U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

JESSE H. JONES, Secretary

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

LEO OTIS COLBERT, Director

Special Publication No. 143Revised (1942) Edition

by

COMMANDER K. T. AdamsU. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

UNITED STATESGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1942

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. . . . Price $ 2.75

HYDROGRAPHICMANUAL

The subject matter in this Manual has been identified by a decimal numberingsystem and all referencing is by these numbers. The reader should understand thesignificance of these numbers. There are nine chapters, each of which is dividedinto not more than nine sections. Each section is subdivided into not more thannine subjects and each subject into not more than nine numbered headings. Thefirst digit of a number identifies the chapter, the second digit the section, the thirddigit the subject, and the fourth the heading. For example 7326, Verification of theProjection, is the sixth heading under the second subject in the third section of chapter7, entitled " The Smooth Sheet."

This edition of the Hydrographic Manual has been prepared under the directionof Captain Gilbert T. Rude, Chief of the Division of Coastal Surveys. Much valuableassistance and advice have been received from officers and personnel both in the fieldand Office. Several officers contributed to the actual compilation of the text, butspecial credit is due to Commander Henry B. Campbell who wrote section 91, CoastPilot, and to Lieutenant Commander John C. Mathisson and Mr. Thomas J. Hickley,associate electrical engineer, who wrote most of chapter 5, Echo Sounding, and chapter6, Radio Acoustic Ranging, and to Mr. Aaron L. Shalowitz, principal cartographicengineer, Division of Charts, for his collaboration in writing chapter 7, The SmoothSheet, and for his assistance in reviewing and editing the entire manuscript.

PREFACE

PAGE III

The Hydrographic Manual has been prepared and is issued to provide a textbookin which modern methods of hydrographic surveying and equipment are described.In it are, stated the general requirements of the United States Coast and GeodeticSurvey for the execution of hydrographic surveys. It is one of a series of manuals,covering the various survey operations of the Bureau.

This Manual describes in detail for the first time instruments and methods used inecho sounding and Radio Acoustic Ranging. Many of the methods and details con-tained herein are based on the reports of officers and employees of the Bureau, toonumerous for individual mention, who by their zeal and ingenuity in devising or develop-ing new methods and equipment have contributed largely to the progress of hydro-graphic surveying during recent years. This is particularly true of the Radio AcousticRanging method of locating the positions of soundings, which has been brought toits present state of efficiency by this Bureau through the untiring efforts of personnelinterested in attaining greater accuracy and reliability.

11. General statement111. Introduction. 112. The nautical chart. 113. The hydrographic survey.114. The Hydrographic Manual.

12. Project121. Project instructions. 122. Offshore limits. 123. Survey scales. 124. Units ofmeasurement. 125. Confidential surveys.

13. Project planning131. Data from prior surveys. 132. Nautical charts. 133. Project study.134. Operational plan. 135. Division of operations. 136. Project layout. 137. Sup-plies and equipment.

14. Organization of operations141. General reconnaissance. 142. Personnel of survey units. 143. Tide stations.144. Compass deviations. 145. Weather.

15. Miscellaneous project operations151. Standard time. 152. Tide predictions. 153. Magnetic observations at sea.154. Survey numbers. 155. Landmarks for charts. 156. Statistical and cost data.157. Current surveys. 158. Navigation and seamanship. 159. Coast pilot reports.

16. Geographic names-161. Geographic names on the hydrographic survey. 162. Investigation of geographicnames. 163. Special report on geographic names. 164. Assignment of new names.165. List of geographic names in Descriptive Report. 166. Examples of geographicname information. 167. United States Board on Geographical Names. 168. Ter-minology for submarine relief.

17. Operations beyond project limits171. Sounding en route. 172. Reported shoals. 173. Erroneous soundings on thechart. 174. Aids to navigation. 175. Coast pilot data. 176. Field examinations.

CHAPTER 2.— CONTROL AND SIGNAL BUILDING21. Control

211. Definitions of control terms. 212. Frequency and spacing of control. 213. Ac-curacy of control. 214. Recoverable stations. 215. Control station names.216. Control stations of other organizations. 217. Datums.

22. Triangulation221. General statement. 222. Reconnaissance. 223. Requirements. 224. Connec-tion with triangulation of other organizations. 225. Recovery of stations. 226. Sta-tion marks. 227. Description of stations. 228. Pseudo-triangulation methods.

23. Topography231. General statement. 232. Accuracy of topography. 233. Aluminum-mountedtopographic sheets. 234. Hydrographic signals. 235. Recoverable topographicstations. 236. Connection with control of other agencies. 237. Graphic controlsurveys. 238. Special topographic methods. 239. Air photographic surveys.

24. Shore hydrographic stations241. General statement. 242. Frequency of stations. 243. Methods of location.244. Accuracy of location. 245. Station marks and descriptions. 246. Hydro-graphic stations in inaccessible places. 247. Natural objects located from the vessel.248. Records.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1.— PRELIMINARYPage1

8

15

27

36

46

56

59

69

88

103

PAGE V

25. Control buoys251. Sextant location of a single buoy. 252. Directions and sun azimuths in locatinga single buoy. 253. Other methods of locating a single buoy. 254. Planning buoycontrol. 255. Buoy-control schemes for location by sextant. 256. Buoy-controlschemes for location by taut-wire traverse. 257. Buoy-control schemes for locationby other methods. 258. Statistics of buoy-controlled surveys.

26. R.A.R. stations261. R.A.R. shore stations. 262. Ship stations.

27. Signal building271. General statement. 272. Tall signals. 273. Steel towers. 274. Water signals.275. Signal cloth. 276. Whitewash.

28. Survey buoys281. Buoys in general. 282. Buoy construction. 283. Anchoring gear. 284. Sono-radio buoy. 285. Handling buoys from the ship. 286. Record of buoy positions.

CHAPTER 3.—HYDROGRAPHY31. General statement

311. Depth measurements. 312. Project limits. 313. Project and survey junctions.314. Systems of sounding lines. 315. Spacing sounding lines.

32. The boat sheet321. Definition and purpose. 322. Construction of boat sheet. 323. Preparation ofboat sheet. 324. Use of boat sheet during survey. 325. Details on completed boatsheet. 326. Shipment of boat sheet.

33. Horizontal control of hydrography331. Position. 332. Methods of control. 333. Sextant three-point fixes.334. Large-scale surveys. 335. Positions by estimation. 336. Bearings and distances.337. Dead reckoning. 338. Astronomic sights.

34. Hydrographic operations341. Personnel and their duties. 342. The operation of sounding. 343. Frequencyof soundings (sounding interval). 344. The operation of position fixing. 345. Mis-cellaneous operations. 346. Handling the survey vessel while sounding.

35. Adequacy of hydrographic survey351. A basic survey. 352. Previously known dangers and shoal soundings.353. Depth curves. 354. Adequacy of the general system of lines. 355.. Development.356. Ranges, bearings, and sailing lines. 357. Crosslines.

36. Dangers and shoals361. Danger of surveying shoals. 362. Sources of evidence. 363. Bare rocks androcks awash. 364. Sunken rocks and breakers. 365. Wrecks and obstructions.366. Examination of shoals. 367. Development of large shoal areas. 368. Develop-ment of an offshore shoal.

37. Large-scale offshore surveys371. Derivation of formulas. 372. Preparing circle sheets. 373. Preliminary layout.374. General case. 375. Modifications of the general case. 376. Various methodsof use.

38. Contemporary operations381. Shoreline by hydrographer. 382. Form lines from the ship. 383. Aids to navi-gation. 384. Character of the bottom. 385. Descriptive report and coast pilot notes.

39. Special types of surveys391. Wire-drag surveys. 392. Survey in advance of control. 393. Isolated harborsurvey. 394. Reconnaissance survey.

CHAPTER 4.— EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS41. Survey ships and auxiliary vessels

411. General description of a survey ship. 412. Ship Explorer. 413. Motorvessel E. Lester Jones.

CONTENTSPAGE VI

Page109

147

151

162

191

203

211

250

267

275

286

296

307

311

42. Survey launches and small boats421. General description of survey launches. 422. Launch equipment.423. Leased launches. 424. Small boats.

43. Equipment and instruments431. Care of equipment and instruments. 432. Instrument requisitions. 433. Ac-countability for instruments. 434. Shipments of instruments.

44. Navigation and position-location equipment441. Magnetic compass. 442. Gyrocompass. 443. Compass auxiliaries.444. Radio direction finder. 445. Ship logs. 446. Taut-wire apparatus.

45. Navigation and position-location instruments451. Sextant. 452. Sextant angles. 453. Protractors. 454. Timepieces.455. Rangefinder.

46. Depth finding equipment and instruments461. Sounding pole. 462. Leadline. 463. Sounding machines. 464. Registeringsheaves. 465. Sounding wire. 466. Sounding leads and weights. 467. Tidegages.

47. Oceanographic instruments471. Deep-sea thermometers. 472. Reversing thermometer frames. 473. Bathy-thermograph. 474. Water specimen cup. 475. Hydrometer sets. 476. Bottomsample devices. 477. Roberts radio current meter. 478. Other oceanographicinstruments.

48. Drafting instruments481. Dividers. 482. Scales. 483. Miscellaneous drafting instruments. 484. Pens.485. Other drafting instruments. 486. Requisitions for drafting materials.

CHAPTER 5.— ECHO SOUNDING51. General statement

511. Principles of echo sounding. 512. History of echo sounding. 513. Historyof echo sounding in the Coast and Geodetic Survey. 514. General limitations of echosounding. 515. General classification of echo-sounding instruments. 516. Descrip-tion and function of parts.

52. Echo-sounding instruments used by the Coast and Geodetic Survey521. 312 Fathometer. 522. Simplex-Bludworth. 523. 808 Fathometer. 524. DorseyFathometer No. 1. 525. Dorsey Fathometer No. 2. 526. Dorsey Fathometer No. 3.527. Veslekari. 528. Hughes MS 12 D. 529. Bludworth depthometer.

53. Foreign echo-sounding instruments531. French instruments. 532. English instruments. 533. German instruments.

54. Echo-sounding instrument installation541. Dorsey No. 1 installation. 542. Dorsey Nos. 2 and 3 installation.543. Veslekari installation. 544. Semiportable installation. 545. The advantagesof two echo-sounding instruments.

55. Adjustment and verification of echo-sounding instruments551. Draft. 552. Instrumental error. 553. Settlement and squat. 554. Adjust-ment of index. 555. Motor speed. 556. Separation effect. 557. Bar check.

56. Corrections to echo soundings561. Velocity corrections. 562. Mechanical corrections to fathogram soundings.563. Errors caused by bottom slope.

57. Echo-sounding instrument operation571. Fathogram interpretation. 572. Instrument tests and maintenance.

58. Echo-sounding expedients581. Deep-water sounding with the 312 Fathometer. 582. Sounding with bombs.

CHAPTER 6.— RADIO ACOUSTIC RANGING61. General statement

611. History of development. 612. Theory of R.A.R. 613. Practical use ofR.A.R.

PAGE VIICONTENTS

Page322

330

335

361

383

400

418

437

455

499

503

507

527

542

552

555

62. Physics of sound621. Physical laws of sound. 622. Propagation in an ideal water medium.623. Propagation in a heterogeneous water medium,

63. Velocity of sound631. Practical use of velocity of sound. 632. Temperature of sea water.633. Salinity of sea water. 634. Records and computations. 635. Determina-tion of velocity. 636. Methods of applying velocity data.

64. R.A.R. stations641. Shore R.A.R. stations. 642. Ship R.A.R. stations. 643. Sono-radio buoy sta-tions. 644. Radio frequencies and power.

65. Sono-radio buoys651. Vincent sono-radio buoy. 652. East Coast sono-radio buoy. 653. Com-parison of East Coast and Vincent sono-radio buoys. 654. Adjustment of asono-radio buoy. 655. Operating difficulties. 656. Hydrophones.

66. R.A.R. bombs and explosives661. Types of bombs. 662. Bomb containers. 663. Construction of bombs.664. Deep-sea bomb. 665. Storage of bombs. 666. Trinitrotoluene (TNT).667. Detonators. 668. Fuse. 669. Precautions in handling explosives.

67. Ship personnel and equipment671. Personnel organization. 672. Ship equipment for Radio Acoustic Ranging.673. The chronograph. 674. Communication system.

68. R.A.R. operations681. R.A.R. positions. 682. Plotting R.A.R. positions. 683. R.A.R. sounding lines.684. Bombing operations. 685. Chronograph tapes.

CHAPTER 7.— THE SMOOTH SHEET71. The Sheet

711. Smooth-sheet paper. 712. Smooth-sheet size. 713. Auxiliary plotting sheets.714. Tracing mediums.

72. Drafting and lettering721. Character of the drafting. 722. Orientation of smooth sheet. 723. Lettering.724. Selection of pencils. 725. Selection of pen points. 726. Inks. 727. Erasingand cleaning.

73. Preparation of the smooth sheet731. Protection of smooth sheet. 732. The projection. 733. Hydrographic sheetsfrom air photographic surveys. 734. Projections for R.A.R. sheets. 735. Plottinglarge-scale offshore surveys. 736. Changing datum of survey sheet. 737. Projec-tion constructed after survey.

74. Plotting the control741. Plotting the shore control. 742. Plotting the floating control. 743. Stationsymbols. 744. Station names. 745. Verification of the control. 746. Projectionand control data.

75. Transfer of the topography751. Omission of topography. 752. The shoreline. 753. Revisions by hydrographicparty. 754. The low-water line. 755. Offshore detail. 756. Methods of transfer.757. Verification of transfer.

76. Plotting the positions761. Smooth-sheet covers. 762. Protracting three-point fix positions. 763. PlottingR.A.R. positions. 764. Plotting astronomic positions. 765. Plotting the deadreckoning. 766. Detached positions. 767. Use of boat sheet in smooth plotting.768. Identification of positions. 769. Plotting supplemental data.

77. Soundings and depth curves771. Depth units. 772. Plotting the soundings. 773. Penciling the soundings.774. Errors in soundings and Positions. 775. Congested areas. 776. Depth curves.777. Inspection of plotting.

CONTENTSPAGE VIII

Page557

573

595

601

618

626

636

657

663

666

683

691

697

714

78. Additional details on smooth sheet781. Explanatory notes. 782. Rocks, reefs, ledges, and rocky areas. 783. Bottomcharacteristics. 784. Aids to navigation. 785. Symbols for smooth sheet.786. Miscellaneous data. 787. Geographic names. 788. Limits of adjoining surveys.

79. The completed smooth sheet791. Completion of the smooth sheet. 792. Schedule of penciled and inked details.793. Registry numbers and titles. 794. Final inspection. 795. Principal deficienciesof smooth sheets. 796. Shipment to Washington Office.

CHAPTER 8.—RECORDS AND REPORTS81. Sounding Record

811. Recorder's duties. 812. Page headings. 813. Information at beginning of day'swork. 814. Column entries. 815. Remarks and miscellaneous entries. 816. Infor-mation at end of day's work. 817. Other Sounding Records. 818. Supervision andinspection. 819. Completion of Sounding Records.

82. Reduction of soundings821. Correction units. 822. Corrections to recorded depths. 823. Units of finalreduced soundings. 824. Verification of reduced soundings. 825. Errors detectedduring plotting.

83. Miscellaneous records831. Position records. 832. Control records. 833. Velocity of sound records.834. Survey data of other organizations. 835. Completion of records and reports.836. Shipment of records.

84. Descriptive Report841. Sequence of contents. 842. Descriptive Report text. 843. Separates followingtext. 844. Additions at Washington Office. 845. Deficiencies in former DescriptiveReports.

85. Miscellaneous reports851. Progress sketches and reports. 852. Navigational information. 853. Aids tonavigation. 854. Descriptions of stations. 855. Coast pilot report. 856. Geo-graphic name report. 857. Ranges for compass deviations. 858. Special reports.859. Reports required from hydrographic parties.

CHAPTER 9.—MISCELLANEOUS91. Coast Pilot

911. Sources of coast pilot information. 912. Coast pilot reports from field parties.913. Preparation of a new edition of a Coast Pilot. 914. Intracoastal WaterwayPilots. 915. Supplements. 916. Coast pilot glossary. 917. Nomenclature andterminology.

92. Processing Offices.921. Personnel at Processing Offices. 922. Transfer of records. 923. Preliminaryoffice work by field parties. 924. Completion work by Processing Offices. 925. In-spection of office work by chief of field party. 926. Accounts, reports, and corre-spondence.

93. Hydrographic surveys at the Washington Office931. Receipt and registry. 932. Miscellaneous operations. 933. Verification ofhydrographic surveys. 934. Review of hydrographic surveys. 935. Approval byadministrative officers.

94. Computation of buoy positions941. Reduction of sun-azimuth observations to true horizon. 942. Back azimuthcorrection. 943. Scope of buoy anchor cable. 944. Buoy traverse.

95. Forms and publications951. List of forms. 952. Publications of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. 953. Ref-erence books. 954. Rubber stamps for hydrographic surveys.

465382—44——2

CONTENTS PAGE IX

Page733

747

753

770

774

786

793

809

842

847

860

866

2. Typical layout of hydrographic survey sheets3. Organization chart of a survey ship4. Construction of predicted tide curve5. Additional lines observed with repeating theodolite6. Record of horizontal angles (direction theodolite)7. Record of horizontal angles (repeating theodolite)8. Location by range and one observed angle9. Establishing shore control by the ship-intersection method10. Establishing shore control by the buoy-intersection method11. Where offset traverse can be used advantageously along the shore12. The offset traverse method13. Sextometer rod14. Displacements on air photograph due to relief15. Radial displacement of elevated objects on air photograph16. Method of adjusted distances17. Paper-strip method18. Sextant location of stations along a precipitous shore19. Buoy location from ship stations in range with shore stations20. Buoy location by cuts from ship stations21. Buoy location by one angle at buoy and one cut from a ship station22. Buoy location by an angle at buoy and a direction from a shore station23. Buoy location from one angle at the buoy and an azimuth to a shore station24. Buoy location by sun azimuths to shore stations25. Buoy location by taut-wire distances 26. R.A.R. station located by subaqueous distances from three-point fix positions27. Buoy station located with reference to submarine relief28. Alongshore buoys located by three-point fixes at buoys29. Offshore buoys located by cuts from three-point fix positions nearer shore30. Buoy positions strengthened by interbuoy observations31. Line of buoys located by simultaneous sextant angles32. Buoys located by sextant triangulation (single triangles)33. Buoys located by sextant triangulation (quadrilaterals)34. Line of buoys parallel to the coast35. Buoy control for three-point fixes36. Buoys located by traverse with additional shore connections37. Taut-wire sun-azimuth traverse to extend geodetic datum38. Buoy control for an isolated offshore shoal39. R.A.R stations located by three-point fixes and acoustic distance40. Sono-radio buoys located by traverse and acoustic distances41. Sono-radio buoys located by acoustic distances42. R.A.R. shore station (general arrangement)43. Tripod signals44. Water signals45. One-barrel survey buoy46. Two-barrel survey buoys (three arrangements)47. Arrangements of buoy anchor cables

CONTENTSPAGE X

Page872

888

ILLUSTRATIONS

FrontispieceFigure 1. Coast and Geodetic Survey ship Explorer

96. Tables961. Velocity of sound. 962. Standard widths of line. 963. Miscellaneous conver-sion tables. 964. Trigonometric functions for circle-sheet construction. 965. Three-letter station names.

97. Symbols and abbreviations for nautical charts

2430377273738485868787979999

102102107114115116118119119121124126132133134135136137138139140141142142143145148156159167169175

49. Buoys anchored so as to reduce scope50. East Coast sono-radio buoy structure51. Vincent sono-radio buoy structure52. Streamlined buoy for use in strong currents53. Special hook for use in weighing buoys54. Systems of sounding lines55. Maximum sounding-line spacing56. Corrections to inclined sextant angles when one object is elevated appreciably above

sea level57. Distance by depression angle below horizon58. Probable position of ship from stellar observations59. Position from star sights, using a known figure, of error60. Handlead sounding from launch61. Taking sextant angles from an elevated station62. Principle of plotting angles without a protractor63. Layout sheet for graduated perpendicular method64. Construction of the ares from rectangular coordinates65. Drawing the arcs with the use of a protractor66. Layout sheet for auxiliary straight-line method67. Principle of auxiliary straight-line method68. General plan of a survey ship69. Pilothouse of a survey ship70. Radio room of a survey ship71. Drafting room of a survey ship72. Motor vessel E. Lester Jones73. General plan of a survey launch74. Handlead sounding from a catamaran 75. The large taut-wire apparatus76. Optical principles of a sextant77. Principal parts of a sextant78. Metal three-arm protractor with attachments, and celluloid protractor79. Sounding chair extended from top of deckhouse80. Deep-sea electric sounding machine81. Hand sounding machine82. Installation of ship sounding machine83. Registering sheave81. Deep-sea reversing thermometer85. Example of thermometer correction graph86. Oceanographic instruments in position to sound87. Same oceanographic instruments after sounding88. Bourdon type bathythermograph89. Hydrometer set90. Radio current meter91. Drafting instruments92. Metric scale93. Graphic speed scale for field use94. Graphic speed scale for office use95. Log-factor scale96. Triangulation station symbol for Leroy template97. Method of sharpening a ruling pen98. Piezoelectric supersonic acoustic unit99. Electromagnetic oscillator type 324100. Launch hydrography using the 808 Fathometer101. Fish of 808 Fathometer mounted on hydrographic launch102. Circuit diagram of 808 Fathometer103. Support for fish of 808 Fathometer

PAGE XICONTENTS

PageFigure 48. Arrangement for a detachable buoy anchor cable 176

17718018O182188196201

2222292462462552792872892912922922933143 1531631832132432935336236337338738939039139240140240440540741141641942342 7427428431433450456462463467470

CONTENTSPAGE XII

PageFig. 104. Schematic operating diagram of the Dorsey Fathometer No. 1 474

475105. Magnetostrictive transceiver mounting479106. Sounding with the Dorsey Fathometer No. 3480107. Circuit diagram of Dorsey Fathometer No. 3482108. Power supply rack of Dorsey Fathometer No. 3497109. Magnetostrictive acoustic unit506110. Intercircuit connections between 312 Fathometer and Dorsey Fathometer No. 3515111. Location of the index adjustments, Dorsey Fathometer No. 3

112. Circuit for verification of tuning-fork frequency by chronometer 521525113. Separate acoustic units534114. Curve of velocity corrections to echo soundings536115. Velocity correction graph544116. Facsimile of stamp used on fathograms

117. Types of bottom relief shown vividly in fathograms of the 808 Fathometer 545118. Various interesting fathograms of the 808 Fathometer 547

548119. Interesting fathograms of the 808 Fathometer550120. Illustration of a fathogram on which notations have been properly made

121. Sinusoidal sound wave 559561122. Sound reflected from a rigid surface

123. Multiple reflections in a bounded medium 562564124. Total refraction of a sound wave

125. Transmission of sound over great distances 569126. Path of sound through water of nonuniform velocity 570127. Path of sound through a layer with uniform velocity decrease from v1 to v2 571128. Path of sound caused by a velocity increasing uniformly with depth sufficient to

572refract the sound wave back toward the surface.577129. Annual cycle of temperature distribution in sea water near the surface

130. Range of temperature curves in offshore ocean waters 578131. Graph to convert apparent specific gravity to salinity 585132. Velocity of sound determined from time intervals simultaneously measured to-

three known stations 591133. Circuit diagram of Vincent sono-radio buoy 602134. Circuit diagram of East Coast sono-radio buoy 605135. Circuit for measuring and adjusting sono-radio buoy sensitivity 609

612136. Sono-radio buoy dummy tuning antenna137. Dorsey hydrophone 614138. Vincent sono-radio buoy hydrophone 617139. Bomb for deep detonation 621140. Circuit diagram of R.A.R. equipment for survey vessel 629

651141. Elapsed times obtained from a chronograph tape142. Facsimile of stamp used on chronograph tapes 655143. Temporary dog-ear for smooth sheet 660

668144. Polyconic projection of North America145. Referencing projection lines 669146. Construction of a polyconic projection 670147. Sheet limits for ruling-machine projections 672148. Change of datum of survey sheet—by numerical method 679149. Change of datum of survey sheet—by graphic method 680150. Construction of a polyconic projection on a completed survey sheet—for small-

681scale surveys151. Construction of a polyconic projection on a completed survey sheet—for large-

scale surveys 682685152. Control stations plotted by dms. and dps. on a distorted sheet

153. Templates for triangulation station and buoy symbols 689154. Projection and control data for smooth sheet 691155. Shoreline shown on smooth sheet without obscuring positions of control stations 692

696156. Reduction of topography by method of squares

following

158. Protracting three-point fixes with three-arm protractor159. Sextant fix plotted by intersection of loci. No common center object160. Plotting R.A.R. positions with Odessey protractor161. Dead reckoning adjusted to astronomic sights162. Reduced sounding equivalents for smooth sheet and chart163. Sizes and placement of sounding numerals and other data on smooth sheet164. Right-hand page of Sounding Record with corrections properly made165. Subplan of small cove on smooth sheet166. Subplan of pier with soundings alongside167. Depth curves in vicinity of shoals168. Relationship of rocks to tidal datum planes169. Special symbols for use on hydrographic sheets170. Orientation of names on survey sheets171. Section of completed smooth sheet172. Record of handlead and wire soundings — sextant fixes173. Record of echo soundings—sextant fixes174. Record of echo soundings—R.A.R control175. Facsimile of Personnel stamp176. Facsimile of Sounding Apparatus stamp177. Facsimile of Stamp No. 34178. Facsimile of stamp for comparison of sounding apparatus179. Facsimile of stamp for log and revolution-counter readings180. Facsimile of Line Begins stamp181. Facsimile of stamp for verification of sextants and clock182, Facsimile of Statistics stamp183. Facsimile of Processing stamp184. Record of Radio Acoustic Ranging data185. Symbols for progress sketches186. To locate a large closure error in a buoy traverse187. Nomograph for derivation of velocity of sound in sea water (0° to 15° C)188. Nomograph for derivation of velocity of sound in sea water (15° to 30° C189. Symbols and abbreviations for nautical charts190. Section of finished nautical chart

2. Personnel of survey units3. Requirements for triangulation and traverse4. Corrections to sextometer distances5. Statistics of typical hydrographic survey projects using buoy control6. Spacing of sounding lines7. Sediments classified by size8. Survey ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 19429 . Auxiliary vessels of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1942

10. Probable error of rangefinder distances11. Map measure conversion table (measurements in centimeters to statute or nautical

miles)12. Acoustic transmitting and receiving units13. Tachometer reed values for 808 Fathometer14. Parts and circuits of Dorsey Fathometer No.315. Depth ranges of Dorsey Fathometer No. 316. Functional operation of Dorsey Fathometer No. 317. Faulty operation or failure of Dorsey Fathometer No. 318. Circuit voltages of Dorsey Fathometer No. 3

PAGE XIIICONTENTS

Fig 157. Reduction of topography by radial-line method

facing

following

T A B L E S

Table.1. Scale equivalents for laying out sheets 25287598

following

147201304312313382

431452469488490490491492

Page696698702703708717723726727728731735743746748754755756759760760761765766767768774776794866877878888888

CONTENTSPAGE XIV

Table 19. Index adjustments of Dorsey Fathometer No. 320. Example of velocity correction computations21. Echo-sounding instrument operation22. Ship's run corrections23. Paper distortion 24. Projection line intervals for various scales25. Distance circle intervals for various scales26. Conversion of reduced sounding values to smooth-sheet values27. Depth curves28. Schedule of penciled and inked details29. Units for recorded soundings and corrections30, Adjustment of buoy traverse computed by geographic positions31. Rubber stamps for survey records32. Velocity of sound in sea water33. Salinity corrections (to be applied to table 32) 34. Pressure corrections (to be applied to table 32)35. Velocity correction factors36. Velocity reduction factors for R.A.R.37. Linear distance conversion—feet, yards, fathoms, meters38. Linear distance conversion—statute miles, nautical miles, kilometers39. Temperature conversion40. Map scales and equivalents41. Natural half-cosecants and half-cotangents42. Three-letter station names

Page517532551654659669676716730750763864872873874875879881882883883884885887

Radiation angle of Veslekari——separationSettlement and squat effect on ——tank specificationsTransmitting —— (see under name of

specific instrument)wave generation

Adjustment of dead reckoningAeration

CausesDefinitioneffect on echo soundingEffects of ——

Aerial photographs (see Air photographs)Agencies, Federal, listed in Coast Pilot appen-

dixAhead and stop properly noted in sounding

RecordAid(s) to navigation

Aeronautical ——, Coast Pilot requirementsBuoys (see Buoys, navigation)characteristics differ from published data Charted — compared with smooth sheetCoast Pilot requirementsdata compared with Light ListDates of position determination requiredDescriptive Report requirementsDistances from sounding lines estimated

Descriptive Report requirementslocated by hydrographer

Offshore —— located by R. A. Ron smooth sheetspositions to be determinedreported separately from landmarksReports requiredSmooth sheet, all —— to be shown onstation namessymbolizationUnofficial —— (see Aids to navigation, non-

federal)Verification of —— en route

Air as a reflector of soundAir photographic surveys (see also Planimetric

maps)Accuracy requirementsBoat sheets from ——Books, reference (list)Control for ——, frequency requirementsControl for ——, locatingControl stations described on ——Hydrographic sheets from ——Ozalid prints of ——Requirements for ——Scale requirementsTracing-paper prints of ——Transfer of details from photographs to maps-

Air photograph(s) (see also Air photographicsurveys and Nine-lens photographs)

Camera altitude (formula)Dangers and shoals detected on ——Defect on one ——may be mistaken for rock-Elevations determined from —— (formula) - - Image displacements on ——Information obtainable from ——Mapping from ——Project study, use of —— for

INDEX(The bold-face numbers in the left-hand column are the itemnumbers accompanying text headings. See preface for explanationof these numbers.)

