hybrid systems for propulsion = future road transport ht15/lectures/ehs_l1_2015_intro.pdf · the...
TRANSCRIPT
Hybrid Systems for Propulsion = Future Road Transport
Mats Alaküla
Professor, Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund
University Tech Specialist, AB Volvo
The purpose with this course
To teach Key Technologies that
open the door to a new transport
system
The Course
Fö # Exc # Home Assigment #Calender
Week
Study
WeekDate Location Contents
1 2015-09-01 08:15 - 10:00 E:1406 Introduction to energy supply for transport
2 2015-09-02 08:15 - 10:00 E:1406 Veh dynamics, the ideal vehicle
3 2015-09-03 10:15 - 12:00 M:E Non ideal - The ICE + Mechanical Transmissions
4 # 1 out 2015-09-03 13:15 - 15:00 M:E Simulation and Home Assignment 1 preparation
1 2015-09-10 08:15 - 10:00 M:Em1-2 Simulation, ideal vehicles
2 2015-09-10 10:15 - 12:00 M:Em1-2 Simulation conventional vehicles
3 2015-09-10 15:15 - 17:00 M:Em1-2 Simulation home assignment 1 support
5 # 1 return 2015-09-16 08:15 - 10:00 E:1406 Hybrid System Components : 1 (mainly Energy Storage)
6 2015-09-16 15:15 - 17:00 M:E Hybrid System Components : 2 (mainly Electrical Drives)
7 2015-09-17 10:15 - 12:00 M:E The Parallell Hybrid, Implementations, Modelling and Control
8 # 2 out 2015-09-17 13:15 - 15:00 M:E Energy Storage and Life Time Estimation - Plug In
4 2015-09-24 08:15 - 10:00 M:Em1-2
5 2015-09-24 10:15 - 12:00 M:Em1-2
6 2015-09-24 15:15 - 17:00 M:Em1-2
9 2015-09-29 08:15 - 10:00 M:D The Series and the Complex Hybrid, Implementations, Modelling and Control
10 2015-09-30 08:15 - 10:00 E:1406 Plug In and Slide In - range extention from Hybrid to Full Electric
11 2015-10-01 10:15 - 12:00 M:E Hybridisation of Working vehicles (Construction Equipment)
12 2015-10-01 13:15 - 15:00 M:E Hybridisation of Working vehicles (Construction Equipment)
7 41 6 2015-10-14All day !
(plan for 06:30-
20:00)
*) Field Trip this day (all day event)
Simulations on home assigment 2 the other days
8 2015-10-16 08:15 - 10:00 M:Em1.2 Support to final home assigment
9 2015-10-16 10:15 - 12:00 M:Em1-2 Support to final home assigment
10 # 2 back 2015-10-16 15:15 - 17:00 M:EM1-2 Support to final home assigment
44 exam 2015-10-30 08:00 - 13:00 Vic:3D Written examination
42 7
Simulations on various parallell hybrid vehicles
1
2
3
4
5
36
37
38
39
40
1: CO2 & Energy Supply
• “… - it's as if no-one is
listening to the scientific
community!”
• “- We need a radical plan!“ • Corinne Le Quere, director of the
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change
Research
• UN Climate Conf in DOHA
• 400 ppm CO2 measured last
week at Hawaii by NOAA • National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
Is CO2 out of control?
Not a Fossil Future …
Source Amount *)
Oil [barrels] 2.00E+12
Oil [kWh] 3.40E+15
Coal [tons] 9.98E+11
Coal [kWh] 7.31E+15
Natural Gas [quads] 6.37E+03
Natural Gas [kWh] 1.87E+15
*) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserves-to-production_ratio
Known reserves Predicted Population Growth
Predicted Reserves
Increased average
standard of living
Fossil Fuel will not be a viable
option in a near future !
Known Consumption
35 W/kg (World average)…
129 W/kg (US average)
1 W/kg
Means for CO2 reduction in road transport
...
Conventional, improved … - 40 % CO2 (VERY expensive!)
Conventional, hybridized … - 40 % CO2
Conventional, Bio Fuel … - Is there enough Bio Fuel?
Full electric, renewable electricity …- How to? - Energy from
?
Will there be enough Biofuel?
Ref: EU ENERGY IN FIGURES 2010 CO2 Emissions from Transport by Mode
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
20 % of all global energy use is spent on
land transports
1/3rd of that is spent on ”Volvo type”
vehicles
– Trucks, Buses, Construction Equipment
The more electric we make them ...
... the less energy they need
... BUT the GLOBAL CO2 may increase !
Electro Mobility Perspective150626 Penta, Mats Alaküla
A Global Energy and CO2 Perspective
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
CO2 intensity of electricity generation
Electro Mobility Perspective150626 Penta, Mats Alaküla
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
[g/k
Wh]
CO2 from Electricity Generation
World
EU 27
Sweden
China
North America
India
Africa
CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation,
in both electricity-only and combined heat and power plants, divided
by output of electricity generated from all fossil and non-fossil sources. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been includedin the calculation.
