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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2016, pp. 106–114, Article ID: IJCIET_07_06_012 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication

HYDRO-GEOLOGY, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

AND ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL AQUIFERS IN

MALANI IGNEOUS SUITE- A CASE STUDY OF SIROHI

DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

Sen Hemant

Research Scholar Department of Geology, M.L.S. University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Nagori M. L.

Professor, Department of Geology, M.L.S. University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT

Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management is the need of the time and this aspect

become crucial in the western desertic terrain of Rajasthan which witness scanty rainfall. Sirohi

district is also a part of Malani Igneous Suite (MIS) and in the district MIS is represented by

Granites, Rhyolites and Igneous tuffs.

The Main litho-units exposed in the district are Phyllites, Schists, Granite, Rhyolite, Gneisses

and Alluvium. The Potential aquifers in the district are Rhyolite, Granite, Erinpura Granite,

Gneisses, Phyllite and Schists. Analysis of rainfall pattern between the periods (year 2011 to 2013)

reveals that there is significant year wise fluctuation in rainfall which affect groundwater recharge.

Moreover the areas covered with fair vegetation receive more rains as compared to non-

vegetation portions. This is clearly witness in Mt. Abu & Pindwara Blocks of the district.

The impact of rainfall on groundwater recharge have also been analysed and it is revealed that

Malani Igneous Suite rocks viz, Rhyolites and Granites have significant water retention capacity

throughout the year. Thus authors concluded that the groundwater augmentation structures may be

constructed largely on these potential aquifer rocks (Granite& Rhyolite).

Key words: Groundwater Resources and its Management, Potential Aquifers, Malani Igneous Suite (MIS), Granite, Rhyolite.

Cite this Article: Pouya Azarsa, Mahdi Hosseini, Seyed Amin Ahmadi and Prof. N.V. Ramana Rao, Enhanced Seismic Resistance of Steel Buildings Using Viscous Fluid Dampers. International

Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp.106 – 114. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION

Sustainable groundwater resource management is need of the time and this aspect become crucial in the Western desertic terrain of Rajasthan which witness scanty rainfall. The success of any physical activity being planned depends upon the availability of runoff in the area, direction of flow of groundwater and the physical characteristics of the aquifer rocks (Planning report, Govt. of India,2014)1. The role and importance of groundwater in the natural water cycle has become now more recognized with the increasing

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dependency of many human activities on it. With increasing human interference with the water cycle, the groundwater is at risk. The groundwater resourceschanges. The manifestation of the implica

The State of Rajasthan covering 10.4% of India’s total geographical area has only 1.16% of the total surface water potential and 3.4% of the total groundwater potential of the country. In Rajasthagroundwater is the main source of water supply for drinking and domestic uses. Approximately, 80% of drinking water needs and about 60state; the condition of groundwater is much serious quality and quantity of the available groundwater resources have reached to the alarming condition iof the districts.

Studies of the State Ground Water been an average depletion in water levels ranging from 0.13 meters to 6.86 meters in 27 out of the 32 districts of the State, and between 2000districts. Average water level decline of more than 3.0 meters has been observed in 13 districts of the (SGWB, 2011)4. A large number of wells, summer. This is the time when water requirement is maximum. Depletion is population, scanty and erratic precipitation, stress on increasing irrigation facilities etc. All these problems entail proper and effective management, conservation and regulation of groundwater resources2015)5

2. DISTRICT SIROHI: THE STUDY AREA

2.1. Location

Sirohi district is located between 24covering an area of 5136 sq.km. The district is named after Sirohi divided into three Sub-Divisions namely Sirohi,divided into five tehsils and five development blocks

Figure 1.1

Source: www.mapsof india.com, year 2016.

