Hydroelectric Operations and Expansion Planning in Iceland.

Egill B. Hreinsson

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,

University of Iceland

University of Auckland, New Zealand

May 7th 2001

Plan of the Presentation

1. An overview of Iceland and its electrical energy supply

2. Efficiency Data for short term hydro operations planning

3. Operations and expansion planning in a hydro based power system

Part I: An Overview of Iceland and its Electrical Energy Supply

•Iceland-location-characteristics

•Energy recources

•Power system

70°

Bergen

Greenland

Edinburgh

Reykjavík

ReydarfjörðurIceland

Orkney

Germany

60°

50°

Shetland

Faroe Islands

Scotland

Norway

Denmark

Sweden

NetherlandsEngland

Ireland

20° 0°10° 20°

The Location of Iceland in the North Atlantic Ocean

FF SizeSize 103.000 km103.000 km22

FF First settlementFirst settlement Year 874Year 874

FF SettlersSettlers Mainly from NorwayMainly from Norway

FF Independent republic Independent republic Year 1944Year 1944

FF Present populationPresent population 270.000270.000

FF Governmental systemGovernmental system Parliamentary democracy Parliamentary democracy elections every 4 yearselections every 4 years

FF Main resource baseMain resource base Fishing grounds, hydroFishing grounds, hydro--and geothermal and geothermal resources,resources,human resourceshuman resources

Iceland - A Few General Facts

Presently Exploited Hydro and Geothermal Electrical Resources as Compared to the Assumed Resources' Total

Size

Unused1014

5 1000

10 2000

15 3000

20 4000

25 5000

30 6000

35 7000

40 8000

45

50

Already harnessed(GWh/year)

Use* in1999

Primary Source

Geo-thermal

20

Hydro-electric

30

Geoth.1300

Hydro-electric6900

*with losses

Generaldemand

2701

Economic Capability (TWh/year)

PowerIntens-

iveIndustry

4485

5050

4040

3030

2020

1010

00

100100

8080

6060

4040

2020

001945194519351935 19551955 19651965 19751975 19851985 19951995 20052005 20152015

%%

Geothermal resources

Hydroelectric resources

Present Power Intensive IndustryGeneral market

Future

((TWhTWh/a)/a)

Historical

Aluminium smelter

Submarine cable 1

Submarine cable 2

Present Utilization and a Future ScenarioPresent Utilization and a Future Scenario

Iceland's Electrical PotentialIceland's Electrical Potential

(%)

Electricity Production Per Capita; 1997

Source: International Energy Agengy (IEA)

NorwayIcelandCanadaSweden

LuxembourgFinland

United StatesAustralia

New ZealandJapan

BelgiumSwitzerland

FranceAustria

GermanyDenmark

NetherlandsCzech RepublicUnited Kingdom

IrelandKorea

ItalySpain

GreecePortugalHungary

PolandMexicoTurkeyOECD

0 5 10 15 20 25

MWh per capita

Hydroelectric Economic Capability and Generation Per Capita

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

MWh/yearper capita

Unused Economic Capability

Generation 1996

IcelandTajikistan

NorwayBhutanGabon

CanadaParaguay

KyrgyzstanNew Zealand

SwedenCosta Rica

ChileCongo

Papua N GLaos

CameroonAustriaGeorgia

BoliviaAngolaRussia

Bosnia-H.Brazil

The Historical Substitution of Renewable Energy for Oil in Space Heating 1970 - 1999

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Oil Electricity (~hydro)

Direct Use of Geothermal Heat

Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Several Countries

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

ChinaFrance

GeorgiaHungary

IcelandIndonesia

ItalyJapan

MexicoNew Zealand

PhilippinesRomania

Russian Fed.Serbia

SlovakiaTunisiaTurkey

USAOthers

Geothermal Utilization (TWh/year)

Electricity generation

Direct use

GeithálsGeitháls

FeFe--SiSi

Hydro power station

Power intensive industry

SubstationTransmission line

Geothermal power station

19951995

Grímsá

19601960

Laxá 28 MWKrafla 30 MW

Hrauneyjafoss 210 MWSigalda 150 MW

Búrfell210 MW

Sog90 MWReykjavíkReykjavík

19801980

Sog90 MW

Krafla 30 MW

Sigalda 150 MW

Búrfell 210 MW

Laxá14 MW

Bjarnarflag3 MW

Blanda150 MW

Laxá 28 MW

Development of the Icelandic Electricity Supply Development of the Icelandic Electricity Supply SystemSystem

