hybrid conversions: introduction to hybrid propulsion systems · alcatraz flyer electric propulsion...
TRANSCRIPT
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Conversions: Introduction to Hybrid Propulsion Systems
Larry Machak – American Traction Systems
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
ATS Milestones
Dual 90kW DC Propulsion Systems32 New Orleans Canal Street Streetcars2008
Dual 300kW AC Propulsion System the Alcatraz Hybrid2008
550kW AC Traction System Venturi Buckeye Bullet 2 302mph Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
2009
Dual 500kW AC Propulsion Hybrid SystemStatue Cruises 2011
4x 500kW DC Propulsion Battery System Norfolk Southern 999 Locomotive2010
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Milestones
Dual 400HP Permanent Magnet Propulsion Spirit of the Low Country2018
2012Two Dual 500kW AC Propulsion Hybrid SystemsAlcatraz ClipperAlcatraz Flyer
Electric Propulsion System and ControlsSAMSA Africana Research Vessel 2015
6MW DC Propulsion System and ControlsUSNS Waters 2013
2019 Quad 150HP AC Propulsion and ControlsGees Bend
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Project presently underway
DOT Alabama / HMS - Gees Bend Battery Ferry
The first battery only ferry in North America
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Propulsion SystemsUS Coast Guard approved
diesel-electric-hybrid passenger ferries
The Alcatraz HybridThe Hornblower Hybrid The Alcatraz FlyerThe Alcatraz Clipper
All powered by ATS propulsion systems
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Ferry Operational Review
Alcatraz Island, San Francisco CA is only serviced by the Hornblower Hybrid fleet.
Summer5,200
per day
Fall - Spring2,000
per day
1 million passengers/year
since 2012
Over 7 million passengers!!
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Multiple Energy Sources
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Propel the Ship
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Hybrid Propulsion is not a new idea
Egyptian reed shipc. 4000BC
Phoenician Shipsc. 600BC
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Multiple Energy Sources
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Power Conversion
Generators Batteries SuperCaps
SolarPanels
FuelCells
WindTurbines
ShorePower
Propellers Thrusters Ship Services
Multiple Loads
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Multiple Energy Sources
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Power Conversion
Generators Batteries ShorePower
Propellers Thrusters Ship Services
Multiple Loads
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Multiple Energy Sources
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Power Management
Generators Batteries ShorePower
Propellers Thrusters Ship Services
Multiple Loads
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Multiple Energy Sources
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Power Conversion
Generators Batteries ShorePower
Propellers Thrusters Ship Services
Multiple Loads
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Common Bus
Power Conversion
Power Conversion
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
Two Power Bus Topologies May be Used:
Common DC Bus
Common AC Bus
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
The two feuding geniuses waged a "War of Currents" in the 1880s over whose electrical system would power the world.
Tesla's alternating-current (AC) system Edison's direct-current (DC) system.
Nikola Tesla Thomas Edison
Amongst science nerds, few debates get more heated than the ones that discuss Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison.
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
What is a Hybrid Propulsion System?
ATS has deployed propulsion systems using both topologies
Common AC Bus on the USNS Waters and Africanaup to 7 MW Diesel Electric DC Propulsion
Common DC Bus on Hybrid Passenger Vesselsup to 1.5 MW Hybrid Propulsion
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel Electric
Series Hybrid
Parallel Hybrid
Plug-in Electric
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel-Electric
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel-Electric Powertrains consist of a diesel engine connected to a generator which creates electricity to power electric propulsion motors.
Benefits of a Diesel Electric System
• Engine is decoupled from the Propulsion motorseliminates aligning the engine, gearbox and drive shaft
• Allows the diesel engine to mounted in any location
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel-Electric Series Hybrid
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel-Electric Series Hybrid
Series drivetrains are the simplest hybrid configuration. The propulsion motor(s) receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by an engine.
Benefits of a Series Hybrid System
• Both the engine/generator and shore power recharge the battery pack• More efficient at low speeds than conventional systems• Smaller engine to obtain the same performance as a conventional
vessel - the battery provides extra power as required
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel-Electric Parallel Hybrid
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel-Electric Parallel Hybrid
In vessels with parallel hybrid drivetrains, the engine and electric motor work in tandem to generate the power that drives the propeller(s).