Sen Hemant and Nagori M.L.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 107

dependency of many human activities on it. With increasing human interference with the water cycle, the groundwater is at risk. The groundwater resources are also facing threat due to climate variability and changes. The manifestation of the implications is from local to global level. (DST

The State of Rajasthan covering 10.4% of India’s total geographical area has only 1.16% of the total surface water potential and 3.4% of the total groundwater potential of the country. In Rajasthagroundwater is the main source of water supply for drinking and domestic uses. Approximately, 80% of drinking water needs and about 60% irrigated area depend on groundwater (CGWB, 2014)

the condition of groundwater is much serious because of depleting groundwater status. Both the quality and quantity of the available groundwater resources have reached to the alarming condition i

Studies of the State Ground Water department (GWD) indicate that between 1984 been an average depletion in water levels ranging from 0.13 meters to 6.86 meters in 27 out of the 32

between 2000 to 2008, it has further declined to the tune of 13.00 meter in some decline of more than 3.0 meters has been observed in 13 districts of the

. A large number of wells, hand pumps and even tube wells go dry in many areas during summer. This is the time when water requirement is maximum. Depletion is population, scanty and erratic precipitation, stress on increasing irrigation facilities etc. All these problems entail proper and effective management, conservation and regulation of groundwater resources

THE STUDY AREA

Sirohi district is located between 24o

15ꞌ

00ꞌꞌand 25o

17ꞌ00ꞌꞌ latitude and 72o

16ꞌ

covering an area of 5136 sq.km. The district is named after Sirohi town is a part of Jodhpur ivisions namely Sirohi, Reodar and Mt. Abu Administratively the district is

divided into five tehsils and five development blocks(CGWB,Sirohi,2008)6. (Figure

Figure 1.1 Location map of the Study Area

year 2016.7

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dependency of many human activities on it. With increasing human interference with the water cycle, the also facing threat due to climate variability and

DST, Jodhpur, 1999)2.

The State of Rajasthan covering 10.4% of India’s total geographical area has only 1.16% of the total surface water potential and 3.4% of the total groundwater potential of the country. In Rajasthan, groundwater is the main source of water supply for drinking and domestic uses. Approximately, 80% of

(CGWB, 2014)3.Today, in the because of depleting groundwater status. Both the

quality and quantity of the available groundwater resources have reached to the alarming condition in most

GWD) indicate that between 1984 to 1999, there has been an average depletion in water levels ranging from 0.13 meters to 6.86 meters in 27 out of the 32

to 2008, it has further declined to the tune of 13.00 meter in some decline of more than 3.0 meters has been observed in 13 districts of the state

and even tube wells go dry in many areas during summer. This is the time when water requirement is maximum. Depletion is due to rapidly growing population, scanty and erratic precipitation, stress on increasing irrigation facilities etc. All these problems entail proper and effective management, conservation and regulation of groundwater resources. (DGRI,

00ꞌꞌand 73o

11ꞌ 00ꞌꞌ longitude part of Jodhpur Division and is

Abu Administratively the district is Figure 1.1)

Hydro-Geology, Groundwater Resources and Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Malani Igneous Suite- A Case

Study of Sirohi District of Rajasthan


2.2. Geology

The Delhi Super Group of rocks occupies the Aravalli ranges in the eastern part of the district and also small chain of hills to the west of Mount Abu. The main rock types are phyllite, mica schist, limestone, marble, calc- silicate, and quartzite. These rock ranges is the age from 1650 to 1400 m.y. and are intruded by the grey Erinpura and pink Jalor granite. The subsequent rhyolites are ancient volcanic rocks that erupted during Post Delhi period. Geological formation exposed in the district range in age from Proterozoic to Recent. Oldest rock is Calc. Schist, Calc. Gneiss which belongs to Kumbhalgarh group of Delhi Super Group, while youngest formation is Alluvium belongs to Quaternary group. Delhi Super group rocks are exposed in the Southeastern and Central part of the district (Roy.A.B. and Jakhar S.R. 2002)8.

3. MALANI IGNEOUS SUITE IN THE DISTRICT

Sirohi district falls in South Western Rajasthan and is an important district of study area. Malani Igneous Suit (MIS) Rocks are exposed in the district particularly around Pindwara, Sirohi and Abu Road blocks. The main litho-units of MIS in Sirohi district are represented by granites, rhyolites & tuffs (Bhushan S.K.2002)10.

