UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Hydrocarbon Fluids Properties,

Models and Applications

Fluids/DHI consortium, Oct. 26, 2015

D. han (UH) &. M. Batzle (CSM)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

IT’s ALL ABOUT

FLUIDS

Colorado School of Mines - University of Houston

“ FLUIDS” Consortium

GEOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES of FLUIDS

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIFrom Ivar Brevik, STATOIL

CO2 Injection, Sleipner Field, Norway

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

-0.2

-0.2 -0.1-0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3

0.1

0.2

B

A

General A–B Trend with Fluid

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

King Kong vs. Lisa Anne

(O’Brien, 2004)

•Green Canyon, GOM •Plio-Pleistocene•Target TVD 11800ft, OB 4100ft

No one escape to drill dry holes.

We are in risk business

GasFizz

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Mixture of brine (50000ppm) & gas (0.78)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0 20 40 60 80 100Brine Volume (%)

Mo

du

las

(M

pa

)

6.9Mpa, 20C

At low pressure, for a light gas-brine mixture, the modulus is dependent mostly on the gas

modulus. Only near 100% brine saturation does the modulus increase substantially.

5%80%

Water

Gas

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

AVO Sw inversion

2D Line

Wet

Gas

Gas

Gas

Patch A

Patch B

Chi and Han, 2007

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Rulers

Understand PhysicsFluid is our target

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Fluid Effects

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Model Constrain: Gassmann’s Equation

P-wave modulus (ф > 15%)

Md FluidrVp2

Han & Batzle (2004)

Gain

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Shallow (1000 ft) and Deep (20,000 ft) Gas EffectShallow (1000 ft) and Deep (20,000 ft) Gas Effect

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

15 attributes

1. Den

2. Vp

3. Vs

4. Vp/Vs

5. Zp

6. Zs

7. K

8. m

9. M

10. DK

11. l*r

12. m*r

13. r*DK

14. r*Kf

15. Kf

Sensitivity of DHI (Shallow)

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

DHI Attribute

to a

wate

r zo

ne

Gas, 90% Fizz, 10%

Sensitivity of DHI (Deep)

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

DHI Attribute

to a

wa

ter

zo

ne

Gas, 90% Fizz, 10%

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

AVO Response (Shallow)

-0.4

-0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Angle (degree)

Rp

W-S

G-S

F-S

AVO Response (Deep)

-0.35

-0.3

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0 10 20 30 40 50

Angle (degree)

Rp

W-D

G-D

F-D

Shallow

Deep

Gas

Fizz

Water

)(*5.00r

rD

D

V

VR

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIJenkins et al. (1997)

DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE

Jenkins et al. (1997)

P , T variation with steam,

oil, gas phase transition

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

AVO Response

Base P.

Pp

Gas

Sw

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

properties

Fluid Properties-- It is the Key

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Working Hypothesis

Uniformity (scaleless)- - Small sample

Dynamic elasticity of fluids -- Can not obtained from PVT data

-- Can be measured ultrasonic

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Working Hypothesis

Investigate velocity & density

of single phase fluid with

constrain of the phase boundary

Calculate velocity

of multi-phase fluids with the

wood equation

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Working Hypothesis

Calculate velocity

of multi-phase fluids with the

wood equation

Calculate density

of multi-phase fluids with the

Linear mixing law

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

EFFECTIVE FLUID MIXTURE BULK MODULUS

WOOD’S EQUATION (Reuss bound)

1

Kmix

A

KA

(1 – A)

KB

= +

P

P

P P

1

KA

= -1

VA

DVA

DP

A

B

Fluid mixtures can be calculated under

the presumption of equal pressure.

This result is often called Wood’s

equation.

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Fluid Property Control

GoM Fluid properties with Depth

500040003000200010000

Bulk Modulus, MPa

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

De

pth

, m

Brine: 28,500 - 350,000 ppm NaClHeavy Oil: API 10, GOR 0-105 L/LMedium Oil: API 30, GOR 0-210 L/LLight Oil: mw = 120 - 60

Condensate: mw = 50Gas: mw = 25

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

TEMPERATURE

PR

ES

SU

RE

CRITICAL

POINT

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID

T.P.

GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: PURE COMPOUND

Water

Butane

CO2

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Fluid – Density

0 2 4 6 8 100

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Fluid Pressure [MPa]

Flu

id D

en

sit

y [

kg

/m

3]

Butane

Brine

CO2

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Fluid – Modulus

0 2 4 6 8 100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Fluid Pressure [MPa]

Flu

id M

od

ulu

s K

f[M

Pa

]

Butane

Brine

CO2

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

In situ Phase Relation

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Fluid Trend (Density Control)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

•WATER and BRINE

(BRINE = H2O + Salt)

•HYDROCARBONS

Oil

Gas

Mixtures

•HEVEY OIL

•DRILLING MUD FILTRATE

•PRODUCTION FLUIDS

Steam

Miscible Injectants

(CO2, Dilute, …)

Frac Fluids

TYPES of PORE FLUIDS

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIHinch, 1980

O

H H

WATER a.k.a. H2O

d+

d-

2.7 A

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

localized brine Properties

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

False DHI

Is dissolved gas reduce modulus

of water and causes DHI?

