hybrid electrical vichel

8/4/2019 Hybrid Electrical Vichel

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Hybrid electric vehicle

SatishVerma

BY

PRESENTED


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INTROUCTIONHave you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately and been shocked bythe high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past $20 or $30, maybeyou thought about trading in that SUV for something that gets bettermileage. Or maybe you are worried that your car is contributing to thegreenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have the coolest car on the

block.Currently, there is a solution for all this problems; it's the hybrid electricvehicle. The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle,because there is less need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internalcombustion engine in hybrid-electric is much smaller and lighter andmore efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. In fact, mostautomobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture theirown hybrid versions.


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How does a hybrid car work?

Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines andelectric motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such asimproved fuel economy, increased power, or additional auxiliary power forelectronic devices and power tools.


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What goes on under the hood to give you 20 or 30 more miles per gallon than thestandard automobile? And does it pollute less just because it gets better gasmileage.


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Technology

The varieties of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by thestructure of the hybrid vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type, and the mode ofoperation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain


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Some of the advanced technologies typicallyused by hybrids include

Regenerative Braking. The electric motor applies resistance to the drivetrain

causing the wheels to slow down. In return, the energy from the wheels turns themotor, which functions as a generator, converting energy normally wasted duringcoasting and braking into electricity, which is stored in a battery until needed by theelectric motor.

Electric Motor Drive/Assist. The electric motor provides additional power to assist

the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill climbing. This allows a smaller, moreefficient engine to be used. In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power forlow-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient.

Automatic Start/Shutoff. Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehiclecomes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents

wasted energy from idling.


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Engines and fuel sourcesFossil fuelsGasoline

Diesel

Biofuels

Electric machines


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Environmental impactFuel efficiency

Current HEVs reduce petroleum consumption under certaincircumstances, compared to otherwise similar conventionalvehicles, primarily by using three mechanisms Reducing wastedenergy during idle/low output, generally by turning the ICE off

Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking)Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficienciesfrom under-utilization, by using the added power from the electricmotor to compensate for the loss in peak power output from thesmaller ICE.


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NoiseReduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electricmotor at idling and low speeds, leading to roadwaynoise reduction, incomparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles,resulting in beneficial noise health effects (although road noise from tiresand wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of mostvehicles, are not affected by the hybrid design alone).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_mitigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_health_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_health_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_mitigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noise


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Reduced air pollution emissions, due to lower fuel consumption,lead improved human health with regard to respiratory problemsand other illnesses. Pollution reduction in urban environments may

be particularly significant due to elimination of idle-at-rest Batterytoxicity is a concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH batteries,not the environmentally problematic rechargeable nickel cadmium."Nickel metal hydride batteries are benign. They can be fullyrecycled," says Ron Cogan, editor of the Green Car Journal Toyota

and Honda say that they will recycle dead batteries and ach batteryto help ensure that it will be properly recycled.

Pollution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiMHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiMHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution


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Rank NationNumber of

registered

hybridsPercent of global

hybrid

registrations1 United States 279,847 62%2 Japan 77,937 17%3 Canada 17,911 4%4

United Kingdom

14,137

3%

5 Netherlands 11,080 2%

Top 5 400,912 89%World 449,626 100%

Top national markets for hybrid electric vehicles in2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States


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Top national markets for hybrid electric vehicles

between 2007 and 2009]

Rank Country

Number of

registered

hybrids

2009

Percent of

global

hybrid

registratio

ns2009

Number of

registered

hybrids

2008

Percent of

global

hybrid

registratio

ns2008

Number of

registered

hybrids

2007

Percent of

global

hybrid

registratio

ns2007

1 Japan 334,000 45% 94,259 18% 69,015 14%

2United

States290,271 39% 312,209 61% 350,289 70%

3 Canada 16,167 2% 15,385 3% 14,828 3%

4Netherlan

ds13,686 - 11,814 2% n.a.(2) -

5United

Kingdom13,661 - 19,963 4% 15,968 3%

Top 5 - - 453,630 89% 457,615 91%

World 740,000 511,758 500,405

Notes: (1) Cumulative sales until November 2009 only. (2) For year 2007 Netherlands was not

among the top 5 world markets. Germany, with

7,515 hybrids sold, was the fifth country in the rank.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle


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Hybrid cars carry with them a bundle ofadvantages.

* Hybrids are reliable and comfortable as any traditional car and theyhave a tax benefits(only till 2006).

* There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies bystate).

* Thanks to the ever improving technology, hybrids perform at par withthe normal ga-powered vehicles, if not better.

* Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles with lesser CO andother greenhouse gas emissions.


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* Hybrids provide a better mileage.

* The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybridtechnology to improve engine efficiency.

* Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not becharged by an external source.

* Special warranties are provided for the battery pack, the electric motor

other costly items.

* Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directlyaffects fuel prices.


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The hybrid vehicle has also become a symbol of social status.

The biodiesel vehicle offers the consumer the unique opportunity to fuel his/hercar with an alternative to petroleum.

Hybrid cars are good for the environment.

Hybrid cars are the cars, which run on at-least one alternate source of energy

and gasoline.

These cars are economical in medium and long run than normal gasoline cars.

Hybrid cars are one among the promising types of new generation cars.

Hybrid cars are more reliable than electric cars from what we are seeing to dateand they have gasoline as an alternate fuel.

Hybrid cars are currently more expensive to buy than conventional cars.

These cars are also known to emit far lower levels of pollutants in the air


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