hydrogen as a fuel and its production methods
TRANSCRIPT
8/13/2019 Hydrogen as a Fuel and Its Production Methods
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HYDROGEN AS A FUEL AND ITS
PRODUCTION METHODS
A PRESENTATION
By
Deepjyoti Talukdar
Ravindra Gulshan
Shasank Suman
Prashant Kumar Singh
Chailesh Thakre
IITM M.E)
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Hydrogen: Its production• Hydrogen is the lightest of the elements with an atomic weight of 1.0.
• Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel.
• Since hydrogen is not available in significant quantities in nature in pure
form, there are four main techniques:-
1. Steam reforming.
2. Electrolysis.
3. Thermo-lysis.
4. Plasma Reforming.
The most widely used method is Steam reforming.
CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
The efficiency of the process is approximately 65% to 75%.
Hydrogen has been proposed as both a storage and transmission medium
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Hydrogen: Source of Solar Energy
Hydrogen is the main source of energy in the
sun as hydrogen converts to helium giving
out a huge amount of energy through
the proton –proton chain reaction.
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History of Use of Hydrogen
• Although due to the reaction of hydrogen in sun we are getting solar
energy we are not aware of the fact that the Hydrogen is the main
constituent element for solar energy.
• Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via
the mixing of metals with acids.
• In 1766 –81, HENRY CAVENDISH was the first to recognize that hydrogen
gas was a discrete substance and on burning it produces water.
• Later on it was found that it has three isotopes.
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Hydrogen as Fuel
• Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells.
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier, like electricity, not an energy resource.
• The largest application of H2 is for the processing of fossil fuels, and inthe production of NH4.
• Hydrogen fuel can provide power for cars, boats and airplanes.
• It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially bemass-produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft.
• Basically Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in three ways. They are:-
1. As a Fuel Cell.
2. HCNG.
3. Direct burning Hydrogen in IC Engine of Hydrogen Vehicle.
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FUEL CELL
• In 1838, German physicist Christian Friedrich Schönbein invented the
first crude fuel cell.
• The first commercial use of fuel cells was in NASA space programs to
generate power for probes, satellites and space capsules. Since then, fuel
cells have been used in many other applications.
• Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial,
industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas.
• The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40 –60%, or up to
85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.
•Fuel cells come in a variety of sizes. Individual fuel cells producerelatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are
"stacked", or placed in series, to increase the voltage and meet an
application's requirements.
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Fuel Cell an electrochemical energy
conversion device• To convert the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into
water, and in the process it produces electricity.
• Battery : the other electrochemical device that we are
all familiar.
A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it
converts those chemicals into electricity too.This means that a battery eventually "goes dead" and
you either throw it away or recharge it.
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A functioning cell
in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell stack
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• It consists of three components - a cathode, an anode, and
an electrolyte sandwiched between the two.• Oxygen from the air flows through the cathode
• A fuel gas containing hydrogen, such as methane, flows pastthe anode.
Negatively charged oxygen ions migrate through theelectrolyte membrane react with the hydrogen to formwater,
• At the electrode, ions combine to create by-products,
primarily water and CO2. Depending on the input fuel and
electrolyte, different chemical reactions will occur.
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APPLICATION OF FUEL CELL
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FUEL CELL IN INDIA
• As India’s economy grows, demand for energywill also grow, for example Indian power sectorhas not been able to meet demand-supply gap,and this gap is expected to increase in
foreseeable future (by 2010 it is expected thatunmet power demand in India will be around 52B KWH), a big chunk of this demand is expectedto come from alternative energy sources like
small hydro projects, biomass gas, biomasspower, urban and industrial waste power, windenergy, fuel cells, etc.
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LAYOUT OF FUEL CELL CAR
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Types of fuel cells
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Research and Development
• August 2005: Georgia Institute of Technology researchers use triazole to
raise the operating temperature of PEM fuel cells from below 100 °C to
over 125 °C, claiming this will require less carbon-monoxide purification
of the hydrogen fuel.
• 2008 Monash University, Melbourne uses PEDOT as a cathode
• 2009 Researchers at the University of Dayton, in Ohio, show that arrays
of vertically grown carbon nanotubes could be used as the catalyst in
fuel cells.
• 2009: Y-Carbon has begun to develop a carbide-derived-carbon-based
ultra-capacitor with high energy density, which may lead toimprovements in fuel cell technology.
• 2009: A nickel bi-diphosphine-based catalyst for fuel cells is
demonstrated.
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HCNG
• Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas (or H2CNG) is a mixture
of Compressed Natural Gas and 4 –9 percent Hydrogen by
energy. It may be used as a for internal combustion
engine and home appliances.
• In the town of Nes on the island of Ameland in
the Netherland, a four-year (2008-2011) field test was
carried out where 20% hydrogen was added to the local
Compressed Natural Gas distribution net supplying a
complex of 14 apartments. The appliances involved werekitchen stoves, condensing boilers , and micro-C. boilers
• In INDIA HCNG is used in Dwarka and Faridabad, Delhi.
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Advantage of Hydrogen as Fuel•
When only hydrogen is burned in presence of Oxygen, theonly emission it makes is water vapor, so a key advantage of
hydrogen is that when burned, carbon dioxide (CO2) is not
produced.
• Clearly, hydrogen is less of a pollutant in the air because it
omits little tail pipe pollution.
• Hydrogen has the potential to run a fuel-cell engine with
greater efficiency over an internal combustion engine.
• The same amount of hydrogen will take a fuel-cell car at
least twice as far as a car running on gasoline.
• Hydrogen fuel is exponentially cleaner than its standard fuel
competition.
• It proves even cleaner, as the only by-products are heat and
water.
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Disadvantages of H2 as fuel
• At current, fuel cell cars are not designed with an equivalently large
engine capacity as standard fuel cars. This means that even though
hydrogen fuel is more efficient than standard fuel, you would have to
install extra hydrogen fuel reservoirs in your vehicle.
• One major disadvantage of converting to hydrogen fuel.• Additionally, it takes more energy to produce the hydrogen than the
amount of energy it provides.
• It still costs a considerable amount of money to run a hydrogen vehicle
because it takes a large amount of energy to liquefy the fuel.
• The Department of Energy's goal is to produce hydrogen at $2 to $3 per
gallon by 2015. Right now, the cost per gallon is between $6 and $8, in
large part due to the cost of natural gas being high.
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In the Near Future
Will we be seeing more cars run by hydrogen fuel in the nearfuture?
Although once thought to be the fuel of the far-off future,hydrogen will be making a big debut next year and in the years tofollow.
Honda has plans to showcase a limited line of passenger carspowered by hydrogen fuel cells in 2008. They also have anew hybrid car that will be priced below $25,000.
GM has announced plans involving hydrogen vehicles.
Mercedes will begin in 2010 with a small-scale production of theB-Class F-Cell vehicle.
Additionally, gas stations will have to get on board and supplyhydrogen as well as gasoline at the pumps in order to makeowning and driving these cars practical for the consumer.
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The Last Word
• Many economists believe that although hydrogen
cars may become more popular, it may be another
decade before we see these vehicles in mass
quantities on the market place. There is still moreresearch to be done, and a number of hurdles to
jump before hydrogen propelled vehicles are a
common sight on all of our highways.
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AND LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
• Thanks for being watching our presentationpatiently.
• Kindly point out our errors and faults.
THE END