Page

A

Page

Coast Pilot requirements-

Radial-line method of plotting——

174853

Control buoys located graphically on ——

889465382—44——58

Abandoned light structure(s)names

Abbreviationsfor use in Sounding Record (list)Nautical chart —— (illustrated)Standard —— for sounding (list)Unusual —— to be explained in Sounding

RecordAbbreviations, standard, (lists), where pub-

lishedAbsorption of sound (see Sound, absorption of)Acoustic(s)

Books, reference (list)distances (see R. A. R. distances)energy, transmission through elastic medium- resistance, definitionresistance of air and water comparedunit(s) (see also Transmitting units, acous-

tic and under name of specific instru-ment)

draft (see Draft of acoustic units)

78417843(d)

8111fig. 189

8111

8111

917

9534

62162216222

740741

758fol. 888

758

758

841

871

558561564

ReferenceNo.

location, importance of 5415435273543553543

51613378

514351435143623

9135B(5)81418142

916

8539345c916784383842P815(f)

abandoned as lightscharacteristics published incorrectlyDescriptionsincorrectly charted, report on-light sectors

How definedLighted —— described in Coast Pilotsnamed incorrectly in recordspositions determined by triangulationpositions, reportingRebuilt ——, statusreported by Coast Pilot reviservisibility range

Floating —— (see also Buoys, navigation)

7841784214217478419169167843(a)3831853278419133a7841

symbolizationIntracoastal Waterway ——Lighted — found extinguished, reporting

7847842914174853

739740823

57798

7407406357

740826834741299799740814740

503505497505513505

449237

444444444566

820761762

825

79885782474029979076657

798

{

{

{{

Extinguished ——, where to make reportFixed ——

ReferenceNo.

23778437843784391685313834916916916842P38343832933838385328537847843(a)784

Aid(s) to Navigation — Continuedlocated by graphic control surveynames

on smooth sheetsto agree with Light Listused in Coast Pilots

New ——, recommendations forNonfederal ——

95740740740832799300824827837790300300854299799798739740739

1745571

239232322495332231237733733733223223273312394B

2221362436242221239113322391133223912394B(3)222136323912391

222136243624916167221714313

5611

3385

233233233233233233

Reconnaissance, use of —— inRocks, —— examined for evidence ofTilted ——

How to recognize ——Triangulation line clearance determined

from——Water areas, conditions for taking —— ofWater surface may indicate shoals

Airway beacons described in Coast PilotAlaska, Baker's Geographic Dictionary ofAlaska, geodetic datums inAlcohol, used to clean instrumentsAlgebraic derivation of velocity corrections (see

also Velocity of sound corrections)Alidade, telescopic (see Telescopic alidade)Altitude rate-of-change tableAluminum-mounted topographic sheets (see

also Aluminum sheetsAccuracy obtainable on ——AdvantagesDescriptionrequired for topographic surveyssubmerged in sea water

Aluminum sheet(s) (see also Aluminum-mounted topographic sheets) 2511

713(a)7421b{

{

{

112660688

57527

9890

206871

7695

6746746749090

674103

74280280749819981998

10374

28198

100

742812808255368

332

529

243

909191909091

{

PAGE 890 INDEX

Page Page

Dead reckoning abstracted on Form 722

Accuracy

Control buoys located by ——

Where usedsurveyed in advance of use

Third — required at detached positions

Weighting ——

symbolization

B9422523

7137131713271317131713171317131713713271337133713363222813666

5163516352425262516352145163

916

842O91613343541341393

660661661661661661661661661661661661661583164623

453453475482453458453

825

789825

20272

21308

Aluminum sheet (s) — Continued.Data from —— transferred to smooth sheetsdimensionsEnameled ——Grained ——

DisposalInk lines on ——, removingPenciling on ——Pencil marks on ——, removing

not used as smooth sheetsPainted ——Paper-mounted ——

Preparation of ——, methodWarping tendency

American Philosophical Society, TransactionsAmglo CorporationAmmunition magazine, care ofAmplifier, audio, of sono-radio buoys (see Sono-

radio buoys, amplifier)Amplifier, chronograph (see Chronograph am-

plifier)Amplifier(s), echo (see also under name of spe-

cific instrument)characteristicsdescriptionDorsey Fathometer No. 1Dorsey Fathometer No. 3Purpose312 FathometerTime-lag variations in ——

Anchorage(s)Coast Pilot requirementsRecommended ——, Descriptive Report re-

quirementsregulations given in Coast Pilotselected in advanceSounding-line spacing reduced in ——

Anchor cable, buoy, scope (see Buoys, survey,anchor scope)

Anchor-detaching apparatus for buoys, de-scription

Anchoring buoys (see Buoys, survey, anchoring)Anchors, buoy (see Buoys, survey, anchor)Anchor, ship's, bottom characteristics from

material on

2834

3841

174

302Angle(s)Inclined —— (see Inclined sextant angles)observers in three-point fix controlplotted without protractor (see ''Circle''

sheets)Plotting —— with a three-arm protractorSextant —— (see Cuts, sextant; Sextant an-

gles; and Three-point fix)errors (see Sextant errors and Sounding

Record, errors)

3413

4534

251

375

Arming sounding leadArrows, use on smooth sheetsAstronomic

azimuthsfrom Captain Weir's Azimuth Diagramsfrom tablesin triangulation, probable errorto check gyrocompass

Angle of refraction of soundAnnual report, requirementsAnomaly, magnetic, evidenced by discrepancy

between magnetic and gyrocompassAntenna at R. A, R. shore stationsAntenna, ship, for R. A. R

Directivity test of ——RequirementsTesting effectiveness of ——

Apparent horizontal velocity (see Velocity ofsound, apparent horizontal)

Arago, Dominique Francois JeanArcs

Constructing —— on ''circle'' sheetsDistance —— R. A. R. (See R. A. R. dis-

tance arcs)Instrument ——, graduated, cleaning

Area(s)Dangerous —, surveyed from launches Foul —— (see Foul areas)reports requiredUnsounded ——

described in Sounding Record

Anglemen in hydrographic surveys, duties Angle of emergence, definitionAngle of incidence, definition

2511766341362326221623262228516

44226156723672367236723

512

3741c

4313

361

8351F

815367782646647914

33823382223442

112711251570561571563796

339150631631631631

439

290

332

276

785

767285737398749

23923975

339

ReferenceNo.

Astronomic – Continued.control

ReferenceNo.

records and reports requiredline(s) of position

Accuracycombining —— to form rectangular figureDead reckoning adjusted to single ——Finding position from ——One observation, value ofPlotting ——Plotting —— on smooth sheetPosition derived from ——run up or back in plotting

observation(s) (see also Sextant angles, ver-tical and Star sights)

Accidental errors of ——

Altitude change, effect ofAltitude change, predicting

Formula for ——Altitude of observed bodies, preferableazimuths

from Captain Weir's Azimuth Diagramsfrom tables

Compensating errors in ——computations

Accuracy

controlling a running surveycontrolling sounding lines

Records required

Dead reckoning sounding lines, when ——are required in

errorserrors in east-west directionexperience necessary for good resultsHorizon distinctness importantHydrographic surveying, use of —— inIntervals between successive sightsLog readings correlated with ——Low altitudes in TropicsNight ——Observer's elevation, varyingObserving precautionsObserving sequence in morning and eve-

ningPersonal errors

Time errors in ——EffectFormula

Time of ——, marking

positions, plotting on smooth sheetAstronomy, reference books (list)Atlantic Coast, transmission of sound alongAtlas Werke CompanyAttenuation of sound (see Sound, attenuation of)Attenuator, circuit diagramAttenuator, descriptionAutomatic key, former use in R. A. RAuxiliary vessels (see Vessels, auxiliary)Awash rocks (see Rocks, awash)Azimuth, back (see Back azimuth)Azimuth circle

Cleaning —— after useDescriptionTesting —— by compass ashoreTesting —— on planetablewith telescopic sight (see Telescopic alidade)

Azimuth diagram, Captain Weir's-Azimuth marks at triangulation stations

Stamping disk in moved ——Azimuths from piers for gyrocompass useAzimuths of navigation ranges

determined by hydrographydetermined by topography

Azimuth, sun (see Sun azimuth)

831283138351E

33843387338333873383338776433873387

3383384A253533843384338533853387A

338233823387A33823382253525713941

831333223323(e)33713383384A3384B3384A3384C3383384D33813387A3387A3384C3384D

3387A3384B3384E33853382338783133384B3384338433843384E3385338776495336233533

654265426852

4312443344334433

33822262263356

38333833

Back azimuth computationBack azimuths needed in buoy computations

778779785

240245239245239245708245245

238241124240240243243247

239239247239239124141309

779216216233238241241241242238243238248248242242

248242243243239245779241240240240243244247708870573502

609609651

331344344344

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300300

861118

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{Ratings ——

records, transmittal

INDEX PAGE 891

PagePage

referred to magnetic compass

Sharp minimum

Velocity corrections determined by——

Avoiding a ——

Use

data not found elsewhere

affected by intervening land

Baker's Geographic Dictionary of AlaskaBaldwin piano unit in R.A.R. chronographBank, inshore, definitionBank, offshore, definitionBank, use of termBanks, sand, low-water limits on smooth sheet-Bar check (s)

apparatusarrangementDescriptiondimensions

at phase changesFrequency of ——

for shoal soundingsfor soundings deeper than bar checkfor velocity correctionsin exposed watersin protected waters

Index adjustment by ——Instrumental error determined by ——Maximum depthmethod, descriptionMinimum depthReliability of ——Uses of ——

Bare rocks (see Rocks, bare)Barrels, oil and gasoline

Reserve buoyancy of ——Type used for sono-radio buoyused in buoy construction

BarsLow-water limits on smooth sheetsNavigable ——

Coast Pilot requirementsLeast depth in half feet on smooth sheet

Sounding on —— Base of operations, advance selection ofBases in triangulation

RequirementsBase tapes returned to Washington at end of

seasonBasic hydrographic survey, descriptionBasin, definitionBathythermograph

Bimetallic-reed type, descriptionBourdon type, descriptionCalibration graph for ——Glass slidesGlass slides resmokingProjector for enlarging —— recordsrecords

Batteries, dry, for use on lighted buoysBatteries for echo-sounding instrument (see un-

der name of specific instrument)Bay, definitionBayou, definitionBeach, definitionBeacons (see also Aids to navigation, fixed)

Airway —— described in Coast PilotCoast Polot requirementsDesignating —— on smooth sheetWhere numerous, triangulation may not be

necessaryBeam compass

Description

Use in ''circle'' sheet constructionUse in plotting R. A. R.

Bearing repeater, of gyro systemBearings

as aids to navigation, surveyed and described-Coast Pilot usageClearing ——, Coast Pilot requirementsCompass —

Accuracyas control dataas supplemental control, accuracyby pelorus, correctingMagnetic ——, precautions in takingPlotting —— on R. A. R. sheetsRecording ——Recording —— in Sounding RecordSeries of —— to one objectSymbolization on R. A. R. sheetsto distant objects, method of observation

for use in navigation, symbolizationRadio ——

Accuracy

167267311682e1681a9167862557

557155715571523855725572(a)5572(b)5572(e)5572(c)5572(a)5572(d)55215575575575575575572(e)5617

2812841(A)281

7862

9167713(a)3561334212223

13713511681b47347314732473347334733473347332813

1682a1682c916

9169167843b

3831

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356916916

33613323c33617636e4434763644347633124i814633617637443678454443444444434444g

ReferenceNo.

53633

5554

825743526

527526526473527527527527527527527512526526526526526527538

163178163

743

825715274

206175

27267

54406407407408408408408408164

5455

825

825825741

299

422422422290704341

274825826

22721622770734534534570415

765227707345742348348348348

Bearings — Continued.Radio — Continued.

Deviation, correcting —— forDistance limitationerrors proportional to distanceNight effectPlotting —— on a Mercator chartPrecautions in using ——Reciprocal —— may be read

Behm, AlexanderBelknap-Sigsbee specimen cylinder (see also

Detaching rod)Descriptionused in serial temperature observations

Bench mark(s)of other agencies, topographic location ofTidal ——

elevations and descriptions furnishedNumbering ——requirements for tide station

Topographic location of ——Bessel's spheroidBight, definitionBilby steel tower (see Steel towers)Binocular telescope, sextant (see Sextants,

telescope, binocular)Bisectrix in R.A.R.

DefinitionEffect of —— on direction of sounding linesPlotting —— on boat sheetPlotting positions near ——

Bisectrix in star fixesBludworth Depthometer

amplifier, echodepth rangeDescriptionfathogram papermagnetostrictive units, descriptionmagnetostrictive units, installationmotor speed controlphases

Bludworth, Incorporated (see also Simplex-bludworth Fathometer)

Blue ink, photographic reproduction ofBlueprints of other organizations, correlation

requirementsBlueprints of uncontrolled surveys (see Maps,

projectionless)Board on Geographical Names

decisionsHow —— are madePublication of ——

dutiesGuiding principles of ——jurisdictionmembersNames to be submitted to ——

Boat compassBoats, small

Description of various ——of the E. Lester Jonesof the Explorer

Boat sheet(s) (see also Hydrographic sheets)accuracyAir photographic survey origin of ——

Shoal and channel limits on ——Areas requiring further examinationCare during useCharted data to be transferred to ——Charted data verification of''circle'' sheets (see also ''Circle'' sheets)Compass rose on ——Completed ——, details requiredCompleted ——, reviewconstruction

AccuracyMethodsProjection ruling machine not used

Control stations on ——Descriptions required

Cuts to be left in pencil

from prior surveys, valueRequirementsSpacing requirements

Definition and purposeDepth curves

424413241223232132243624362132432353522373237325325732232233224322432312231324479129342d321

352132543533532

6814682368146831681468233387529529529529529529529529529

5221315

916

1671671167116711671671167167116724416

4444e4444c44414444i444544444444d44444414444f44444414444b512

47446321

236

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348348347349349348348346347348346347348439

410580

94

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639641639646639641245499499499499499499499499499

45917

826

515252525152515253

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269210270271

ReferenceNo.

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PAGE 892 INDEX

Page Page

Depth of explosion

explosion depth

Prior survey data transferred to ——

Precautions in handling——

--

Time of ——

at Washington Office

during smooth-sheet plotting

Bold-face type, use ofBomb(s), R. A. R. (see also Explosives and Tri-

nitrotoluene)Cast-iron ——

Preparation, finalconstruction, operations in ——container(s)

Cast-iron sphere——, descriptionGlass bottle, commercial, ——RequirementsTin can ——

DescriptionFilling ——, precautionsInserting detonator in ——Weighting——

with melted pig lead -Types, various

during surveyPrincipal ——

by cartographerchecking smooth-sheet plotting

Advantagesprojection (see also Projections)Projection ruling machine, —— not construc-

ted onR. A. R. ——

Constructional accuracy of ——Paper for ——

Registry and field numbers on ——review by Chief of PartyShipmentShoal indications noted on——Shore line omitted from——Shore line, revised, shown on ——Smooth sheet, —— copied fromSmooth-sheet plotter refers to ——Smooth sheet compared with ——Sounding lines, irregular shown on ——Sounding lines, proposed, on——sounding lines transferred to smooth sheetSounding Record,—— agreement withsoundings from carbon copy of Sounding

Recordsoundings inkedSoundings transferred at—— junctionsSpeed scales on ——subjected to hard usageSurvey junctions shown on ——Topographic data on——Topographic data required o n com-

pleted ——Topographic data revised on —Topographic survey, —— copied fromtraced from topographic surveyTrack of survey vessel on——transferred to smooth sheetUnsounded areas on ——use

Boat sheet(s) — Continued.Details required on ——Diameter when rolledDisposal of ——Duplicate ——, use ofexamination by Chief of Partyexamined by hydrographer before transfer

to Processing OfficeFathogram soundings on ——field numbersHigh-water line on ——Hydrographer's use of ——inspected daily by hydrographerinspection by Chief of Partylimits

differing from smooth sheet, numberingnot to include parts of two smooth sheetsSeveral —— for one smooth sheet

Low-water line on ——Notations on ——

Permanent —— to be inkedNumbering —— temporarilyOffshore ——, shoreline omitted frompaperpaper distortionpaper specificationsplotted by officer-in-chargepositions, inkingpositions transferred to smooth sheetpreparation

323324791232223246

9231b343332133232321324634113222321332223222323232553255321332323221711432213412325176723233234352132343224

3224

32233221321332463263242323238113224767179123352324176823246

81325332333237322332563232

3811324432243224335232523122

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206208748205210

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206

205205204210211208207296206711748226208713209

757210207207205211206

296209205205226210194

234849850203700204711208208819821

618619648620619619619619619619620620620620619

Bomb(s), R. A. R. — Continued.Cost of tin can ——Deep-sea ——

constructionExploding ——illustratedWeighting ——

detonationElectric——failure, causesFuseReducing depth of ——

detonators (see Detonators)distances (see R. A. R. distances)Exploding —— near sono-radio buoysExploding —— near survey ship

explosion, identifying on chronograph tape explosives (see also Explosives and TNT)Explosives and ——Explosive type —— best adapted for R. A. R.fuse (see also Fuse)

Lighting——Preparing——

Glass bottle——ignition, methodsignition, procedurelocker

constructionPurpose of——size

preparation, finalCare required in——ProcedureTime of ——

reception, gain control forreturns, identification (see also R. A. R. sta-

tion identification)returns, receptionsinking rates

Determining——Sizes

Effect on R. A. R. distancesSignals for different ——

Sounding with ——Accuracy of methodDescription of methodPrinciple similar to R. A. Rsubstituted for echo sounding

storage during ship repairsstowageThrowing——overboard

Tin can —— (see also Bomb containers)cost

TNT (see Trinitrotoluene)Types of —— (see also Bomb containers)

BomberChief ——, dutiesduties

Bombingat buoy stations

MethodsPrecautions requiredTime interval corrections

Definitionoperations (see also Bomb preparation, final;

Bomb ignition; Bombs, throwingoverboard)

procedurestation

locationPrecautions requiredPurpose of——signals

Bomb Record(s)Completion of ——Converting actual elapsed times to plotting

intervalsConversion formula

entries property madeOffice work required of field partyOfficial record of R. A. R. position dataPosition data Supplementing R. A. R. not

included in ——Positions, numbering in ——R. A. R. distance, rejecting in ——R. A. R. position data recorded in ——

663664664664fig 139664662664

66168486616846

2533253366266468516616666

6841684266268416844

68416841665666666696842684684268426724

68526851662684368466627636d6741582582582582582665665684568446845

663

661671467146714

6847684768476853(d)684

684684

684168416841674183118311

8311831183119231c8311

83118311b76378311

621621621621621622620621

619650619649

122122620621650618618618

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647647622618623625647646647647632

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621

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775777707777

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

{

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INDEX

PagePage

abbreviations, standard (illustrated)

Use of ——

Bristol board

on each shoal

Lead, sounding, obtaining —— on

cut in by sextant from vessel

Standard abbreviations for ——

Data recorded in Bomb Record

PAGE 893

Stopping vessel specially for ——supplemented from prior surveyssymbolizationUnderway, determining ——Value of ——

configuration, effect on R. A. R. (see Soundpropagation and Sound transmission)

core samplesInstruments for obtaining ——Lengths obtainableScientific value of ——

Irregular ——Echo sounding over ——illustrated on fathograms

material, effect on R. A. R. (see also Soundtransmission)

material, effect on strength of R. A. R.positions

sample devicessamples (see Bottom, sea, characteristics)slope effect on R. A. R.slopes, echoes from (see Reflection of sound

from bottom slopes and Slope, bot-tom)

specimen cup, descriptiontemperature measurement oftypes (see Bottom, sea, characteristics)

Boundary (State) data, where foundBreak-circuit chronometer (see Chronometer,

break-circuit)Breakers (see also Rocks, sunken)

Coast Pilot requirementsLocation of —Report of —

legends, how composedLettering —— on smooth sheets, size and

styleMaterial, types ofMethods of determinationMiscellaneous —— indexed in Sounding

RecordMiscellaneous —— recorded in Sounding

RecordNature of materialsPlacement on smooth sheetrecorded in Sounding RecordRk and rky, correct usageSediments, classificationSmooth sheet requirementsSnapper, obtaining —— with

duplication unnecessaryEcho soundings, —— effect onFeeling ——with leadFrequency

on smooth sheetImportance of —— in harbors, in anchor-

ages, and on shoalsinked in Washington OfficeInking ——

by leadsmanin fine sandin pebbly bottomin rocky bottomin soft mud

Detached shoals, —— required onDetermination of ——

by feel

Anchor, —— from material onClassification of ——Coast Pilot requirements ——colorscomposed of more than one constituentDetached positions,—— at

Adjectives not capitalizedNouns capitalized

Bomb signal prolongationBonnycastle, CharlesBooks, reference (list)

Miscellaneous —— (list)Booster, amplifying, at R. A. R. shore stationsBottom, sea (see also under Submarine)

characteristics

643251295395342614

3843843fig. 189783783384578338413843916384718458144366384238438413446341638413841384138413663842351514434163842783

7837839333b384146643843

78338443841

3842

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47647624762476

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623

6824476

6231

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916

916364364

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301303

fol. 888738738305738302303839305305764282302301302305253302302302302282302268444253302738

738739851301398303

739303301

303

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fol. 888302739738303301

413414414413

541546

567

642413

567

410580

826

826281281

ReferenceNo. Breakers — Continued.

symbolization on smooth sheetBridge(s)

clearance(s)data, where availableDescriptive Report requirementsfield data requiredReport requiredVertical ——

Field data and Engineers' data differshown on smooth sheet

data, Coast Pilot requirementsinformation reported by Coast Pilot reviserregulationsShip ——

officerDuties in handling buoysDuties in taut-wire measurements

Survey activities conducted on ——Survey equipment installed on ——

British Admiralty velocity tablesBroadcasting stations

located for use as radiobeaconsreported as aids to navigation

Bromide printdescriptionsize

Brook and run, definitionBuoy(s)

Anchors, —— (see Buoys, survey, anchors)Control —— (see also Buoy-control scheme

and Buoys survey)Anchor position determined from three-

point fix at buoyarranged for location by sextant triangula-

tionarranged in quadrilaterals for location by

R. A. R. distancesarranged in quadrilaterals for location by

sextantAzimuths, short, observed between ——Bombing at —— (see Bombing at buoy

stations)Bombs exploded near——Buoy Data Book

Number of observers requiredCuts to ——, indexed in Sounding Record-data, segregating and filingDistance between —— in lineDistances, short, measured between ——Geographic positions to be furnished by

field partyGraphic determination, scale, ofInshore ——, locatingLaunch hydrography, — forLines of ——

Azimuths of —— strengthenedDistance between ——for traverse only, distance between

buoyslocated by sextant from ship stations

forming quadrilateralslocated by taut-wire traverselocated with reference to sono-radio

buoysOffshore —— located by sextants from

vesseloriented for sun-azimuth observationsperpendicular to shoresubstituted for shore stations

located byastronomic observationscuts plotted graphicallydirections from shore stationsone angle at buoy and a direction from a

shore stationTheoretical strength of location

one angle at buoy and a sun azimuthone angle at buoy and one cut from a

three-point fixR. A. R distances

Buoys arranged to avoid sound trans-mission difficulties

Buoys required, number of

Distance errors where there are inter-vening shoals

Graphic determinationMeasuring the time intervalsRecords required

ReferenceNo.7862

9163836842P38363836

7846a7846a9169133a9164111

28544664111411123371336343

38353835

13131313I682c

25

2512

2554

2574

25552531

2533942514255125522514819g9425412531

9231d253325512461

25522542

2541

25532561

2574

2552254325532551

253525522521

252225222523

25152533

2574257483118311

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PAGE 894 INDEX

Page

Page

corrosion

in deep water

position computations

Correcting buoy traverses for ——

Checking ——

banners at known height above water

Sextant location from vessel

at known height above waterline

Office

Official position of ——, definition

off station, reporting

namessymbolization

used with sono-radio buoys

Buoy(s)—Continued.Control—Continued.

located by—Continued.R. A. R. distances—Continued.

Report requiredsextant from ship stations inshoresextant, records requiredshore-station observationssubaqueous sound rangingsun azimuths and distancessun azimuths to shore stationstaut-wire distancestheodolitethree-point fixes

at buoy anchorson range with shore stations

traverse, closures reportedtraverse records required

located from eccentric ship positionlocated with reference to shore objects, rec-

ords requiredlocated with reference to submarine reliefLocation methodsLocation methods described in Descriptive

ReportLog distances used in locating——Number of —— at anchor simultaneouslyPlanning the use of ——

Abstract requiredby geographic positionsby plane coordinates

Records requiredpositions computedpositions determined graphicallypositions, determiningpositions, graphic methods versus compu-

tationsreferenced to each other

by depression anglesby rangefinder distances

Number of observers requiredSpacing ——

for three-point fix observationssystem (see Buoy-control scheme)Tabulation required in Descriptive Report- Taut-wire apparatus used to measure dis-

tances between ——Theodolite direction and sextant angle at

buoy used to locate ——traverse computations (see Buoys, control,

position computations)used to span water areasUse in hydrographic surveys

Marker ——ConstructionUse in examining shoalsVarious uses of——

Navigation ——Chart for Coast Guard's use in locating ——Coast Pilot requirementsDesignating —— on smooth sheetsLocating ——Marker ——, determining positions of

off station temporarily, positions ofout of position, report ofPlotting —— on smooth sheetpositions determined by three-point fix positions inadequate, reportingpositions reported in Descriptive ReportRecommendations for additional ——Recommendations for change in locationReferencing —— to sounding line

Tabulation required in Descriptive Report- Template for making —— symbol

positions (see Buoys, control)Relieving ——

Navy mine casings used for ——

PrecautionsBono-radio —— (see Sono-radio buoys)Streamlined ——, description

tested in currents

8324251483212521253325252524253225212512251125138323D83232512

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11112012012011513213411561

129

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356

117

110109

165284164

Buoy(s) — Continued.Survey — (see also Buoys, control)

anchor(s)Bottom characteristics from ——Concrete ——detaching apparatus

anchor cableAttaching —— to buoyChain and wire rope combinations

Detaching arrangement of ——Length requirements with reference to

depthShackles and swivels used in ——specificationsWire rope to be kept off bottom

anchored in shoal water, dragging tend-ency

anchored so as to reduce scopeAnchoring ——

Anchor lowered firstat preselected positions

anchoring gearSelection of ——

anchor scopeComputing —— (formulas)

DefinitionMeasuring ——Position of buoy corrected for ——Reduction of ——

at anchor, graphic record ofat anchor, time to be leftbanners and flags

Car couplers used for anchorsChanging structure of anchored ——Color of painted structureconstruction (see also Buoys, survey, one-

barrel, and Buoys, survey, two-barrel)

Barrels, types usedCounterweightsLumber for ——Painting buoysrequirements, generalTargets

Current, force exerted on ——Description, generaldesignDistance visibleestablishment reported to Washington

Evergreen trees used for ——Fending —— from ship's sideflags and bannersFour-barrel ——, descriptionHandling —— oh shipboardHandling —— from ship, most favorableconditions forHandling —— from a single-screw shipIdentifying ——Identifying flagsIdentifying marksLighted ——lights, descriptionLog line, risk of foulingManeuvering ship alongside——Mooring ——MethodsNaming ——Naming moved ——

Length of——One-barrel ——

constructionMaterials required (list)specifications

on station, graphic record ofon station, time to be leftPassing —— during a taut-wire measure-

mentPrecautions in anchoring and weighing ——Radiating sounding lines from——Record of ——Record of —— at anchor

282831384128312834283228352833254628322835

2833283528322833

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2822812812812812828128133632832281282541

2868524255128512812827285

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44662853371(2)2853286

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173176172174

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165163163163163162163163230173162162128

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18818965

166168168167189131

357183233188188

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

282136652812

28432843

79982774179830030079830079829957

714299798798300300226739740790740

176163176171

182183

85339167843(c)8531383238328531383285313831747693832853185313832383233537847842842P7842

28352812835283

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ContentsBuoy-intersection method of locating shore

control stationsBuoy traverses (see Taut-wire measurements)Buoy triangulation

by quadrilateralsby single triangles

By-products information reported in Descrip-tive Report

INDEX PAGE 895

PagePage

Removal reported to Washington Office

smooth-sheet covering

Check angle required at detached positions

Buoy Data Book

C

time markings

Buoy (s) — Continued.Survey — Continued.

Report to Washington Office of establish-ment and removal

Running survey, use of —— inShallow water ——Shoal investigations, —— used inShoal, isolated, surveyed using ——Shoal, offshore, surveyed using ——Signal notices on ——Small —— for use on auxiliary vessels

Dimensionsstructure, selecting type ofSurvey ship substituted for ——Three-barrel ——, descriptionThree-point fixes observed to ——Three-point fixes on distant ——Triangulation scheme, use of —— inTwo-barrel ——

constructionMaterials required (list)Where used

visibilityWeighing——

traverses (see Taut-wire measurements)Types, various

Buoy control, obsolete methodBuoy-control schemes (see also Buoys, control)

Connecting —— with shore controlDescription of ——Distance between buoys in lineDistance between lines of buoysfor location by

astronomic observationsR. A. R. distancessextant anglestaut-wire traverse

Locating by sectionsfor three-point fix control, located by taut-

wire traverselocated by R. A. R. distances, strengthened

by a taut-wire measurementLocation method, determiningPlanning ——Records requiredReport requiredRequirements, generalSketch requiredSpacing buoys in line-Statistics requiredstrengthened by additional shore connections

Buoy-control surveysRecords and reports required (list)Statistics of typical ——

Cable crossings shown on smooth sheetCable, electric, for R. A. R. shore stations

SpecificationsTesting ——

Cable, overhead, clearancesField data requiredshown on smooth sheetWhere data are available

Cables, submarineField location of ——reported by Coast Pilot reviser

Caldron, definitionCalibration velocity (see also Velocity calibra-

tion)of echo-sounding instruments, definition

Canals, Coast Pilot requirementsCanyon, submarine, definitionCape, definitionCar couplers, railroad

Descriptionfor buoy anchors-for buoy counterweightsJoining —— to make buoy anchorsweights

Carbon-button element, hydrophone

FunctionGaertner ——

Baldwin piano unit in ——, use ofchronometer (see Chronometer, break-

circuit)Descriptionmagnets, substitution

Inspection of Sounding RecordSupervision of hydrographic surveySupervision of smooth sheet

ChilowskiChimney, definitionChlorinity of sea water (see also Salinity)

DefinitionRelationship to salinity (formula)Term preferred by oceanographers

Chronograph, R. A. Ramplifier

circuit diagramDescription of ——, electricalfor criftiggain control for bomb receptionhydro-radio switch, functionhydro-radio switch, operationrelay substituted for switch -switching operation, time requiredswitch, operation

attendantdutiesduties during transmission of strays

Dorsey—— (see also Criftig)Control circuits for ——DescriptionFeatures, principalFuse-interval determinationoperationPlotting interval from ——printing wheel

Approval of smooth sheet

Inspection of smooth sheet

Chemical sounding tubesChernikeef log (see Log, electric submerged)Chief of Party

tracingsTypes obtainable, specifications

Celluloid inkCelluloid printCellulose nitrate, fire hazard of''Century'' typeChains (see Sounding chair)Challenger echo-sounding instrumentChange points, velocity corrections, tabulation

ofChanges in course (see Course, changes in)Channel (s), navigable

Coast Pilot requirementsdepths reported by Coast Pilot reviserdevelopmentedges to be locatedSounding lines diagonally across ——Soundings to half feet requiredSpacing sounding lines in ——

Characteristics, bottom (see Bottom, sea,characteristics)

Character of the bottom (see Bottom, sea,characteristics)

Chart agency inspectionChart datums (see also Sounding datums)Charted data (see Nautical charts, charted

data)Chart index map in Coast PilotsChart letter (see Nautical charts, chart letter)Charts, nautical (see Nautical charts)

Catamaran, descriptionUse in hydrographic surveys

Celestial bodies, finding in sextantCelestial observations (see Astronomic obser-

vations; Sextant angles, vertical;Star sights; and Sun sights)

Celluloid (cellulose acetate)Cleaning —— before usedisintegrates when near steel or feltdistortionInking on ——pieces at positions of R. A. R. stations

2868524286852439412823172336136828142822282225453365282633373376b2283

28252825 A282525412852

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ReferenceNo.

