hydrogen: transport, distribution, and end use

Hydrogen: transport, distribution, and end use

Annie Brandjord Bevan Flansburg Stephanie Hyde Cristen McLean

Megan Sparks

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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Is it possible…?

…to wholly transform our fossil fuel reliance?

…to make hydrogen available and usable to consumers?

... to change the currently inadequate energy infrastructure regardless of which energy we rely on?

…to take a SMART approach to our nation’s energy future?

Hydrogen is the answer

How is hydrogen transported?

What are hydrogen’s end uses?

How is hydrogen used as an energy source? QuickTime™ and a

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Transporting Hydrogen



Primarily, hydrogen is a CARRIER not a source of energy

http://nanopedia.case.edu/NWPage.php?page=hydrogen.transport

Hydrogen Pipelines

H2 safely transported through pipelines for decades, w/o optimal system

GH2 pipeline important synergies substantial added value

Pipelining GH2 will cost ~1.5 to 2 times NG, per unit energy-distance



http://infotools.hfpeurope.org/energyinfos__e/hydrogen/main10.html

NG/GH2 Comparison

NG pipeline systems typically cost $US 1 per mm diameter per meter length (with compressors, meters, controls) Minimum ~30 cm diameter. NG pipeline 50 km long would

be ~ $US 15 million.

GH2 pipeline may cost 2-3 times as much ($US 40 million)





http://www.pttplc.com/th/ptt_core.asp?page=ap_ov_ng

Wind and H2, an example

H2 gathered from wind energy can be transported via pipelines

Example: Great Plains wind energy delivers wind energy as

compressed H2 gas through 400 new GH2 pipelines

requires 900 of the largest, practical new electric transmissions lines



http://www.clever-ideas.com/news.asp?id=3

Technical challenges

pressure intensity varies seasonally

exacerbates H2 attack on pipeline steel

hydrogen-induced crackinghydrogen corrosionhydrogen embrittlementvalves, meters, compressors similarly

affected

Distribution Standards

Mixtures of NG and GH2 up to 100%

High pressure (>14 MPa), high-capacity (>5 GW), long-distance capabilities (>500km)

Buried terrestrial or subsea

>100 pressure cycles per year to 50% of design operating pressure.

two types of hydrogen usage for power: combustion fuel-cell conversion (most

efficient method)

NASA uses of hydrogen: lift space shuttles fuel cells to power ship

electrical systems crew drinks H2O byproduct

Replacing Gasoline

www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/IntermediateHydrogen.html#UsesOfHydrogen; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications

Hydrogen in the mix

5% hydrogen in gasoline = reduces nitrogen oxide

can be added to ethanol, methanol, and natural gas to increase performance and reduce pollution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications; http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html?page=2



Hydrogen on a timeline

• Today: 9 million tons produced in

US today, could power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes

NASA Around the world 500

hydrogen powered cars in use (Nov. 2006)

Honda to release hydrogen fueled vehicle in 2008

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell#Fuel_cell_applications; http://www.bmwworld.com/pics/7er/7350_1024.jpg

• Future: GOAL: U.S. Department

of Energy’s Hydrogen Program intends to use Hydrogen to produce 10% of our total energy demand by 2030



Hydrogen Fuel Cells

99.999% reliability no moving parts no combustion

suggested applications:

laptops, motor vehicles, baseload

power plants, off-grid power supply for rural locations, auxiliary power



http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/IntermediateHydrogen.html#UsesOfHydrogen

Comparison of Fuel Cell Applications

D.O.E. Research and Development

High temp/ low humidity PEMs for vehicles

High temperature solid oxide technologies Low cost/high

efficiency Co-production Small systems to

refueling stations

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/past_program_solicitations.html#oxide; http://www.ird.dk/index.php?id=75,0,0,1,0,0



Specific D.O.E. Solicited Projects

Methanol fuel cell power supply for all-day wireless mobile computing.

Powering refrigeration units for trucks.

Advanced buildings PEM for hotels.



Using Hydrogen to Generate Electricity and Heat for Buildings

Stationary fuel cell units used for backup

power power for remote

locations distributed

generation for buildings

co-generation



http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/tech_validation/generation_proj.html

~ 600 systems of 10 kW built and operated to date

> 1,000 smaller units estimated built

Hydrogen at Work

Hydrogen fuel cells already Replacing batteries

TV cameras and forklifts

providing power at remote locations

Eg.- cellphone towers Powering the police

station in NY Central Park.

Plug Power Inc. Awarded a contract w/

Detroit Edison’s Saint Clair power plant.



http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html?page=3; http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/newsletter/ad101_plugPower.asp

Safety and savings

Converting to vehicles that use hydrogen fuel-cells generated by wind

Would save 3,000 to 6,000 lives in the United States annually

These savings would make it cost-competitive with gas

http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/july13/hydrogen-071305.html



Hydrogen’s vast potential

“Eventually hydrogen will join electricity as the major energy carrier, supplying every end-use energy need in the economy, including transportation, central and distributed electric

power, portable power, and combined heat and power for buildings and industrial processes.”

http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/enduse.html



(http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/)

Hydrogen: The Energy Future

Transportation Distribution End Uses Infrastructure Needs Replacement of

Gasoline





Why Hydrogen?

Because it is …

Scalable, Safe and Clean!

hydrogen: transport, distribution, and end use

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