4. POTENTIAL AQUIFERS IN SIROHI DISTRICT

4.1. Physiology

A large part of the district is a vast semi desert plain, marked by isolated hills and chains of hillock forming the eastern and south- western extending Aravalli ranges in the east. Detached hills of the Aravalli range are situated in the south east of the district; Mount Abu is situated at about 1219 metre above sea level. Jawai is the longest and largest river of northwest, which joins Luni river. Other important rivers are Banas, khari, Sukkri, Badi, Kapal ganga & Krishnawati.

4.2. Hydogeology

Groundwater occurs under water table condition both in unconsolidated and consolidated saturated zone of formation. Its occurrence is controlled by topography, physiography and structural features of the geological formations. The movement of the groundwater in hard rock areas is governed by size, openness, interconnection and continuity of structural weak planes while in unconsolidated rocks, ground water movement takes place through pore space between grains(DST,Jodhpur,1999)11. The hydro geological map of the district is shown in Figure 1.2. Water bearing properties of different aquifers are described below:

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Figure 1.

Source: Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, Department of Science and Technology, Gov

Jodhpur 1999

4.3. Phylite and Schist

These aquifers occur predominantly in Aburoad,are also found which have low permeability. Groundwater is retained in weathered zones, fractures joints etc. Depth to open wells tapping these aquifer ranges from 25 to 40 m. Yield of wells varies from 30 to 250

m3

/day. The depth to water level in the arpart and 10m to 20m at western parts.

• Rhyolite and granite (Malani)granite forms the principal aquifer but to a small especially in the northern and western part of the district. Idar granite also exist in the central part of the


http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 109

Figure 1.2 Hydrogeological Map of Sirohi District

Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, Department of Science and Technology, Gov

These aquifers occur predominantly in Aburoad, Pindwara and central part of Sirohi tehsil. Few are also found which have low permeability. Groundwater is retained in weathered zones, fractures joints

Depth to open wells tapping these aquifer ranges from 25 to 40 m. Yield of wells varies from 30 to 250

/day. The depth to water level in the area tapping this aquifer ranges from 20 m to 40m in the northern part and 10m to 20m at western parts.

Rhyolite and granite (Malani) and Erinpura granite & gneiss: In the large part of the area Erigranite forms the principal aquifer but to a small extent Malani rhyolite and granite also proved fair especially in the northern and western part of the district. Idar granite also exist in the central part of the

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Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Rajasthan,

Pindwara and central part of Sirohi tehsil. Few intrusive are also found which have low permeability. Groundwater is retained in weathered zones, fractures joints

Depth to open wells tapping these aquifer ranges from 25 to 40 m. Yield of wells varies from 30 to 250

ea tapping this aquifer ranges from 20 m to 40m in the northern

n the large part of the area Erinpura lani rhyolite and granite also proved fair aquifer

especially in the northern and western part of the district. Idar granite also exist in the central part of the




district.. This aquifer is tapped by open wells ranging in depth from 20 m to 50m. The depth to water level varies from 20 to 40 m bgl in the northern part and 10m to 20m in the western part of the district. Yield of

wells ranges from meagre to 250 m3

/day.

• Alluvium: Alluvium occurs overlying the weathered hard rock formation found in the northern and western part of the district. It has limited thickness and aerial extension. It is confined to catchments of Jawai, Sukli and Khari River. The depth to water level is less than 10mbgl near river courses but exceeds 35m in other

areas. Depth of well ranges from 25m to 40m.Yield of wells ranges from 150 to 1000 m.3 is not a good

aquifer.

4.4. Deep Aquifer System

Exploratory drilling in the district reveals that the hard rock forms the main aquifer in the large parts of the district. Depth of tube well ranges from 20m to 150m.Yield of tube well ranges from meagre to 2000mgbl.

4.5. Groundwater Flow

General direction of groundwater flow in the north of Sirohi has been usualized n toward SE to NW. In other parts of the district, it is N to S, whereas in southern portion its speed is more due to steep in hilly terrain (CGWB, Sirohi, 2008).

