hydrocephalus
DESCRIPTION
Hydrocephalus. By M.D. Wenbing Ai. Surgical Department of Renhe Hospital of the Three Gorges University. What is Hydrocephalus ?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
By M.D. Wenbing Ai
Surgical Department of Renhe Hospital of the Three Gorges University
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What is HydrocephalusWhat is Hydrocephalus??
The term hydrocephalus is derived from the Greek words “hydro” meaning water and “cephalus” meaning head. As the name implies, it is a condition in which the primary characteristic is excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain. The excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results in an abnormal dilatation of the spaces in the brain called ventricles. This dilatation causes potentially harmful pressure on the tissue of the brain.
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What is Hydrocephalus?What is Hydrocephalus?
Also can be defined:
diverse group of conditions which result from impaired circulation and resorption CSF.
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HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
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HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
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Third ventricleThird ventricle
Lateral ventricleLateral ventricle
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
Pathologic specimen of brain
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EnlargedVentricles
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EnlargedVentricles
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CSF Formation
CSF is formed by the choroid plexus .
Normal CSF production: 20 ml/h.
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CSF functions
CSF performs the following functions: Balances the amount of blood in the head. Bathes and protects the brain and spinal cord. Carries nutrients between the brain and spinal cord while removing waste.
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CSF pathway
Flows from lateral ventricles through foramina of Monro into third ventricle
Enters fourth ventricle through aqueduct of Sylvius
Enters subarachnoid space
Resorbed by arachnoid villi at top of brain
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CSF homeostasis (summary)
Production: floor of the lateral ventricle and third ventricle, by choroid plexusCirculation: L.V. -> III.V. -> IV.V. -> exits ventricular system into various basal cisterns and then to subarachroid spaceDrains back to blood via arachnoid granulation to superior sagittal sinus, or via spinal nerve roots, or via olfactory tracts Imbalance causes pathologyFrom Johanson CE
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A flash of CSF circulation
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Mechanism of hydrocephalus formationMechanism of hydrocephalus formation
* Obstruction of CSF pathway * functional disturbance of CSF absorption* Excessive production of CSF
* Obstruction of CSF pathway * functional disturbance of CSF absorption* Excessive production of CSF
CSFCSF
Excessive accumulationExcessive accumulation
Cerebral ventricles or subarachnoid space enlargement Cerebral ventricles or subarachnoid space enlargement
Head enlargementHead enlargementIncreasing ICP Increasing ICP
Cerebral dysfunctionCerebral dysfunction
Head enlargementHead enlargementIncreasing ICP Increasing ICP
Cerebral dysfunctionCerebral dysfunction
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A flash of CSF circulation
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Types of hydrocephalus
According to different standards:Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus and communicating hydrocephalus
Congenital hydrocephalus(developed before birth) and acquired hydrocephalus(developed during or after birth)
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and increasing pressure hydrocephalus
Acute hydrocephalus and chronic hydrocephalus
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Types of hydrocephalus
Communicating hydrocephalus : the obstruction occurs in the subarachnoid space.
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus : the obstruction is located within the ventricles.
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Types of hydrocephalus
Obstructive hydrocephalus Congenital malformations After inflammation or hemorrhage Mass lesions
Communicating hydrocephalus Overproduction of CSF Defective absorption of CSF Venous drainage insufficienc
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Causes of hydrocephalus
Congenital causes in infants and children Stenoses of the aqueduct of Sylvius due to
malformation: 10% of all cases of hydrocephalus in newborns.
Dandy-Walker malformation: 2-4% of newborns with hydrocephalus.
Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 and type 2 Agenesis of the foramen of Monro Congenital toxoplasmosis Bickers-Adams syndrome: an X-linked
hydrocephalus accounting for 7% of cases in males. It is characterized by stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius, severe mental retardation, and in 50% by an adduction-flexion deformity of the thumb.
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Causes of hydrocephalus
Acquired causes in infants and children Mass lesions account for 20% of all cases of
hydrocephalus in children. Intraventricular hemorrhage Infections: Meningitis (especially bacterial) and
cysticercosis Increased venous sinus pressure: related to
achondroplasia, some craniostenoses, or venous thrombosis.
Iatrogenic: Hypervitaminosis A, by increasing secretion of CSF or by increasing permeability of the blood-brain barrier
Idiopathic
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Causes of hydrocephalus
Causes of hydrocephalus in adults Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes one third of these cases by
blocking the arachnoid villi. Idiopathic hydrocephalus represents one third of cases of adult
hydrocephalus. Head injury, through the same mechanism as SAH, can result in
hydrocephalus. Tumors can cause blockage anywhere along the CSF pathways. Posterior fossa surgery Congenital aqueductal stenosis causes hydrocephalus but may not
be symptomatic until adulthood. Meningitis, especially bacterial, may cause hydrocephalus in adults. All causes of hydrocephalus described in infants and children are
present in adults who have had congenital or childhood-acquired hydrocephalus.
