hydrogen a fuel for today and tomorrow. what is hydrogen? element 1 on the periodic table - 1...
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HydrogenA Fuel for Today and Tomorrow
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What is Hydrogen?
• Element 1 on the Periodic Table - 1 proton, 1 electron• Diatomic molecule (H2) - 2 protons, 2 electrons• Highest energy content of common fuels on a WEIGHT basis• Lowest energy content of common fuels on a VOLUME basis• Elemental hydrogen is abundant on earth, but usually bound to
carbon or oxygen• Abundant throughout the universe (stars are primarily hydrogen)
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•Energy carriers move energy in a usable form from one place to another.•Electricity is an energy carrier•So are gasoline and hydrogen•Hydrogen allows us to store energy from many sources and bring it to where we need it.
Hydrogen is an Energy Carrier
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HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY
ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS
.
Transportation
Distributed Generation
Why Hydrogen? It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse domestic resources.
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil
Wit
h C
arb
on
Seq
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trat
ion
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•Hydrogen as a gas in NOT abundant in underground reservoirs.
•Hydrogen bonds easily to other elements and is rarely found on its own.
•While hydrogen can be stripped from underground deposits of natural gas (methane) there are no underground deposits of pure hydrogen.
Where is Hydrogen Found?
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•Hydrogen can be produced from water; from carbon-containing materials (usually reacting with water); as a byproduct of chemical processes •Regional variations in traditional energy resources are no longer an issue •Every region has some indigenous fossil or renewable resource that can be used to make hydrogen
Flexibility of Source
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Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)48% of world production
Nearly 95% of the U.S. hydrogen production
Strong economy-of-scale Heat integration within and
outside of SMROverall energy efficiency is
affected by the ability to make use of the steam by-product
Commercial Product Today
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Current Hydrogen Fuel Use in the U.S.• 70 fueling stations
– 23 in California– 9 in New York– 4 in Michigan– 1-2 in AZ, CO, CT, HI, IL, MA, MO, NV, ND, OH, PA,
SC, TX, VT, VA, WV• 421 Hydrogen Vehicles, a 34% increase since 2008• Honda FCX sedan and the Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-
Cell are the only fuel cell cars available to the public on a limited release lease agreement (mostly in S. California)
Data from Transportation Energy Data Book, Dept. of Energy, 2010
04/21/23 Footer Goes Here 8
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Petroleum Refining30% of world productionUsed within the refinery
Coal Gasification18% of world productionByproduct of steel industry
Coke off-gasPrimarily found in Europe and Asia
Electrolysis5% of world productionHigh-purity for on-site generation and use
Cost is a strong function of electricity cost
Commercial Production Today
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• Steam Electrolysis • Split water with heat, pressure, and electricity
• Thermochemical• Split water with chemicals and heat
• Photoelectrochemical• Split water using sunlight directly, or using
chemicals and heat
• Biological• Split water using organisms
Other Ways to Liberate Hydrogen From Water
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•Storage of hydrogen on board a vehicle is a tough technical challenge•Installation of a hydrogen delivery and dispensing infrastructure is expensive •It’s not just the transportation sector that is affected by hydrogen and fuel cells –stationary and portable applications also affected.
Challenges of Hydrogen
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•Hydrogen can be cooled and stored as a liquid. It must be cooled to -253
o
•It can also be stored as a gas. It must be compressed to be stored efficiently.
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation
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• High-pressure storage tanks. Hydrogen gas can be compressed and stored in storage tanks at high pressure, but these tanks must be very strong.
• Liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid. In this form, more hydrogen can be stored per volume, but it must be kept at very cold temperature (about -253° C).
Hydrogen Storage
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• Metal hydrides. Hydrogen combines chemically with some metals, which can store it more efficiently than high-pressure storage tanks.
• Carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are microscopic tubes of carbon, two nanometers (billionths of a meter) across, which store hydrogen in their microscopic pores.
Hydrogen Storage
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Hydrogen storage takes place…– On-board a vehicle– At production sites, in
transit, and at refueling stations
Hydrogen can be stored in its pure form, or can be reformed on board a vehicle from other fuels
Hydrogen Storage
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• PEM fuel cells are favored because they operate at low temperature (~80°C)• less waste heat…but also limits CHP
applications compared to other fuel cell types
• Quick startup, lower thermal stresses
• Efficient at low loads (typical operating region for vehicles)
Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Transportation
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Guts of a Fuel Cell Vehicle
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While fuel cells do wear out over time, A PEM fuel cell in a vehicle should have a 4,000 hour service life, while stationary applications should last 40,000 hours.
Fuel Cell Life
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Fuel leak simulationHydrogen on leftGasoline on rightEquivalent energy
release
HydrogenGasoline
Three Second seconds
One minute
Hydrogen Safety
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Transportation Desired range can be achieved with on-board hydrogen
storage (unlike Battery Electric Vehicle)Can be used in internal combustion engines Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships
Buildings Combined heat, power, and fuel Reliable energy services for critical applicationsGrid independence
Industrial SectorAlready plays an important role as a chemicalOpportunities for additional revenue streams
Flexibility Of Use
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• Energy security• Diverse domestic sources• Flexibility of system
• Economic security• International leadership in technical• development and deployment• Price stability
• Environmental security• Potential to meet GHG targets• Urban air quality improvements• Reduction in air pollutants
So– why hydrogen?
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Catherine E. Grégoire PadróLos Alamos National Laboratory Dr. Rajat K. Sen, Patty Kappaz
Sentech, Inc.
The NEED Project acknowledges…