20002000

Laxá 28 MW

Sog 90 MW

Hamranes

Krafla 60MW

BrennimelurBrennimelur

PrestbakkiPrestbakki

VatnshamrarVatnshamrar

HólarHólar

Mjólká

GeiradalurGeiradalur

GlerárskógarGlerárskógar

Hrauneyjafoss 210 MWSigalda 150 MW

Búrfell270 MW

Blanda150 MW

Hrútatunga

Nordic Nordic AluminumAluminum

ISALISAL

HágöngurreservoirSultartangi

120 MW

Bjarnarflag3 MW

Sog90 MW

Bjarnarflag3 MW

Under construction 1998Under construction 1998

Hryggstekkur

TeigarhornTeigarhorn

VarmárhlíðRangárvellirLaxárvatn

KorpaKorpa

2x30 MW2x30 MWNesjavellirNesjavellir

The 220/132 kV Interconnected Network

0 50 100 km

Mjólká8.1 MW

Laxárvatn

Vatnshamrar

HrútatungaGlerárskógar

Geiradalur

Blanda150 MW

Skeiðsfoss

Bjarnarflag 3 MW

Laxá 28 MW

Lagarfoss 7.5 MW

Smyrlabjargaá1.0 MW

REYKJAVÍK

OR

Brennimelur

Svartsengi

HS

Búrfell 210 MW

Hrauneyjafoss

Írafoss

210 MW

Sigalda 150 MW

Power Plant and substation

Substation

Transmission lines :

220 kV132 kV66 kV22/33 kV

ISAL

NAL

Þórshöfn

Akureyri

Vestmannaeyjar

Sauðárkrókur

Varmahlíð

Rangárvellir

Húsavík

Kópasker

Raufarhöfn

Vopnafjörður

Egilsstaðir

Hryggstekkur Fáskrúðsfjörður

Stöðvarfjörður

Teigarhorn

Prestsbakki

Hólar

Vík

Sultartangireservoir

114 Gl

Vatnsfell115 MW

Kvíslaveitadiversion

Hofsjökullglacier

Thjórsá

Búrfell extension

Thórisvatnreservoir1330 Gl

Norðlingaaldareservoir 325 Gl

Tungnaá

Krókslónreservoir

Hágöngurreservoir 320 Gl

Norðlingaaldadiversion

Sigalda150 MW

100 MW

Hekla

Thjórsá

Sultartangi125 MW

N

Planned

In operation

Canal

Tunnel

Dam

Road

Thjórsá River BasinHydropower Projects

1 Gl = 10 m6 3

500 km0

Iceland

Atlanticocean

Búðarháls110 MW

Hrauneyjafoss210 MW

Búrfell

210 MW+35 MW

10 20 km0

MýrdalsjökullGlacier

Urriðafoss

Kárahnúkar 500 MW

Arnardalur

Jökuls

áá

Brú

Jökuls

áá

Fjöllu

m

Kverkfjöll

Jöku

lsá

í

Fljóts

dal

VatnajökullGlacier

Snæfell

Herðubreið

Fljótsdalur 250 MW

Kre

ppa

180 MW

Brú 375 MW

Brú reservoir354 m a.s.l.

Eiríksstaðir

Rey

kjaá

N

Háls reservoir616 m a.s.l.

1420 Gl

26 m a.s.l.

0 10 20 km

Arnardalur reservoir544,5 m a.s.l.

1080 Gl

Kárahnúkardam

Lagar

fljót

Arnardalurdam East Iceland Power Projects

Hraundiversion

Eyjabakkarreservoir664 m y.s.

500 GlTunnel

Dam

Powerhouse

The Rapid Growth in Geothermal Electricity Generation 1969-1999

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

Bjarnarflag

Nesjavellir

Electricity generation (GWh/year)

KraflaSvartsengi

70°

Bergen

Greenland

Edinburgh

Reykjavík

ReydarfjörðurIceland

Orkney

Germany

60°

50°

1170 km

2000 km760 km

1250 km

Shetland

Faroe Islands

Scotland

Norway

Denmark

Sweden

NetherlandsEngland

Grain

Ireland

20° 0°10° 20°

Submarine Cable Routes

00

kmkm

600600800800

10001000

400400200200

00

60060080080010001000

400400200200

12001200120012001000100000 5050 100100 150150 200200 250250 300300 350350 400400 450450 500500 550550 600600 650650 700700 750750 800800 850850 900900 950950

Dep

th m

Dep

th m

Faeroe islandsFaeroe islands ScotlandScotlandDounreayDounreay

IcelandIceland

Profile of Cable Route Between Iceland and Scotland

Export of Electrical Energy by HVDC

• Distance 950 km - 2000 km

• Maximum depth: 1000 m (3000 ft)

• Voltage: up to +/- 1000 kV

• Long term contracts - spot market

• Increased flexibility for an island system

• Keep environmental commitment