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INDEXPAGE 896

ReferenceChronograph, R. A. R.—Continued.Gaertner — Continued. No. Page Page

preliminary layout

scale for R. A. R

916Coast Pilot requirements

Agreement required in coordinated operations

---

Static marks on —— to be kept in agreement

Coast, definition

Bold-face type, use of

Duplication avoided

Field Record Book

operationstyluses, adjustingstyluses, resistancestyluses, substitutiontape markings

(illustration)tape speed

operation

DescriptionPurpose

stylus operationstylus, signalstylus timingtape(s)

Clarity of record on——DescriptionDestroying ——DispositionFolding ——identification, method

(illustration)Identifying bomb explosion on ——Identifying radio signals on —— (see also

R. A. R. station identification)marksPacking——Radio signals on ——record, descriptionScale used with ——Scaling——scaling errorsStamp No. 41 for——

(illustration)

StraysCausesDistinguishing —— from bomb returns.Precautions required during transmis-

sion of——terminologytime intervals

Chronograph scale used in measur-ing——

Measuring ——TerminologyVerifying ——

time offsets, numberingChronometer(s)

balance wheel, lockingbalance wheel, stoppingBreak-circuit ——

DescriptionoperationRelay circuit for ——

(illustration)Use in tuning-fork calibration

Care of——comparison with time signalsLocation on shipboardPadded compartments for——Preparing —— for shipmentTemperature changes —— protected fromTransporting —— by handWinding ——

Circle, azimuth (see Azimuth circle)Circles, distance. R.A.R. (see R.A.R. distance

circles)''Circle'' sheet(s)

AdvantagesAuxiliary straight-line method

Construction of arcsused without drawn arcs

constructionGeneral caseLine of centers off sheet

Line of center on sheet

Modified cases of ——One control station on sheetTrigonometric functions for —— (table 41)Two control stations off sheetTwo control stations on sheet

control stations to be used, selectingDescriptionformulas, derivationGraduated perpendicular method

ComputationsConstruction of arcs-Preliminary construction

Inking the arcs

67316731673167316851fig 141673167348256853482548256736736736858311673a6854685468546854fig 142685168516852685685468516853482568537636a6854fiq. 14268517636a

68526852

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''Circle'' sheet(s)—Continued-Plotting on ——

Preparing ——Shoals, offshore developing on ——Trigonometric functions for construction of

—— (table 41)Uses, various

Circular arcs use in running sounding linesClarity, importance on smooth sheetClarke's spheroidClay, definitionClay, red, where prevalent in oceansClearances

Bridge —— (see Bridge clearances)Horizontal ——Overhead ——

reported by Coast Pilot revisershown on smooth sheet

Vertical ——Data required in Descriptive Report

Clock(s), hydrographic

cannot be adjusted sufficientlycomparisonDescription, generalmounting on portable box for use in launchSounding-interval type

AdvantagesDescriptionUse in fog

UseClock, sounding (see Clock, hydrographic)Clocks used in R. A. R., synchronizingCloth, tracing (see Tracing cloth)

Coastal features, terminologyCoast and Geodetic Survey

Echo-sounding, history in ——echo-sounding instruments, operation ofEcho-sounding instruments used by ——

Coast GuardChart of special objects for ——

Instructions for preparationObjects located for ——

reported to Washington OfficeCoastline changes reported in Coast PilotCoast Pilot(s)

Appendix, contentAuthority of —— in marine investigations

Chart index map in ——Dating a ——Description, purpose, and contents

Extent of text contentfield inspection

Instruments needed on —— (list)itinerary, planningNautical charts to be inspectedOfficials to be visited (list)Organizations and offices to be visited (list)Planning ——Preliminary preparation in Office for——Publications for reference (list)PurposeSources of informationTransportation to be used

9133a78463836842P4542454281428311c4542454245424542454345434543814381428311c5542

6811

1682b9161682b

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821816816816815

folio headingsglossaryindexIndexing ——, method ofinformation (see also specific item in alpha-

betical Glossary, 916, page 824)Detailed ——, beginning in Chapter 4not to be duplicated in ——required in Descriptive ReportSources of —— listed

manuscriptBold-face type, use ofCover title''Important'' notePrefacePreparation of ——

ReferenceNo.

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INDEX PAGE 897

Page Page

required from field parties

Special —— for Intracoastal Waterways

Publication interval

Arrangement

Computations of control buoy positionsChapter 1, content

Chapter 2, content

Chapter 3, content

corresponds to chart series

Responsibility for ——

Position numbers

tabulated in Sounding Record

Coast Pilot (s) — Continued.manuscript — continued.

Table of contentsTitle page

new editionsPreparation of ——Publication intervalSerial numbers of ——

notes by field partyOrigin of ——reports

by field partiesContentLocal information to be verifiedMethod of making ——Preparation of ——

Notes for ——Submittalsubmitted in duplicate

Revised —— text submitted as reportreviser

Familiarity with coast pilot requirementsInstruments needed by —— (list)Publications needed by —— (list)Transportation to be used

supplementsPreparation of ——

Purposetext

Chapter 4 to Appendix, contentContent extent ofcorrelated with charts

Numbering lines of ——Verification of —— en route

Code signals (see Flags International Code)Collodon and Strum, velocity of sound experi-

ments ofColors

Day letters

Depth curve symbolizationHydrographic signalsPhotographic reproduction of ——

R. A. R. distance arcsShoals

Combined operations, definitionCommanding Officer's responsibility in sur-

veying near dangersCommunication system for use in R. A. R.

Bombing station signalsDescriptionNecessity for ——Signals, standardTypes

Comparisons, simultaneous (see also Simul-taneous comparisons)

Compass(es)auxiliariesbearings (see Bearings, compass)Boat ——, installationdeviation(s)

compensation, procedureDefinitionForms for use in ——Frequency of ship's swing for ——Methods of determining ——posted in pilothouseShip's swing for ——

Dumb —— (see Pelorus)Gyro —— (see Gyrocompass)heading

in degrees, 0-360omitted from Sounding Recordrequired in Sounding Record

9135A (3)9135A (2)

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Compass(es)—Continued.Magnetic ——

Adjusting ——Automatic steering with ——Compensating —— for deviation, proce-

duredeviation

Definitionkept at a minimumMethods of determining ——Ranges for determining ——

Lag in responseLiquid ——

Compensation, parts forDescriptionLubber's lineStandard graduationsStandard size

Magnetic metals to be kept awayPacking —— for shipmentStandard ——

Comparison with steering compassCourses to be set on——Location of ——

Steering ——Comparison with standardLocation of ——

stowed face downUse in hydrographic surveysvariation, definition

Master —— of gyro systemRadio —— (see Radio direction finder)rose, special for plotting dead reckoning

Compass, beam (see Beam compass)Compasses (see Dividers)Compensating a magnetic compass, procedure-

by geographic positions (example)by plane coordinates

Condensations in an acoustic mediumCone, wooden, used in handling sounding wireConfidential

chartsReport requiredResponsibility for ——

matterCare of ——

Transmitting ——survey data

Care of ——Reproduction of ——

surveys-Photographic copies of ——

Congested areas (see also Overlay tracings)Number of soundings that can be clearly inked

in ——plotted on overlay tracingsPlotting surveys in ——Position numbers and day letters in ——

Contemporary operationsContinental shelf, definitionContinental shelf, temperature conditionsContinental slope, definitionContours (see Form lines)Contours, submarine (see Depth curves)Contraction in drawing paper (see Distortion)Control (see also Horizontal control)

accuracyAir photographic survey ——

Frequency requirementsVertical angles needed-

and signal buildingbuoys (see Buoys, control)data

Incomplete —— used in adjusting deadreckoning

in dead reckoning, abstractof other organizations (see also Control sta-

tions, other organization's)transmitted to Washington Office

DefinitionOrder of ——station(s) (see also specific type of station)

Accuracy of identification on air photo-graphs

Accuracy of plotted positions on sheetsAir photographic origin of —— symboliza-

tionBoat sheet usagedescriptions (see also specific type of station)-

Forms usedon air photographic surveys

44144432

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ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

INDEXPAGE 898

Reference,Reference No. Page

No. Page

records required

in sounded areas, descriptions required

Locating — along inaccessible coastline--

Boat sheet ——

fouling leadline

Lettering, size and character

Cover, smooth-sheet, description and use,Survey buoy——

Topographic connection to ——

3231854842 F244

781

212

2393832832132317444781(c)819f

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Control — Continued.station(s) — continued.

description — continued.on boat sheetsTransmitting ——

Descriptive Report requirementsErrors in positions of ——Explanatory notes required on smooth

sheetFloating —— (see Buoys, control)Frequency in spacing of ——Hydrographic ——

Miscellaneous methods of locating——

List required in Sounding Recordlocated by

buoy-intersection methodClassification of——

geodetic methods resulting in less thanthird-order accuracy

offset traverse along a coastone angle and a range

Classification of ——sextant, records requiredship-intersection method

Classification of ——three-point fixes

Classification-computedRequirements

unusual methods described in Descrip-tive Report

names (list) - -Agreement between boat sheet, smooth

sheet, topographic sheet, and Sound-ing Records

Agreement between boat sheet andSounding Record

Agreement in overlap of two sheetsassigned arbitrarilyassigned by hydrographerAssigning ——

Bomb Record entriesDuplication of ——Hydrographic ——, preferred, arrange-

ment on sheetImportant —— in capital lettersInking ——

Colors used in ——in sounded areas inking to be deferredLeroy template and pen to be used

Lettering, size or Leroy templateList of —— in Sounding Recordnot to be changedNumber of letters used in ——Orientation on sheetOverlap of sheets, agreement of —— inplaced on sono radio buoysPlacement with reference to symbolPreferred typesPurposerepeated in Sounding RecordSelection of ——

When assignedOther organizations' ——

Geodetic connection to ——identified on smooth sheets

plotted on smooth sheet before inking pro-jection

Plotted positions to be verifiedPlotter's and verifier's initials recordedPlotting ——

by cutsby dms. and dpsby tracing-paper transferwith latitude and longitude scaleswith proportional dividerswith three-arm protractor

Position errorsRelocation of ——Selection for a three-point fixSignal building and ——

Crosslines (sounding lines)Depth discrepancies (see Depth difference

and Soundings at crossings)Direction of ——Extent requiredPurpose

Critical anglebetween air and waterbetween water and ocean bottomDefinition

Critical areas plotted on smooth sheet duringfield surveys

Coxswain, duties ofCreek, definitionCreeks, narrow (see Waterways)Crest, definitionCriftig

DescriptionoperationUses

Crimping tool

in dead reckoningin R. A. R.in winding waterwaysLarge ——, how to plotLarge ——, how to record_Plotting —— on smooth sheetPositions to be taken at ——Repetition of orders

Changing —— before plotting fixChanging —— to follow proposed lineCoast Pilot —— (see Sailing directions)Compass ——, conversion of (rule)in dead reckoningin degrees, 0-360Recommended — (see Sailing directions,

recommended, and Sailing lines)recorder, of gyro systemStraight ——, importance of, in taut-wire

measurementsCove, definition

Control—Continued.station(s)—continued.

spotted from photographic detail, sym-bolization

symbol(s) made with drop-bow penPlotting soundings near ——points on sheet blackened by pencil, not

inkTemporary —— for hydrographer's useThree-point fix, strength of various ar-

rangementsUnused —— crossed out on boat sheetUnused —— not shown on smooth sheet

terms, definitionControlling depth notes on charts compared

with smooth sheetsControlling hydrographic survey (see Horizontal

control)Conversion tables

Depth units and fractionsin Coast PilotMiscellaneous ——

Linear distances (fathoms - meters - feet -yards)

Linear distances (nautical miles-statutemiles-kilometers)

Map scalesTemperatures (centigrade-Fahrenheit)

Coordinates (see Plane coordinates)Coring instruments

Impact typePiggot gunVacuum lead type

Corrections, slope (see Echo soundings, correc-tions to, slope)

Corrections to echo soundings (see Echo sound-ings, corrections to, and Velocity ofsound corrections)

Corrections, velocity (see Velocity of soundcorrections)

Correspondencecontaining coast pilot informationof Processing Offices

Cost apportionmentsCost data required in season's reportCourse(s)

Accuracy in dead reckoningChanges in ——

between positions indicated on boat sheetFixing position at ——

743(d)743743772

743234

3332324574211

9345b

7716916963

963

963963963

4762476247644763

9123926c1568515(g)

3372

33523463342134633736833352337333737682331234173763462

441333738145

4422(d)

44661682a76177234171682c

1682e67346734673467346842

622162216221

76357

357357357

275275274

697274

688688688719

68891

21720968359

857

716835882

882

883884883

414414415414

81084642

796

234

210265254263234645226235235713213253295264

337234764

341

35754

69871825355

55634634634634647

562562562

{

{

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{

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INDEX PAGE 899

Page Page

Sounding in vicinity of ——

Known —— to be verified

Day letter(s)Assigning ——

colors

Cutting in a control station from a vessel

adjustment

D

in hydrographic surveying

Coast Pilot requirements

-

on smooth sheets

357357916418534C

337533712852851916842O285445463546354283234213141B3464

42131217

251247892343464842D78653422157

44663464124(h)285

9162853375

916

76925157415

7697415819d32447415769832124824322514

4467

Crosslines (sounding lines)—Continued.run under different conditions from syste-

matic linesWhere required

Cross references in Coast PilotsCruising radius of C. and G. S. survey shipsCupola, definitionCurrent(s)

Allowance for ——on dead-reckoning loops

Anchoring and weighing buoys in ——Anchors of moored buoys alined with ——Coast Pilot requirementsDescriptive Report requirementsdirection gaged from survey buoysEffect on log calibrationEffect on sound waveEffect on velocity of soundForce exerted on buoy anchor cablesHandlead sounding errors in ——Handlead sounding in ——in vicinity of shoalsmeter, radio (see Radio current meter)meters, cleaning and oilingobservations, instructions forobservations, required when locating survey

buoysOcean —— study ofrecords, not sent to Processing OfficesSounding in ——stations, Descriptive Report requirementsstations, smooth-sheet requirementsSurface ——, effect on wire soundingssurveys, length of series of observationsTaut-wire measurements, record of —— re

quiredvariation affecting position of soundingsvelocity, unit of measurement usedWeighing buoys in ——Wind-induced ——

described in Chapter 1, Coast PilotDirectionsRules for directions and velocities

Curves, depth (see Depth curves)Customhouses listed in Coast PilotCuts, sextant

Accuracycombined with angles to locate a buoyDefinitionIdentifying —— during smooth-sheet plot-

tingIndex of —— requiredindexed in Sounding Recordspenciled on boat sheetPlotting control stations from ——Plotting —— on smooth sheet-recorded in Sounding RecordsRecording ——, method

Cyclometer wheel, taut-wire apparatus cal-ibrating

Danforth anchors, superiority ofDanger of surveying shoalsDangerous areas unsoundable, data required- Dangerous waters, keeping a lookout when

surveyingDangers to navigation (see also Dangers to

navigation and shoals; Least depths;Obstructions; and Shoals)

Depths shown on smooth sheet to half feetDescriptive Report requirementsdiscovered during survey

Marking ——Report —— by radioreported immediatelyreported to whomReporting ——, form of messageTemporary marking

Distances estimated from sounding linesFloating ——, reportingFloating —— to be reported to Coast Guardform prior surveys to be verifiedinvestigated from vessel in transitPrecautions to be taken in vicinity of ——removed by blasting or dredging, least depths

to be verifiedreported by Coast Pilot reviserreported by radioReported ——, investigating

28313613244

3465

9169167713(c)842N

85311728522852285222812815(f)852236532341721581

35239133a1593236

172276209

267

829838715789

79957

7977977971647667972822075643

27081446

207

using universal drafting machinePosition frequency in ——Percise ——, descriptionRunning surveySea effect on ——

Length of unfixed—— allowedLogs, use in ——loops, offshore

Adjustment of closureDescriptionPlotting and adjusting ——Plotting ——

plots used in R. A. RAnalyzing R. A. R. positions by use of ——Compass rose, special, for plotting ——Disposal of ——

Plotting ——by log distancesby time

Bearings to distant object to strengthen——Changing course in ——Compass deviations to be knownCourses in ——data in R. A. R. surveysDefinitionDistances in ——Errors in ——

Accuracy-adjusted graphically to bearings

Day's workBeginning of —— Sounding Record require-

mentsEnd of ——, Sounding Record requirementsFirst position, latitude and longitude re-

quired

DefinitionInking —— on smooth sheetSize of ——

Lookout stationed as high as practicableProof that a discovered shoal is not a reloca-

tion of a known shoalreported locallySounding in vicinity of possible ——Sources of evidence

Danger zonesData, miscellaneous, included in Descriptive

ReportData, miscellaneous, in Descriptive Report

textDatum(s) (see also Geographic datum; Geodetic

datum; Sounding datum; and Verti-cal datum)

Nautical chart ——note, verified by reviewer

Undiscovered ——, possibility ofWire-drag finds, showing on smooth sheet

Dangers to navigation and shoalsAll —— in project area to be foundAppearance of ——Color of ——Conditions under which best seenDeletion from a publicationdisclosed by

eddiesfish and gullskelpsystematic survey

disclosed on air photographsdiscovered visuallyExistence disproved

Dangers to navigation—Continued.reported immediately 912

15813613178663636362336233623352

3623a3623c3623b362136243623352352352135223623

3523622361362916

8436

842 U

11259342e

275275836311808

236233184187839790184351592592173255199266

33213

11341784526578874425642

35626615

184

840185236

829

714116687

714687770209687714779109105115

358

80943

276191744275275278278278268

279280279277280278268268268269278

268278276277829

792

790

5856

3311812133118121812176817681

212758212759758712712

33733778312337233613377337876533613373337333736812337337433733223323(d)33733713371(l)3374

7634337176347652763476377653765376537653765376476548513381337939413373

232237778234227237237708227234234234637232235233216216232233233235

705233705709705707710710710710710708708433238237309235

Dead reckoningabstract on Form 722

ReferenceNo.

{

{

{

{

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{

{

{

{

ReferenceNo.

813816

815(a)

769767

766

Least depths cleared by drag reportedLeast depths, unverified, reportedLow-water line not developed, justifiedMarginal notations by reviewernotes furnished to Processing OfficesOne —— serving for several hydrographic

sheetsPreparation of ——

at Processing OfficesPurposeRanges recommended, to be describedReviewer's use of ——Rock data disproved, to be explainedRouted to interested sections

INDEXPAGE 900

Depth(s)—Continued.differences (see also Soundings at crossings)

Page Page

Allowable ——

Fixed position at start of ——

of sea and port terms, where found

Geographic name data to be included

Inking—— on smooth sheets-

Dead reckoning—Continued.sounding lines

Abstract on control dataadjusted to partial control dataControl data, miscellaneousFixed position at end of ——

Numbering positions on ——Position frequency requirementsRunning ——

Speed in ——Speed or log factor determinationStops, elimination of, in ——supplementing astronomic observations

DecimalsSmooth sheet, use onSmooth sheets, where required onSounding, use in

Declination, magneticDefinitionWhere to find value of——

Deep, definitionDeep-sea depressions, terminologyDeep-sea elevations, terminologyDeep-sea soundings (see Echo sounding expedi-

ents and Wire soundings)Deficiencies of smooth sheetsDefinitions (see also specific term)

Degrees and minutes, symbolizationDegrees, centigrade and Fahrenheit, conversion

tablesDegree-volume of a thermometerDensity of sea water (see also Salinity)

Apparent ——, definitionObserved ——, definition

Deposits, marine (see also Bottom characteris-tics and Silted areas)

Geographic distribution of ——Types

Depression(s)Definitionin irregular bottom, soundings required in

Depression anglesAccuracyFormula for determining distanceLimitation of useto buoysto objects in water

Depth (s)at crossings (see Depth differences and Sound-

ings at crossings)Changeable ——, date of sounding data re-

quiredChanges in ——, positions atcurve(s)

Abnormal —— disclose survey faultsBoat-sheet ——

Interval between——Coastal shelves, type of —— onColor representation (table 27)Contours on adjacent land, similarity todefined by half-foot soundingsDefinitiondelineationEvidence of adequacy and accuracy

surveyEvidence of errors in soundingsExamination of ——Horizontal displacementIll-defined ——, symbolization

interrupted at soundings and positionsNonstandard ——, where usedOmission of selected ——Penciled —— left on smooth sheetPurposeSafety considered in drawing ——SelectionSmooth-sheet ——, when inkedSmooth sheet representation patterned

after boat sheetsymbolization (table 27)Topographic experience valuable in draw-

ing ——differ consistently from prior data

336233623362253353

9163312(d)35377635377723254353335377635317713(f)776776235377727749342b3571776277639336776277617761776177677627761776

7762776

3533521

228228228110226

830213270730270733210271270730270715729731270733725855275732732853731730730730729731730730

731730

270269

1681b3433

54258

795

9169177323

9634712

63316331

38483844

751

830841669

883402

584584

305303

441344151681b1681b1681c

336338

545454

773477148143

724715762

33773376c3376c3376b3376a3383311331333763374765133743371(3)763476523375

237236236236236238213214236235709235234705709236

based on depth curvesat crossings

Inspection of ——CausesDescriptive Report requirementsExamination of —— requiredField investigation requiredHorizontal-position errors causing ——Resounding required

measured by use of reversing thermometersmeasurement(s) (see also Echo soundings;

Handlead soundings; Soundings; andWire soundings)

accuracy requirementsmethods, approvedmethods noted in Descriptive Reportmethods, obsoleteunits

Rules for various depths and instruments. measuring apparatusOceanic terminology, definitionregistering devices (see Registering devices

and under name of specific instru-ment)

unit(s)Atlantic Ocean ——Changing —— in Sounding RecordCoast Pilot usageconversionfor various depths and conditions (table 29)One —— only on one hydrographic sheetPacific Ocean ——Rules for various depths and instruments

Depth layers in velocity of sound determina-tions

Adjustment for unequal ——

Selection of ——Depthometer, Bludworth (see Bludworth

Depthometer)Description of stations (see specific type of sta-

tion)Descriptive geographic namesDescriptive Report(s)

Additions inserted at Washington OfficeAids to navigation, nonfederal, report onAids to navigation reports to Coast Guard

mentionedApproval by Chief of PartyBearings, recommended, to be describedBoat sheet notes to be incorporated in ——Coast Guard, reports to, mentionedCoast Pilot information duplicatedContent

Contents, sequence ofCourses recommended, to be describedcoverCross references, use ofCustody of ——, at Washington Office

Dangers previously reported, to be men-tioned

Data prepared on seasonal basisdeficiencies, typicalDepth discrepancies between two adjoining

surveys, investigation reported

Sequence of contentsShoreline omitted from boat sheet, explained

35717771357135719342a7771842K77713571357135714715

31131113114842H3115124(a)3112461681b

771771181439167716814382377123112

5613(1)5613(6)56115613

164848443834

85384373568438328558484284184335684118493138584763523521

852284845

313216585636633521312293469231f

84849241(h)843569346363844b8418433232

2757322752758557327897322752752T5403

19119119278819315

19238354

714714762830715763773715192

532533529531

50786792300

799792274786300804786787786790274786786847306786697268268

797786793

19550

805283269194857844

786786845786274857281793786790207

ReferenceNo.

supplementing R. A. RWind and current allowance

Daily journal for ——Value to smooth-sheet plotter

Dangers and shoals disproved, report on

ReferenceNo.

{

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INDEX PAGE 901

PagePage

Check angle required

Use in running sounding lines

Dog-ear(s)

Dorsey Fathometer No. 1

depth range

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.Descriptive Report(s)—Continued.

Shoreline revision explainedStatistics requiredtext, arrangement oftext, preparation oftitleVerifier's use of——

Detached positions

ImportancePlotting —— on smooth sheet

Verification of ——Detached soundings (see also Detached posi-

tions)Settlement and squat correction

Detaching rodDepth to be used in

Description

Sinker used with——Dimensions and weight

Detail, excessive, avoided in Coast PilotsDetails on smooth sheets, inked or penciled

(table 28)Details to be included in Coast Pilot (see speci-

fic item in alphabetical Glossary,916 page 824)

Detonation of bombsDepth reductionFailure to detonate, causes

Detonator(s)Crimping ——, method-Electric ——

DuPont "SSS" —— used in experimentsExploding ——Induction period in ——Time lag in ——Type of —— required for R. A. RUse in experiments

fuse (see also Fuse)AdvantagesDescriptionMercury, fulminate of, used in ——

Inserting —— in bombsPurposeStowageTypes

Development, hydrographicBoat sheet marked for——Bottom character to be consideredChangeable area requirementsCompletion of —— at end of seasonCongested —— (see Congested areas and

Overlay tracings)Definition -Extensive shoal areasExtent of ——Inshore areasNavigational importance of area to be con-

sideredNeed for —— to be expected-requirements indicated by adjacent landSand banksShoal indicationsSounding-line directionWire drag substituted for——

Deviation (see Compass deviation)of radio direction finder (see Radio direction

finder)Diatom oozeDifferences, distance, R. A. R. (see R. A. R.,)

differences of distance)Differences in depth (see Depth differences and

Soundings at crossings)Diffraction of sound, effect on R. A. RDinghy, description and useDip of the sea horizon

correction to sun-azimuthsFormula for ——

Direction, sounding line, R. A. R. (see Sound-ing lines, R. A. R.)

Direction theodolites (see Theodolites, di-rection)

Directions (see Sailing directions)Sailing —— (see Sailing directions)

Directivity of echo-sounding transmittingunits

Direct path of sound, maximum lengthDiscontinuity of medium transmitting sound

Factors causing ——Reduction of echo intensity due to

Discrepancies between topographic and hydro-graphic surveys to be reconciled

Discrepancies, depth (see Depth differences)

381843184284284119331

3667667667667911

553

466546654744466547444665916

792

684668486676842

66766766766766766766866766766766366766766735532423621(c)3551343

355367355355

3621(b)22433553673553662355

3848

62334247

9413362

51456223

51445144

381

296791787787786849

282711710710748

513

398398410398410398830

749

649650624647

62462462462462462462562462462462162462462427220827827321

273285273273

278209273285273283274

306

573328

861228

445565

444444

296

Disk, station mark (see Stations, control, marks)Displacement, vertical, of vessel (see Settle-

ment and squat)Distance(s)

Dead-reckoning ——Estimated ——, unit of measurement,

standardEstimating ——at seaMap ——

measured with map measuremeasured with opisometer

measured bydepression angle

Precautions requiredrange finder, accuracy obtainablesextant (see Sextometer)subtended vertical angle

Precautions requiredShip's foremast used

taut wirevertical angle above horizon

Formula for ——Units of —— measurement, standardUnits used in Coast Pilots

Distance angles (see also Circle sheets)Use in developing shoals

Distance arcs, R. A. R. (see R. A. R. distancearcs)

Distance circles, R. A. R. (see R. A. R. distancecircles)

Distance to work in Sounding RecordDistortion in drawing paper (table 23)Distortion, survey sheet

Determining ——Determining east and west ——Dms. and dps. adjusted for ——effect on projectionless sheets

DividersBow-spring ——

DescriptionHairspring ——

AdjustmentsDescription

Ordinary ——Care of ——DescriptionSharpening—— pointsSizes

Proportional ——DescriptionPurposeRange of ratioSetting —— by trial and errorused in plotting control stations

Spacing ——description and sizeSpacing soundings with ——Use

Dms. and dps.DefinitionPlotting control stations from ——

Dock(s)Definition-Sounding in ——Soundings in ——, at enlarged scale

Attaching —— to smooth sheeton boat sheetsStation on ——, radiating lines to

Dome, definitionDoric tracing paperDorsey chronograph (see Chronograph, R. A.

