Present by:-

s.Ganessh kumarAnd

(By a human)

Introduction ofhydropower

Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentfriendly source of energy.Oldest energy technique known to mankind for conversion ofmechanical energy into electrical energy.Contributes around 22% of the world electricity supplygenerated.Maximum benefits in minimum time.Offers the most fastest economical means to enhance powersupply, improve living standards, stimulate industrial growthand enhance agriculture with the least environmental impactand without heavy transmission losses .

Hydropower transformsthe potential energy of amass of water flowing in ariver or stream with acertain vertical fall (termedthe “head”)

Hydroelectric power isthe cheapest source ofenergy, renewable andenvironmentally benignduring running.

WHAT IS HYDROPOWER?

What Is Hydel system ?

WHAT HAPPENS ??

Classification of hydropower plants

According to Capacity

Large

Medium

Small

Mini

Micro

Pico

According to head

High

Medium

Low

According to purpose

Single purpose

Multi purpose

According to facility types

Run-of-River

Reservoirs

In-stream

Pumped storage

According to hydrological

relation

Single

Cascade

According to transmission

system

Isolated

Connected to grid

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS:-

LARGE: >100 MW

MEDIUM: 25 – 100 MW

SMALL: 1-25 MW

MINI: 100 KW - 1MW

MICRO: 5 – 100 KW

PICO: < 5 KW

MEDIUM HEAD:

A power station operating under heads from 50m to 200m.

Figure-

sectional view

of medium

head

hydropower

plant

HIGH HEAD:A power station operating under heads above about 300m.

A head of 200m/250m is considered as the limit between medium

and high head power stations.

Figure- high head hydropower plant

SINGLE STAGE- When the run off

from a single hydropower plant is

diverted back into river or for any other

purpose other than power generation,

the setup is known as Single Stage.

CASCADE SYSTEM- When two

or more hydropower plants are used in

series such that the runoff discharge of

one hydro power plant is used as the

intake discharge of the second hydro

power plant such a system is known as

CASCADE hydropower plant. Figure-(a) single stage hydropower development scheme

(b) cascade or multistage hydropower system

Pumped storage type hydropower plants are those which utilize the flow of

water from a reservoir at higher potential to one at lower potential.

During off-peak hours, the reversible units are supplied with the excess

electricity available in the power grid which then pumps part of the water of the

tail-water pond back into the head-water pond.

PUMPED STORAGE TYPE:-

Figure-

pumped

storage

hydropowe

r plant

RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE:-

These are hydro

power plants that

utilize the stream

flow as it comes ,

without any storage

being provided.

Figure-Run-of-

River hydropower

plant

STORAGE (RESERVOIR) TYPE:-

Hydropower plants with

storage are supplied with water

from large storage reservoir that

have been

developed by constructing

dams across rivers.

Assured flow for hydro power

generation is more certain for

the storage schemes than the

run-of-river schemes.

Figure-pumped storage hydropower

plant

IN-STREAM

When the velocity of

water i.e kinetic

energy flowing in the

stream is used for

conversion into

electrical power, then

the system is known

as In-stream.

Photograph of

In-stream hydro

power system

•The Tehri Dam is the tallest dam in India and one of the tallest in the world•Construction costUS$1 billion•Height260.5 m (855 ft)•Length575 m (1,886 ft)•Total capacity 4.0 km3(3,200,000 acre·ft)•Surface area52 km2 (20 sq mi)•stalled capacity1,000 MW (1,300,000 hp)Max. planned: 2,400 MW

•The Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largestcompleted hydroelectric power plant of India•It is a complex project consisting of totalfour dams with the larges•Dam built on Koyna River known as KoynaDam hence the name Koyna Hydroelectric project.The total Installed capacity of the projectis 1,960 MW.•Total capacity2,797,400,000 m3(2,267,900 acre·ft)•Height103.2 m (339 ft)•Length807.2 m (2,648 ft)•TurbinesKoyna dam foot powerhouse: 2 x 20 MWstage 1: 4 x 70 MWstage 2: 4 x 75 MWstage 3: 4 x 80 MWstage 4: 4 x 250 MWTotal = 18 Francis turbines

The Srisailam Dam is a dam constructed across the KrishnaRiver in the border of Mahabubnagar District, Telangana (Leftbank) and Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh (Right bank)in India and is the 3rd largest capacityThe dam was constructed in a deep gorge in the NallamalaHills in between Mahabubnagar and Kurnool districts, 300 m(980 ft) above sea level. It is 512 m (1,680 ft) long, 269.748metres (885.00 ft) high and has 12 radial crest gates.Height145.10 m (476 ft)Length512 m (1,680 ft)Total capacity216 TmcftTurbines6 × 150 MW (200,000 hp) reversibleFrancis-type (left

bank)7 × 110 MW (150,000 hp) Francis type(right bank)nstalled capacity1,670 MW (2,240,000 hp)