Benefits of a Parallel Hybrid System
• Uses a smaller battery pack than series hybrids• The engine is connected directly to the propeller(s) eliminating the
inefficiency of converting mechanical power to and from electrical power which increases efficiency
• Smaller engine to obtain the same performance as a conventional vehicle - the battery provides extra power as required
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Plug-In Electric
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Types of Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Plug-In Electric
Vessels can be recharged from an external source of electricity (shore power) at lower cost than operating a diesel engine; the electricity is stored in battery packs for vessel propulsion
Benefits of a Plug-in System
• Very quiet and smooth • Suitable for short (< 25 mile) commutes • Recharge from the grid utilizing low off-peak electricity rates• Zero emissions at the vehicle
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Battery Interface to the DC Bus
Zero Emission and Hybrid Propulsion Systems
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Battery Interface to the DC Bus
The ideal situation is for the battery voltage to remain stable, this does not occur.
There is a 1:1.5 or more fluctuation in the battery voltage from fully charged to discharged.
As the battery state of charge decreases, the voltage also decreases causing the current drawn from the batteries to increase.
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Battery Interface to the DC Bus
• There are two methods of interfacing batteries to the common DC Bus
1) Batteries are tied directly to the DC bus
The DC bus fluctuates with the battery state of charge(Non-regulated DC Bus)
2) Batteries are isolated via DC/DC converters
The DC remains at a stable voltage(Regulated DC Bus)
There are advantages and disadvantages to both topologies
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Battery Interface to the DC Bus
Non-regulated DC Bus
PROS
CONS
ü Better Efficiencyü Simple Control Loopsü Better for All-Electric Systems
ü More Batteries are Requiredü Expensive Short Circuit Protectionü System is sized for Minimum
Voltage/Maximum Current
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Battery Interface to the DC Bus
Regulated DC Bus
PROS
CONS
ü Less Batteries Requiredü Lower Short Circuit Currentü Better for Longer Voyages
ü More Complex Power Electronics Required
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Vessel Power Management
Zero Emission and Hybrid Propulsion Systems
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Vessel Power Management
• The Energy Management of a hybrid vessel must be a blend of optimal control algorithms and real time performance.
• Vessel Power Management has unique challenges since the operational conditions of a given route is dynamic. The same vessel traveling the same route will never be subject to the same conditions.
• There will be variations of temperature, wind, current, debris, etc. that must be dealt with in real time.
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
• Never Compromise the Safety of the Vessel
• Maximize the life of the batteries
• Optimize the efficiency of the vessel
Hybrid Vessel Power Management
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
• Generators are operated at their optimal performance setting using the batteries to balance the load and to meet peak load requirements.
• Batteries can react to large power demand swings faster and more efficiently than the diesel generators.
• Battery only mode provides a higher quality experience due to quiet running.
• Using Shore Power to charge the batteries is the most economical and efficient means of charging.
Hybrid Vessel Power Management
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
ATS Hybrid Propulsion Systems
• Only 1 diesel engine is operating under normal cruise conditions (multiple genset configurations)
• Operating time is balanced between the engines
• Better fuel economy by decoupling the engine speed from the propeller speed
• Minimized pollution due to efficient operation of the diesel engine
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
ATS Hybrid Propulsion System
• Eliminates the auxiliary generator for house loads
• Engines are decoupled from the propeller
• Eliminates aligning the engine, gearbox and propeller shaft
• Allows the diesel generators to be mounted in any location with complete vibration isolation from the hull
• Quiet and smooth propeller reversal by reversing the rotational direction of the electric propulsion motor
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Ferry Operational Review
15%• Avg. Fuel Consumption
• Less NOx emissions & particulate matter
10%• Lower decibel (dB) levels than conventional
ships
ZERO• Diesel fuel consumption & exhaust fumes
during boarding and low speed operation
Advantages of the ATS Hybrid Propulsion System
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Hybrid Vessel Engine Room
ATS Hybrid Vessel Propulsion System
Typical ATS Hybrid Marine Propulsion System
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Port Propulsion Rack Starboard Propulsion RackPower Distribution RackDC Bus Capacitors
GeneratorModule
PropulsionInverter
IsolationPanel
Pre-Charge Panel
PropulsionInverter
GeneratorModule
DC/DC Chopper
DualDC/DC
Chopper
DualDC/DC
Chopper
DualInverter
IsolationPanel
Typical ATS Hybrid Marine Propulsion System
The typical ATS propulsion system is divided into three high-voltage rack assemblies
Two generator and propulsion control assemblies (with DC bus isolation contactor) and one power conversion/distribution rack in the center.
Each assembly measures 4 ft deep x 4 ft wide x 4 ft 2in tall
Canadian Ferry Association Conference - 2019
Electric Propulsion Controls and Accessories
Questions?