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Causes of hydrocephalus
Causes of NPH SAH Head trauma Meningitis Tumors Posterior fossa surgery Idiopathic, probably related to a deficiency
of arachnoid granulations
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Clinical features
Clinical features of hydrocephalus are influenced by the following: Patient's age Cause Location of obstruction Duration Rapidity of onset
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Clinical features
Symptoms in infants Poor feeding Irritability Reduced activity Vomiting
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Clinical features
Symptoms in children Slowing of mental capacity Headaches (initially in the morning) that are more
significant than in infants because of skull rigidity Neck pain suggesting tonsillar herniation Vomiting, more significant in the morning Blurred vision - Consequence of papilledema and later
of optic atrophy Double vision - Related to unilateral or bilateral sixth
nerve palsy Stunted growth and sexual maturation from third
ventricle dilatation: Difficulty in walking secondary to spasticity Drowsiness
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Clinical features
Symptoms in adults Cognitive deterioration. Headaches: These are more prominent in the morning. As the
condition progresses, headaches become severe and continuous. Neck pain: If present, indicate herniation of cerebellar tonsil . Nausea. Vomiting: Sometimes explosive, more significant in the
morning. Blurred vision. Double vision from sixth nerve palsy Difficulty in walking Drowsiness Incontinence: This indicates significant destruction of frontal
lobes and advanced disease.
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Clinical features
Symptoms of NPH Gait disturbance is usually the first symptom and may
precede other symptoms by months or years. Dementia presents as an impairment of recent memory
or as a "slowing of thinking." The degree can vary from patient to patient.
Urinary incontinence presents as a lack of or diminished awareness of the need to urinate. Some patients may have urgency.
Other symptoms that can occur include aggressive behavior, Parkinsonlike symptoms, and seizures.
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Clinical features
Sign in infants Head enlargement. Dysjunction of sutures. Dilated scalp veins. Tense fontanelle: The anterior
fontanelle in infants may be excessively tense.
Setting-sun sign: Increased limb tone.
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Clinical features
Sign of children Papilledema. Failure of upward gaze. Macewen sign: A "cracked pot" sound is
noted on percussion of the head. Unsteady gait. Large head. Unilateral or bilateral sixth nerve palsy.
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Clinical features
Sign of adults Papilledema: If raised ICP is not treated, it will lead to
optic atrophy. Failure of upward gaze and of accommodation
indicates pressure on the tectal plate. Unsteady gait is related to truncal and limb ataxia.
Spasticity in legs also causes gait difficulty. Large head: The head may have been large since
childhood. Unilateral or bilateral sixth nerve palsy is secondary to
increased ICP.
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Clinical features
Sign of NPH Muscle strength is usually normal. No sensory loss is
noted. Reflexes may be increased, and Babinski response may
be found in 1 or both feet. Difficulty in walking varies from mild imbalance to
inability to walk or to stand. Gait is characterized by short steps, inability to raise legs, and almost continuous activity in antigravity muscles. The patient cannot perform tandem walking and sways during Romberg test with eyes open or closed.
Sucking and grasping reflexes appear in late stages.
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DiagnosisDiagnosis
How to diagnose hydrocephalus: Cases history. Symptoms and signs mentioned
above. diagnostic imaging like Skull
X-rays, echoencephalogram ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
Lumbar punctures
CT
MRI
ultrasound
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Normal brain MRI imaging
T1WI T1WIT1WI
T2WI T2WI T2WI
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Normal brain CT axial view
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Normal Ventricles
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Enlarged Ventricles
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Communicating hydrocephalus
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Communicating hydrocephalus
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Obstructive hydrocephalus
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Obstructive hydrocephalus
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Obstructive hydrocephalus
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Stenoses of the aqueduct of Sylvius due to malformation
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Congenital malformation with hydrocephalus
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Hydrocephalus caused by brain hemorrhage
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Hydrocephalus after head injury
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Hydrocephalus after SAH
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Treatment of hydrocephalus
The main goal is to minimize or prevent brain damage by improving CSF flow.Main therapy: Medical treatment:To decrease the
ICP or reduce the production of CSF with drugs.
Surgical interventions.
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Surgical interventions
Treating the causes:searching for and direct removal of the obstruction is the best strategy.
Shunt procedure:the main ways are V-P shunt and V-A shunt, the most common is V-P shunt.
Third Ventriculostomy
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Shunt procedure
A surgical shunt within the brain may allow CSF to bypass the obstructed area, if obstruction cannot be removed.
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Shunt procedure
Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt (V-P Shunt)
Ventriculo-Atrial shunt (V-A Shunt)
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Before and AfterBefore and After
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Third Ventriculostomy
Third Ventriculostomy allows movement of CSF from a blocked ventricle to the aubarachnoid space. The procedure involves making tiny holes in the floor of the third ventricle allowing CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space. Third Ventriculostomy can eliminate the need for a shunt in some cases, though the procedure is not the apropriate solution in all cases.
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Third Ventriculostomy
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Pre-operation Post-operation
Third Ventriculostomy
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