R. Dorsey)Dorsey Fathometer, depth units to be used

with

Accuracyamplifier, descriptionCables to be used in installing ——

depth scalesDescription-diagram, schematicDraft measurement reference point808 Fathometer used in combination

with ——Errors in reading ——Features, salientFirst use of ——Half-synchronous speed, avoiding

3374

124(b)335

48334832

33623362455

336333633365446633643364124916

366234433453

81337114

73617371741173748148114811481148114811481148114811481148114812481248124812481274144813481348134813

74117411

91634347751136671217121136671211682e7142

3112(b)5134524524(g)524254151345245243524fig. 1045511(b)

54554552451345245

235

15225

431431

228228382

23023023135623023015

831

283200262

760659

678682684680418420420420420420420420420420420420420420421421686421421421421

684684

83125872826

66066026

66055

662

192442473473475504442473475473474508

506506473442477

{

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INDEXPAGE 902

Dorsey Fathometer No. 3—Continued.index adjustment — continued. PagePage

procedure, first method

operation keying circuit (s)

---

Dorsey Fathometer No. 2Guide to ——

Faulty ——, diagnosis - 5267(a) to (r) 493

5267(a) to (r) 493

stroboscopic system

settingsdepth range

Operation precautions necessary

5267(a) to (r)493

Identifying controls for ——Methods100-fathom dial1,000-fathom dial

filterFirst use of ——Fuse capacityhydrophones, testing and adjustingindex adjustment

Draft measurement reference pointElectric noises, troublesome, identifyingexciter lamps, testing and adjusting

depth ranges, settings for ——depth scalesdepth-selector switch, functionDescriptionDevelopment of ——

compared with other echo-sounding instru-ments

depth rangedepth scalesDescriptionFirst use of ——index disk

operationspeed of rotation

installationIndicatorSonic echo amplifier

Strayssuperseded by Dorsey Fathometer No. 3

Dorsey Fathometer No. 3 (see also Dorsey Fath-ometer No. 1

Acoustic noises, troublesome, identifyingacoustic unitsAdjusting and testing ——amplifier echo

circuit voltagesDescriptionEcho-listening circuitOperation, electricalparts''shoal-deep'' switchSonic ——, installationTesting and adjusting ——Tuning ——

amplifier, powercircuit diagramcircuits

Keying ——Rectifier ——

compared with other Fathometers

partspower supplyPreparation for soundingregistering deviceSeparation effectsounding intervalspeed of dial rotationStroboscope operationsynchronous motor, descriptionsynchronous motor, operating precautionsSynchronous speed, how attainedtransceiver

DescriptionFrequencyinstallationlocation factors affectingpower supply

tuning-fork control

Dorsey Fathometer No. 1—Continued,index adjustmentindex diskindicator cabinet, parts included inindicator, descriptioninstallation

CablesEcho amplifierFilter junction boxIndicatorPower supplyTransceiver

key circuit, operationmotor speed, controlled by tuning forkoperating cycle

5262table 18526252625262table 1452625425267(l)5267(l)5261fig. 107table 145542table 145265136526table 15526352635265265511(c)5267(q)5267(r)5267(b)

554152435243524354154154154154154154152435551524524524552452445245524355652452435243524352455245

52415241fiq 105541524152435135525

5255135525525513552552552554254254254252551365265267(r)table 14

5261513652655267(p)526355425542fig. 111554255425542

616516516

495483515515515

479442485

482493482482482489482504494494482481488515488478442478490483483478478508495495493

514476475475503504503504503503503476520473474477474477477475525474476476475477477

474474475503475477442478

478442478478442478478478504504504504478442478495489

procedure, second methodSeparation error accounted for in——

index disk(s)Functionsspeeds of rotation

indicatorcabinet, descriptioncabinet, principal parts incircuit voltagesinstallationparts and circuits

installation

operationpartsSonic ——, adjustmentSonic ——, testing and adjustingSupersonic ——, adjustmentSupersonic ——, testing and adjusting

motor speed controlled by tuninig forkmotor, starting

Testing and adjusting——motor, synchronous (see also Synchronous

motor under Dorsey Fathometer No.1)

Testing and adjusting ——neon-tube circuits100-fathom scale, operation1,000-fathom cutout1,000-fathom scale, operationOperating procedure

Importance of following ——Operation

Faulty ——, tabular diagnosisFunctional ——

oscillatorTesting and adjusting ——

paralysis rangesparts

Power source for ——

power supplycircuit voltagesDescriptionhousing

Testing and adjusting ——Separation effectsonic echo amplifier installationSonic transmission and reception, testing and

adjustingStrays

Causes of ——

Switch(es), depth-selector and starting-fre-quency

circuits

Testing and adjusting——synchronous motor (see also under Dorsey

Fathometer No. 1)lubrication

Table 15, explanation ofTable 16, explanation ofTable 17 (example)Table 17, explanation ofTesting and adjusting ——312 Fathometer used in combination with

——Circuit arrangement of ——

Time lags in ——transceiver

DescriptionEnergizing ——frequencyOperationpolarizing circuit, testing and adjusting

545fig 1105542

52615261526152615267(o)

table 17table 1652615267(p)5266526table 145265table 145265table 14table 1852655265fig. 1085267(g)556542

5267(n)5425267(q)524352665266

table 14table 155542table 195267(h)

52635267(j)52455266526352665266526652675267

5542table 195542556526352435263526352635263table 18542table 145425263526455425264table 145267(d)5267(d)5267(c)5267(c)5551table 145267(i), (k)

table 145267(i), (k)526352635263526352665266table 15526652665267

507506515

479482479479495

491490482495487479488485489484489493484484485494525501

495504495476483486

488490516517494

483494477486483486487487492492

516517516526483476483482482483492504488504483484515484488493493493493520489494

489494483483483483486487490487486492

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

speedVerifying——

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Calibration velocity —Draft —mechanically appliedSeparation effect — (formula)Settlement and squat —, when madeSlope of bottom —

Formulafrom navigator's viewpointImpracticability of applying —in irregular bottomin submarine canyons, difficulty of ap-

plying —Methods of applying —not applied in fieldPrinciple of applying —Submarine topography must be known

in detailTide —, instrumental application during

soundingTide —, methods of applyingTypes of — requiredVariable —Variation of sensitivity —Velocity — (see Velocity of sound correc-

tions)cycle descriptionDepth measurement by —Depth rangedevelopment, an outgrowth of distance meas-

urementsdevelopment, chronology ofdevelopment during World War IEarliest attempts at —Effective bottom path covered (formula)808 Fathometer — corrected for index ad-

justmentequipment of the Explorererrors due to bottom slopeexpedients

Sounding with bombs (see also Bombs,sounding with)

used in emergenciesusing 312 Fathometer unconventionally

fluctuating rapidly, how recordedfrequency requirements

for irregular bottomGeneral statementHistory of development

in C. & G. SurveyIdeal medium for —in irregular bottom

Direct measurements to supplement —

INDEX PAGE 903

EPage

Page

Draft gage, internal, of vessel

Corrections to —

Adjustment for ——

Recording —— in Sounding Record

using internal draft gage

Record

ReferenceNo.

used to find least depthsDrop bow pen--Dumb compass (see Pelorus)DuPont ''SSS'' detonators

using reference points on deckusing reference points on ship's rails

Drags to slow down sounding launchDrawing ink (see Ink, drawing)Drawing paper (see Paper, drawing, and

Smooth-sheet paper)Dredged shoals, least depths to be verifiedDredging projectsDrift soundings

Recording —, method ofTime spent in —— recorded in Sounding

Reference point in unit for ——Dorsey Fathometer No. 1Dorsey Fathometer No. 3808 FathometerMS 12 D312 FathometerVeslekari-

using existing draft marks or gages

FrequencyFactors determining ——

312 FathometerAllowing for ——, method of

Inked lines solid and uniform:instruments

CareCustodyStowage

Line width gage (illustration)machine, universalmaterials

Requisitioning ——to be requisitioned by letterto be requisitioned on Form 11a

Pen points recommended for ——room

of a survey shipFurniture in ——Illumination of ——

of the ExplorerSmooth sheets, —— and lettering on

Draft marks, external, of vessel used in deter-mining draft of acoustic unit

Draft of acoustic units

DescriptionscaleSetting scale of ——used in determining draft of acoustic unit

Drafting

Dorsey Fathometer No. 3—Continued.Transmitted signal, adjustmentTransmitted signal, shorteningtransmitter, 17.5 kc., testing and adjustingtubes

Gas discharge —, testing and adjustingNeon ——, testing and adjustingPhotoelecric ——, testing and adjusting

tuning fork and circuitstuning-fork current, testing and adjustingtuning-fork vibration20-fathom scale, operationVeslekari used in combination with ——Voltage of—— circuits-

Dorsey, Herbert GroveDorsey hydrophone (see Hydrophones, sono-

radio buoy, Dorsey)Dory, description, dimensions, and useDory-skiff, description

526452645267 (m)

5267(f)5267(e)5267(a)52655267 (k)5267 (k)5263545table 18512

4242424555155115511551155115511

721933723

4848489624851

486486486725

4113411341134122725515511551555515512554355155155115512551255135515511551355135512813255115511(b)5511(c)5511(e)5511(d)5511(a)5511(d)551155115512551155123461

3523916

3312(e)

3312(e)815(k)36644841

667

484484494

493493493485494494483506493440

327328507508508509509509

663849664

418418418882433

436436436665

317317317320663508509507507507510517507507508509509510507508510510510759508508508508508508508509508509508509264

270837

213

213766284432

624

Echo sounding(s) (see also Fathogram)AccuracyAdvantage of — methodAeration, effect on —Analogy to distance measurement in airBottom characteristics obtained during —Collateral usesConditions influencing —

East Coast sono-radio buoy (see also Sono-radio buoys, East Coast)

Eccentric stations, markingEcho(es) (see also Reflection of sound)

Comparison between — in water and airFailure of — from steep slopesIrregular bottom, — fromMultiple —

DefinitionEliminating —Mistaking — for correct depth

Reflection of —from irregular bottomfrom steep slopes

Side — (see Reflections of sound from bot-tom slopes)

Echo amplifiers (see Amplifiers echo, and un-der name of specific instrument)

Echo-listening circuitEchometreEcho receiver (see Receiving units, acoustic)EchoscopeEcho signal, transmitted, length ofEcho signal, variation in strength of

CausesEffect on soundings

6522263(f)

511571d56351465146514657(e)

563563

52625312

5313511

552552

5115115143511384251251455568223631155156255657(j)56563563563563

563563563563

563

56565656571a

511511511

611512512512563

5545412256358

5825858157 (f)3433341551512513514

563

60480

437546542445445445543

542542

482500

501437

510510

438438444437302441443507527772675507539525543528540542541541

541541542541

540

528527527528544

438437438

555440440439540

519320540552

552552552543258252437439441443

541

Character of —— on smooth sheets

DefinitionMeasurement of ——

Accuracyfacilities

ReferenceNo.

{

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PAGE 904 INDEX

Echo sounding(s)—Continued.in irregular bottom—coutinued. PagePage

Selecting true depth (see also Fathogram)

Missed ——

Mechanical contacts, trouble with

Uncorrected —— used in navigation

Two ——, advantages-

by frequency

...

Classification of ——

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

Marconi Company instrumentsmagnetostrictive units

MS class instruments (see also MS 12 DHughes)

Echo amplifier -Magnetostrictive unitsPower for operating——used in C. & G. Survey

Sonic recording (Challenger) typeVisual indicating (Hughes) type

failure in deep water reported to WashingtonOffice

Faulty operation of ——Effects on fathogram(illustration)

Foreign ——French ——

Echometre, descriptionEchoscope, description

by registering devicecombinationsCorrection factors for —— (table 35)draft (see Draft of acoustic units)Earliest patentsEcho inaudibleEnglish —— (see also MS 12 D and Veslekari) -

calibration velocity entered in SoundingRecord

Challenger typeclassification

by depth range

Advantages of two ——

calibration

velocity of sound corrections (see Velocity ofsound corrections)

White-light method, 312 FathometerEcho-sounding instrument(s) (see also under

specific name of instrument)Accuracy requirementsadjustment

for draftfor instrumental errorfor motor speedfor settlement and squatGeneral statementto be made when practicable

explained in Sounding Recordsupplemented by wire soundings

Motor-speed variation, effect on ——Personnel needed for ——Position frequency requirementsPrecautions in reading ——principlesR. A. R., —— duringrecorded at odd intervalsRecording ——, approved method of (illus-

trated)Recording fluctuating ——records and reports required (list)Red-light method, 312 Fathometerselected from fathogram for smooth sheetSeparation of acoustic units, effect on ——Sloping bottom, effect on ——Sloping bottom, errors due toSonic frequencies in ——Spacing —— on smooth sheetStatistics, —— not enumerated insubstitute methodsSupersonic frequencies in ——supplemented by wire soundingstransmitted signals, length of

Uncertainty of point of reflectionin strong currentsinstruments (see Echo-sounding instruments)in submarine canyons

Direct measurements to supplement ——irregularly spacedlimitationsline, composite nature ofline not a true profile

Echo-sounding instrument (s)—Continued.French—Continued.

frequenciesLangevin-Touly Electrolitic Recorder, de-

scriptionS. C. A. M.-Touly, descriptiontransmitting and receiving units

German ——, descriptionGraphic-recording —— (see also 808 Fath-

ometer; Simplex-Bludworth Fath-ometer; and Veslekari)

advantagesBoat-sheet soundings from ——Depth unit to be used with ——General description

Hammer typeidentified in Descriptive Reportindex adjustment (see also Index adjustment,

echo-sounding instruments)by bar checkFacilities for ——

Inoperative ——, noted in Sounding Recordinstallation (see also under name of specific

instrument)Factors to be considered in——Semiportable ——

Instrumental data required in SoundingRecord

instrumental error (see also Instrumentalerror)

maintenance and tests (table 21)Marconi Company

MSclassnot functioning temporarilyobserved continuouslyoperated at non-calibration motor speed, cor-

rections foroperation

Gain-control adjustmentInstructions, specificInstructions (table 21)Motor speed, maintainingPrecautions requiredTheory of——

operator (see Fathometer attendant)Principal partsPrinciples, generalReading depths on ——, precautions inregistering device (see Registering devices)Semiportable —— installationSounding Record, data required inspeed (see Motor speed)Striker typetests and maintenance (table 21)Tide adjustment

Two ——, usingType governed by conditionsTypes, generalTypes used by the C. & G. SurveyUse of ——Velocity calibration (see Velocity calibration)Veslekari (see Veslekari)Visual —

in irregular steep bottom, registrationof——

Missing critical depth on —— (example)Multiple echoes mistaken for true depth

E D on chart, investigation ofEddies, Coast Pilot requirementsEddies, dangers and shoals disclosed byEdition, Coast Pilot (see Coast Pilot, new edi-

tion)Edition date, on charts, definition-Eells, A. F

amplifier, echoVoltage produced

batteriesCareCharging ——

Bottom relief from —— fathogramsCarecircuit diagramCleaning ——compared with Simplex-Bludworth Fathom-

eter

808 Fathometeracoustic unit (''fish'')

installation

56357(i)5633141B

56356377235145635633415354235423542571b142331357(c)511681157(g)fig 173fig 17457(f)8351B513277265565145563512772381615851231115115148563

5132

3111

5515525555535555525455616311

81325321515515151525152B51535459613

5123542532532532453245324

5322532253225322532253215323

5342

571cfig. 1195353153125313

542543541199

54154172044354054025227227227254429

214543437636543755756543784441722524445540440720767552441192437446542

441

191

507510520513507507455506528575

759501446447447448448506879

439272501501502502502

501502502502502501502

272

544548499500500501

531

53115314531533

5153515334333112(d)4223115c842C

557554815(n)

5454544

8132

5525725324571cfig. 118532235423415

8223

57(a)5757257(b)57511

51651157(c)

5448132

3115c57256525455455251152515

5153

57(i)57(d)57(e)1729163623a

112251251375235235236fig. 10852325232523552355235fig. 1175237afig. 1025237b

5223

500

500501500502

448448258192324193788

526514766

503503505

759

510551502546547501272252

773

542542551543542438

449437543

505759

193551528455506506455439455446

448

54354354356

840279

6439443462463469470465465469469469545471467472

461

{

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INDEX PAGE 905

Page Page

Installation

difficulties evidenced on fathogram

Excelsior not to be used in packing instruments-

Launches

ReferenceNo.

Elapsed times, R. A. R.Conversion formulaconverted to plotting intervalsDefinitiondependent on path of soundEntering —— in Bomb Recordfrom Dorsey chronograph

transmitting unitfrequencyinstallation

Warm-up period

Sounding errors due to phaseSoundings in fathoms, corrected for index

adjustmentSoundings in disagreement on different depth

phasesspare parts requiredspeed, motor, verification and adjustment

(see also 808 Fathometer, tachometer)-speed verificationstylus armtachometer

frequency, verifyingoperating unsatisfactorilyOperating with an erroneous ——operationPercentage of errorreed frequency values (table)

transmitted signalAdjusting ——Effect of change of speed on ——Recording ——

Scales of ——, fathograms

Separation effect

parts, principalphasesphasing mechanism imperfections

Errors due to ——phasing mechanism operationreceiving unit

frequencyinstallation

recorder cabinetDescriptionpanelparts

recording mechanism operationrepairs

for different depth unitsremediestroubles

gain-control adjustmentEffect on recorded depthsEffect on transmitted signal

governorsparking

index adjustmentby bar checkEffect on soundings in fathomsfor soundings in fathomsfor soundings in feet

installation Permanent ——

Lubricants for ——Lubricating schedulemotor, driving, speed control ofmotor speed, adjustment and verification (see

also 808 Fathometer, tachometer)operation

Depth units to be used with ——DescriptionDorsey Fathometer No. 1 used in combina-

tion with ——draft measurement reference point-fathograms (see Fathograms, 808 Fathometer)Features, salientfish

CareDescriptionillustratedInspection

depth range

depth scales

808 Fathometer–Continued.Correcting —— soundings for index adjust-

mentdepth phase disagreement

55455238(p)523523752352373112(c)523

5455511(e)

523

52375231fig. 10152375236fig 1035237571a571a52345238 (i)55455545554555455545544523652375237a5234

5554523752385238(p)55455238523852352325238(p)5238(p)5232523152315231523252325232523252325237523523752315565238 (p)

5545

5238 (p)5237

555452345232523455545238 (j)555452345554table 13

5232554552325231523152315237

831183116853e6358311g6733a

778778654589777634

463464464471

463465473473465463464464464464464464465471462471464525473

520

473471

523468465468523472523468523469

465519465

519473462471462471192462

506508

462

471463463471469470471544544468472519519519520520505470471471468

523470

Loud-speaker communication systemNavigation equipmentPropelling machineryRadio equipmentRefrigeration system

Expansion in drawing paper (see Distortion)Explanatory notes (see Notes, explanatory)Explorer

AccommodationsDimensions and particularsDrafting roomEcho-sounding equipmentElectric plantFire protection systemFresh water evaporating capacityGeneral description

Elapsed times, R. A. R.—Continued.Reporting —— to plotting station (example)-

Elasticity of a medium, modulus ofElectrolytic action between stainless steel and

ordinary wire ropeElectromagnetic unit of echo-sounding instru-

mentsDescriptionFrequencies at which used

E. Lester JonesAccommodationsBoats smallGeneral descriptionNavigation equipmentPropelling machinerySounding equipment

Elevationsgiven in Coast PilotsUnit of measurement

Embayments terminology usedEngineers, Corps of

control stations, topographic connectionwith

echo-sounding instrumentshydrographic surveys

compared with new hydrographic surveysin Descriptive Report

Junctions with ——not duplicated

to be consulted for dangers and obstructionsremoved

Engineers' handbooks (list)English echo-sounding instruments (see Echo-

sounding instruments, English)Enlarged subplans on smooth sheetsEnlargements of hydrographic surveys using

''circle'' sheetsEnsign-Bickford CoEnsign, national, display ofEpithalassa, definitionEquipment (see also Instruments; Navigation

equipment; and Survey equipment)Definition, for accountabilityDepth-finding ——Echo-sounding —— (see Echo-sounding in-

struments)expended in placeExperimental ——, report oninventoryNavigation ——Position-location ——R.A.R. ship —— (see R.A.R. equipment,

ship)Equipment and instrument(s)

Care of ——Improvements in——overhauled between seasonsrepairssent to Washington Office for repairsSurveys ship to be equipped with ——tests, periodic

Erasers, colored, tend to discolor sheetErasing machine, electric

AdvantagesMethod of useuse on smooth sheet

Erasures from smooth sheetErasures never permitted in Sounding Record-Erroneous charted soundings, investigation

from vessel en routeErrors

caused by improper illuminationdiscovered on chartsSmall ——, accumulation of

Esterbrook pensEstuaries, limit of sounding in-

681363

2832

5161A5161A5161A413413141324131413241314132

916124(d)1682a

236529

842L3131351

35239534

7751

3766681583632a

4346

43385814334444

434314343144314431443431172748524852485272772781

173

4113852336172531234344541b

41241214124122412241214121412141214122421141214122412141224121

638574

173

449449449321322322321322321322

8311554

94499

789195268

269871

727

295625

44576

330383

334805333335335

330330330332332332330331666434434434666666757

57

317797277665194334380

318319319320320319320319319320323320320319320320

ReferenceNo.

472519472472

{{

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PAGE 906 INDEX

ReferenceReferenceNo. PageNo. page

Precautions in handling ——stamp

FInstrument operation, familiarity with

Carbon nodules, effect on ——

Illustrations of

scales, depth

located from the vessel-

Motor-speed variation (illustration)

Stray indications (illustrations)

Explorer—Continued.Sounding machines, wireSurvey equipmentVentilation systemWatertight compartments in ——

Explosion, subaqueous, probable frequencyof

Explosive(s) (see also Bombs and TNT)Disposal at end of seasonDONT'S for R. A. R

Storage during ship repairsStowage

Factor, log (see Log factor)Faint objects, sextant angles toFair-lead, registering sheave used asFair sheet (see Smooth sheet)Fathogram(s) (see also Echo soundings)

accuracy, factors affectingadvantages, permanency of record

DefinitionDoubtful depths, investigation required808 Fathometer ——

Bottom relief types illustratedDefective ——, causes ofDefective ——, types

Notations for correcting soundingspaper

depth scalesDescriptionPhase identificationPlacing —— on instrumentqualitiestravel speed

Checking ——travel speed used to verify tachometer

scale ratios

Experimental Sounding Records for usewith ——

Faulty instrumental operation (illustra-tions)

interpretationBottom record continuous, not proof of no

danger (example)Bottom types, how registeredEcho not received from steep-slope (illus-

tration)

Gain control improperly adjusted (illus-trations)

Investigation of doubtful pointsKelp or other marine growth, reflections

fromIllustrationsInvestigating ——

Precaution necessary in ——Reflections, side

Resemblance to silt layers (illustration) Shoal indications to be investigatedShoals distinguished from reflections from

kelpShoals (illustration)

Kelp or other marine growth, reflections fromLeast and greatest depths to be shown on

sheetNotations properly made on ——paper (see Fathogram, 808 Fathometer, paper,

and under name of specific instru-ment)

profile, composite nature ofProfile, not a true line profilerequirementsScale exaggeration on ——Scaling — when transceiver is usedSelecting smooth-sheet soundings from —

4122412241214121

656(b)6666566966669665665

4522464

571563571cfig. 118fig. 1195233571

fig 11752385238(p)fig. 117fig. 118fig. 119554552335233523352335233523352335554571b55545635235237

817571cfig. 118fig. 119571

571571d

fig. 118571a

fig. 117fig. 118fig. 119571

571ffig. 117fig. 119571f571bfig. 118571571dfig. 117571c

571ffig. 118571gfig. 117fig. 119571f

7726fig. 120

5635635715635567726

320320319319

613618622625618625622622

369393

543542546547548466549

545472473545547548520466466466466468466466523544523542462471

768544547548543

549546

547544543547548549

546545548546544547549546545546

546547549545548546

722550

540540549542526722

Colored inks usedDescription

Field Record Book, Coast Pilot

Authorities noted in ——

Unnamed ——, assigning names toused as control stations

Natural or artificial——Descriptions, when locatedlocated by triangulation, descriptions

requiredused as control stations

Description requiredNaming ——Possibility of errors if not described

used for hydrographic signalsnot requiring verification or disprovingPrimary submarine ——, terminologySecondary submarine ——, terminology

Federal agencies listed in Coast Pilot appendix- Federal offices, local, sources of Coast Pilot in-

formationFeet, conversion tableFeet, use on Pacific Coast hydrographic sheets- Ferry routes, smooth-sheet requirementsFessenden, R. A., experiments ofField examinations

DefinitionSubmittal of results

Field inspection, coast pilot (see Coast pilot fieldinspection)

Field numbers of surveysExplanation of ——Standard to be followedUse of ——Use of —— on smooth sheets

Field party, office work on records

Multiple echoes to be recognizedStrays to be distinguished from echoesto have no other dutiesVisual instrument observed continuously

instrumentsDorsey No. 1 (see Dorsey Fathometer No. 1)Dorsey No. 2 (see Dorsey Fathometer No. 2)Dorsey No. 3 (see Dorsey Fathometer No. 3)

Adjusting and testing——808 Fathometer (see 808 Fathometer)installation (see under name of specific

instrument)Simplex-Bludworth (see Simplex-Blud-

worth Fathometer)312 Fathometer (see 312 Fathometer)

soundings (see Echo soundings)Fathoms

Atlantic Coast use, on hydrographic sheets--Conversion tablenot mixed with feet, in soundingsnot used on a sheet with soundings in feet

FeaturesArtificial —— located by triangulationCharted —— not always from C. & G. S.

surveysCoastal ——, terminologyMarginal continental ——, terminologynamed on hydrographic surveysnamed on topographic surveysNatural ——

Appearance from offshorecut in from vessel

MethodDescriptions required

where used as control stationsIdentification of — for use as signals

Fathometer (see also Echo-sounding instru-ment)

attendantDuties

in deep water

Fathogram(s) —Continued.Shoal indications on ——Simultaneous comparisons identified on ——Slope exaggeration on ——soundings

Boat-sheet usecorrected mechanicallyCorrecting —— for separation of acoustic

unitsGain adjustment, effect on ——Spacing —— on smooth sheet

57le5522563

3433562

556571a772357(k)fig. 116

3415341534155757(e)57(h)341557(d)

5267

7711(a)table 378143771

221

35221682b1681a161161

2473941247247323124612473941164247

2142

2142214781(d)2158214227135116811682d, e9135B(5)

9131ctable 3777127867512

176176

1541154115417939239131a9132b9131a9132b913la9132b9131a

546512542

258539

526544720543544

252252252542543543252543

493

715882762714

69

26955544747

108309108108206106108309

50108

63

6463

7346663

152268

5455

820

812882715744440

5758

393940

749844811813811813811813811

{{{

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INDEX PAGE 907

Page Page

determination

G

variations, effect on soundings

Coast Pilots, —— in

Descriptive Report requirements

Sound-wave ——disagreeing in name, usage, or spelling

Use in echo sounding

DefinitionSupersonic ——

AdvantagesDefinition

Forms, use (For the use of any specific form, seereference number in list of forms in 951

Forms used in hydrographic surveying (list)Foucault's lawFoul area(s)

limits to be locatedSymbolizationThorough development not requiredUndeveloped ——, symbolization

Four-barrel buoys, description412 Fathometer, first use ofFractional depths

Conversion of ——How shown on smooth sheetsWhere required on smooth sheets

French echo-sounding instruments (see Echo-sounding instruments, French)

French tall signalsFrequency (ies)

discriminationAmplifier ——, how obtainedReceiving-unit ——

Radio —— (see Radio in R. A. R., frequencies)Sonic ——

CharacteristicsDefinitionDirectivityLimitations of use in echo soundingunsuitable for shoal-water soundingUse in echo soundingUse in navigation

Field Record Book, Coast Pilot—Con.Entries made in ——Preparation of ——Section for assembly of tables

Field workProgress reports, monthly, requiredSeason's report

Film (see Celluloid)Filter junction box Dorsey Fathometer No. 3 - Fish and Wildlife Service, Coast Pilot require-

mentsFish, dangers and shoals disclosed by''Fish'', 808 Fathometer (see also 808 Fath-

ometer, fish)Definition

Fisheries, Bureau ofFishermen to be consulted about shoalsFishers Island Sound, round experiments inFish trap areas affecting navigationFix (see also Position, hydrographic, and Three-

point fix)Accuracy decrease with distanceDefinitionStrength of —

Flag, C. & G. S. service, display ofFlags

Display of ——International Code ——

Signals to indicate survey activitiesUse

Flagpole, definitionFlagpoles, value as landmarksFlagstaff-definition.Flag tower, definitionFlat bottom, spacing sounding lines overFlats, extensive sounding lines onFlats, low-water limits on smooth sheetFlats, sounding with pole onFlinders bar

adjustmentFloat attached to leadline in determining least

depthsFloodlight to illuminate leadline-ForaminiferaForedeep, definitionForeign echo-sounding instruments (see Echo-

sounding instruments under national-ity)

Foremast used as a floating control stationForm lines

Accuracy of elevationsby hydrographer -Form for computing elevationsForm for recording observed dataobtained while soundingSheets for ——

9132b9131a9131a

85148515

5261

9163623c

516163223622611916

3333331583

1583

158415848534C85348534C8534C31513141B786246144114414

366434214761681b

3365

382382382382382382

9514421

36436436736728275133

771677347713

272

51635162

5152A51525152A5152A5152A5125152A62656(b)621

5152B51525125152B

813811811

795796

482

832280

449583278556832

21221221244

44

4545

803801802803202199743383335338

28425541354

230

298297298298297297

867340

282282285285171442

716724715

153

453453

447447447447447440447558613558

448448441448

duplicationExamples of —— information

Disputed ——Dual —— for one feature

Consultation of map sourcesDecision by the Board requiredDescriptive ——, unsatisfactoriness of

Galley proofs, correctingGasoline, used to clean instrumentsGeneric terms

Standardized use of ——Geodetic control (see also Control and Triangu-

lation)Coastal ——, distances between stationsProject instructions for ——

Geodetic datum (s) (see also Geographic datum)Definitionestablished by taut-wire traverseIndependent ——

Definitionnow in use

Geographic datumChanging —— on survey sheet

Graphic methodNumerical methodReference station on sheet usedRuleUse of ''lost'' stations

Nautical chart ——DefinitionHow to identify——

Geographical names, Board on (see Board onGeographical Names)

Geographic name(s)Accuracy in reporting ——Alaska —— (Baker's Dictionary)Assignment of new ——Charted ——, importance of correctness incharted incorrectly

Gaertner chronograph (see also Chronograph,R. A. R., Gaertner)

Gaertner Scientific CorporationGage, tide (see Tide gage)Gain control

Chronograph recording in R. A. R., ——for bomb receptionfor radio-signal reception

Echo-sounding instrument ——adjustmentadvanced as much as practicablePrecautions in adjusting ——

recordlength

Factors controlling ——lighterspreparationpurchased in small quantitiesrequirements for R. A. Rstowage

Accuracy of determinationDefinition

Frequency(ies) —Continued.Tuning-fork ——, verification

Frequency of soundings (see Soundings, fre-quency, and Soundings, spacing)

Fuel capacity of C. and G. S. survey shipsFulminate of mercuryFuse

Attaching —— to detonatorBrands manufacturedBurning rates of ——

Factors affecting ——''Clover Brand'' ——DescriptiondeteriorationIgnition accessoriesignition, evidence ofinterval

67316731

672467246724

523755257(a)5163571a91384313164168

12121212

21712564217121712171

73673637362736273627364112511251125

1616316721641621621691616216721641631657871842R84331621672167162167116721663

6843a6843a68136843a6843a6843684368446842668668668

5551

41667668684266866866866866866868446844

520

311624625647625625625625625625648648

632632

632632632

4715105424535448223325053

1010

67140686868

678679678679679680

555

46495350474846

8324753504950

7457907914853514752515

648648638648648648648648647625625625

{

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{

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

16278731617871

787116616378749322787493217872722787278727873932216584331671162163787116216216167216116317872167278721631671163

