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The Hybrid Electric Vehicles Enerji Depolama Sistemlerinin Elektrik Taşıtlardaki Uygulamaları Supervisor :Yrd.Doç.Dr. Şule KUŞDOĞAN Submitted by : Mohamed Babe

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The Hybrid Electric VehiclesEnerji Depolama Sistemlerinin Elektrik Taşıtlardaki Uygulamaları

Supervisor :Yrd.Doç.Dr. Şule KUŞDOĞAN

Submitted by : Mohamed Babe

1. Introduction

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric power train is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance.

Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do.In 1997 , the first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan.Hybrids can play a significant role in solving major problems faced by the world, Climate changeAir pollutionOil dependence .

2.The main components of the hybrid electric vehicle

Power plant ICEElectric motor / GeneratorBattery TransmissionInverter

3. Levels Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

3.1 Full hybrid They feature idle-stop functionRegenerative brakingMost are capable of using the electric motor alone to propel

the vehicleThe electric motor also assists the engineBattery voltages are about 200 to 300 volts3.2Medium hybrid

They feature idle-stop functionRegenerative brakingMost are not capable of using the electric motor alone to propel the

vehicleThe electric motor usually assists the engineBattery voltages are about 144 to 158 volts

3.3 Mild HybridThey feature idle-stop functionRegenerative brakingAre not capable of using the electric motor to propel the vehicleThese systems are usually 42 volts or less

4. Working Of A Hybrid Electric vehicle

A conventional vehicle has a mechanical drive train that includes the fuel tank, the combustion engine, the gear box, and the transmission to the wheels. A HEV has two drive trains - one mechanical and one electric. The electric drive train includes a battery, an electric motor, and power electronics for control.

• Power generated from Combustion

engine

•Power generated from

electric

motor

5.Types of Hybrid Electric vehicles

The types of hybrid electric vehicles include:

Series Hybrid electric vehicle. Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle. Series-Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.

1. 5.1 Series Hybrid electric vehicle

Vehicle propulsion is by a electric motor only

ICE is used for charging the HV battery

This diagram shows the components included in a typical series hybrid design. The solid-line arrow indicates the transmission of torque to the drive wheels. The dotted-line arrows indicate the transmission of electrical current.

Gasoline motor turns a generator .

Generator may either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission .

At low speeds is powered only by the electric motor

5.2 parallel hybrid vehicle

Uses multiple propulsion energy sources

This means the electric motor and ICE propels the vehicle

Diagram showing the components involved in a typical parallel-hybrid vehicle. The solid-line arrows indicate the transmission of torque to the drive wheels, and the dotted-line arrows indicate the flow of electrical current.

5.3 series-parallel hybrid

These vehicles can operate using the electric motor alone or with assist of the ICE

They combine both functions of series and parallel design

6. Plug in Hybrids (PHEV)A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source. A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine and of an all-electric vehicle also having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range as compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted.

7.Battery requirements The first generation HEVs were sluggish since the battery development had not aimed for high specific power, i.e. they could not discharge energy quickly enough. This has been partly rectified by the development of improved battery types: nickel/metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. Current HEV batteries provide the vehicle with ample power for driving but development is still ongoing, focusing on cost reduction and extending the lifetime. The power required for HEV function is supplied by large battery stacks, usually between50-70 kg for passenger cars 25 and 250-600 kg for bus batteries. Most HEV buses today are fitted with a lead acid battery, but the use of more advanced and expensive but better and longer lifetime nickel metal hydride batteries is increasing for buses as is already the case for passenger cars.

8. BATTERY RECHARGING

The Ni-MH batteries are recharged through a process call regenerative brakingRegenerative braking takes energy from the forward momentum of the vehicle and captures it while coasting or braking.Occasionally batteries are recharged by the electric motorIt is expected that most PHEV and EV owners will recharge their vehicles overnight at home.

9.Advantages Of Hybrid electric Vehicles Lower emissions and better mileage.

Hybrids perform at par with the normal gasoline-powered vehicles, if not better.

Hybrids are reliable and comfortable.

There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state).Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles.

The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology to improve engine efficiency.

Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by an external source.

Special warranties are provided for the battery pack, the electric motor other costly items.

Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directly affects fuel prices.

10. Disadvantages Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

High Cost: Hybrids cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 more their non-Hybrid versions.

More weight due to battery packs.

Some states charge additional fees for registration.

In the event of an unfortunate accident, there is a risk of exposure to high voltage wires. Complicated Architecture.

Spare parts maybe hard to find and may be costly.

Hybrids have a lower acceleration .

Some batteries fail deliver in cold weather.

Not suitable for long distance journey.

11.Technology challenges and opportunities

Time of battery changing is longBatteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more)Batteries are expensiveLow performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the batteryVery sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces dramatically)Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue

Opportunity for researchers:Advance research projects on batteries are supported by

governments and industries

A technology exists to build a future with a significant lower dependence on oil.Hybrids can play an important role in realizing the future, filling the gap between immediate improvements through conventional technology.Hybrids can help drive passengers vehicle oil consumption and global warming.

12.Conclusion

The Références

1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Made By: Rahul Pandey MSIT, JANAKPURI, NEW

DELHI

2. HYBRID VEHICLES NEELKAMAL ROUT GANDHI INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GUNUPUR .

3. Hybrid Electric Vehicles Development Processes & Challenges Dr. Olivier

Imberdis, IAV France12th SIA –CNAM Conferences Serie, March8th 2011

4 . Control of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles Gheorghe Livinţ , Vasile Horga, Marcel Răţoi

and

Mihai Albu Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi Romania

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