China has pledged to reduce its CO2
intensity, namely emissions per unit of
GDP, by 40-45% by 2020 compared with
the 2005 level.*1)
India’s CO2 emissions from energy
consumption double, but the country’s
CO2 intensity declines by 28% by 2030.
*1) http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/EE-Chinas-
climate-change-plan-2209144.html
*2) http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-
review/EnergyOutlook2030/Country-
insights/India_Fact_Sheet.pdf
*3)
*3)
2: Hybridisation
What is a hybrid vehicle?
Electric
machine ICE
Charge sustaining
hybrid ”PlugIn”-
Charging
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Engine Speed [rpm]
En
gin
e t
orq
ue [
Nm
]
5 5 5 10 10 20
Engine use in a heavy hybrid vehicle
Higher gear
Hig
her
torq
ue
60 kW extra power
to charge battery
• Adaptation of engine operating
point
… but also:
• Regeneration of braking
energy
Potential Fuel Saving Refuse Truck
20 % 5 %
30-40 % 20-50 %
Long Haul Truck
Wheel loader City Bus
Hybrid solutions
- quiet and fuel efficient
35% improved fuel efficiency
It works also for Non
Conventional
Vehicles ...
Different types of Cranes used
REF: Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Container Crane
Master of Science Thesis For the degree of Master of Science in Systems and Control at Delft University of Technology
Steven Mulder
Siemens ECO-RTG Crane Drive System
Example of handling
Example: Excavator
REF: Komatsu Hydraulic Excavators Hybrid PC200LC-8
Battery requirements for electric propulsion
45 000 tons of batteries. The take off weight is 413 tons ! Not possible!
10 kg for 10 km Possible!
40 kg for 10 km Possible!
200 kg for 10 km Possible!
20 tons for 1000 km Not possible!
Comb
Drive!
El Drive
=
Plug In !
Battery operation alone not
possible for Long Haul/Coach …
3: Electric Energy Supply
• Electric Traction Motors
• Are at least twice as energy
efficiency as combustion
engines
• Need almost no service, no
sparkplugs, no oil changes ..
• Are quiet
• Let out no exhaust
• Are much smaller than a
combustion engine for the
same rating
• Can recover energy when
slowing down or going
downhill
Electric Drive is Good!
But Storing Energy is a double problem ...
Time to charge 250 km Battery to store 250 km
5 minutes
7 days
9 hours
4 hours
150 kg diesel-tank
8000 kg battery
8000 kg battery
8000 kg battery
Group Trucks Technology
Rightsizing the Traction Power Requirement
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 0
100
200
300
400
500
Vehicle mass [tons]
Ele
ctr
ic P
ow
er
[kW
]
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 tons
FL FE FM, FH, ...
Advanced E-Motor Technology 2015
2
axles
3
axles
> 3
axles
Conclusion:
• 1 driven axle should
provide 150...200 kW
• Every additional axle
should provide
another 50...100 kW
• Modularity is
important !
• Is it realistic to let equipment, consuming 50...150 kW
average power, be pure electric and run on batteries?
• - No, not if the charging occasions are to few!
– 50 kW x 10 h = 500 kWh =
10 tons of batteries !
• Frequent charging is the key!
– Charge e.g. 25 times a day for 0.1 h @ 200 kW.
– 200 kW x 0.1 h = 20 kWh = 400 kg batteries !
– 25x20 kWh = 500 kWh
Full Electric?
10 ton 400 kg
Full Electric Energy Supply
240 km = 140 liter Diesel (90 liter if
Hybrid)
24 charges @ 200 kW for 6 minutes = 0.5 MWh
300…400 kg battery needed
240 km = 0.5 MWh electricity (= 5…10 ton battery)
Continuous charge @ 40 kW for 12 hours
0...100 kg battery needed
Co
nve
nti
on
al
Plu
g In
C
on
tin
uo
us
Ch
arg
ing
Vehicle
Examples
A Car Example
x 3
x 1.8
• 160 km Night Charge • 300 kg batteries
• 80 000 SEK
• 78 % of the annual driving
• 48 km Night Charge • 100 kg batteries
• 27 000 SEK
• 43 % of the annual driving
• 48 km Night Charge + Slide In • 100 kg batteries
• 27 000 SEK
• 100 % of the annual driving
= 14 MSEK/km National
and European road in
Sweden
D = 53 000 SEK
Dx4 million cars =
212 Billion SEK
A City Bus Example
Difference? – 90 % in Battery Weight
Facilitation? - Infrastructure!
MAIN key: opportunity charging at a high
power (100…200 kW)
Electro Mobility
Perspective150626 Penta,
Mats Alaküla
Lund, Sweden 0,13 kW Charging at Every Bus Stop, 160 kW, C=7.2
Charging at End Stop, 100 kW, C=2.5
3,8 tons
400 kg
250kg bat or
400 kg SUPERCAP
A Distribution Truck Example
Difference? - 80 % in battery size!
Facilitation? - Infrastructure!
How to share infrastructure, like Buses can?
• At the Goods Terminal, Loading Dock,
Lunch Stop?
Lower Cost AC Charging connection!