16319133a16385616478778717872162163167193217873161

9321

533725

38489161122

424442444244

9135B(1)

5165a63432372372372395

5615

513751251377561

71414543474251316113623c4424423

High-water line (see also Shoreline and Topo-graphic data)

DefinitionDistance estimated to ——symbolization

HilltopsErrors in locating —— by sextant

PAGE 908 INDEX

PagePage

Hydrographic surveys, —— on

inked at Washington Office

H

Possessive "'s'' in ——

"s'', possessive, on ——Current effect on ——

errors

Low-water line sounded during ——

used as control stations

standards in Division of ChartsTopographic feature —— in vertical lettering- Topographic Surveys, —— onverification at Washington Office

Geographic positions (see Positions, geographic)German echo-sounding instrumentsGillott pensGlasses, shade, sextant (see Sextants, navigat-

ing shade glasses)Globigerina oozeGlossary of Coast Pilot subjectsGnomonic projection, descriptionGondola-skiff

DescriptionDimensions

UseGovernment services to the navigator, de-

scribed in Coast PilotGovernor, centrifugal, in echo-sounding in-

strumentsGradient, velocity of sound, effect on R,A.R- Graphic control survey(s)

DefinitionNature of ——supplemental to air photographic survey

Graphic determination of velocity corrections(see also Velocity of sound correc-tions)

Graphic recorder (see Echo-sounding instru-ments, graphic recording; 808 Fath-ometer; Fathogram; and Registeringdevices, echo-sounding)

Graphic-recording instrumentsDevelopmentPortable —

Graphite, powdered, use in making transfers- -Graphs, temperature (see Temperature graphs)Graphs, velocity correction (see Velocity of

sound correction graphs)Grease, removal from tracing clothGreen hydrographic clockGreen-Bigelow water bottle, descriptionGuide, first echo-sounding instrumentGuide, R.A.R. technique developed onGulls, dangers and shoals disclosed byGyrocompass (see also Gyroscope)

Advantages

Soundings not to be obscured by ——Spelling, importance of correct

report requiredSelection of new namesSmooth sheet, —— to be included on

pronunciationRecommendation required where —— dis-

agreereported by Coast Pilot reviser

Local —— to be on smooth sheetLocal usageMigratory features, —— onNautical charts, —— onNew ——not inked by field partiesNumber of local authorities to consultorientation on smooth sheetPhilippine Island ——, special report onplacement on smooth sheets

list, required in Descriptive ReportLiving persons, —— honoringLocal authorities to be consulted

inked only after verificationinvestigation made at Washington OfficeLarge areas, —— ofLettering ——

in sounded areason a curveSize and style standardsStandards

indefinitely applied, reported in DescriptiveReport

information (examples)information required in Descriptive Report

Geographic name(s) – Continued.Field investigation of ——Hydrographic feature —— in slant lettering

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

4774747

745

7455149

74784874784774666374674674684850

791524849

745474846534749

74653

746495249

4981449

80550

745745746484952

84774747

848

502665

306824

3

327327327

817

454589959595

103

535

443441443695

662381409441556280339341

''Holidays'' in hydrographic surveyWhere ——are likely

due to similarity of numbersfrom nonvertical lineincrease depths apparently

Frequency requirementsLaunch ——misunderstood by recorderNight reading of ——Position-frequency requirementsRecording ——, approved manner ofUnexpected depths to be verified by recorder-

Harbor(s)Definitioninformation in Coast PilotsIsolated ——, survey ofmaster, source of local informationof refuge, described in Coast Pilotsregulations required in Coast PilotsSounding-line spacing in ——

Reduction of ——Heating elements used to ignite bombsHeeling magnet, compass, adjustmentHelmsman (see also Coxswain)

Experience —— needed for dead reckoning-Higgins drawing ink (see also Ink, drawing)High tide

Extensive shoal areas sounded during ——

Depth limit of ——Depth unit required in ——Description of taking a ——Echo soundings are replacing ——Elevation of leadsman an advantage

Half-cosecants, natural (table)Half-foot soundings, where required on smooth

sheetsHalf-tangents, natural (table)Hallicrafters, IncHammarlund Mfg. CoHammer-type transmitting unit, echo-sound-

ing instrumentsHand-correction date on charts, definitionHandlead sounding(s) (see also Leadsman)

Bottom characteristics, frequency require-ments

Calling out —— plainlyCorrecting —— for leadline error

Gyrocompass–Continued.Automatic steeringAzimuths for use in setting ——checked by astronomic azimuthComparison with magnetic compassDisadvantageserror due to accelerationForces that act on ——functioning improperlyMaintenanceOiling ——operated continuously at seaOscillations of ——repeaters

Relationship to master compass to be re-corded

Stop —— before stopping master compassStarting ——Starting —— at seasystem

Bearing repeater, descriptionCourse recorder, descriptionequipmentGyro pilot, descriptionMaster compass, descriptionSteering repeater, description

Gyro pilotGyroscope, precessionGyroscope, theory of

964

771396467226722

5161D11273421

3842462382213141B346434213112342131234213421462346234623462334314625462334213313814623

1682a916393916916916315235468114414(9)

3373726

366131213532

1682b815(g)752

2472173336a35413541

885

715885630630

4516

254

302386772199265254192254254254255386386386386257387386255214754386

54836308833833833203272647337

234665

283193271

55766693

109109220272272

44313564424424423442344214424425442544244423

442442444244424

4422(c)4422(d)442244314422(a)4422(b)443144214421

342274339339341341340339342342342341

339341341342

341341340342340340342340339

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

Symbolization -sextometer

Limit of useSymbolization

three-point fix at stationlocated with reference to detail on photo-

graphsplanimetric map detail

Locating —— in inaccessible placesLocation methodsMarking ——names, length of-names to be taken from list (list)not used in locating other stationsObservations to locate ——, recordsRecords of observed datarelocated by other more accurate method supplementing those located by

air photographic surveystopographic surveys

Homogeneity of sea waterConditions for ——Occurrence of ——

HookeHook, special, for weighing buoysHorizon closures in triangulation, require-

mentsHorizon distinctness important in astronomic

observationsHorizontal control (see Control, and specific

type of station)Horizontal control (of hydrographic surveys)

accuracyDefinitionEspecially accurate ——Large-scale survey —— by three-point fixes Large-scale survey requirementsmethodsmethods, specialpositions by different methods, difference in

Horizontal datum (see Geographic datum)Horses, use by shore partiesHospitals, Marine, listed in Coast PilotHours, numbering in Sounding Record

PAGE 909INDEX

PagePage

Definition

sextant angles from vessels

Hughes and Son, Henry

2151 (2), (3) 64

Symbolization

Adequacy

printed from air photographic surveys

Approval by Chief of Party

-Colors of—— -

Tall —— (see Signals, 40-foot hydrographicand Signals, 98-foot hydrographic)

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

placed to provide strong three-point fixesPlanetable location of ——Sunlight —— faced to reflectRefraction effect on visibility of ——Signal notices posted on ——Spacing requirements

DefinitionDistance visiblefacilitate hydrography if properly builtFrequency requirementsGeneral descriptionGraphic control survey to locate ——Height and sizeInaccessible shoreline, locating —— alongLaunch surveys, —— forplaced advantageously for hydrographer's

use

Appearance to be variedCliffs, placing —— on

projected from air photographic surveysSize, maximum, of ——Size, standard, of ——Transmittal

signals (see also Signal building; Signal cloth;Signals; and Whitewash)

along indented coastsalong sand beaches

Data furnished field partyindexlimits given in Descriptive Reportjunctions given in Descriptive Reportorientation

Depth unit, one only to a ——

from air photographic surveys

Echo-sounding instruments manufacturedby ——

Hughes MS 12 D (see MS 12 D, Hughes)Hunting, definitionHuygen's construction for reflected wavesHydrographer

Duties, extracurricular, of hydrographicparty

responsible for Sounding RecordResponsibility in dangerous watersTerm as used in this Manual

Hydrographicdata, miscellaneous, indexed in Sounding

Recordsdata of other organizations compared with

smooth sheetlaunch (see Launch, survey)Manual, contentoperationspositions (see Positions, hydrographic and

Three-point fix)sheet(s) (see also Boat sheet and Smooth sheet)

622622472852

223

3384C

333323333433413343323323361

13519168142527528

532

52436221

38818361114

819e

9345a

11434

311277177161317331318413842B842B1362136523927333733413631363836

2341234123412752461271272275211627223412422712372722461271

2342342342712722712341

560560400188

75

242

211215212223223223215216277

22833762495498

501

476561

296769276

8

770

857

8250

19271471516

67416

7877877872526

1006756752525

785

929292

16110615315416061

15492

10415295

154107152

919291

15215415392

Basic ——, descriptionBuoy-control ——, statistic ofBy-products of ——Completed ——, review by hydrographerContemporary ——, junctions withcontrolled astronomically, records required-controlled by buoys, records requiredcontrolled by transit shore observations controlled partly on board and partly on

shorecontrolled wholly or partly from shoreControlling —— (see Horizontal control)data submitted by areas (list)datumsDay's work, identification ofDefinitionDepth curves, —— to warrant drawing

continuousdevelopment (see Development)discrepancies corrected in fielderrors corrected in fieldExploratory ——Features to be named on ——field numbersHorizontal control of —— (See also Horizon-

tal control)Method identified in Descriptive Report

discussed in Descriptive Reportreported in review

Adjoining —— (see also Junctions)Comparison requiredidentified on smooth sheetin disagreementlimits omitted from smooth sheet in field-overlap requirementsTransfer of soundings

Approval by administrative officers

Where neededsurvey(s)

AccuracyAdditional field work recommended

Descriptionlocated by

air photographic surveyPercentage availableSymbolization

planetable traverse, symbolizationplanetable triangulation, symbolization sextant angles from air photographic

stationsRequirementsSymbolization

sextant angles from other control stations-

Hydrographic — Continuedsignals — continued.

Targets arranged to reflect sunlightTemporary nature of ——Types

stations (see also Control stations)Accuracy requirementsAir photographic, surveys, percentage

located byClassification

965241248248241

23932422392241743(c)241

11269348l3132463535536842J9348G

78893353132788313293359353411843735125811343257313383138323342

33433323(a)

8351F2171331131

353

797939111611541

33842l

2712341271

244

23932115211524245

2392239323922393(b)2393(c)

2393(d)2393(d)2393(d)24332393(e)24322393(e)2393(g)2393(g)2393(g)2431

2394B2394A246243245

887103109109104

101104100104688103

5859191209267272275788859

747852195747195852860250792267146

7211195779779224

224216

78568

212191

270

747747309

4739

211788

15292

152

105

1016161

103106

100101100101101

101101101105101105101102102102104

102102106104106

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

{{

{

INDEXPAGE 910

Hydrographic — Continued.survey(s) — continued. Page Page

Where used

I

Bar-check method

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

in advance of controlindex, at Washington Officeinshore limitjunctions (see Junctions)Large-scale —— controlled from shoreLarge-scale ——, controllingLarge-scale ——, launches and small boats

to be usedLaunch —— where signals are not visibleNumbering —— (see Field numbers and

Registry numbers)Numbering —— positionsnumbers (see Field numbers and Registry

numbers)Office statisticsOffice work required at Processing OfficesOffice work required of field partyOffshore ——

Bottom characteristics obtained on —— Limits of ——Plotting —— on large scale

Old —— (see Prior surveys, hydrographic)omissions supplied in the fieldOther organizations' ——

Duplication of ——Junctions with ——Transmitting —— data to Washington

Officepersonnel, duties ofPhotographic copies of —— furnished with

instructionsposition data in a separate record bookProject area divided into zones for ——Project instructions for——Projection used for ——PurposeRecommending additional field workrecords

Custody of —— at Washington OfficeReceipt at Washington Officeregistry numbers, assignment ofRequirement (list)Shipment of ——

registry numbersAssignment of ——Proper use of ——

Registry of —— at Washington Officerequirementsreview

by hydrographerfiled in Descriptive Reportin Washington Office

scalesRelation to sounding line spacing

Shipment of records separatelyStatistics required in Descriptive ReportSuperseded —— listed in reviewSupervision by Chief of PartyTerm as used in this ManualTidal datums, record in Descriptive Re-

portTransit used to control ——Verification at Washington Office

ReportWhat a —— comprises

Hydrographybooks, reference (list)Definition-General statement

Hydrometer jarSponge rubber in bottom of ——Use on board shipWooden base for ——

Hydrometers (see also Salinity of sea water, andSpecific gravity of sea water)

Calibration of ——DescriptionHow to read ——Ranges of graduationStandard of graduation

Hydrometer setsHydrophone(s)

Echo-sounding instrument —— (see also Re-ceiving units, acoustic)

Carbon-button elementTesting and adjusting ——312 Fathometer ——

R. A. R. —— (see also Hydrophones, sono-radio buoy)

Bomb signal prolongation at ——classificationDamage caused by nearby bomb explo-

sionsDescriptionDisplacement type

3929313532

3342334

1353366

331

933992419231

384212237

79

31313131

834341

121483113412147321319348l

9319319318351836

931933993131

3257844d934113331532684319348K3411114

844c334293393391132

95311131314752475247524752

475147514751475347514751475

51625267(p)5213

6566432656

2533656656

308847271

223223

22231

212

854845844

30313

286

747

194194

783250

117752011

667191859

847847847784785

847854847191

211793854

7200211791859250

8

793224848854

7

8696

191412412412412

411411411411411411410

451495457

613598613

122613613

Conditions to be observedfacilitiesfor settlement and squat, effect on soundings

not underwayfor velocity corrections, specifications for use- Record of each ——Separation effect on ——

must be accounted for in certain instru-ments

Index disk (see under name of specific instru-ment)

Index disk speed (see Motor speed, echo-sound-ing instrument)

Index, echo-sounding instrument (see undername of specific instrument)

Index error, sextantIndexing a publicationIndications, shoal, to be developedIndicator, echo-sounding instrument (see also

under name of specific instrument)Dorsey Fathometer No. 1

Reduction to horizontalBoth objects elevated (formula)Computation formCorrection graphformulaOne elevated object (formula)

Incomplete sheets, undesirable at end of season- Index adjustment, echo-sounding instruments

(see also under name of specific instru-ment)

Incidence, angle of, definitionIncidence, angle of, effect on path of sound Inclined sextant angles

Ice affecting navigationIdentification of starsIllumination of ship drafting room

suspensiontests, continuityTypesVincent ——

Advantagescable, electriccompared with Dorsey hydrophoneLarge type, descriptionLarge type, suspensionSmall type, descriptionSmall type, suspensionsuspensionWhere used

Weight requirementsHydro-radio switch, functionHydro-radio switch, operationHypothalassa, definitionHypsograph, used with sextometer

Frequency response of ——leakagesensitivity requirements

FunctionLocation of —— on vesselPressure-operated ——Ship installation of ——Shore station ——

Anchoring methodDescriptionlocated by short R.A.R. distances from

three-point sextant fixesPreferable typeRelation to R.A.R. shore stationSelection of —— sitesites

Types used on vesselVelocity type

Sono-radio buoy —— (see also Hydrophones,R.A.R.

armature adjustment ofConstruction requirementsDesign requirementsDirectivity of ——Dorsey —— (illustration)

cablescompared with Vincent hydrophoneDescriptionsuspension methods

Hydrophone(s)—Continued.R. A. R. — Continued.

9163387B411362216232623233384526

33383338333894133381343

5545575572(d)5572(d)554

5535616a554556556

45179139355

5243

65667216566721

26122612

253426132611(a)2612a6416721656

6565656(g)656(a) to (g)656(c)656165626563656165626566561656(b)6565656 (a), (d),

(e)2841(A)6565656656365636564656365636564656365646564656656(f)67246724632a2382

833248317561571571221372

22122122186122121

514526527527514

513538514526526

366822273

475

613629613629

148148

123149148148596629613

618614613613614616615614615614615613618613

17961861461561661761661661661661761661461463163257696

{

{

{

{

312 FathometerInitial angle, path of sound, definitionInitial internal, R. A. R., definitionInitial, R. A. R., definitionInk(s), drawing

Celluloid ——, how to useErasing ——Thin —— to be avoidedWaterproof ——

Inking, pen points recommendedinking smooth-sheet details, requirements

(table 28)Inland waters, boundaries, where describedInlet, definitionInserts on sheets (see Subplans)Inshore areas, sounded from launches and

small boatsInshore areas, sounding line systems forInshore areas, thorough development requiredInside routes (see also Intracoastal Waterway)

Half-foot soundings requiredInstallation of echo-sounding instruments (see

under name of specific instrument)Instructions for field work (see Project instruc-

tions)Instrument(s) (see also Equipment, and under

name of specific instrument)Accountability for ——Coast Pilot field inspection, —— needed

(list)damaged beyond repairDefinition, for accountabilityDepth-finding ——Drafting ——

Miscellaneous ——Echo-sounding —— (see Echo-sounding in-

struments and under name of spe-cific instrument)

Excelsior, not used in packing ——Expend ——, authority toExperimental ——, report onFathogram soundings corrected mechan-

icallyGlass-faced ——, packing for shipmentinventoryLost ——Navigation ——Oceanographic ——Position-location ——requisitionsSawdust, not used in packing ——shipments-

Packing ——Procedurereceived

Damage to be reported to WashingtonOffice

Instrument numbers to be checkedShredded paper used for packing —Survey ——

INDEX PAGE 911

ReferenceNo.Page Page

Intracoastal Waterway Pilots

Irregular bottom, spacing sounding lines over-

J

K

Thick —— unsounded

Availability of — at start of project

L

Area (not sheet) basis of report

Care after useCare of ——Damaged ——, returned to Washington

OfficeDamage to be describedRequisitioning replacements

dried and oiled after getting dampExcess —— to be returned to Washington

Officeinventorynumbers to be entered in survey recordsOiling —— after cleaningreturned to Washington Office, requisi-

tioning replacementsSurplus ——, returned to Washington

OfficeTransfer of ——

Instrumental error, echo-sounding instrument- adjustment

on 312 FathometerCause, most troublesomecompensationComputation

not to be made in Sounding RecordDefinitiondetermination

Bar-check methodby simultaneous comparisonsFrequency requiredPrecautions necessaryProcedure

Indicator, echo-sounding instruments — Con.Dorsey Fathometer No. 3 5263

table 14521562326853(b)6853(a)7267261727723726725

7929161682a

1353153355

7713(d)

433

9131b4331434648483

43443318581

5624344334331454745432434434434434432

432432434

13713714314313

431431443144313

1371431434313

4314

4314335525555435525521552255225521552155215521552355215521

482488458570653653665665666664665665

74982654

22203273

715

333

811334330383418429

334334805

539334333334361400361333334334334334333

333333334

2627

331332

331333333332

27331330332

333

331333510507517510511512512511511512511512511511

Chart-sections, reporting —— onCoast Pilot requirementsCoast Pilot reviser, —— reported byControl stations —— used asDefinitions of terminologyDeleted from charts, reporting —— to beDeletion of ——Descriptive Report requirementsDuplicate of report for Coast Pilot

Lagoon, definitionLandfalls described in Coast PilotLanding places described in Coast PilotsLandings, small-boat

Dangers in making ——Precautions to be taken in making ——

Landmark(s for charts)

SymbolizationKerosene, used to clean instrumentsKey, automatic, former use in R. A. RKeying circuit, echo-sounding instrument (see

under name of specific instrument)Kiel powder, use in making transfersKilometers, conversion tablesKnoll, definitionKnuckle-skiff, description and useKnudsen reversing thermometer frameKodapak cellulose acetateKoh-i-noor pencils

Kelpas an aid to navigation

to be reportedDangers and shoals disclosed by ——Investigated thoroughlyNavigational importance of ——noted in Sounding RecordReflections of sound from—— or other marine

growthsymbolization

Jetties, Coast Pilot requirementsJournal, monthlyJumps, in sounding lines, from three-point fixes

observed on buoysjunctions, hydrographic survey (see also Hy-

drographic surveys, adjoining)Adequacy reported in reviewBoat-sheet ——, soundings transferred atBoat-sheet —— with other surveys shownDescriptive Report requirementsExamination of ——Notations required on smooth sheetsOverlap requiredTransfer of soundings on smooth sheetsWhere in disagreementwith contemporary surveys

Island, definitionIslet, definitionItalics, use in text

Inventoryof instrumentsof property

Instrumental error, echo-sounding instrument— Continued.

Form for determining ——increases registered depthMagnitude varies with instrumentSoundings, effect onvariation, factors causing

Insular shelf, definitionInsular slope, definitionIntensity of sound (see Sound, intensity of)Interference of sound (see Sound, interference of)Intersection stations, without check, classifi-

cationInterval between positions (see Positions, hy-

drographic, frequency)Interval between soundings (see Echo sound-

ings, frequency and Soundings, fre-quency of)

Intracoastal Waterway, U. S. Engineer bulle-tins

ReferenceNo.

1682c91691615821582158215515585348534B9169133a78448534C8534155842Q9122

558348344444444041

80080183481474180380041

790810

9163623b3623b3623b7864815(g)5145571f786431223623b3623b43136852

75619631682e421647227143(d)724

834279279279744766445546744194279280332651

69588355

328406663664

916156

3337

9348D32333256842B9342c93353132933531323133

83442

220

858207211787855853195852195195

55225525525525521681a1681a

211

914914916

433433315131521682b1682b9136

512510510510510

5454

59

823823833

333333202203

5555

821

{

{

{

{

{

{

{

Leroy ——, descriptionPens, cleaningSymbols, special, cut in templatesWrico ——, description

Lettering, smooth-sheetMinute —— not usedorientationStylewith mechanical lettering set

Letters, day (see Day letters)Leveling at tide stationsLifeboatmen

INDEXPAGE 912

Page Page

Smooth-sheet identification required

Launches of the Explorer

Emphasizing —— on smooth sheet

Smooth-sheet requirements

Marking for use in checking ——

Legibility required in Sounding Record

Propeller, keeping — out of

Lettering sets, mechanical

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.Landmark(s for charts) — Continued.

elevations required on smooth sheetsForm 567, instructions for preparingNomenclature (examples)Nomenclature standardizedPlanimetric maps, locating ——onrecommended by hydrographerReport required

Duplicate copy for Coast Pilot SectionSelection of ——shown on topographic or hydrographic sheet

symbolizationTerminology, approvedTriangulation location of ——

LangevinLangevin-Touly electrolitic recorder (see also

Echo-sounding instruments, French)Laplace azimuthsLatitude and longitude numbers on smooth

sheetsPlacementSize

Latitude and longitude scales (see Scales, lati-tude and longitude)

Launch(es), fishingfor hydrographic surveysHow powered

Launch(es), hydrographic-Dangers to be surveyed in ——Drags used to slow down ——speed while sounding

Launch(es), surveyCharacteristics of ——Dimensions of one of Explorer's ——Equipment, survey, describedGeneral descriptionLeased —

Bids for —Inspection reportPreferable typespecificationsSurvey of ——

Leasing ——, procedureTypes used by C. and G. S. described

Launch hydrographic party, personnel ofLayout, sheet (see Sheet Layout)Leaders, use on smooth sheetsLeadline(s)-

Attaching lead to ——Checking —— (see Leadline verification)comparison (see Leadline verification)Current, effect on ——Depth changes disclosed by ——DescriptionFloat attached to —— for use in surveying

shoalsHeaving out the right length of ——identification markinglengthmarked in fathoms of feet, not bothmarked in fathoms, standard marksmarked in feet, standard marksmarked under tensionMarking ——Marking a New —

marks, how to attachmaterial

Preparing —— for usePreseasoning ——should never be boiledspecifications

Re-mark ——, when toSamson tiller ropeSinking rateSounding with ——, descriptionsoundings (see Handlead soundings)Standardization (see Leadline verification)stowed wet, when not in useStraightening —— before reading depthverification

by RecorderErrors found, recorded in decimalsFrequency requirementsRecorder responsible for ——Recording ——Recording —— in Sounding Record-

78448534A8534C8534C1557844853485341557844781(b)784478448534C221512

5311223

73237323

42114211

42334233

36134613461424214211422421423423142324233423142324231421142

79144624661

34643416462

36643421462146214621462146214621462146214621462246214624621462146214623421346462246234213421

4622342134214622341481146224622462246228134

741801804802

4174180080041

74173474174180369

440

50075

669669

320323

326326

27626426432232332332432232532532632632532632532329

749383397

266253383

284254384384384384385384384384384385385383384384384383254263386383255254

385254256385252757386385385385760

Lenses, instrumentCleaning ——Dusting ——

Leroy lettering setPen sizes for ——Template size for control-station names

Leeway on dead-reckoning sounding linesLegends (see Notes, explanatory)

Ledge, definition

Ledges, symbolization

Sounding lines, systematic, —— not foundon

Wire-drag clearance, allowableWrecks

Former —— not verified, reported in Descrip-tive Report

foundby feeling with leadline

Data to be recordedby wire drag need not be investigatedDescriptive Report requirementsvisually

from prior hydrographic surveys to be veri-fied

from prior wire-drag surveys need not beverified

Inspection of —— on smooth sheetLegend to accompany ——Low tide, —— determined atSand shoals, requirementsShoalest soundings to be recorded

Handlead ——Attaching —— to leadlineSinking rateSpecial —— for soft bottomWeights of ——

Pipe ——Shaping bottom of ——Sizes and weightsWeights used in serial temperature observa-

tionsLeaks in hydrophone cable, tests forLeasing launches, procedureLeast depths (see also Dangers to navigation

and Shoals)Determination of ——determined by

closely spaced sounding linesdrift soundingfeeling with leadlinewire-drag

Inking —— on smooth sheetdetermined from an anchored boatdiffering consistently from prior data

Arming ——

Deep-sea ——

Leadline(s) – Continued.Weight of lead

Leadsmanalternating with assistantAssistant to ——, duties ofCanvas belt to support ——Depth changes, —— warned of expectedDutiesHandlead soundings, how to takeInstruction in soundingLookout, —— serving as

Leads, sounding

462

3416341646253421341634214623341646634163841466446654744

466134214663462466246614661

632126134231

366

3662366436643663786636643521773277537913

3521

366366351842N366

3234

352379137753366136734337732775378667913354362136633651682e782478278243371(l)

81811

43134313483472317442483472314834483448344834727237227237231

14331582

383

253253388254253254386253397253301398398410

397255398383397397397

580149325

282

283284284283744284269722729748

269

282282268789282

207

26974872928328525872272974474827127728328255

736734736233

753757

332332431664690431664431432431431663664663664664

3244

{{

{

{{

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{

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{

{

{

LoxodromesLubber's line of a compassLydonia

First Dorsey Fathometer No. 1 installedon ——

First Fathometer installed on ——Lyle gun, use in laying hyrophone cable

23619162361963338253241681a8224916111

Preparing —— for printerMap(s)

data of other organizationsevaluated by Chief of Partytransmitted to Washington Office

Local —— (see Maps projectionless)measure (instrument)

Advantagesconversion tableDescriptionUse

Miscellaneous —— , requirements for corre-lation

Planimetric, —— (see Air photographic sur-veys and Planimetric maps)

Projectionless ——Control points to be determinedConstructing projections on ——Field inspection to be made of ——Field work needed to control ——Identification of ——Information to accompany submitted Landmarks on —— to be independently

locatedRequirements for correlationsupplementing topographic surveys

scales and equivalents (table 40)Marc Saint Hilaire methodMarconi Company echo-sounding instrumentsMarginal continental features, terminologyMarigram, tide reducers fromMarine vegetation affecting navigationMarinus of Tyre

Machine, drafting, universalMachine, erasing, electricMachines, sounding (see Sounding machines)Magazine, ammunition, care ofMagnesium carbonate, for cleaning cellulose

acetateMagnet, heeling, adjustmentMagnets, compass

adjustmentMagnetic

anomalyevidenced by discrepancy between magnetic

and gyrocompassdeclination, cyclic changesdeclination, definitionmetals kept from magnetic compassesobservations (see also Compass)

at sea from a small boatShore —— , instructions forShore ——, interval requirements

stormsMagnetostriction, principle ofMagnetostrictive transmitting and receiving

unit(s) (see also under name of spe-cific instrument)

Contact with waterDescriptionEnergy for ——frequenciesMetal used in ——

Mail shipments, weight limitationsMangrove limits, symbolizationManuals, field work, C. & G. S.Manuals, field work, C. & G. S. (list)Manuscript

Checking ——Italics, use ofMarking —— for printing

Dead reckoning, use of —— in

distances to supplement taut-wire traversesElectric submerged ——

Lighted ranges (see Ranges, navigation)Lighthouses (see Aids to navigation, fixed)Lighthouse Service, use of submarine bellsLightship symbolizationLights, navigation (see Aids to navigation,

fixed)Lights, special, to indicate survey activitiesLight structures, abandonedLime, (see also Whitewash)

Deterioration of——Limits, boat-sheetLimits of unsoundable areas, data required''Line begins '' Sounding Record requirements-Line of echo soundingsLine of position (see also Astronomic lines of

position)by radio bearingin fixed-position control

Line of soundings (see Sounding line)Lines of text, numbering in Coast PilotLine, sounding (see Leadline)''Line turns '' Sounding Record requirementsList of geographic names in Descriptive Re-

portLocation by sextant, Sounding Record re-

quirementsLockerbie scale

Accuracy attainable with——DescriptionScaling positions with——

Locus of an angle used as a proposed soundingline

Log(s), shipcalibration (see also Logs ship, factor, and

Logs, ship, rating)Maximum current that can be disregardedmethodsunits

Changes in course, ——Chernikeef —— (see Log, ship, electric sub-

merged)

Current, eliminating (formula)Decimal places requireddetermination

for use in plottingfrom graphic scale

scaleConstructionMethod of usePurpose

Hydrography, use of —— inMeridian (see Log, ship, electric sub-

merged)Patent —— (see Log, ship, taffrail)Rating —— (see also Logs, ship, calibration,

and Logs ship, factor)Current effect onCurrent eliminating (formula)for various speedsPrecautions necessaryWhen required

Taffrail ——CareCleaning and oiling —— Descriptionfouled by refuse thrown overboardlogline lengthLog loss in dead reckoningStreaming ——Survey buoy, fouling —— on

Two —— to be usedLog booms affecting navigationLookout to be kept when surveying dangerous

watersLookout tower, definition''Lost'' triangulaton stations

Use in changing survey-sheet datumsLoud-speaker communication system

of the ExplorerLow tide, shoals to be examined atLow-water line

PAGE 913INDEX

ReferenceReferenceNo. PagePageNo.