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIBaztle&Wang, 1992

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

'Live' and 'Dead' Water

1600

1650

1700

1750

1800

65 75 85 95 105

Pressure (MPa)

Ve

locit

y (

m/s

)

Live water

dead water

25C

150C

100C

60C

GWR = 6.5 L/L

B.P. = 69 MPa

Gas effects

Han & Batzle (2002)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIBaztle&Wang, 1992

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

0.60

0.62

0.64

0.66

0.68

0.70

0.72

25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

Pressure(MPa)

Den

sit

y(g

m/c

c)

40 c

60 c

80 c

90 c

0.69

0.71

0.73

0.75

0.77

0.79

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Pressure (MPa)

Den

sit

y (

gm

/cc)

100 c

Gas Phase near the Bubble Point

Density as a function of pressure for live oils

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

IMPORTANCE OF PHASE TRANSITION

To Seismic Data

PR

ES

SU

RE

TEMPERATURE

CRITICAL POINT

Seismic Gas Effect

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

•WATER and BRINE

(BRINE = H2O + Salt)

•HYDROCARBONS

Oil

Gas

Mixtures

•HEAVY OIL

•DRILLING MUD FILTRATE

•PRODUCTION FLUIDS

Steam

Miscible Injectants

(CO2, Dilute, …)

Frac Fluids

TYPES of PORE FLUIDS

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Gas

Hydrocarbons come in many flavors, each with specific properties. In addition, complex mixtures of thes

components will change composition under differing conditions.

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

PR

ES

SU

RE

TEMPERATURE

Gas-Like

Behavior

Liquid-Like

Behavior

Two Phase

Region

CRITICAL POINT

BLACK

OIL

VOLATILE

OIL

RETROGRADE

CONDENSATE

DRY GAS

Live Oil Properties API, GOR, G

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Gas #5 (gravity of 0.7)

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Pressure (MPa)

Velo

cit

y (

m/s

)

26C

60C

100C

150C

Gas Properties

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

400

600

800

10 30 50 70 90 110

Temperature (c)

Ve

loc

ity (

m/s

)

15

20

28

35

41 MPa

HEAVY GAS COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY

? ~2 km depth

Gas gravity ~ 1

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Reinecke (Dead Oil: API 46.6)Vp (m/s) = A - B * T + C * P + D * T * P

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

Pressure (Mpa)

Ve

loc

ity

(m

/s)

T=21c

T=40c

T=60c

T=80c

ModelV=1340-3.52*T+4.61*P+0.0137*T*P

(R2 > 0.99)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Reinecke Dead & Live OilGOR = 1300 cuft/stb, B.P. = 1900 psi at 60 C

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pressure (Mpa)

Ve

loc

ity (

m/s

)

T=21 c(d)

T=40 c(d)

T=60 c(d)

T=80 c(d)

T=23.8c(L)

T=40c(L)

T=60c(L)

T=80c(L)

T=100c(L)Vp = 936.7 - 4.688 * T + 7.659 * P + 0.0456 * T * P

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Reinecke Live Oil

Velocity vs. GOR at 60C

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500

GOR (scf/stb)

Velo

cit

y (

m/s

)

P=13.79Mpa(2000psi)

P=20.69Mps(3000psi)

P=27.58Mpa(4000psi)

P=34.47Mpa(5000psi)

P=41.37Mpa(6000psi)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Velocity versus Depth (km)

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

0 1 2 3 4 5

Depth (km)

Ve

loc

ity

(m

/s )

V(30c/km)-Re.

V(20c/km)-Re.

V(30c/km)-Indo.

V(20c/km)-Indo.

V(30c/km)-C2

V(20c/km)-C2

V(30c/km)-Jnoc

V(20c/km)-Jnoc

Rei necke

Indoni si a

Statoi l C-2

Jnoc

V = A - B * Z * 30 + C * Z * 10.5 + D * Z2 * 315

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Velocity Models (H-B 1)

Two step regression

1. Fit velocity data with equation

V = A (VP0) - B * T + C * P + D * T * P (R~0.99)

2. Fit coefficient A, B, C, D with GOR, API, and gas

gravity

Works for dead oil (no Rs, G), but not for live oil

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Pseudoliquid density and Pseudovelocity

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Pseudoliquid density (gm/cc)

Ps

eu

do

ve

locit

y (

m/s

)

Dead oil

Live oil

Wang's data (dead)

Model 1

V-Model using Pseudoliquid Density

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Model 1

600

1000

1400

1800

2200

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

psuD

Vp

0 (

m/s

)

dead oil

live oil

Pure oil

Wang's data (dead)

Model

Vp0=1900.273*psuD^0.64773-256.216

VP0 for H-B Model

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Pressure (MPa)

