shows the PFD of a typical separator system after finishing theabove mentioned process configuration and simulation study. The PFDgenerated by our study is one of the important results at the FEED

stage and presents an overall oil FPSO topsides system configurationwith safety and control logic and heat and material tables.

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The following are the most important factors and activities indeveloping a PFD from the results of process configuration andsimulation and receiving vendor data of equipment.

Figure 5. A Process Flow Diagram of a Typical Separator System

Incorporation of heat & material balance

The incorporation of the heat and material balance table, which shows

physical properties such as temperature, pressure, flow rate and mole

fraction, is the most essential factor in developing a PFD from processconfiguration & simulation. The capacities and sizes of oil FPSOtopsides systems, which consist of equipment and instruments, and

pipes, are determined based on the heat & material balance in our study.Incorporation of Safety and Control Logic

As the most important factor in oil FPSO topsides systems is safety,incorporating safety and control logic into the PFD is essential. Thereason for safety and control logic in a PFD is to enhance the

understanding of overall oil FPSO topsides systems in the operation ofoffshore plants. The safety and control logic of oil FPSO topsidessystems are incorporated in our study.

Performance of Process Calculations

Figure 6 shows an in-house program that determines the size of HP(High Pressure) separator shown in the PFD. In-house programs are

used for the purpose of rapidly fixing the size of each system when

performing oil FPSO topsides layout. The sizes of main oil FPSOtopsides systems, such as the high pressure separator, are calculated in

our study.

Figure 6. Process Calculation of HP Separator

Preparation of Equipment Datasheets

Figure 7 shows the equipment datasheet for the HP separatorEquipment datasheets, which include physical properties and

requirements of oil FPSO topsides equipment, are issued to eachequipment vendor. Engineering data on oil FPSO topsides equipmentscan be obtained from each equipment vendor based on these equipmendatasheets. The final FEED results such as costs, weights, size oftopside equipments can be achieved using these engineering data from

equipment vendor.

Figure 7. Equipment Datasheets for the HP Separator

Expanding PFD to P&IDFigure 8 shows the P&ID of the HP separator based on the PFD of thesame. As mentioned above, the costs, weights, and layout of oil FPSOtopsides equipment can be derived from the PFD. In the P&ID, the

costs, weights and layout of oil FPSO topsides instruments and pipeswhich are installed and connected to equipment, can be obtained fromthe P&ID. Therefore, it is important to build the main factors in orderto develop the P&ID from the PFD. The main factors in developing theP&ID are operation, safety, and maintenance factors. All equipment

instruments, pipes are installed according to the results of the study onoperation, safety, and maintenance factors of each topsides system. Infigure 8, the red parts are the pipes and instruments installed accordingto the results of the safety factors study; the blue parts according to theresults of the operation factors study; the green parts according to the

results of maintenance factors study; and the yellow parts according tovendor data. In our study, P&IDs on oil FPSO topsides systems are

prepared by incorporating these factors into the PFD. As a result odeveloping P&IDs from PFDs, the costs, weights and layout of oi

FPSO topsides instruments and pipes can be obtained. Accordingly, thetotal costs, weights, and layouts of equipments, instruments, and pipeswhich are main components of oil FPSO topsides systems, can beachieved through the development of the P&ID from processconfiguration/simulation. That is, the final FEED results can besuccessfully achieved by the application of the offshore process FEED

method to the oil FPSO topsides systems. Important factors and mainactivities in developing P&IDs from PFDs and receiving vendor data oinstruments and pipes are as follows.

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Figure 8. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams of Typical Separators

Consideration of Operation Factors

Instruments and pipes, which are necessary for the operation of

topsides systems, are first installed based on the characteristics of eachtopsides system on the basis of PFD. In our study, necessaryinstruments and pipes are installed according to the result of theoperation factor study.

Consideration of Safety Factors

Safety problems in the deep sea pose serious dangers to oil FPSOtopsides systems. Therefore, the most important factor in developingthe P&ID is safety. Among international rules and regulations relatedto safety, the API (American Petroleum Institute) code is widely usedas a standard in performing the safety factor study of oil FPSO topsides

systems. In our study, necessary instruments and pipes are installedbased on the results of the safety factor study.

Consideration of Maintenance Factors

Instruments and pipes necessary for the maintenance of equipments

from the PFD and instruments and pipes already installed according tothe results of the operation and safety factor study, are additionallyinstalled. The lifetime of oil FPSO topsides systems is between 20years and 25 years. Therefore, additional instruments and pipes areinstalled in order to maintain the oil FPSO topsides systems for thelifetime with minimum costs and human labor.

Incorporation of Vendor Data

As mentioned above, a PFD is generated by the heat and materialbalance, which is the result of process configuration and simulation.Then, the P&ID is generated by the incorporation of important factorssuch as operation, safety, and maintenance factors. Next, vendor data

on equipment, instruments, and pipes, which are main components ofoil FPSO topsides systems, are also incorporated into the P&ID. Lastly,the sizes of pipes, connecting the components of oil FPSO topsides

systems, are calculated by line size calculation as follows and

incorporated into the P&ID to finalize the P&ID development in ourstudy.

Performance of Line Size Calculations

Figure 9 shows the in-house program for calculating the line sizes ofthe oil FPSO topsides Systems. Topsides systems consist of various

equipment suited to the characteristics of each system. So, pipes areimportant part to connect these equipments and occupy many portionsof the overall topsides systems in quantity. In our study, the sizes of

pipes, which are shown in P&IDs, are calculated based on the heat and

material balance, shown in PFDs. The calculated sizes of pipes areincorporated in P&IDs.

Figure 9. Line Size Calculations of Overall Topsides Systems

Preparation of Instrument Datasheets

Figure 10 shows the instrument datasheet for the PSV (Pressure Safety

Valve), which is one of instruments in P&IDs.Instrument datasheets, which include physical properties andrequirements of the oil FPSO topsides instruments, are issued to eachinstrument vendor. Engineering data on the topsides instruments can be

obtained from each instrument vendor based on these instrumendatasheets. The final FEED results such as costs, weights, and sizes otopside instruments can be obtained using these engineering data frominstrument vendors.

Figure 10. Instrument Datasheets of PSV

CONCLUSION

The aim of performing the process FEED of offshore plants is to

determine the potential feasibility of well development by estimatingthe final process FEED results such as the total costs, weights, andlayout of offshore plants. The specification of all equipmentinstruments, and pipes, which are main components of offshore plants

are determined for the purpose of estimating the final process FEED

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results. In our study, an offshore process FEED method is proposed inorder to efficiently achieve the final process FEED results. Then, theoffshore process FEED method is applied to oil FPSO topsides systems

in order to investigate the benefits of our method. As a result of theapplication to oil FPSO topsides systems, the process FEED can berapidly performed without time-consuming engineering work.Therefore, the offshore process FEED method proposed by our studywould contribute to increasing engineering benefits in new offshore

projects such as LNG FPSO, GTL (Gas To Liquid) FPSO, etc. in thefuture.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grantfunded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic ResearchPromotion Fund)(KRF-2008-314-D00494)

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"Optimized Methodology to Build an Integrated Solution to OffshoreTopside Process Engineering".Proc of 18th Innternational Ocean and

Polar Engineering Conf, Vancouver, ISOPE, Vol.1, pp. 233-240, 2008.

Lee,K.Y., Hwang,J.H., Cha,J.H., Ham,S.H, Kim,B.R. Process FEEDof offshore structures, Advanced Ship Design Automation Lab,

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1998.

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