soundingstopographer

Development of ——Soundings near —— on smooth sheet

to half feet

Record in Sounding RecordReport in Descriptive Report

916 835

M766

50165

to be read at

Advantages

Accuracy

916 826

Definition 1682b754

465382—44——59

161205209766540

27632223244815(a), (b)563

6117842

DescriptionPrecautions in using ——

factor

55694

351351352351351351349350332349351349235350235351835

337233814454445444547651482748274827482748274453

234238352352351709428428428428428351

33743381256244523374445244524452

235238139350235350350350

347212

15857841

815(b)

4454445444674453373

Low-water line — Continued.determined by

symbolization on smooth sheetUnsounded ——

51345132263a

442441150

194194788

2335

31223122842G1114411

271694694193721715715694

3532754754312177257713(e)7715754

916913691369135916

9582694

88423950254

773833

1

23618347372361236123612361

9478368094959494

48334833483348334833

430431431430431

783783

834834

828821821815836

5161B51625161B5161B5161B5161B836752114952

449451449450450450785693

8869

48514852

666

71434414(9)44114414

1216

44247644134412

1531216121644155161B

433434

623

663337335337

12

339413336336

381212

339449

555740

45740

35351359349235

200349

3143445

209425425425425

32444823482348234823

444133

34658534C22573644111(f)41213661

26780378

680316320283

4454445444544454445444544451445143134451445344513374445133744453916

{

{

{

{

85233522352232353522852185218521852185348521

parts, principalrecording deviceSeparation effect on ——stylus motion

Mud deposits, geographic distribution ofMultiple echoes (see Echoes, multiple)Multiple sea sampler, description

8534B9133b9133b1124

9345b13229133b

9133a9133b1127853391611257716B11238523

842M132119135A (4)9133a

11231111117114132176111239345

9348F9711

431

9532

431243124312413241224312

916852158

1581158

Sketches submitted as ——Chart-sections

PreparationReporting charting data on ——Where filed in Washington Office

compilationcontrolling depth notes compared with

smooth sheetcopies for officers and mencorrections submitted by Coast Pilot reviser-Data for ——

noted by Coast Pilot revisersubmitted by Coast Pilot reviser

Dates on ——datum, how to identifydatums, Coast Pilot usagedatums describeddepth unitsdesignexamined for erroneous dataHydrographic surveys compared with

and reported in Descriptive Report-Hydrographer's use of ——Importance of ——index map in Coast Pilotinspected during coast pilot field inspectionlandmarks (see Landmarks for charts)limitsmaking, history ofOrigin of ——paper distortionReference to —— , properrevision, preliminary field data submitted for scalesSmooth sheet compared with ——Smooth sheet compared with —— , and re-

ported in reviewsymbols (illustrated)World coverage inadequacy of

Navigating officer responsible for navigationequipment and instruments

Navigationbooks reference (list)buoys (see Buoys, navigation)equipment

Canvas covers for ——Care of ——Inspection of lights in ——of the E. Lester Jonesof the ExplorerProtection from exposure

informationpublished, to be listed in Coast PilotSpecial report of ——

Personal element in ——ranges (see Ranges, navigation)risk in hydrographic surveyingStudy of ——

projection tablesMercury, fulminate of propertiesMercury, fulminate of, use in detonatorsMeridian altitude sightsMeridian log (see Log, ship, electric submerged)Metal Mike (see Gyro pilot)Meteorological tables in Coast PilotMeter bar

calibrationCare of ——DescriptionMethod of useStandard scales

Meters, conversion tables.Method of transfer by squaresMicro-Weave tracing clothMiles, nautical, conversion tablesMiles, statute, conversion tablesMirrors

Instrument ——Cleaning ——Dusting ——

Sextant —— (see Sextant mirrors)Silvered —— , reflectivity ofStainless steel ——, reflectivity ofStellite —— , reflectivity of

Miscellaneous entries in Sounding RecordMissed soundings (see Soundings, missed)Monterey Bay, California, seasonal tempera-

ture distribution inMooring buoys, yacht, spherical, used as

marker buoysMotor, driving, echo-sounding instrument (see

under name of specific instrument)Motor generator, 312 Fathometer

Names, geographic (see Geographic names)Names, signal (see Control-station names)Names, station (see Control-station names)Names, structureNansen-Pettersson water bottleNansen total immersion hydrometerNational Carbon CompanyNational Company, Inc.National-Simplex-Bludworth, IncNatural features or objects (see Features, natural)Natural trigonometric functions for ''circle''

sheet construction (table 41)Nautical chart(s)

abbreviations (illustrated)accuracyagencies, inspection ofCharted data

Erroneous ——not always from C. & G. S. surveysOrigin requested from Washington Office

Marked topographic stations (see Topographicstations, recoverable)

Marker buoys (see Buoys, marker)Marks, station (see Station marks)Marsh line, symbolizationMaster compass, of gyro systemMaury, Mathew FMeades RanchMean high water datum, use ofMean sea level datum, use ofMeasurements, linear, hydrographic positions

determined by method of numberingMechanical correction of fathogram soundingsMechanical lettering set (see Lettering set,

mechanical)Memoranda, daily, for use n preparing

monthly reportsMenaces to navigation (see Dangers to naviga-

tion, Least depths, and Shoals)

Mountain(s)Coast Pilot requirementsDefinitionpeaks

Accuracy of location required for hydrog-raphy

used as control stationsMS class echo-sounding instruments (see Echo-

sounding instruments, English)MS 12 D, Hughes

depth rangedepth scalesDescriptiondraft measurement reference pointfathogram, how producedfathogram paper, descriptioninstallationmagnetostrictive unit(s)

DescriptionEnergy for transmittingfrequencyinstallation

motor speed control

PAGE 914 INDEX

Reference ReferenceNo. Page PageNo.MS 12 D, Hughes Continued.

N

156 42

Mercator (Gerhard Kramer)964 885chart, plotting radio bearings on

projection, description5

815

Verification of ——

Preparation

1662821

Motor speed, echo-sounding instrumentadjustment (see also under name of Specific

instrument)controlMaintenance of correct ——

Soundings, effect of —— variation on

variation, effect on soundings

2133336a

62220

5285285285285511(d)528528544

528528528528528

498498498498508498498505

499498498498498

916916

835835

relation to calibration velocityrelation to depth scale

521251655555556165165516557(b)555555555571b555571b

11111214445111112111216676673386

7524422(a)512217121732173

3312562

693340439676969

213539

fig. 129632d

577579

91648214821482148214821482196375627141963963

835423423424423423423882695662883883

43134313

332332

451445144514815

364364364765

5285285565283848

4743

498498525498305

409

1672471647528136722522

53403411165630459

fol. 888

797269269207269797797797797800797

457454520507538454454543520520520544520544

Chart letterDefinitionDimensions of paper

fig 18911269134

23

349233

624624244

801815815

4

85718

815

814815

5799830

5716

4797

789481

816814

411

65918584

857

859888

1

330

870

331331331322320331

83779743

4342

Paper-strip method of transferring details fromphotographs

Paper, tracing (see Tracing paper)Paperweights

Lead shot —— advantages''Paragon'' drawing paperParalysis ranges, Dorsey Fathometer No. 3Parkhurst anchor-detaching apparatusPassages, spacing sounding lines inPatent log (see Log, ship, taffrail)Path of sound (see Sound, path of)Payment for services, not allowed to Federal

employeesPD on charts, investigation ofPelorus

Pacific Coast, transmission of sound onPage proofs, correctingPage references in Coast PilotsPantograph

DescriptionFormula for setting ——Method of usePurposeRange

Paper drawingAluminum-mounted ——Boat-sheet ——Defective —— to be reporteddistortion (see also Distortion)Requirements, generalrequisitionsRolled ——

Removing —— from roll

211

849733733733

749

521552633848table 17483248324832483214

72213627733

5211

5267(l)7846

7883132788788

775277527752783177527752

45948330649143043043043027

66325

723

456

494742

747195747747

729728728739728728

soundings, accuracy of location tide observations (see Tide observations with

Dorsey Fathometer)Old surveys (see Prior surveys)One-barrel buoy (see Buoys, survey, one-barrel)100-fathom cutout, 312 Fathometer1,000-fathom cutout, Dorsey Fathometer No. 3-Ooze, in oceanic basinsOperation, faulty, Dorsey Fathometer No. 3---Opisometer (see also Map measure)

DescriptionMethod of usePurpose

Organization of survey operationsOrientation of

lettering on smooth sheetssheetssoundings on smooth sheets

Oscillator; (see also Magnetostrictive; Piezo-electric; Transmitting units, acous-tic; and under name of specific in-strument)

312 FathometerOscilloscope, use in tuning Dorsey Fathometer

No. 3Overhead clearances, required on smooth sheet-Overlap

of adjoining surveys, comparison required required at junctions of hydrographic surveys-Soundings in —— not transferred in fieldTracings of —— forwarded with smooth sheet-

Overlay tracings in congested areasDisposal of ——Instructions for preparing ——referenced to smooth sheetSilted areas shown on ——supplementing smooth sheetWhere required

Ozalid printsDescription

443633363353

91691635237869365476315147474747847953147845374537453745377631a4114

ObjectsDistant ——, observing bearings onIndefinite —— in three-point fixesin water to be referenced to sounding lineNatural —— (see Features, natural)

Obstructions to navigation (see also Dangers tonavigation, and Least depths)

removed by blasting, to be wire-draggedSmooth-sheet representationto be located

Ocean basins, sedimentary deposits inOceanic dangers, searching forOceanographic instrument(s)

Care of ——Metal used in ——Miscellaneous ——tests

Oceanography, reference books (list)Ocean waters, study of circulation inOdessey R. A. R. protractor

DescriptionUse in plotting R. A. R. distances

NumbersConfusion of ——enunciated plainly

Position —— (see Positions, hydrographic num-bers)

Survey or sheet —— (see also Field numbers,Registry numbers, and Survey num-bers)

Numerals in smooth-sheet soundingsOrientationPlacementSizeStyle

Numerals, slanting, use ofNumerical determination of velocity corrections

(see also Velocity of sound corrections)Example

NotesBoat-sheet ——, advantagesExplanatory —— on smooth sheets

Inking ——in sounded areasLettering, style and sizeRequirements

Temporary ——, removal from smooth sheetbefore transmittal

Notice to Mariners, survey-buoy positions re-

Overlap between —— ''No bottom'' soundings (see also Soundings,

missed)Recording ——

Nomenclaturefor landmarks

Geographic name —— (see Geographicnames)

Standard list for use in Coast Pilots and hy-drographic reports

Submarine feature ——Nondirective transmitted sound signals

NewtonNibs, ruling pen, sharpeningNickel, magnetostriction property ofNight effect in radio bearingsNine-lens camera focal lengthNine-lens photographs (see also Air photo-

graphs)

PAGE 915INDEX

ReferenceReference PageNo.PageNo. Offshore—Continued.

sounding lines, use of astronomic observations-Dimensions

7628143

8028534C

North American datum

ported in

-

-

of air photographic surveys

P

0

Seasoning——sizesSmooth-sheet ——

2394B(2) 103

Use in plotting R. A. R. positions

duties

alinement135areas, to be surveyed by ship 22 bearings, correcting

6348435161B4444 (i)2221

57443245034974

769876

22312392231

8114623

793

7733773677327731723

5613table 20

2868524

3255

933781781781

7915

North American datum of 1927DefinitionWhere printed on nautical charts

917168514511252171112521718533

84153

4455

685

68799

survey unit, responsible for instrumentsOfficer, navigating (see Navigating officer)Officer on the bridge (see Bridge, ship, officer)Office work, monthly progress report required- Offset traverseOffshore

85142284

79586

341267167116712431

Office of a survey shipOfficer-in-charge of

hydrographic survey, dutiesR. A. R

251626627627331

345219226

835836270745282413202400400400417400869417377377377378703318

336144374434

227346344

62339138916485348534853485348534853

71333221711371147113711771167116711571117112711

573822836434434435434434435

661204658658658659659659659657657657

271172

15356

483548357112526628343152

432432657487174202

details to be located by topographerhydrographic surveys

By-product value of ——Large-scale ——, method of plottingUse on charts

limit, hydrographic surveysshoals, use of buoys for control

733223927332

675101674

2312

1134735111222533713371(l)213

188798

757386

749

723724722722664

531532

98

7677

113

11023323362

Pelorus—Continued.DescriptioninstallationRadio —— (see Radio direction finder)Testing —— alinement

Beginning of sounding line, geographic posi-tion of

Connecting —— on boat sheetsConnecting —— on smooth sheet

Example of proper request for ——Requests for ——

Photographic detailHydrographic signals located from ——Transferring —— to a map or sheet

PhotographsAerial —— (see Air photographs)

Pinnacle rocks, submergedDefinitionfound by wire draglikely near rugged land

Pipe sounding leadPlace names (see Geographic names)Plane coordinate(s)

adjusted for curvatureControl buoy positions byState —— systemsSurveys on ——, coordination requirementsTypes of——Unadjusted for curvature

Plane of reference (see Sounding datum and Ver-tical datum)

Planetablesurveys (see also Topographic surveys)

No notes nor recorded measurementsProgress of ——

traverse(s)accuracy requirementsadjustment

Descriptive Report requirementsRerunning ——, requirements

Planets daytime observations ofPlanimetric map(s) (see also Air photographic

surveys)DescriptionHydrographic stations located from ——

detailsused as hydrographic sheetsused in locating landmarks

Plankton, instruments for collectingPlanning in advance of surveysPlans, enlarged (see Subplans)Plateau, submarine, definitionPlotter, smooth-sheet

Colored pencil used in Sounding RecordFamiliarity with field methodsinitials in ''Processing'' stampinitials in Sounding Recordinitials on smooth sheetProtracting procedure followed by ——

Plotting (see also Smooth-sheet plotting)astronomic positionsby dms. and dps.control stations (see also Control stations,

plotting)hydrographic positionsR. A. R. (see R. A. R. positions, plotting)split fixesturns of large vesselswith a three-arm protractor

Plotting sheets, auxiliary (see also Aluminumsheets)

Uses of ——Plumb point of air photographsPoint (of land), definitionPole, sounding (see Sounding pole)Polyconic projection (see Projection, polyconic)Polyconic Projection TablesPortable depth recorder (see 808 Fathometer and

Fathogram)

Port information in Coast PilotsPortolan charts, description ofPort Series of U. S. EngineersPosition(s)

Detached —— (see Detached positions)Fixed —— (see Fix; Position, hydrographic;

R. A. R. positions; and Three-pointfix)

Geographic ——at beginning of sounding linedetermined by sextant cuts, plotting on

smooth sheetin Coast PilotsPlotting —— by dms. and dpsPlotting —— with latitude and longitude

scalesScaling —— with latitude and longitude

scalesScaling —— with Lockerbie scale

Hydrographic —— (see also Fix and Three-point fix)

Energy for ——frequenciesSubstances used in ——

Piggot gunAssembly of partsDepth at which usedDescriptiondimensions

Piling, subsurface, to be reported by CoastPilot reviser

Pilothouse of a survey shipSurvey activities conducted in ——Survey equipment installed in ——

Pilots to be consulted about shoals

Physics of soundPiano wire (see Wire, sounding, piano)Piers

Enlarged subplans of ——Soundings alongside ——

Showing —— on smooth sheetSwinging ship around ——Symbolization of small —— on smooth sheets-

Piezoelectric phenomenonPiezoelectric transmitting and receiving unit(s) -

Contact with water

PencilsDrafting ——

Damp weather, grades for use inGrades preferredSharp and hard —— must not be used on

smooth sheetsSmooth sheets, grades for use onSoundings grade for penciling

Recording, grade forPennant, commission, display ofPersonnel, R.A.R. (see R.A.R. personnel)Personnel surveying

Efficiency of——names to be entered in Sounding Recordneeded for various operations (table 2)of various survey units

Pettersson chain hydrometerPettersson plankton pumpPhasing mechanism (see under name of specific

instrument)Philippine Islands

atlasSpecial report of —— geographic names

Photoelectric pilotPhotoelectric tube, function in Dorsey Fath-

ometersPhotogrammetry (see Air photographic sur-

veyingPhotographic copies of

field datasurvey sheets (see also Photostat; Bromide;

Ozalid; and Celluloid prints)

Pen(s)Drafting ——Drop bow ——point numbers recommendedRuling——

Sharpening——

INDEXPAGE 916

Reference ReferencePageNo. No. Page

Theodolite used as a ——with telescopic sight (see Telescopic alidade)

161311

Distortion in——

for Coast Pilot illustrations

of survey activities

6677321

Requests for ——Size

Description

Bearings and distances, —— by

Pencil grade to be used

Vessel's track to be followed

443733614436

346227345

44344437

345346

9133a4111411141113622

814315315315278

77513434775144157525161C5161C51625161Cfig. 985161C5161 C5161C47644764476447644764

728258728338693450450451450450451451450415415415415415

131213121316131262

16161716

557

Submission ofTitle and information forTypes desirablewith reports, how to submit

PhotostatsDescription

1591916159185838583159115911591

4683346

806806464646

2394B2394B(3)

102103

13121313131413161316

1616171717

167216724432

5243

5353

343

476

1428131142142475478

317592829

411418

484484172549424843

724724724

731724773811583

432432665432432

664664664

66666472275544

916111916

8362

837

763252768272473176827682

697210713664666713713

3323(c)336

216227

76

7699167411

4822

48224823

697

714834684

424

424425

1682e3913554662

732894427328732873287328

2313231

232(e)2322322443387C

23922392

2394A239215547813

1681c

7624767737679167632

7647411

7476

333534634534

71371323911682b

55307273397

673864673673673673

8989

909090

105249

100100

10210041

41715

54

700697722698749700

708684

683697

219265375

6606609855

Plotting ——transferred from boat sheet to smooth

sheetfindingfixing, operation offrequency

Position(s) — Continued.Hydrographic — Continued.

datarecorded horizontallyRecording —— in Sounding Record

data, miscellaneousNumbering —— Plotting —— on smooth sheet

data, supplementalRecording —— in Sounding Record

differing on two overlapping surveyserrors discovered during smooth plottingerrors, typical

Projection(s)constructed after completion of survey

on large-scale sheetson small-scale sheets

Discontinuous —— constructed on sheet aftercompletion of survey

Gnomonic——line(s)

Accuracy of ——Degrees and minutes at ends of ——

intervals on smooth sheets (table 24)width

Map ——deficienciesGeneral description

Project(s)Advance study of ——area divided into zones for hydrographic sur-

veysBuoy-control ——, statisticsDefinitioninstructions

Descriptive Report, —— listed inGeneral ——General contentMiscellaneous ——Receipt of —— to be acknowledgedTriangulation, —— for

junctions with prior surveyslayout (see also Sheet layout)

chart accompanying instructionslimitsNumbering ——Offshore limits of ——planningReference, correct, to a ——

Copies of —— furnished with project in-structions

Verification of —— requiredDangersRocks, bareShoalsWrecks

Datum changing, on ——Hydrographic ——

Bottom characteristics used from——Comparison with new hydrographic sur-

veys in Descriptive Reportdata to be transferred to boat sheetJunctions with ——Quality of ——Verification of ——

Photographic copies of ——Rocks from —— in disagreement with new

survey, rules for dispositionRocks on —— disproved

Private propertyEntrance to ——Signal building on ——

Processing Office(s)accounts, handling ofactivitiesOfficer-in-chargeOffice work on records requiredpersonnel

Progressreports, monthlyreports required of Processing Officessketches

Annual——Monthly ——

Period coveredPreparationscaleSeason's ——Semi-annual——

Unsatisfactory —— of held work, explainedin Descriptive Report

Pressure of sea water—Continued.gradient, effect on path of soundrelation to depthVelocity of sound, —— effect on

Pressure tubesPrimary submarine features, terminologyPrincipal point of air photograph

How identifiedPrint date on charts, definitionPrinting requisitionsPrior survey(s)

Advance study of——Comparison of smooth sheet with ——

reported in reviewdata

765276725725216225702

768176817681768181417676247624762476767624831814633523351331384476713323(a)343344

correction curve for velocity of sound correc-tions

for depths greater than 2,000 fathomstransferred to velocity correction curve

corrections to velocity of sound (table 34)

Transit on shore and one sextant on boardused to fix ——

Transit used to fix ——Trial ——

Definitionnot to be substituted for more frequent

recorded positionsRecording ——Use of —— at beginning of sounding line

Verifier's check of ——, at WashingtonOffice

Wire measurements along sounding line,—— fixed by

R. A. R. —— (see R. A. R. positions)Bisectrix in —— (see Bisectrix in R. A. R.)

Postal Guide, use of names inPounce, use on tracing clothPower supply (see also under name of specific

instrument)

Launch —— observed from ship on parallelcourse

Linear measurements —— byMethod of numbering ——

R. A. R. surveysRequirements, generalWire soundings

Identifying ——on smooth sheet

Incompletely fixed ——Inking ——

PAGE 917INDEX

ReferenceReferencePageNo. No. Page

Estimated ——

applied to charts erroneouslycarried forward to new surveys

Dead reckoning

Interval uniformity desirable

3023842

Inshore ends of sounding lines, —— at

Numbering——

842B 787Regularity of ——Reliability of —— on boat sheet 133 18Shore observations, —— fixed bySounding at ——

2623452

8509332

3344 224

8178146

8146769

8146361(h)7747743323(b)335763

5615Bb5615Bb5615Bb9611

537537537872

Dorsey Fathometer No. 1Precautions in surveying dangers and shoals Precession of gyrocompass, magnitude of Precession of gyroscopePrecise dead reckoning, descriptionPredicted tides (see Tides, predicted)Pressure of sea water

5244361 442344213379

477276341340237

Instructions for ——numbers

Inking —— in congested areasInking —— on smooth sheetPlacement with reference to soundingsSizeSounding Record requirements

Plotting ——Check provided by boat sheetCheck provided by dead-reckoningProcedureSequence of ——Systematic procedure required

Protracting procedurerecorded in a separate recordRecording —— in Sounding Recordreferenced to shore detailsreferenced to shoreline

Echo soundingHandlead sounding

16727141

53662

345233133451

262215261

33433342

224223

7672333443313331333813313331333133443313331333133317683376c76833513461

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768764

765714

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732732

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232(a)732373237323

90669669669

73731122

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13425812

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8

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821

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13132343521352135213521736

15207268268268268678

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789207194268268194

9344363

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153153

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846842843845843

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795846793795794794794794795795

78799

139

10194

239

1938

19315

9

712712712712761697700700700697697700775764226226214259711216257259

{

Aluminum plate, for testing ——Angles plotted with ——arms should be tested for straightnessCelluloid ——

AccuracyAdjusting ——Care of ——centers

Boat-sheet —— not madeRequests for——Size limitationsSkewed ——

Skewed ——, disadvantagesSmooth-sheet ——

abstract, recording data inaccuracy dependent on velocity selectionBoat-sheet accuracy for —— Boat-sheet paper for ——bomber (see Bomber)bombing (see Bombing)bombing interval determined by officer-in-

clocks, synchronizationcommunication system (see Communication

Fitting, special, for use in plotting wire

Pronunication of geographic namesProofreadingPropagation of sound (see Sound propagation

Circular ——, for plotting azimuthsCircular —— for R. A. R. (see R. A. R. pro-

for plotting R. A. R. (see R. A. R. protrac-

AccuracyAdvantages - - -Care of ——dimensionsdisintegrate when near steel or feltGuarding against —— being blown over-

Mercator —— (see Mercator projection)Polyconic ——

Instruments needed in ——Layout to be followedPlanning ——Scales verified before ——Tabular data for ——

General descriptionInstructions for making——Joining two ——R. A. R. sheet ——tablesUse for field surveysUse of —— in Coast and Geodetic Survey

Smooth-sheet use, limitation ofSunlight gradually makes —— opaqueTesting ——Use, principal

Navigation use, in Chapter 1, Coast Pilotoperators (see Radio technicians)pelorus (see Radio direction finder)repeater, of gyro systemroom of a survey ship

316320416416417416416346347346347347347347346348348348803837

bomb (see Bombs)books, reference (list)chronograph (see Chronograph, R. A. R.)

scale (see Chronograph scale)

Checking——determinationDirection of maximum ——

Radial-line method of transferRadiation angle of Veslekari acoustic units Radiation resistance, definitionRadiation, sound energy loss due toRadio (see also Radio Acoustic Ranging and

Radio in R. A. R.)

Pull-wire fuse lighterPycnometer

for plotting three-point fixes

data used for boat sheet saved for smooth

INDEXPAGE 918

Reference Protractor(s) — Continued.Three-arm — Continued. ReferencePageNo.Projection(s)—Continued. No. PageMetal — Continued.

Testing ——sheet -Frequency required

Three-point fixes plotted with ——

Use of ——

Ruling machine

QQuadrantal spheres, compass

Adjustment of ——Quartz crystals, for use in radio transmitters

verification

R

and Sound transmission)Propeller, keeping leadline from 3421

346Propeller, reversible, advantage on hydrographic

launches 323 9534 871421Property

of the Explorercurrent meter

Proportional dividers (see Dividers, propor-tional)

Protractor(s)

direction findertractor, Odessey)

No-arm ——

Paper ——, transparent

Navigation, use of —— instations, identification ofstations, radio bearings to

mast, definition

signals used to calibrate echo-sounding instru-boardment speed 5551 520

station(s) (see also Broadcasting stations)positions only approximately known

technicians, dutiesRadio Acoustic Ranging (R.A.R.) (see also

Radio in R.A.R. and Sono-radiotor, three-arm)

6446826Cby distance differencesMetal —— buoys)

Testing —— for concentricity''Circle'' sheet arcs drawn using —— 684 646

6712 627charge

8719534

Braces for added rigidityPrecautions when using —— circuit, special, for listening at shore stations

for bombsdrag

system)

453276214535

453145334535453145333741c34313453145314539453145317621

374699376

373375376373374291332372372379374374099

45367622453645364536

377700377376376

Cleaning arcDescriptiondimensionselevated above plotting sheetextension arms

Limitation of usePrecautions in use during heavy weather

Special types -Three-arm ——

for plotting dead reckoningused in plotting R. A. R

inventoryreplacements expended in placetransfer

DescriptionMethod of useTesting ——

Projection ruling machine -Projector

Conditions for making ——data required in Descriptive Report

Accuracyconstruction

732173217324

667668669

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201669669669668669667669668675667

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25

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822

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433433433

333334333

4534539

372378

76537633453976234539

709704378700378

453345344533453645364536453645364536

374375375376376376377376377 Description

Equipment installed in ——

compensationDescriptiondeviation

DescriptionPersonnel required to operate ——Principlessuspension

bearings (see Bearings, radio)books, reference (list)compass (see Radio direction finder)communication equipment

Pseudo-triangulation methodsPtolemyPublications

Salt water, —— exposed tostowed in box when not in usewith arm guides at control stationswith micrometer screws

26146811

150636

66811636232233221

555636595205205

444341126713

348317628

4422(c)411241124112

341316316316

4112412247747747747747744444424444442444244424442444141434443(b)4443(b)8534C916

23912394B(3)7563527362215142

100103696497561444

4411441426166433

335337151599

9529131b9536844475

868811869648410

4535453545394539453376453345347624534762228111

37637637937937469737537569937569983

1C. & G. S. (list)needed on coast pilot field inspection (list)Reference —— (list)

Radial-line method of plotting air photographs--

Disposal of ——Use in R.A.R. surveysUse with dead-reckoning

determined from three R. A. R. distances-Distant ——, displacements inElapsed times, transmitting to plotting

station (example)Errors, typical, in ——

Bomber's dutiesChronograph attendant's dutiesChronograph tape errorsComparison of —— with other control

methodsDead reckoning in ——Hydro-radio switch operationSequence of events (example)

Plotting —— by using differences of distances plotting scale

data, supplemental, recordingdata, supplemental shore stationDead-reckoning data used to sup-

plement ——

Weighting —— according to lengthselapsed times (see Elapsed times, R. A. R.)equipment, ship (see also under specific name

Limitations of useOfficer-in-charge dutiesPaper for —— boat sheetspersonnel (see also Bomber, Chronograph

attendant, Radio technician, and

Record (see Bomb Record)recorded in Bomb Record, of Sounding

RecordReporting —— data orally, correct method Sounding Record, —— identified inSoundings on ——, when obtainedStatisticsStrength of ——

Differences of distance used (see also R. A.R. differences of distance)

Distance circles usedDividers and scale used

Bottom material does not affect —— Factors affecting ——

Data required for ——One distance arc only availablePencil notes required on smooth sheetSextant angles supplemental, usedSmooth sheet (see also R. A. R. smooth

sheets)Supplemental data usedSupplemental station with no distance

circles usedVelocity of sound for —— on boat sheet

accuracy, factors affectingAccuracy of distant ——Accuracy, relative of dataBisectrix in —— (see Bisectrix)Communications, oral, connected with ——Connecting ——data inadequate for plotting

261707709636638636639637705702260636637637637638

DerivationErrors in ——, sources ofPlotting errors made in ——Plotting —— with

Experiments, first, in ——frequencies (see Radio in R. A. R., frequencies)Frequencies of sound utilizedGeneral statementhydrophones, (see Hydrophones)initial, definitioninitial interval, definitionInterference (see Chronograph tapes, stays

antenna (see Antenna, ship, for R. A. R.)Circuit diagram of ——Functions of ——operation cycle described

Blue ink required for ——Boat-sheet ——DefinitionDrawing ——from station beyond sheet limitsfrom two nearby stationsIntervals between —— (table 25)Precautions in drawingRadius too long for beam compassVelocity of sound used on smooth sheets

Colors used in inking ——Inking —— on smooth sheetPlotting ——Stations nearly on range

Analytical method (formulas)ExampleGraphic methodGraphic-approximate methodMechanographic methodPrinciplesRequirements for ——Strength of position in ——

Bureau of Standards collaboration in ——History of ——War Department collaboration in ——

INDEX PAGE 919

Reference Radio Acoustic Ranging (R. A. R.)— Con. Page No. PageRadio Acoustic Ranging (R. A. R.) — Con. No. personnel — continued.