5. RAINFALL PATTERN AND ITS ANALYSIS

The rainfall pattern of the district between the year 2011 to 2013 have been mentioned in Table- 1.1.12

Table 1.1 Block wise Rainfall Pattern in Sirohi District

S

No

.

Rain

gauge

station

Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013

Total

Monsoo

n

Rain fall

Total

Non

Monsoo

n

Rainfall

Total

Annual

Rain fall

Total

Monsoo

n

Rain fall

Total

Non

Monsoo

n

Rainfall

Total

Annual

Rain fall

Total

Monsoo

n

Rain fall

Total

Non

Monsoo

n

Rainfall

Total

Annual

Rain fall

1 Mt.AbuRoad 2077 0 2077 1159.4 2.0 1161.4 1562.0 164.0 1726.0

2 Abu Road 1016 0 1016 517.0 0.0 517.0 831.0 150.0 981.0

3 Pindwara 1335.6 0 1335.6 567.5 0.8 568.3 428.0 133.0 561.0

4 Reodar 735 2.2 737.2 379.0 0.0 379.0 703.0 80.0 783.0

5 Sheoganj 553.6 2 555.6 380.8 0.0 380.8 350.2 36.6 386.8

6 Sirohi 749 1.2 750.2 624.8 8.2 633.0 395.4 43.4 438.8

Average of Dist.

877.84 1.08 878.92 493.82 1.80 495.62 541.52 88.60 630.12

Source: In charge Hydro geologist; Groundwater Department, Government of Rajasthan (SQR) Division, Sirohi (2011-2013)

From Table 1.1 it is clearly evident that the average rainfall in Sirohi district during the year 2011 was 878.92mm out of which 877.84 mm was showed during the monsoon period and very little i.e. 1.08mm only was received during non- monsoon period (GWD, Sirohi 2011-13 ). But the scenario changed during the year 2012, where average rainfall was only 495.62 mm out of which 493.82mm was in monsoon period and rest of 1.80 in non- monsoon period. If we analyse rainfall data of the year 2013, again out of total average rainfall of 630.11mm, 541.52mm was showered in monsoon season. Moreover during non-monsoon period 88.60mm rains were received mainly in October, 2013.

These data clearly indicate that in Sirohi district, monsoon rain (July- September) have only source of groundwater recharge during entire year and there is variation in average rains from year to year.



Besides, if we analyse, tehsil wise rainfall pattern of the Sirohi district for the year 2011, highest rainfall was in Mt.Abu road block (2077mm), followed by Pindwara block (1335.60mm), then in Abu road block (1016.00mm), then in Sirohi block (750mm) and minimum was in Sheoganj block (555.60mm). Again in the year 2012, the maximum rainfall was noticed in Mt. Abu block (1161.40), followed by Sirohi block (633.10mm), Pindwara block(568.30mm), Abu road block (517.00mm) and minimum rainfall was noticed in Reodhar block (379.00mm) . The scenario was further changed in the year 2013, where although maximum rainfall remains in Mt. Abu block (1726.00mm) followed by Abu road block (981.00mm), Reodhar block (783.00mm), Pindwara block(561.00mm) and the minimum rainfall was recorded in Sheoganj block (380.80mm).

Thus from the above Table 1.1 it may be interpreted that:

• There is year wise fluctuation in rainfall in Sirohi district which affect groundwater recharge considerably;

• Generally maximum rainfall occur in monsoon period (July- september) but occasionally rainfall also showered up to October;

• In Sirohi district, maximum rainfall is in Abu road block because of dense vegetation in Mt. Abu Batholiths;

• Pindwara block is comparatively next to Mt. Abu block in receiving of heavy rainfall because this block again witness fair vegetation all around;

• The Abu Road block, received fairly high rainfall during the year 2011 (1016.00mm) but in later year it received comparatively less rainfall in the year 2012 (517.00mm) and 2013(981.00mm).This may be attributed to nearby dense vegetation of Mt.Abu granite hill;

• During the year 2011, Sheoganj block received the minimum rainfall (555.60mm) but in the year 2011 the situation in this block was further deteriorated to (380.80 mm ) and the situation remains miserable in the year 2013 (388.80mm). This may be attributed to least vegetation in the block due to maximum exposures of compact sheet rocks; and

• Overall, the annual rainfall of Sirohi is at par with adjoining Udaipur district and is comparatively slightly more than annual rainfall of Rajasthan state.