The Nathpa Jhakri Dam is a concrete gravitydam on the Satluj River in HimachalPradesh, India.The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectricpower production and it supplies a 1,500megawatts (2,000,000 hp) underground powerstation with water.Construction costUS$2 billionHeight62.5 m (205 ft)Length185 m(607 ft)Dam volume200,000 m3(261,590 cu yd)Spillway capacity5,660 m3/s (199,881 cu ft/s)Total capacity3,430,000,000 m3(2,780,746 acre·ft)Active capacity3,030,000,000 m3(2,456,461 acre·ft)Surface area234.5 m (769 ft)[1]

mmission date2004Hydraulic head428 m(1,404 ft)Turbines6 × 250 MW Francis-typeInstalled capacity1,500 MW

the Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmadariver near Navagam, Gujarat in India.impoundsNarmada RiverHeight (foundation)163 m (535 ft)Length1,210 m (3,970 ft)Spillway capacity84,949 m3/s(2,999,900 cu ft/s)Total capacity9,500,000,000 m3(7,701,775 acre·ft)Active capacity5,800,000,000 m3(4,702,137 acre·ft)Catchment area88,000 km2(34,000 sq mi)Surface area375.33 km2(144.92 sq mi)Max. length214 km (133 mi)TurbinesDam: 6 x 200 MWFrancis pump-turbineCanal: 5 x 50 MWKaplan-type[1]

Installed capacity1,450 MW

Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej River, and is in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh in northern IndiaConstruction cost245.28 crore INR in 1963.Height741 ft (226 m)Length1,700 ft (520 m)Total capacity9.340 kmTurbines5 x 108 MW, 5 x 157 MW Francis-type3

The Indirasagar Dam is a multipurpose projectof Madhya Pradesh on the Narmada River atNarmadanagar, Mundi in the Khandwa district of MadhyaPradesh in India.Height 92 m (302 ft)Length 653 m (2,142 ft)Total capacity 12,200,000,000 m3(9,890,701 acre·ft)Active capacity 9,750,000,000 m3(7,904,454 acre·ft)Turbines 8 × 125 MW It has 8 francis turbines, under thehead of 92 meters. Each turbine generated 125 MWelectricity. Height is 92 meters, so it uses francis turbines

•Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is the world's largest masonry dam.•Construction cost1300 crore rupees•ImpoundsKrishna River•Height124 metres (407 ft) from river level•Length1,550 metres (5,085 ft)•Total capacity11,560,000,000 m3(9,371,845 acre·ft)•Active capacity5,440,000,000 m3(4,410,280 acre·ft)[1

•Turbines•1 x 110 MW (150,000 hp) Francis turbines, 7 x 100.8 MW (135,200 hp) reversible Francis turbinesInstalled capacity816 MW (1,094,000 hp)

The Idukki Dam, located in Kerala, India, is a 168.91 m (554 ft) tall arch dam. curvature parabolic, thin arch.ImpoundsPeriyar RiverHeight168.91 m (554 ft)Length365.85 m (1,200 ft)Dam volume4,50,000 cu.mSpillwaysNilTotal capacity1,996,000,000 m3(1,618,184 acre·ft)Active capacity1,459,000,000 m3(1,182,831 acre·ft)Inactive capacity536,000,000 m3(434,542 acre·ft) Turbines6 x 130 MW Pelton-typeInstalled capacity780 MW

Hirakud Dam (Oriya: ହୀରାକୁଦ ବନ୍ଧ) is built across the Mahanadi River, about

15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Odisha in India.ImpoundsMahanadi River Height 60.96 m (200 ft)Length4.8 km (3 mi) (main section)25.8 km (16 mi) (entire dam) Total capacity5,896,000,000 m3(4,779,965 acre·ft)Catchment area83,400 km2(32,201 sq mi)TurbinesPower House I (Burla): 2 x 49.5 MW , 3 x 37.5 MW, 2 x 32 MW Kaplan-typePower House II (Chiplima): 3 x 24 MW[1]

Installed capacity347.5 MW

The Mettur Dam is one of the largest dams in India built in 1934.It was constructed in a gorge, where the Kaveri River enters the plains.Height120 ft.Length1700 metersINSTALLED CAPACITY4 x12.5 MWINSTALLED CAPACITY4x50MWNo. OF UNITs4DATE OF COMMISSIONINGUnit 1 : 16.08.1965

Unit 2 : 21.07.1966Unit 3 : 21.07.1966Unit 4 : 31.07.1966

ADVANTAGES:1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate.2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high.3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of electricity for many years / decades.4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right.5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes.6. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity.7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere.

DISADVANATGES: 1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard.2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable.3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed.4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earth’s surface at its location.6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding.7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighbouring countries.8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from ‘rising damp’ caused by the changing water table level.

The two largest hydropower projects

in the world are the 14 GW itaipu

project in brazil and the three gorges

project in china with 22.4 GW. These

two projects alone produce 80 to 100

TWH/year (IPCC, 2011).

The three gorges dam in

hubei,china has the world's largest

instantaneous generating capacity

(22,500 MW).

Tehri dam in india on the Bhagirathi

2,400 MW(Current 1,000).

Photograph of Three

Gorges Dam (Yangtze

River, china)

Photograph of Itaipu Dam (Paraná

River) located on the border between Brazil

and Paraguay

The idea is simple, by using the Micro Hydel system which uses the roof rain water in rainy season and generates electricity by small turbine blades connected to geared DC generator

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