Dead-reckoning abstract, —— and (Form 722)_

Method of useScales available

differences of distance, plotting with

Data obtained at time of ——

differences of time (see R.A.R. differences ofdistance)

distance arcs

determinationPlotting boat-sheet positions with ——

distance circles

distances7636dBomb size, effect of on —— 707 frequencyControl buoys, —— between two

Control buoys located by ——

Numbering ——

Official time of ——

Personnel, duties of, in obtaining ——Plotting methods

Odessey R. A. R. protractor usedUnit of measurement

672used in 672) 628 Plotting ——Bearings used

Boat sheet

Stations on range

and Radio in R. A. R., interference)Interference caused by submarine irregu-

76316821

larities

Recorder)Additional —— requiredDuties and organizationfor continuous operationsfor daylight operationsrequired (table 2)

R. A. R. plotting scale usedR. A. R. three-arm protractor usedTime circles usedVelocity scale used

recorded in Bomb RecordReporting —— orally, correct method

Odessey R. A. R. protractorR. A. R. plotting scaleR. A. R. three-arm protractorvelocity scale

Accuracy requirementsGraphic analysis requiredRejection of valuesRepetitions of measurements necessary Unequal distances required

from on range beyond the buoysfrom ship station midway between

Dead reckoning used to evaluate —— dataDefinitionDescription, generaldevelopment

6716711671671671142

62662762662662628

217461367113221

146557627205

6853(a)6853(b)

653653

6261

558555

fig. 140672672611

629629629556

45374828453848248311344225337636d124(e)2533

37742937842677526112270615

123

2533253325332574257425332533253325336176367636b

122122121144145123123122121555706706

7637763776316824682473417341322373417341734173417341734173417341

707707303641641675676205675676677677676676677676

3377831283128312831233761332261161161161168266826D68266826A6826B6826C682668266826

237778778778778232555215555556555556642645643643644644643642643

No.

Short ——, discrepancies in

DescriptionHow graduated

Shore station requirementsWatch periods

plotting table locationposition(s)

Description Description , chronological, of ——

Maximum ——on various coasts

Inking —— on boat sheetInking —— on smooth sheetIntensity of sound data, recordingIntensity of sound data, use ofInterval

81463442814168118311682468246824

755261761636778641642641

704640

6827632

640704

68266827631b45377631a7631c4538682682682763763368136826821682468268227637632

642640704378703704378640640639702704638640640641639640703704

6813763633136812681268126825763768166816681181468311b671468118311c34426827631

638706214637637637642707639639636665777628636777260640703

68168246813681383116824

636641638637775642

34427637765268116813681168166812683476334426816813681368136813

671671682648284828482848287631c4828671681682468247634

627626642429429429429704429627636641642705

Reference

Radio Acoustic Ranging (R. A R.) — Con.position (s) — continued.

Strength of— Continued.Sound wave path effectTheoretical ——using differences of distance

Symbolizationtime intervals entered in Bomb Record

Converting elapsed times to plotting inter-vals

Conversion formulaContinuous ——, day and night, number-

ing positionsDepth differences tabulated in Descriptive

ReportFixing positions at turnsOffshore —— referenced to submarine relief

of previous surveysPlotting methods described in Descriptive

Report

Sounding lines in ——, following proposed...StatisticsTwo vessels used, only one being equipped

for R. A. R.Velocity of sound records

Theory of——time intervals, terminologyUse of ——Velocity of sound (see also Velocity of sound

in sea water)conditions favorable for R.A.R.determined experimentallyfor plotting R. A. R. (see Velocity of sound,

R. A. R.)reduction factors (table 36)requirements

First use in distance measurementIdentification of —— in R. A. R. (see also

R. A. R. station identification)Identification on charonograph tape

smooth sheets (see also R. A. R. distance cir-

protractor, three-armDescriptionPlotting R. A. R. distances with ——

radio receivers (see Radio in R. A. R., receiv-ers)

radio signal, identifying on chronograph tape -radio technician (see Radio in R. A. R., tech-

nicians)scaled time, definitionsheets, projections forship's run correction

sounding lines (see Sounding lines, R. A. R.)Sounding Record use

Trial ——Depth used in conjunction with ——Need for ——Recording not required

Velocity of sound, erroneous, effect on ——When required

Supplemental position data recorded inSounding Record

survey(s)

Radiobeacon(s) (see also Broadcasting stations)

Entering —— in Bomb RecordHydrophone having been movedLength of ——on sono-radio buoy structures

Analyzing position dataInking positions on ——Protection during plottingSounding-line crossings used in plotting ——Spacing soundings on ——Station positions protected by celluloid Velocity of sound reduction factors for use

in plotting —— (table 36)Velocity of sound used in plotting ——

Report on ——

Bomb Record, entering —— inFactors affecting ——FormulaNature of ——table, sample (table 22)

Practical use of ——protractor, Odessey

Advantages antennaattendant, dutiesBooster, amplifying, at ——Cable laying at ——Cable used at ——SpecificationsCircuits, special, electric, at ——, ad-

vantagesDisadvantageselectric equipmentGenerator, electric, needed at ——hydrophone, establishmenthydrophone, rendering temporarily in-

operativehydrophone sitesIntensity of received sound at ——

2534 123

Offshore —— located by sextant angles onpeaks

points on smooth sheet protectedShip ——

namespersonnelRadio frequencies usedRadio power at ——Servicing ——site, selectingSpacing ——Use of ——

Sono-radio buoy —— (see also Sono-radiobuoys)

Spacing ——Strays (see Chronograph tapes, strays, and

Radio in R. A. R. interference)symbolizationTypes of ——

frequencies -Authorized ——Best ——Effect on receptionSelection of ——used at shore stations

interferenceAtmospheric ——Communication ——

Avoiding ——Man-made ——

Controlling ——Static——

INDEXPAGE 920

Radio Acoustic Ranging (R. A R.) — Con.station(s) — continued.

Shore — Continued.Reference

No. PagePage No.

Time of ——, official

Time required for ——

8146 765

Plotting R. A. R. positions with ——2133311

127651 2536

842133136812Position frequency

Sounding crossings, tabulation required

cles)

velocity scalestation(s) (see also Sono-radjo buoys)identification

Where used

Radio (in R. A. R.)

Shore —— power

receivers

signals611 555

Circuit requirementsDial calibrationFrequenciesGain-control requirementsImpedance of outputManufacturers of ——RequirementsVoltages

requirements for R. A. RShore station requirementsSono-radio buoy requirements

broadcast on requestidentificationRadio bearings to ——

DescriptionPurposeScales availableUse

record (see Bomb Record)Records and reports required (list)

AdvantagesDescriptionsuperseded by sono-radio buoys

Locating —— by short R. A. R. distancesfrom three-point sextant fixes

names

Approximate position being unknownAutomatic key no longer usedon chronograph tapeSignal-offset length usedSignal tone usedSuccessive time intervals used

DescriptionPlotting R. A. R. distances with ——

Reference

682468246826763768136714681133133462

642641642707638628636214265

6851

6815681568157636c6812(a), (b),

(c)61345374537453745377631a453845384538

639639639707

637557377377377378703378378378

6853(c)7346853(d)8311d6853(d)6853(d)6853(d)6853(d)

653675653777653653653653

961476318333

881703783

812664

753147595

685268526852685268526852

651651652652651652

8311e215721512814

7776664

165

2614641261426142612

26146418311

150596150150148

150596777

25727341642642262642261641641261564126142613a26132613

142676596596151596147595595150595150149149149

68526851

651651

64416442644164416442261664416441644164416441644164416443644364436443672267226722672267226722672267226722

44424443(a)4443(a)

347348348

9614636482448244824482448243322

881593425425425426426215

6362(a)63

594573

8351C7722a777134628311

784719733264778

788214637

842K3312(c)

789213

83118311

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743(e)64

688595

643212

59662

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595

33668333612685361

231782556653555

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675706707698705719703

599600600599600151600600600600600600600601601601601630630630630630630630630630

Field party's function in completing ——forwarded promptlyProcessing Office's function in completing

Chief ——, dutiesdutiesQualifications

wave paths-Direct ——Factors affecting ——Ground ——Range of——Reflected ——Sky ——

Accuracy obtainable (table 10)Dimensions, in useLimiting distance in hydrographyMethod of useUse in buoy locationUse in referencing one sounding vessel to

another

623162316233514462215145563514551455145571f6221

6221623162216221622162316231623162216221

62216221622162226231272

Angle of —— dependent on velocity in me-dium

Conditions causing ——DefinitionImportant factor in R.A.R.in a heterogeneous mediumin a homogeneous medium

Huygens' constructionin a heterogeneous mediumin a homogeneous medium

effect on transmission rangein a water mediumin deep water

Effect on transmission rangein shoal waterLaws governing ——Multiple ——

Illustration of ——Partial ——Total ——

Angle of ——Bottom composition, effect on ——Bottom configuration and material, effect

on ——Bottom slope, effect on ——Diffuse ——Factors affecting ——Factors determining ——

PAGE 921INDEX

Reference ReferenceNo. Page No. Page

Records (see also Reports)

Reproduction of ——General discussion of ——Hydrographic survey ——

Railroad car couplers (see Car couplers, railroad)

844843

3366 231

832272

82 770

Coast Pilot requirements

Definition

symbolization

Reference points for draft measurement

Ship maneuvered on range between twobuoys

Shoal development using——Sounding lines following ——

from bottom slopes (see also Slope, bottom)

Receiving units, acoustic (see also Magnetostric-from kelp

from rigid surfaces

TypesReconnaissance

in R.A.RDuties

Recording (see Sounding Record)Recording mechanism (see under name of speci-

fic instrument)

Confidential ——Care of ——

Completion of ——Custody of ——, at Washington OfficeDeficiencies explainedInspection by Chief of Partylisted in Descriptive ReportList required in Descriptive ReportMiscellaneous ——required (list)Stamps, rubber, standard (list)transmitted promptly

Importance of ——Inventory of —— required in Season's report

ShipmentSounding —— (see Sounding Records)Survey ——

923922

transferred to Processing OfficesTransmittal

Numbering packagesRecoverable stations

Descriptions requiredFrequency requirements

Recoverable topographic stations (see Topo-graphic stations, recoverable)

Recovery note, triangulation stationRectangular coordinates (see Plane coordinates)Reducers (see Sounding corrections)Reduction of soundingsReef

Reference books (list)Reference marks

EstablishmentMoved ——, how to stamp disks

EstablishmentReference station data verified by reviewerReflection of sound (see also Echoes and Echo

soundings)

from density interfacesfrom discontinuities

Turbulence, sea surface, effect on ——Refraction effect on hydrographic signalsRefraction of sound

622262226222622262326222

563563563563568563

568567573444562445540445445445546561561561567560560560567567567561562562561562563564568154

62215144

561444

22632263551551155119342e

8081

508508508856

9161682e78249167827824953

83855

736838734736869

21422141

6363

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845843785786

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853853753

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67136713671364416441644164416441644164413848

628628629599599599599599599599306

4221351

32423

4554554553364552531

382382382227382120

2394B(4)341736643345

103253284225

35685735684203567845

274805274789274742

3833842P784538333833916356

300790742300300837274

25332533

122122

25313662334134533312314134533142621

120283223262213198262199558

51625162516251151625162table 12

451451451438451451452

1413942222232221

27309727574

3414811671481181134134623

251757628757757251386

Radio (in R.A.R.) — Continuedtechnician(s)

distance rangeShore, parties equipped with ——

Radiolarian oozeRadiophone(s)

Range of sound transmission (see Sound trans-mission range)

Rangefinder(s)

Radius. turning (see Turning radius andU-turns)

Coxswain to be trained in steering ——Drift soundings using ——Floating marks used for ——Lighted —— (see Ranges, navigation)Natural ——

RangesAir photographs, —— on earth are also ——

on

for use in determining compass deviation for use in testing compasses, report on —— recommended for navigation

reported in Descriptive ReportSelecting range marksSymbolization on smooth sheet

Navigation——Azimuths of ——

Descriptive Report requirementsdetermined by hydrographerdetermined by three-point fixSymbolization on smooth sheets

Coast Pilot requirementsto be surveyed and described

R. A. R. distances between two buoys meas-ured

from ship between buoysfrom ship beyond two buoys

Alternate method of numbering positionsSounding lines, parallel, following ——

Finding ranges by sextantSounding lines, radiating, following ——

Rarefactions in acoustic medium

tive; Piezoelectric; Transmitting andreceiving unit; and under name ofspecific instrument)

DescriptionFrequency discrimination of ——FunctionPurpose

General —— for planning projectsurvey, definitionTriangulation ——

RequirementsUse of air photographs in ——

Recorder cabinet (see under name of specificinstrument)

Recorder, hydrographic survey

in R. A. R. surveysLeadline verfication by ——Repetition of oral dataSupervision of ——Verification of unexpected depths

—

fig.122

fig.123

Regional information, in Chapter 2, Coast

782235227822(a)

Application on smooth sheetDefinitionDepths on ——Locations requiredSymbolization

Inking —— on smooth sheetslocated specifically, symbolizationpassed on sounding line, noted in Sounding

RecordPositions, approximate, of——removed by blasting, wire-draggedreported by Coast Pilot reviserSmooth sheets, descriptive notes on

Elevations shown on smooth sheetfrom prior surveys, rules for dispositionHeight determinations, recording time ofHeights of ——Hydrographic, and topographic survey data

Boat sheet, sole authority for ——

Application on smooth sheetCharted ——, existence to be verifiedDefinitionElevations of inshore —— omitted from

smooth sheetHeights, measuringHeights to be determinedLocating ——on prior survey sheets, existence to be veri-

fiedPlane of referenceSymbolization

Application on smooth sheetDefinitionHeights to be determinedLocating ——Plane of reference

Revolution countercalibration, for use as logused as a logUse in dead reckoning

Revoker fixesDefinitionPlotting ——

Ridge, definitionRiver(s)

Coast Pilot requirementsDefinitionSpacing sounding lines in ——

Rk, correct use of abbreviationrky, correct use of abbreviationRoberts radio current meterRochelle salt crystals, use in chronographs

Reviewer, of hydrographic surveys, qualifica-tions

783784783784806784838840793806

24143144122(c)4422(c)4422(b)

62326222fig. 124

8057901

844

Miscellaneous ——Scientific ——Season's (see Season's report)Special ——

Completion of——Deficiencies explainedInspection by Chief of Partytransmitted promptly

Gerneral discussion of ——Importance of ——Miscellaneous ——

Annual——Coast Pilot —— (see also Coast Pilot reports)Descriptive —— (see Descriptive Report)Form and instructions (see 859 for text refer-

ences)Hydrographic, survey ——

Repairs to survey equipment and instruments Repeater, bearing, of gyro systemRepeater, radio, of gyro systemRepeater, steering, of gyro systemRepeating thedolites (see Theodolites, repeating)Reports (see also Records)

Relieving buoys (see Buoys, relieving)Relocation of hydrographic stations by other

followed by year, in written referencesrequested by Chief of PartySheet layout to accompany request for ——Significance of ——Use of ——Use on smooth sheets

Determining——Sounding Record, —— entered inWire soundings, —— applied to

under name of specific instrument)

in deep water, caused by pressurePressure gradient, effect on ——Reflection of sound affected by ——Salinity, effect on ——Tangential path of waveTemperature of sea water the principal factor

Type with worm gearUse as a fair-lead-wear

INDEXPAGE 922

ReferenceReferencePageNo.PageNo. Reversing frame, thermometer—Con.Refraction of sound — Continued.

in ——Total ——

Pilot 8179135B (2)Region, described in a Coast Pilot

Registering devices, echo-sounding (see also

FunctionGraphic recording——

855934

Registering sheave

correction for stranded wire,

RocksAwash ——

Registry numbers of surveysAssignment of ——

Bare ——

more accurate methods

carried forward from prior surveys

Charted —— proved erroneous859 806 cut in

88

reconciled

Local ——

Sounding line, referencing —— toSubmerged ——

occurring off rocky pointsseen by leadsman

Sunken ——

SymbolizationThree-point fixes at ——

Reverse aximuth (see Back Azimuth)Reversing frame, thermometer

CausesEliminating ——

Requisitions of instrumentsReservations, public, signal building onReverberations in echo-sounding instruments

List required in Descriptive Reportprepared by field party

required (list)transmitted with each survey (list)

calibration, frequencycalibration, methods ofCircumference of wheel——Correcting for error in——

Parts, essentialTypesVisually indicating——

DescriptionOperationPaper used

according to the chartsDetailed description, how written

ContentOutline to be followedPurpose

Reversing thermometer (see Thermometer,deep-sea)

Review(s) of hydrographic survey(s)

OperationRapidity of reversalReadjusting propellor blades

6231622262316236222

567564567566564

568563564

9135B (4)9135B (4)

818818

453438453454454454454453453453453453392393393392772393393392

46418132822246424644642

393760772394393393

154293193391542154215421543793

4084785440404040

749

516451151645164B5164B5164B5164B516451645164A5164A5164A4644641464146482224644641464

DescriptionOperation

Descriptionfactor

Assembly of partsAttaching —— to sounding wireDescriptionKnudsen type

4724721472147214722

404405405405406

52125212

457457

858842Z9231e432271

333153

104132341341340

8516159

79645

753753

8358358358358598351916916858585

approved by administrative officersBoat sheet, use during ——Copy forwarded to field partyCopy forwarded to Processing OfficeDefinitioninserted in Descriptive ReportMatters requiring future actionPreliminary stepsUnfinished itemsWritten report

Symbolization

355341636478227822(c)3643647823c7829334a363

213253281735735281281735734852281

36378279334a7823d3353363324435239133a78253353363

281281736856281209

363363782593443633244

352178257823a321293439344

268736735204856856

755363363363

694281281281

735269735

78227822(b)36336378257823b9334a

735735281281737735852

9161682c31527837834776731

83855

202738738416633

33327625(c)1681c

21770254

44544453374

351349235

9349353212935935934844d9347934193479348934893489348

854860204860860855793858855858858858858858

472147214721

406405406

281237852736226281209270814737226281

Sea sled, description and useSeasonal reports requiredSeason's report

ChronologyContentWhen required

Seavalley, definitionSea water

Sailing lines, surveyed and describedSailing lines, symbolization on smooth sheetSalinity of sea water (see also Specific gravity

of sea water, and Temperature, seawater)

Local —— described in Coast Pilotrecommended in Descriptive ReportRecommended —— verified by soundingReferencing ——Regional —— described in Chapter 3, Coast

PilotRegional —— tabulated in Chapter 3, Coast

Pilot

Scaled time, R. A. R., definitionScaling chronograph tapesS. C. A. M., echo-sounding instruments manu-

factured byS. C. A. M. - ToulyScattering of soundSchemes of buoy control (see Buoy-control

schemes, and Buoys, control)

Authorization for large ——compared with chart scaleDetermination of ——Large ——, where usedOffshore ——

River effect on ——Surface ——SymbolizationTemperature effect on ——Term used in C. & G. Survey

Sash cord (see Leadline material)Sawdust, not to be used in packing instrumentsScale(s)

Samples, bottom (see Bottom characteristics)Sand

banksDevelopmentSpacing sounding lines in vicinity of ——

beaches, inshore sounding alongBottom specimen ——

Classification.Description

Chronograph —— (see Chronograph scale)Depth ——, echo sounding (see under name of

specific instrument)Draft (internal) gage ——Eighth-meter ——equivalents for laying out sheets (table 1)Hydrographic survey ——

Lockerbie diagonal —— (see Lockerbie scale)Log-factor —— (see Log-factor scale)Map —— and equivalents (table 40)Map —— definitionMeter —— (see also Meter bar)

Testing —— before useQuarter-meter——R. A. R. plotting——(see R.A.R. plotting scale)Special purpose —— for reproduction at Wash-

ington Office Speed ——, graphic (see Speed scales, graphic)Survey ——

How determined related t o adequacy of survey Where —— should be larger

Velocity of sound —— (see R. A, R. velocityscale)

Composition of——Uniformity in ——

pressure (see Pressure of sea water)salinity (see Salinity of sea water)samples, obtainingsamples, preservationSound transmission, —— a medium for

Selected important rocks to be determinedSpacing sounding lines in ——SymbolizationUnsounded ——, symbolization

91691691691684209129169135B(3)9169169135B(3)9169135B(3)3567845

Rocks—Continued.Topographic and hydrographic data to be in

agreementTopographic and hydrographic differences

reconciled, rules forTopographic sheet, changing —— symbols

on

for use in Sounding RecordStandard —— (list)Use (For the use of any specific stamp, see ref-

erence number in list of stamps in 954,page 872)

Rules of the Road, where obtainableRuling pens

Sharpening ——Run, definitionRunning survey

Plotting ——, form usedRainfall effect on ——recordrecorded on Form 717Relationship to

Distribution of ——, verticalFactors affecting ——from graphs

Accuracy of ——from tables in S. P. No. 196graphs (see also Temperature (sea water)

curves)Inshore ——observations (see Temperature (sea water)

serial observations)

INDEX PAGE 923

Reference ReferenceNo. No.Page PageSalinity of sea water — Continued.

Rocky areas Velocity of sound, effect of —— on

Latitude and longitude ——Accuracy attained with ——

S DescriptionSafety fuse match lighterSafety of survey vessel

Coast Pilot requirements

...

423482

Tabular ——, example

Definitiondeterminations

Chemical-titration methodFrequency requirements

Sea and port term definitions, where found

Seamount, definitionSeaplane landing areas

Chlorinity (formula)depthtrue salt content

Hydrostatic weighing methodMiscellaneous methodsPlotting ——Record requiredVertical distribution

Accuracy of ——Corrections requiredTerms used

Horizontal distributionHydrometer method

corrections to velocity of Sound (table 88)curves for velocity corrections

Form for plotting ——

Sailing Directions (see Coast Pilots)Sailing directions

Adjustment of ——DescriptionDetails obtainableExecuting a ——Launch used in conjunction with shipPersonnel requiredScale, appropriate, for ——

Rocky bottom requires examinationRoutes (see Sailing directions)Royal National Lifeboat InstitutionRubber stamps

3637827

7827

9342d

281737

738

855363315178278263621

1582

81954

281202234237277

44

757871

916484248431682c

3941394139413941394139413941

83843243255

310309310309310310309

64843

263

561163363316341

633561633

529584584587

583528583

633961156125611633475633163315612633263326331475633163314756331561283316332633633fig. 13163316331

6331633

583872530529583410584586530586586584410584584411586530782586584584585584584

586584

828825830830789809830817830838817830818274742

68441581346

books, reference (list)Practice in —— Small-boat landings, —— in makingStudy of —— Treatises on —— , study of

Sea bottom as a reflector of soundSeamanship

Scope of buoy anchor cable (see Buoys, survey,anchor scope)

Method of usePurposeScales and graduationsUse in plotting

633633633633633561262363

584584583584583531566574

36731513122

38453845

434182

285201194

304304

334422

50942325

1114141414

424424424685424424424686

551148211361

1214(b)12312312312348224822482274124822482248227412

633633

4744753621

583584

409413559

8704344424454

83483832978579642

79655

9532158158215815821681c91691642498351F8515156851585151682d

916917511

830841437

6853(c)6853

53153146233

653652

500501573

1233535

14267267

963123

73224821

88413

668423

Sea water — Continued.Specific gravity of—— (see also Salinity of sea

water and Specific gravity of seawater)

Suspended particles in ——, effect on velocityof sound

temperature (see Temperature, sea water)thermographturbulence, effect on sound transmissionVelocity of sound in —— (see Velocity of sound)

Secondary submarine features, terminologySediments, sea bottom (see also Silted areas)

ClassificationClassification by size,

Descriptive Report requirements

Serial temperatures (see also Temperature (seawater) serial)

between buoys out of sight of landNoting compass azimuth of one buoy

between faint objectschanging rapidly, measuringEstimating —— in advanceFinding —— in a sextantLarge —— divided between two observ-

ersLarge —— measuring

Measuring ——''Misses'', —— reported asUpside down sextant held

Verifying sextant readingVertical —— (see also Stars, finding in sex-

tant)Celestial body with appreciable dia-

meterEnsuring the verticality of ——

Control buoys anchored to form triangles,located by ——

Control buoys, line of, located by ——Control in unimportant waterways located

by——Use (see also Astronomic observations; Cuts,

sextant; Horizontal control; Sextantangles; Three-point fix; and Verticalangles)

verified at end of day's work

4514a4514a4514a4514a4514a4515(c)45144516451745144516

Testing ——Use

tested at Naval Observatoryused for astronomic observations

180° angles —— forOriginal usePrinciples of ——Prism ——Shade for observing sun directSurveying —— (see Sextant, hydrographic)telescope

Astronomic observations, —— must be ac-curately focused for

Use in measuring horizontal anglesTelescope, binocular

advantageous in astronomic observationmagnificationNo adjustment for ——

Sextant(s) — Continued.angle(s) — continued.

Vertical — Continued.Marking —— when sextant is verticalMeasuring ——

arc, cleaningAstronomic —— (see Sextant, navigating)calibrationCelestial objects finding in ——Description, generalDistances by —— (see Sextometer, and Verti-

cal angles)distances formula for correction ofeccentricity errorerrors

Adjustable ——Unadjustable ——

fix (see Three-point fix)Flashlight, —— read bygraduation errorsHydrographic ——

adjusted and verified dailyDescription, generalDimensionsnot tested before issue

Illumination for night use, —— equippedwith

index errordetermination, methods of

mirrors (see also Mirrors)Adjusting ——Description, generalGlass ——

Stellite ——, advantagesNavigating ——

constantsDescription, generalDimensionsshade glasses

Test for eccentricity and graduation errors---Theory of ——triangulation

SextometerDescriptiondistances

Conversion table for ——Formula for computing ——Formula for correction to ——Sextant triangulation combined with ——

methodDescriptionWhere authorized

556556556543556556556556556556

Semiannual report requiredSemiportable installation of echo-sounding in-

strumentsSeparation of echo-sounding acoustic units

Compensating for —— by changes in depthscale

DefinitionEcho soundings corrected for —— (formula)

Settlement and squatadjustment

at time of bar checkon 312 Fathometer

determinationby soundingwith level and rod

determined for each survey vesselFactor affecting ——Ignoring ——Index adjustment for ——

Effect on soundings not underwayMagnitude of ——Sextant(s)

adjustmentsangle(s) (see also Cuts, sextant, and Three-

point fix)Calling —— out plainlyControl buoys located by ——, precautions

requiredErrors in —— (see Sextant errors, and Sound-

ing Record errors)from rolling and pitching vesselHorizontal ——

INDEXPAGE 924

ReferenceReferencePageNo.