6. GRANITE OF MIS PROVED AS FAIRLY IMPORTANT AQUIFER

Analysis of granite aquifers in Siorhi district. The location map of the few selected wells belongs to particular in our study area and having granite rock. The location of the selected villages in map showing in (Figure 1.3). An attempt has been made to analyse aquifer rocks in a few randomly but purposely selected village of the district (Table 1.2)

In this Table 1.2, an attempt has been made to select a few blocks of Sirohi district and in these randomly but purposely selected blocks, again few villages were selected and groundwater level fluctuations have been analyzed. The observations are concluded as under:

1. In Sirohi district, at village Vazana, during the year 2012, in a G.W.D. well, the total depth of the well was 19.75mts and in this well during pre- monsoon period, the depth of water level remained 10.32 mts. It means that out of 19.75mts total depth, there was more than 10.00mts thick water table retained in it during the pre- monsoon period. The rock type is granite in which dug well has been drilled. In the same village another well was visited which is nearby to quoted above at S.No.1(ii), again the total depth of this dug well during the year 2013 was 19.8 mts and out of this, 13.90 mts depth remained filled with groundwater during pre- monsoon period. In this second observed well of village Vazana the country rock is same i.e. granite. Thus it is clear that water retention capacity in granite is fairly high.




Figure 1.3 Location of Selected Villages in a Map

Table 1.2 Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Selected Villages in Sirohi District

S.

No

Block Name Of

Village

Coordinates of Dug Wells Studied

Hydro-

geological

formation

Total

Depth

(m)

Pre

Monsoon

Depth to

W.L in (M)

bgl.(Year

2012)

Pre Monsoon

Depth to W.L

in (M)

bgl.(Year2013

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Sirohi Vazana (i) N 24˚ 31' 26.3" E 72˚ 37' 56.3" Granite 19.75 10.32 ----

1(ii) Sirohi

Vazana (ii) N 24˚ 32' 10" E 72˚ 37' 50" Granite 19.80 ---- 13.90

2 Abu Road Delwara(i) N 24˚ 36' 29.5" E 72˚ 43' 04.7" Granite 16.70 11.15

-----

2(ii) Abu Road Delwara (ii) N 24˚ 34' 53" E 72˚ 42' 12" Granite 16.70 -----

12.56

3 Reodar Pamera P/Z N 24˚ 42' 33.5" E 72˚ 39' 11.0" Granite 26.00 17.80 ----

4 Reodar Nimbaj(i) N 24˚ 43' 41.0" E 72˚ 26' 41.3" Granite 26.65 17.60 22.51

4(ii) Reodar Nimbaj (ii) N 24°43'27" E72°26'33" Granite 26.70 ------ 22.51

5 Sirohi Belangri(i) N 24˚ 49' 15.7" E 72˚ 43' 32.9" Granite 18.75 11.55 -----

5(ii) Sirohi Belangri(ii) N 24˚ 49' 15.7" E 72˚ 43' 32.9" Granite 18.80 ----- 14.55

6 Sirohi Sanpur N 24˚ 47' 05.1" E 72˚ 35' 37.5" Granite 16.04 8.18 12.48

Source: In charge Hydro geologist; Groundwater Department (GWD), Government of Rajasthan (SQR) division, Sirohi (2011-2013)



2. Similarly again in village Delwara, we have analysed two dug wells drilled in granite terrain and it was observed that at S. No. 2 (i), the total depth of dug well was 16.70 mts and in this well, during pre-monsoon period of the 2012, depth to water level remained as 11.15 mts and again during the year 2013, at another nearby dug well at S. No.2 (ii), the total depth of dug well was 16.70 mts and during pre-monsoon period the water retained in this well was up to 12.56 mts. It again shows that water retention in granite rock which is an important rock unit of Malani Igneous group is fairly high.