Ve

loc

ity

(m

/s)

T=23.8 C,Measured

T=23.8 C,Model1

T=23.8 C,Model 2

T=60 C,Measured

T=60 C,Model 1

T=60 C,model 2

T=100 C,Measured

T=100 C,Model 1

T=100 C,Model 2

T=23.8 C,B-W Model

T=60 C,B-W Mode

T=100 C,B-W Model

Reinecke

GOR=231.5L/L

API=45.6

Gasgravity=0.914

Model Comparison

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Program Name in FLAG14

FLuid Application of Geophysics

Fluids

Poil14-xyy

Pgas14-xyy

Pbrine14-xyy

Psteam14-xyy

VHO14-xyy

Others

EstVs14-xyy

PAVO14-xyy

Pgasm14-xyy

Version Information

The year of the annual

meeting for releasing

x is series number. 3 means series

3 (used under EXCEL 2003), and

7 means series 7 (used under

EXCEL 2007).

yy is version number

Program name

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Oil Model with Phase Transition

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

•WATER and BRINE

(BRINE = H2O + Salt)

•HYDROCARBONS

Oil

Gas

Mixtures

•HEAVY OIL

•DRILLING MUD FILTRATE

•PRODUCTION FLUIDS

Steam

Miscible Injectants

(CO2, Dilute, …)

Frac Fluids

TYPES of PORE FLUIDS

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIMap courtesy of Schlumberger: slb.com

Heavy Oil Map of World

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Heavy Oil

High Density

* Definition by US Department of Energy

22.3º

10.0ºHeavy Oil

Extraheavy Oil

1000 kg/m3

920 kg/m3

API gravity

22.3º

10.0ºHeavy Oil

Extraheavy Oil

1000 kg/m3

920 kg/m3

API gravity

High Viscosity

Thermal Diluting

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Molecular Structure of

Asphaltene Proposed for 510C

Residue of Venezuelan Crude

by Carbognani [INTEVEP S.A.

Tech. Rept., 1992]

3D Picture of Carbognani's Model of Venezuelan Crude Asphaltene Molecule

(Courtesy of Prof. J. Murgich)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIMichael Jardine

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

T

V

Liquid

Glass

Glass P.

Quasi-Solid

Liquid P.

Figure 1. Schematic of Velocity trend for heavy oil.

Velocity vs. temperature of heavy oil

UH&CSM Fluid /DHIFigure 1. Measure Vp and Vs data versus temperature on two heavy oil sample.

Temperature Effects

Liquid P.

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Gas Bubble out at Higher Temperature

API: 8.0

GOR: 3

‘Flag’ Calculator

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

F – T effects on Vp ( API = 9.38)

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Experiment design

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Velocity and density of oil (water)

with dissolved CH4 and CO2

2013

De-hua Han, University of Houston

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Component property

CO2

Gas-free oil

CH4CO2

Gas-free oil

CH4

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Gas effect comparison: HC vs. CO2

Dead oil

Oil-HC

Oil-CO2

HC

CO2Oil: API 32.84

GOR: 200L/L

T: 60° C

G (HC): 0.9112

G (CO2): 1.5281

Dead oil

Oil-HC

Oil-CO2

HC

CO2

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Dead oil

Oil+HC(201.91L/L)

CH4

CO2

Oil+CO2(97.83L/L)

Oil+CO2(100.86L/L)+HC(201.91L/L)

60°C

FLAG

Oil: ρ0 = 0.861 g/cc ( 32.84 API )

Our models for oil-HC-CO2 mixture

Dead oil

Oil+HC(201.91L/L)

CH4

CO2 ( FLAG)

Oil+CO2(97.83L/L)

Oil+CO2(100.86L/L)+HC(201.91L/L)

60°C

Oil-HC-CO2

oil: ρ0 = 0.861 g/cc ( 32.84 API )

symbols: measured data

lines: models

FLAG

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

July. 2015

De-hua Han (UH), Luanxiao Zhao & Geng Jianhua (Tongji)

Geophysical CharacterizationOf Tight Oil Reservoirs

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Viscosity : oil > gas*10^3Modulus: oil > gas*10^4

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Production is controlled by Darcy’s law

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Hydro-frac: key to enhance (A) production

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Production is fluid control

Fluid properties: Low API and Viscosity, High GOR

and Pressure

Permeability: Matrix permeability, Natural

fractures…

Hydrocarbon Fluid

Sweet spots

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI74

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Thank You！

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

UH&CSM Fluid /DHI

Sponsors (~ 20…)

• Fluids/DHI Consortium/UH & CSM (21 years)

Anadarko, Apache, BP, BHP, CGGVeritas, Chevron,

Cenoves, ConocoPhillips, Encana, Eni, ExxonMobil,

Hess, Ikon, JOGMEC, Marathon, Maerskoil, Nexen,

Paradigm, Petrobras, Shell, SINOPEC, Statoil, Total…