MAIN key: opportunity charging at a high
power (40…100 kW).
Electro Mobility
Perspective150626 Penta,
Mats Alaküla
Charging at Night
Charging at
Every loading dock
40 kW, C=1,4
1,7 tons
300 kg
A Long Haul Truck Example
Difference? – 90 % Battery Size!
Facilitation? - Infrastructure!
Example:
• 15 000 km National and European Road
in Sweden.
D = 50 km = Suitable Battery Range
MAIN keys:
• Electric Road System (ERS).
• Opportunity charging at a high power
(100…200 kW)
Electro Mobility
Perspective150626 Penta,
Mats Alaküla
Slide In + Lunch
Charging,
100 kW, C=1.8
14 tons
1 ton
D
A
B
A
B
Static
and
Dynamic Charging
The Energy Path
Ele
ctro
Mo
bilit
y
Per
spe
ctiv
e15
062
6
Pen
ta,
Mat
s
Ala
küla
Static Connections ...
Size
Po
wer
1 dm 1...2 m
3 kW
44 kW
87 kW
120 kW
200 kW
Something
is missing
HERE !!!
Automatic
Ele
ctro
Mo
bilit
y
Per
spe
ctiv
e15
062
6
Pen
ta,
Mat
s
Ala
küla
This can change
the game!
Tesla’s idea...
VW’s idea ...
Last years LTH students idea ...
ANSALDO
TramWave
Continuous
Charging
TRAM
Motor
Drive
TRAM
Motor
Drive
Truck/BUS
Motor
Drive
Truck/BUS
Motor
Drive
Under Ground Power Supply Line
TRAM
Motor
Drive
CAR
Motor
Drive
Alstom
APS
ALSTOM
APS
OLEV & Primove Bombardier
PRIMOVE
Siemens
eHighway
Truck/Bus
Motor
Drive
Driving Modes with “Slide In”
100
90
40
30
0
SOC (State Of Charge = Battery Charge Level)
time
1 Electric Drive from Battery
2 Hybrid Drive
3 Electric Drive from ERS
Slide In Track Available
[%]
Additional equipment needed
Tank Engine
Transmission Wheel
Battery Electric Drive
Pick Up Electric Power
Conditioner
Power
Supply
Transformer
Conventional vehicle Hybrid Vehicle Plug In Hybrid Vehicle Slide In Hybrid Vehicle
How a charging road can
work ...
• Activated ”step by
step”
• Needs little
precision
• Overtaking on
battery
• Assume:
• All vehicles has a battery capacity for a
certain range
• Some roads have ERS equipment
• A trip from A to B will then be all
electric if the battery covers the
non-ERS parts of the trip
• The total societal cost for such a
system is the cost for batteries and
the cost for ERS systems
• Sparse grid = big batteries
• Dense grid = small batteries
A Slide In World – Battery Size vs Grid Size
A
B
Grid Size
Co
st
• What would be an optimal ERS grid density?
• Europe has 5 million km paved roads and more than 60 000 km motorways … is this density enough?
• If Sweden and France, as example, was square the National and European Roads would in both countries correspond to a 50 km grid
• This is a realistic battery capacity for both EV Cars and EV Trucks/Buses
• This corresponds to 15 000 km roads in SE and 20 000 km in France
ERS Grid Density
50 km = 31 miles
Two Scenarios
50 km + OH ERS
150 km + Night
15 km + End Stop
300 km + High Power
50 km + Road Bound ERS
50 km + Opp
15 km + End Stop
50 km + Road Bound ERS
Over Head ERS Road Bound ERS
Why the difference? 50 km + OH ERS
150 km + Night
15 km + End Stop
300 km + High Power
50 km + Road Bound ERS
50 km + Opp
15 km + End Stop
50 km + Road Bound ERS
Over Head ERS Road Bound ERS
• Road Bound ERS:
• Reduce the need for BIG
batteries significantly
• Eliminates the need for
high power charging
stations for Cars – they
charge on the road
• Opportunity Charging:
• Reduce the need for
batteries significantly i
Distribution Trucks
• Requires Robotic
Connections and Integrated
Chargers (like Renault Chameleon)
Some Conclusions • To accomplish an electric
land transport system for
Cars, Buses, Distribution
Trucks and Long Haul
Trucks we need:
• Road Bound ERS. It has a
DRAMATIC impact on societal
cost for a full electric road
transport system
• Automatic fast charging,
especially for Buses and
Distribution Trucks
5: Actors on the market
• Alstom´s ERS system has long
commersial experience
• In several cities since 2003
• 12 Million km
• Ruggedness proved
• Safety proved
• High generic
efficiency
• Ansaldo’s Tramwave
has problems un-
related to the conductive
principle
• Elways has also proven
the principle
• SIEMENS eHighway i
coming!
Conductive Alternatives
Siemens eHighway Video
A Winter view on Alstom APS
Alstom adapted to trucks
Elways AB
0:55 – Dry asphalt
5:45 – Plowing snow out of the track
6:14 – Running in new plowed track
6:47 – Running in snowy track
Thank You!