3. Similarly, again in village Nimbaj, during the year 2012, in a G.W.D. well, at S.No.4 (i) the total depth of the well was 26.65 mts and in this well during pre- monsoon period the depth of water level remained 17.60 mts. It means that out of 26.65 mts total depth, there was more than 10.00mts thick water table retained in it. The rock type is again granite rock in which dug well has been drilled. In the same village another dug well at S.No.4(ii) which is dugged nearby to quoted above, have the total depth as 26.7 mts and out of this, 22.51 mts depth remained filled with groundwater during pre- monsoon period of the year 2013. Again the country rock is granite. Thus it is clear that water retention capacity in granite is fairly good.

4. Similarly again in village Belangri, we have analysed two dug wells drilled in granite terrain and it was observed that at S. No.5 (i) the total depth of dug well was 18.75 mts and in this well during pre-monsoon, depth to water level remained as 11.55 mts during the year 2012 and again during the year 2013, a nearby another dug well at S. No. 5 (ii), the total depth of dug well was observed 18.80 mts and during pre-monsoon period the water retained in this well was up to 14.55mts. It clearly shows that water retention in granite rock which is an important rock unit of Malani Igneous group is fairly high.

7. CONCLUDING OBSERVATION

Study of hydrogeology and groundwater potential of Sirohi district, thus revealed that Malani Igneous Suite(MIS) rocks are exposed in Sirohi district in parts of Pindwara, Sirohi, Abu road blocks and these are mainly represented by granites, rhyolites and tuffs.

Analyse of block wise rainfall pattern in Sirohi district indicates that maximum rainfall in there in Abu-road block because of dense vegetation in Mt. Abu batholiths and rainfall is less where vegetation is thin.

Comparison of different litho unit of Sirohi district indicated that granite and rhyolites rocks of MIS are proved as potential aquifers and these rocks have significant fair water retention capacity throughout the year as compared to other lithounit found in the district.

REFERENCE

[1] Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, 2013.

[2] State Groundwater Department, Government of Rajasthan, Jodhpur,1990.

[3] Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development& Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India Faridabad, July 2014.

[4] Central Ground Water Board (2011) Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India (As on March, 2009). Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India.

[5] Dynamic Groundwater Resource of India (as on March 2004), Central Indian Waterworks Association, Kolkata, Journal, July- September 2015,Vol. XXXXVII No.3 pp.411- 478.

[6] Central Groundwater Board (C.G.W.B.), Ministry of Water Resources, Groundwater Scenario, Sirohi District, Rajasthan.2008.

[7] Www. maps of India.com, year 2016.




[8] Roy A. B. and Jakhar S. R., (2002), Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India) Precambrian to Recent. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur.

[9] S.K. Acharya et al.(1980), Director General, Government of India, Geological Survey of India, Western Region. 1980.

[10] Bhushan S.K.et. al. (2002), “Geology and Geochemistry of the magmatic rocks of the Malani Igneous Suite and Tertiary Alkaline Province of Western Rajasthan” Memories of Geological Survey of India, Vol., 126, 181p.Jaipur.

[11] Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of Rajasthan, Jodhpur, Published book,” Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, 1999”, 551p.

[12] Groundwater Department (GWD), Government of Rajasthan, Hydrogeologist Report (SQR) division Sirohi,(2011-2013).

[13] Basavarajappa H.T, Dinakar S and Manjunatha M.C , Validation of Derived Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZ) Using Geo - Informatics and Actual Yield From Well Points In Parts of Upper Cauvery Basin of Mysuru and Chamarajanagara Districts, Karntaka, India , International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 7 ( 1 ), 201 6 , pp. 141 - 161 .

[14] Das, K. K. and Muralidhar, M. Quality Characterization of Groundwater in Mathadivagu Basin of Adilabad District, Telangana State, India. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology

(IJCIET), 6 (7), 2015, pp 04-12.

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