HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGEPRESENT WORLD CAPACITY = 630 GWPOWER = DELTA P x FLOW RATEPOWER (W) = H =METRES, Q = CUSECSNIAGRA FALLS, H=100M,Q=6000M3S-1,P=5GW

WORLD TOTAL = 630GW

HYDROPOWERTOTAL AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE RESOURCE IS 15 TIMES PRESENT HYDROELECTRIC OUTPUT, WHICH IS 16% OF ALL ELECTRIC POWER100% IN NORWAY, 80% BRAZILUK INSTALLED CAPACITY IS 1.4GW (90% IN SCOTLAND)UK POTENTIAL IS 13 GW

ALL NEED TO RUN AT CONSTANT SPEEDKAPLAN LARGE Q LOW H, VARY BLADE ANGLEFRANCIS VARY Q BY ADJUSTING GUIDE VANESPELTON VARY IMPULSE BY NOZZLE SPEAR

FRANCIS TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

POWER CONTROLLED BY FLOW RATE, Vcup = Vjet/2

18 SETS OF 700 MW =12.6 GW, H=120M, FLOW = 9000 TONNES/S

1 MILE LONG, 181 M HIGH, 18.2 GW, 26 X 700 MW

CRUACHAN RESERVOIR AND LOCH AWE

CRUACHAN PUMPER STORAGE SCHEME

DINORWIG PUMPED STORAGE IN WALES

DINORWIG6 X 300MW FRANCIS TURBINESH=500M, Q= 7 MILLION M3TURBINES OPERATING AS PUMPS USE 281MW EACHTAKES 6 HOURS TO FILL UP AT NIGHTOVERALL EFFICIENCY = 88%IE PAY 12% OF POWER USED TO PROVIDE STORAGE

TIDAL POWERGRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CAUSED BY THE EARTH-MOONINTERACTIONTOTAL UK POTENTIAL = 17% OF CURRENT ELECTRICTY GENERATION

RAREA = AMASS OF TRAPPED WATER = C OF G = R/2 ABOVE LOW WATER MARKMAX PE IF ALL WATER FALLS R/2 = Over tidal period t average PE =

TIDAL TURBINE

2 miles of permanent mud at Weston super - Mare

Reversible pumps/turbines better than sluice gates

Turbines 6000MW between high & low basins, 2500 MW high & seaPumps 2500MW

12.5 HRS50 MINS LATEREACH DAY29.5 DAY CYCLE14 DAYS BETWEENSPRING & NEAPSUN PULL IS 177 BIGGER THAN MOONMID OCEANTR=0.5MNEAR COASTSTR AMPLIFIEDUP TO 15M

MUTUAL ROTATION ABOUTCOMMON CENTRE GIVESLARGE OUTWARD G FORCEON SEA ON FAR SIDE & SMALLG FORCE ON NEAR SIDE.PULL OF MOON STRONG ON NEARSIDE, WEAKER THAN AVERAGEON FAR SIDESUM APPROX SAMEON BOTH SIDES

WAVE ENERGYUP TO 2MW/mAverage 80kW/mTwice as much available in UK territorial watersAs current installed generating capacitySeasonal peak in the winterStorms a problem

ANNUAL AVERAGE WAVE POWER IN KW/M

SALTER DUCK WAVE POWER CONVERTER

SALTER DUCK WAVE ENERGY CONVERTER