PageNo.

illustrated on fathogram

Ocean basin ——

Echo soundings, effect on

Definition SpecificationsForm for plotting ——Horizon ——gets, lettering, mechanical

Adjusting ——Settlement, definitionIndex ——

Adjusting ——Sizes differ for navigating and hydro-

graphic sextants

Errors caused by ——

4516

errorsIndex error eliminated from——

Sun azimuths, measuringSun, use of shade glasses 972382Third —— required at detached positions

3704524

Inclined —— (see Inclined sextant angles)Range ,two objects onReading —— at nightRepeating important ——Small ——

Ignoring ——Index adjustments, effect of —— onTransceiver has no ——Transmitted signal, effect onTransmitted signal, example of effect on

4753

63

478623

1682d,e

412

574

417567

55

38453845842S571dfig. 11738484768516

544

304304790546545306413796

505

525524525505524525526525524525

553555575543553553553553553553553553553

6321561148347231553

579529431664513513507526517513514514513513513513513513

4524623

251

45214521452245224522452145224522

45234523452145224522

25134525251

366

368386

111

369368369370369368369369

370370368370369

114371111

2382451545174526452425117664521

96366367372371112711369

45244524

371370

2382238223822462

23822382

989797

108

9796

451816

361767

25542553

2462

136134

107

3387A4512451545184511

248363366367362

45244521

371368

3384A4515(c)451545244515338445234524451145234526

241365365371365240370370362370372

238245124512

97362362

451245134514b

363364365

364364364364364365364366366364366

371366367364366364

452545174517451445164514

4517451345134515

367363363365

45254515(a)

372365

23824515(b)451545154515

97365365365365

452445244313

45184524451

370370332

367371361

Cleaning —— after useDisadvantagesPrismatic error in ——Round ——, British type

Cruising radius of ——Dimensions and particulars (tables)Fuel capacity of ——

Shipments, mail, weight limitationsShoal(s) (see also Dangers to navigation, and

Least depths)

Shade glasses, sextant (see Sextants, navi-gating shade glasses)

Shallow depths, sounding with poleSheave factor (see Registering sheave)Sheave, registering (see Registering sheave)Sheet(s)

Aluminum —— (see Aluminum sheets)Boat —— (see Boat sheet)''Circle'' —— (see also ''Circle'' sheets)Hydrographic —— (see Boat sheet, Hydro-

graphic sheet, and Smooth sheet)indexlayoutConsiderations required in making ——Making ——Progress sketch —— included onTable for use in ——Washington Office, —— made in

Plotting —— auxiliarySmooth ——, (see Smooth sheet)

Ship (see also Vessel)Control station, —— used as a floatingequipment for handling buoyshydrography, personnel needed forintersection method of locating control

stationsmaneuvers

Buoy, approaching an anchoredBuoys, anchoring and weighingBuoys, mooringBuoy, —— alongside aSerial temperatures —— while observingSounding, ——- duringS-turn to get on sounding line

Ship's run, correction (see R. A. R. ship's runcorrection)

Ships, survey, of the Coast and GeodeticSurvey

bare at sounding datum, limits shown onsmooth sheets

Bottom characteristics on each ——Changes in —— due to waves and currentsCoast Pilot requirementsCurrents, varying, in vicinity of ——Danger in surveying ——

Descriptive Report requirementsdetected visually from elevated positionsDiscovered ——, all to be investigated during

season

Shoal(s) — Continued.Evidence of ——Examination of ——

Shoal data required in Sounding RecordSounding Record requirementsTime used on each —— in Sounding Rec-

ord

Smooth sheets, —— onShore parties

Bases for ——, selection ofCommunication with ——Disadvantage of —— in isolated areasProvisioning ——Trucks used by ——

Shore stations, R. A. R. (see R. A. R. stations,shore)

314231423141A

36736736613663368

325532557862

Extensive ——Development of ——Least depths on ——, determination ofsurveyed at high tidewire-dragged to prove them clear

Offshore ——, development ofUnsoundable ——

Depth estimated on ——

officeposition determined in R. A. RRisks in surveying shoalsstations, R. A. R. (see R. A. R. stations, ship)Survey ——

Turns between closely spaced linesTwo sounding vessels on parallel lines at

turnsWire soundings, —— while taking

INDEX PAGE 925

Reference ReferenceNo. Page No. Page

461 383

Fathograms, —— on

37 286

indications

Investigation of ——

Taut-wire measurements

ShoreCoast Pilot requirementsDefinitionSpacing requirements for sounding lines near

—— 3153 203Shoreline (see also High-water line)

swing

SymbolizationSketched ——

Shot, deep-sea

Symbolization

27 151

Definition cloth

Danger —— by whistle366 282

ColorsGeneral Schedule of Supplies numberSuperiority over whitewash or paint

in water (see Water signals)on private propertyon public reservationssupplies

Availability at start (if projectTall signals

Pier, —— alongside aPrecautions when making ——Procedure for ——Radio direction finder, —— to calibrateWhen required

bridgeDescription, generaldrafting roomofficepilothouseradio room

Radiating sounding lines on ——Sounding lines referred to buoy on ——Sounding-line systems for ——

areasDetached ——

74328227383826627655

838789267

786236635591634643611682e916842N3465

200200199

285285283283285

211211743

41414141836

311311312311785

41114114113411441114112

44154415441444424415

314311317318315316

338338337347338

33663422411461361

232256318555276

2852852851251263213463464253244663454

184183186113579263267121357263

8413136113611361851113611365713

3365285142

2282

787232323

7942526

660

23018329

85

Sights (see Astronomic observations, Star sights,and Sun sights)

Signal(s) (see also Control stations, Hydro-graphic signals, and Hydrographicstations)

building (see also Hydrographic signals,Signal cloth and Whitewash)

Methods of determinationSymbolization on boat sheetSymbolization on smooth sheetto complete season's work

Boat sheets, ——onChart and survey —— definitionCurved ——, radiating sounding lines offDefinitionDistances to —— from triangulation stationsHydrographer's determination of ——Inking ——on smooth sheetrevised by hydrographer

Shoal-water buoyDescriptiondimensions

Shock excitation of magnetostrictive transmit-ting units

Report required Trustworthiness of report

Size to be recordedsurveyed by closely spaced sounding lines-Uncharted —— (see also Shoals, reported)Visibility of bottom to be notedwater

Depth units to be used in ——Sounding instruments to be used in ——Sounding methods to be used in ——

Isolated ——, surveying using one buoy ascontrol

Leadsman, —— seen byLow tide, seeking —— atMarker buoys, use on ——Prior surveys —— on, to be verifiedReported ——

Boat sheet, —— noted on, for further ex-amination

Examination of —— kept currentFathogram —— investigatingfrom systematic sounding linesin less than 10 fathoms to be examinedrising 10 percent of the depth, to be ex-

aminedSounding-line system to give ——

Indentifying ——Indications true and false, illustratedInvestigating indications

362366815(l)3666

815(k)

571e, ffig. 118571e

3242362366571e36213621(a)

3621(b)3154

33613416366136653234

277282766285

766

546547546

208277282546277278

278203

228253283284207

17232361721723666(d)366236223666(c)

311231133113

28232823

5161B

562075756

285283278285

192192192

166166

450

83855

838

323275231421682b2273817523811381175338123812381275338129334

1351135113511351135

2066931995582

296693296296693296297297693297851

2223222322

46654744

398410

2712712711372722752752752751585

15315315327

15316016016116145

9161682b916

66666685166666684872774874875l846751751669663657666657658659657657

Diameter, minimum when rolledDisposition of——, finaldistortion (see Distortion)Dog-ears on ——Drafting and lettering on —— (see Drafting)Dry during plotting, —— to be keptErasing from ——Erroneous soundings detected by verifierFlat during plotting, —— to be keptInked lines, removal ofInking —— soundingsinsertsInspection, final, of ——

850711711226204711857286748666665747748748859666698667847

Charted data to be compared with ——''Circle'' sheets (see also ''Circle'' sheets)Clarity, importance ofCleaning —— surfaceClean, —— to be keptCompleted ——

compared with boat sheetcompared with sounding Recordsinspected in Surveys Branch

covered while being worked oncoversCreased at table edge, —— not to beCustody of ——, at Washington Officedatum (see Geographic datum, changing on

survey sheet)Datum, changed, marked on ——deficiencies found in the pastdeficiencies supplied by verifierDefinitionDegree and minute symbol sizesdetails

739739739739739

Sinking rates of bombs, determiningSixth report of Board on Geographical NamesSize of sheetsSketches submitted as chart lettersSkewed projection, disadvantagesSkiff, description and use

by hydrographerby plotter

Latitude and longitude numbers, size oforientationpaper (see also Paper, drawing)

cut by sharp pencilsfurnished from Washington OfficeIdentification of ——Seasoning ——

Control in —— (see Waterways)DefinitionLimit of sounding in ——

Adjoining —— (see also Junctions)Identification of ——Transfer of soundings

corrections (see also Echo sounding correc-tions, and Reflection of sound, bottomslopes)

in irregular bottom, applyingPrinciple of applying ——Submarine canyons, difficulty of applying

—— into echo soundings (formula)

Determination of —— not easyEcho-sounding errors caused by ——Reflections from ——Soundings on ——, errors in

Flag —— (see Flag, International Code)40-foot hydrographic ——, descriptionLaunch hydrographic ——, spacingNight —— to indicate survey activities98-foot hydrographic ——

ConstructionMaterials required (list)SpecificationsTarget, description ofTime required to build ——

Temporary —— (see Hydrographic signals)Transmitted —— (see Transmitted signal,

echo soundingTripod ——, ordinary

Sigsbee watercup, descriptionSilt, definitionSilted areas

depicted on fathogramsDescriptive Report requirementsSmooth-sheet representation Washington Office to be notified

Overlay tracings, showing —— on

draft adjustment808 Fathometer compared with ——fathogram paper

depth scalesDescriptiontravel speed

Features, characteristichelical wireinstallationinstruction book

5225221b5221b5221a5225221a52252215222a5223

sounding ratesubmersible unit

Descriptioninstallation

time measuring device

motor speedadjustment

for velocity of soundcontrolmetertachometerverification

operating cycle, descriptionoperationparts, principalprinter bladerecorder cabinet

Descriptionparts

recording mechanismDescription

Correcting ——for settlement and squat

DefinitionFathogram, identification of —— onProcedure in making ——Record of ——Requirements for determining instrumental

errorSmooth sheet, showing —— on

INDEXPAGE 926

Reference ReferencePageNo. No. PageSignal (s) — Continued.

Day —— to indicate survey activities Slope, bottomDefinition

Sloughs

Approval by Chief of Party

Artistic —— not desirableBoat sheet

depth range

Use in plotting smooth sheetDescription

keying circuit

Principle of operation 7121 660

Simplex-Bludworth, Inc 459Simultaneous comparisons

by Chief of Party-

Sounding Record, entering —— in

Sinker for detaching rod sizes

1363852113624243

2579725

327

55217737552281345522552246654744684368461671

Tabulation (example)Tabulations for season

5221a5221a522252225221b5221b5221b5222522

460460461461460460460461

552155215521552255218332

511511511512511782

5221a5221a5221a52235221a52215222b5221a52225221a5222b5222b5222b5222b5222b5222b5222522252215221a5221a5221a5221a

460460460461460460461460461460461461461461461461461461460460460460460

459460460460459460459460461461

78317831783178317831

272347413845

156409301

Simplex-Bludworth Fathometeracoustic units

Frequency, operatingamplifier, echo

27212721(B)2721(A)27212721

154155155155155

27222121585

1566145

15852111271

4560

152

Small boat hydrographic party, personnel ofSmooth sheet(s)

compared with smooth sheetDifferences between the twopositions transferred to smooth sheetSoundings on irregular lines from ——

in black ink (table 28)in colored ink (table 28)left in pencil by plotter (table 28)Smallest —— to be perfectly legibleVarious requirements

paper (continued)surface not to be marredTypes

Pencil lines, removal ofPencil lines, —— paper not indented byPermanent recordPhotographic copies of ——plotter (see Plotter, smooth-sheet)

7317112727724793721

666657666664749663

7317279333a7311727933775179179794192579479473237227117317117112711571117112

792792792721787967

749749749663733752657

7362795933877323

679751854657669

933276717672335232117679345377913727727797912791193497317617311931

93359335797941925721

1682c31231427

5519429

657

563563

563563563563563774(j)

541541

541540540540540726

511725512762512510

410

64864952

853852748751846663

226714722727747663666854848

851655853752785657

adjustment ( see also Sono-radio buoy ampli-fier gain)

Advantages

anchoring gear, elimination of noises inAnchoring —— in deep waterantenna

Coupling —— to transmitterelevationlength

as R. A. R. stationsdifficulties in strong currentsFast Coast ——

732718749666845847666675856669

788788660657659727774724850722721

Soap, used for arming leadSociété de Condensation et d'Applications

Méchaniques (S. C. A. M.)

Bottom characteristics obtained with ——Bottom types a —— is used inDescriptionDetaching weight for use with ——Lead size to be used with ——limitationssizes

Soundings, at positions, placementsoundings checked with Sounding Recordsoundings, clarity ofSoundings omitted from ——Soundings, on irregular lines taken from boat

sheet

R. A. R, (see R. A. R. smooth sheets)Reduced scale copies ofreview (see also Review of hydrographic

survey)Reviewed —— contains necessary prior sur-

vey dataReviewer's comparison with chartRolling ——Shipment to Washington OfficeShoreline and topography

plotter's initials to be on ——plotting (see also Plotting)

inspection of ——Plotting soundingsVerification of —— noted on smooth sheet

Preparation of ——prepared at Processing OfficesPreservation of ——, at Washington Officepreserved indefinitelyPrinted ——Prior surveys, —— compared withprojection lines, intervals between (table 24)projections (see Projections, polyconic)Protection of ——

during plottingprotracting

completed before penciling soundingsVerification of ——

Revision reported in the DescriptiveReport

Source identified in Descriptive Report

subplansSupervision by Chief of PartySymbols, standard, must be usedTemporary notations in soft pencilTemporary notations, removal oftitle inked at Washington OfficeTopographic surveys, —— compared with,

by verifierTopographic survey and —— data adjusted Transferred soundings to be in colored inkTransmittal of —— to Washington Officetransmitted separatelyValueverification (see also Verification of hydro-

graphic survey)Verification of certain steps requiredVerification of, reportVerification, of statisticsVessel's track taken from boat sheetWhatman's paper to be used

Sonic frequency(ies) (see also Frequencies,Sonic)

acoustic units, nondirectional properties oftransmitting unit

(First echo registered from sloping bottomusing ——

used in echo sounding

adjustment (see Sono-radio buoy amplifiergain)

designgain adjustment

Direct methodMethods, various

gain, definitiongain maintenancegain measurements

Apparatus for ——Attenuator for ——, descriptionCircuit diagramDirect method

ProcedureMethods, various

gain, procedure for determiningstability requirementsTime lag in ——

Advantagesamplifier, descriptionantennabatteries

Operating life.circuit diagramcompared with Vincent sono-radio buoyCurrent requirementsDescriptionDisadvantageselectric equipment (list.)Hydrophone for ——keying circuits

operation describedOperation without serviceradio transmitter

electric circuits detuned by flags touchingantenna

equipment, electric, principal parts (see alsounder name of specific part)

Flags and banners on ——gain (see Sono-radio buoy amplifier gain)HistoryHydrographic surveying, use of —— inhydrophones (see Hydrophones)keying circuit

designPurposetime lag

Lightweight typelocated by

R. A. R. distances from other sono-radiobuoys

taut-wire traverseMetal types (see Sono-radio buoy, Vincent)Dames 013 structuresoperating difficultiesPerformance of Vincent and East Coast ——

comparedradio powerradio signal, lengthradio transmitter

rangeSubnormal ——, causes

Relieving buoy used with ——signal shortening, advantages ofsignal-shortening circuit described

PAGE 927INDEX

Reference ReferencePagePageNo. No.Smooth sheet (s) — Continued.

7916 749 6431 597

666731698761

721 663

854934

size, maximumsize, standard

Sounding Record, —— to agree with

Soundings, penciling on —— ---

2841(A) 179

Snake slip, use ofSnapper

Sonic Depth Finder

540 Coupling —— to antennadesignfrequencypower requiredTypes

adjustment -Dummy antenna in ——

Circuit diagramMethodsTesting ——

Materials required (list)Specifications

signal-shortening circuit describedsilencing circuit describedstructure

Descriptionfrequencyoperationoutput

Sono-radio buoy(s ) —— Continued.amplifier

Sono-radio buoy(s) (see also Buoys, control, andR. A. R.)

LimitationsOperation

777772791673924193173733393437323

76249332

700850

934393457311796

856857666752

842G842G71271117127741825773693337737725

79193399339325271117131

748854854210657661

38414761476147614761476147614664

301414413414414414414398

5313115c513151315131

500193441441441

563

563512

540441

654643

608596

65364436432643365456545fig. 1366545654564336433643364336433643655(a) to (d)28164326522

608601598598611612611611612599599698599599596612163598605

2814655

165612

25732573

143143

64326432643264322841

598598598599178

28425

178110

6432841(A)

597179

6433643364336436436526536521652365246524fig. 1346536514652653652565265226522653652365236523652365236522652228412841(B)2841(A)

599599599596596604608605606606606605608603604608607605605605608606606606606606605605178179178

65426542fig. 13565416543654365464316431283643

609609609608610610608597597171596

64316546543654465416431

597608610611608597

33527777377517972173193389322

93349342d9335796836711

unaffected by reflection and refractionInterference of——

between direct and reflected pathConditions causing ——Effect on range of direct path

Loudness distinguished from intensity- -Multiple reflection of ——

in a homogeneous mediumReflection and refraction, effect onShoal water causing ——Suspended matter, effect on ——Temperature, —— in water of uniform

Conditions in sea water causing ——due to heat lossFactors causing ——

Advantagesamplifier, descriptionantennabatteriesBuoyancy, reserve, of ——circuit diagramcompared with East Coast sono-radio buoycurrent requirementsDescriptionelectric equipment (list)Hydrophone for ——keying circuit, descriptionkeying circuit, operationOperation without serviceperformanceradio transmitter

594594594558557437558613444445566563563566568567560567567559565

General descriptionGeneral requirements

Atlantic CoastBottom configuration and material, effect

on——Bottom slope, effect on ——Current effect on ——Deep to shoal water, difficulties encoun-

tereddependent on mediumEffectiveness off Atlantic CoastEffectiveness off Pacific CoastFactors affecting —— in water of nonuni-

form temperatureInvestigation difficultKnowledge limitedPacific Coast

Reflection of —— (see Reflection of sound)Refraction of —— (see Refraction of sound)Scattering of ——, effect on transmissionshadows, causessignals, length, in echo soundingsource location, effect on transmissionSpreading of ——, causesSpreading of ——, definitionSubaqueous ——, first practical usetransmission (see also Sound propagation)

Viscosity, effect on ——

Reflections in ——Water as a medium for long-distance ——

Velocity of —— (see also Velocity of sound)Use in R. A. R

wave(s)

Path of— Continued.Velocity increasing moderately verticallyVelocity increasing rapidly verticallyVelocity nearly constant vertically

Physical laws of ——Physics of ——

Aeration effect on ——AttenuationDepth variations, effect on ——Direction of ——

Formula for angular change in ——in a heterogeneous water medium

Factors affecting ——Refraction and reflection combined

in an ideal water mediumin shoal water

Reflections from surface and bottom

Computation of ——Direct —— in R. A. REffect on strength of R. A. R. positionsFirst arrival wavein an elastic mediumIncident angle, effect on ——in nonuniform velocity mediumLength of —— compared to horizontal dis-

tancePressure gradient, effect on ——Shortest —— in an ideal mediumTangential rayTemperature gradient effect on ——Usual —— encountered in R. A. RVelocity decreasing verticallyVelocity gradient effect on ——

Diffraction of ——energy absorbed in water Energy, —— a form ofExplosive sources used in R. A. RGenerationIntensity of ——

Absorption of ——by gases in waterDefinitionenergy in water

Attenuation of ——Boundaries, —— at

silencing circuit describedsilencing circuit, effect ofSpacing of ——stationsstrays (see also Chronograph tapes, strays)

Excess ——, causesSurvey buoys replacing —— not needed tem-

porarilysymbolizationtypes

INDEXPAGE 928

Reference ReferenceSound — Continued.PageNo. No. PageSono-radio buoy(s) — Continued.

propagation (see also Sound transmission)

Vincent ——

Sound

Causes

in a heterogeneous medium

Principles -range

62216126361

Phase of ——NaturePath of ——

Sounding(s)) (see also Depths, Depth measure-

7598132apparatus identified in Sounding Recordapparatus standardization in Sounding Rec-

8134 760ord

Launch ——

Ship ——

Descriptionoperationoutput

range of operationstructure

ConstructionMaterials required (list)Specifications.

Wooden type (see Sono-radio buoy, EastCoast)

detecting devices (see Hydrophones and Re-ceiving units)

Definitiondistinguished from loudnessReduction of ——, causesRelation to distance from source

623262236824623262262326232

6221622262226222623262326362(d)6232

571565642569560571570

563564564564568570594570

6233514162162511

62162162226224622462236223622362236216221511

573443558558437

559559564565566564565565565559562437

623362245141514162246216224514463622462362336224623362336236233

572565443444565559565444574565566572565573572566573

2842 (A)2842(B)2842(A)

181182181

2546743(e)643284265165365112842(A)6514281fig. 13365365146516515651651265126536516513651365136513651

652264322126436852655(e) to (i)

60559862

596652612

132688596181601608601181603163602608603601604601603603608601603603603603601

6362(b)6362(c)6362(a)62162511621656514351446236222622262362326231622623162316216224

ranging (see also R. A. R.)AccuracyMethodsMethod used in R. A. R

reception (see also Hydrophones and Receiv-ing units)

First arrival wave

characteristicsFirst arrival at hydrophone

not always first detectedwhich is detected is used in R. A. R

DefinitionParticle velocity ——Pressure ——

ments, Echo soundings, Handleadsoundings, and Wire soundings)

Canvas belt substitute for ——General descriptionmade from gasoline drum

4625462546254625462446244624

387388387387387387387

62162216221

558561561

6216226222622

558560564560

560559573555

62316221623262326231611621636

568560569568568556558593

623362626233621656

573557557573558613

623151462336233

568443573573

623162316354

568567592

612612612

6566222

6233623511623162246233611

6233

556556556

613564

573567437567565572555

573

Bottom configuration and material, effecton ——

Horizontal ——in uniform medium (formula)Reflections effect on ——

Source location effect on ——studies during World War Ithrough an elastic mediumVelocity gradient, effect on —— Vertical ——

Bombs, —— with (see Bombs, sounding with)chair

{

requirementsIrregular depths, —— in, recordingJunctions, —— at, transferred to boat sheetslead (see Leads sounding)Leadline —— (see Handlead soundings)line (see Leadline)lines (see Sounding lines)machine (see Sounding machine)methods described in Descriptive ReportMinus ——

Handlead —— (see Handlead soundings)Inking —— on boat sheetsInking —— on smooth sheetsInshore limits of ——Inshore —— , where dangerousInshore ——, where range of tide is smallinterval (see also Soundings, frequency of, and

Soundings, spacing)

Irregular ——ordered by officer-in-chargeSmooth-sheet requirementsUniformity in ——uniform over regular bottom

Detached —— (see also Detached positions)Position at ——

differ consistently from prior dataDocks, —— inDrift —— (see Drift soundings)Dubious ——, verification ofEcho —— (see Echo soundings)

cycle descriptionErrors in —— disclosed by depth curvesErrors in ——, typical causes ofExposed coasts, —— alongFathoms converted to feetFeet converted to fathomsFixing —— in horizontal position (see also

Horizontal control; Positions, hydro-graphic; and Three-point fix)

Fractions, representation on smooth sheetsFrequency of —— (see also Echo soundings,

frequency)

Field party's need for ——Preliminary —— for field party useverified at Washington OfficeWashington office, —— furnished by

Currents, —— in (see Currents, handleadsounding and Currents, sounding)

datums (see also Datums)Charts, —— on

ApplicationDecimals, Use ofExamples of applicationOmission of ——, where authorizedsignsSounding Record, entering —— inSounding Record, —— by smooth-sheet

plotterTide, derivation of —— forunits same as recorded soundingsVerifying ——

563

7733773677327731772534277773772772461461461461461461

to be supplied laterNavigable waterways, upper limit of ——Navigation use, Coast Pilot requirements''No bottom'' ——, recordingnumeral(s)

Positions of —— (see also Horizontal control;Positions, hydrographic; and Threepoint fix)

Positions, —— at, placement on smoothsheet

Protected waters, —— inRanges, —— along, alternate method of num-

bering positionsRecord (see Sounding Record)recorded horizontallyRecorded time of ——, required accuracyRecords miscellaneous for ——reducer (see Sounding corrections)Reduction of —— (see also Sounding correc-

tions)referenced to wharves and piersRough seas, effect on ——Shoal indications from —— less than surround-

ing depthsSmooth sheet, selecting —— forSmooth-sheet —— converted to chart valuesSmooth-sheet ——, legibility requiredSmooth-sheet ——, sizeSounding Record, —— properly recorded inSounding Records to be used by different

survey unitsSpacing —— on smooth sheet

according to recorded timesspeed (see Speed survey vessel, sounding)Style of —— on smooth sheetSurvey vessel in transit, —— fromTide, —— corrected forTransferring —— directly from fathogram to

smooth sheetTransferring —— between adjoining smooth

sheetsTrolley ——tubesUniform ——, frequency required on smooth

sheetUniform ——, spacingUnlikely —— checkmarked in Sounding

RecordVertical —— (see Simultaneous comparisons

and Wire soundings)Wharves and piers, —— alonsidewire (see Wire, sounding)Wire —— (see Wire soundings)

Astronomic controlled ——, records requireddirection for developmentInshore ends of ——, fixingInshore — paralleling the shore

to be run at high tideIrregular — in winding waterwaysjumps

from errors in positions of control stationsfrom three-point fixes to buoys

Measuring miles of ——Objects passed to be referenced to ——

Importance of spacing ——Proposed ——

Difficulty of following —— in vicinity ofshoals

INDEX PAGE 929

ReferenceReference Sounding (s) — Continued.Missed — Continued.

Sounding(s) — Continued.chair — continued. Page No.No. Page

Whaleboat ——

2103253

Omission of —— from smooth sheetOperation of —— describedpenciling —— on smooth sheet

Crossings, —— at (see also Depth differences)

Definition

Decimals, —— in, representation on smooth7247734sheets

Decimals, —— in, where required on smooth7157714sheets

Depth units for ——

Dangers and shoals, —— adequate to indi-cate all

Sounding line(s)

261

353312231413462

842H 788paralleling shoreDefinition

Showing —— on smooth sheetMissed ——

explained in Sounding Record 2663464815(p) 766465382—44——60

771577157735

715715724

Differences reported in Descriptive Reportomitted from smooth sheetTabulation required for R. A. R. surveys

Charted ——, erroneous, investigatingClarity of —— on smooth sheetContinuous ——, numbering positions at mid-

nightControl-station symbols, —— nearConversion of ——copied from Sounding Record for boat sheet

usecorrection(s) (see also Echo sounding correc-

tions)

4625173773

38757

722

3317727716

212719716

823822822822822822

773771771771770770

777177257722(a)

733721719

21721125782182244672121593238224

8231243112

3312(e)35213434

3414

511776774312277167716

77315

192

213269258

252

438729725194716716

3447734

343

355343331577243433431

32539333312131223122

259724

257

273257252720257257

210850193194194

1214 (j)34333233

11258207

270194197264

345Sounding line (s)

Operations, miscellaneous, in running ——paralleling depth curves, avoid excessive

spacing of ——

Depth limitationdimensionsgraduationsMarking ——Use in sounding

Plotting —— on smooth sheetSequence

pole

OrientationPlacement of ——SizeStyle

Area covered by a —— on a charton smooth sheets

354231239168143

272194839762

541

723724722722721253714722718718383383383383383383

33344

77363121

3312

817454281

823434774(g)

315477257716B93377328143

817727721

77311718224

7723

93353115b3115a

7725772

811

3434

8313366234543141A35323352

244333748323353

212259

724193

213

768381753

770259726

203721717849722762

754718719

72256

773

720

852193193

721718

757

258

779283263198271226

105220430226

Deep-sea —— (see Echo sounding expedientsand Wire soundings)

Depth units, final, after conversion

8258224821824

774773770774

685

73477339912

848773

{

{

corrected dailycorrected in colored pencilcorrections (see also Sounding corrections and

Echo-sounding corrections)entered and checked by field party

Cover label completedCuts indexed in ——Day letterDepth unit change, how indicatedDepth units of soundings after reductionDrift sounding data requiredDuplication of ——

compared with Sounding Recordplotter's entries in Sounding Recordplotter's initials in Sounding Recordto agree completely with corrected Sound-

ing RecordSounding(s)

apparatus identified in Sounding Record apparatus standardizationGeographic position of beginning of ——

linelines, irregular, to be notednot shown on smooth sheet identified in

Sounding Record

Automatic brake typeCanvas cover for ——Care when not in useconnection to launch engineDescription and useHand ——installation

using rangesRequirements, general, in project instruc-

tionsSplits required to supplement ——Types, general

Turns between ——Two vessels controlled from one vessel

Responsibility for ——Responsibility of officer-in-chargereviewed daily by hydrographerRocks passed, to be notedSextants adjusted and checked, recorded

in ——Shoal examinations, record ofSmooth sheet

numbering, finalOfficer-in-charge's signature in ——Office work to be done at Processing OfficesOffice work to be done by field partypage headingsProcessing offices, work done on ——Protecting —— during useR. A. R. data omitted from ——Recorded data never erasedRecorder's dutiesRecord of draft measurementReduced soundings

converted to smooth-sheet values (table 26)Errors found in ——Verification of ——

Reduction of soundings (see also Soundingcorrections and Echo-sounding cor-rections)

checked at Washington Office82932381811

815767624341393318183412818363

45173666

791176247916

825

81328134

763352

7725

Development, control forDevelopment, direction of linesDirection of ——, bestDirection of —— in relation to bisectricesProposed ——, course changes in followingProposed ——, difficulties in followingsplits, difficulty in running

Depth curves running —— normal toDistance angles usedExposed coasts, —— alongParallel ——

AlongshoreAdvantages and disadvantages

Depth curves intersected at 45° by ——Depth curves, —— normal to

Advantages and disadvantagesProtected waters, —— inPurpose

PAGE 930 INDEX

Reference ReferenceSounding line (s) — Continued.Proposed — Continued. PageNo. Sounding Record(s) — Continued. No. Page

Copy for hydrographer's immediate use

R. A. R. ——

Echo soundings properly recorded

Range marks, floating, used to control ——Ranges, sailing lines, and courses, —— along

225274 Echo soundings missed, noted and explained

End of day's work, information requiredShore controlled —— 2243344spacing (see Spacing sounding lines) Erasures forbidden

errors

corrected by smooth plotterAdequacy of ——Circular arcs Position data ——Dangers and shoals indicated by ——

Horizontal recordIndex of miscellaneous hydrographic data inspection by Chief of Party

Legibility requiredRadiating ——Missed echo soundings, noted and explained

Sounding machine(s)

Launch —— installation

Rejected data, how to indicate

Importance of ——installation

V-type belt drive, advantages of

Sounding Record(s) (see also Sounding correc-tions and Echo-sounding corrections

Echo-sounding corrections, enteringEcho-sounding instrument data required

ExamplesExperimental —— for use with fathogramsGeneral discussionHandlead soundings properly recorded

interrupted for remarksKelp to be reported in ——Leadline comparison, record of

Rejected data, justifying''Remarks'' and notations

Responsibility for ——Verifier's use of ——

Abbreviations authorizedBeginning of day's work, information requiredBoat sheet, agreement with ——Bottom characteristics, miscellaneous, re-

corded in——Check made at Washington OfficeCompletion of ——Conversion of reduced depths to smooth-sheet

depth unit

Accumulator springBoom to lead wire outboardRocker arm, use of

LL-type.Capacity, wireWeight

L-type (see LL-type)Operation

Use restricted by echo sounding

Advantages of a midship ——Operating rateoperationShip ——

Deep-sea typeCapacity, wireWeight

Description, general

started from a standstillStarting a ——systems

Following ——at slow speed or in strong currentusing R. A. R.where fixes are weak

on boat sheetShifting system of ——

Radiating ——from a buoyOffshore shoal developed, using ——using ranges

8181118133246

3812825819

7716A

753758759209

303774769

716

463134246314633

389254389392

463146314631463134224633463346334633463146314631

389389389388256390391391391390390390

4634631465843124633463463246334224633463334223422

388390397331392388390390324391392256256

31435431434543366

195271197262231

315331413141315131413141B3143141A31423341

203197198202197199195199199223

34513451314324335431433553621315131433141A

262261195208271200273277202200198

3345356

3371(2)368334168368326832683168316836836832

233286223645646646646646645645646

346231433462346232413462

264200265265208264

325367118132469331

210627757209849

9231a819b819d812131128233312(e)836fig. 173fig. 174822381323415354281681811

844769770758192773213786755756772759252272767757757

711712726726701754768753754761762770250769761279385754757252272769251845844758845755775726251510

7671767277477417624A8181781fig. 1728148142819e34118188143623b46228181134153542819a34129241(a)9231a8129241(a)8183117741341455127716A825824

716774774

770848757757766765697700251849769251769281

367285

748700749

774

759760

697226

721

815(m)

Stamps, rubber, standard (list)Stamps, rubber, use (For the use of any specific

stamp, see reference number in list ofstamps in 954 on page 871)

Standard meridian, use for timeStandard time

to be used in recordsUse in hydrographic surveys

Standpipe, definitionStar(s), in navigation

altitudes (see also Astronomic observations,and Sextant angles, vertical)

Specimens, bottom (see Bottom characteristics)Speed, motor, echo-sounding instrument (see

Motor speed)Speed of rotation, Dorsey Fathometer index

disks (formula)Speed, survey vessel

determined by using spacing dividers

819241(a)345134619543413818838131

77213312(b)34613141B34513461815(i)337434613461346134619161622212221221718534C

Speed trial courses in Coast PilotSpelling of geographic namesSpherical excess

FormulaSpheroid of referenceSpire, definitionSplicing sounding wire (see Wire, sounding)Split fix, definition

DefinitionDepth curves, —— normal toDistance angles, —— run by usingin R. A. R., difficulty in running

supplemented by other recordsSurvey personnel to be named in ——Tangents, angles to; height of eye to be re-

cordedTide station entries requiredtime, correctness ofTime recordtitle page, completion ofTopographic revision data recorded in ——transmitted separatelyTurns between lines, recordingTurns, recordingVerifier's use of ——

Authorization for ——Requirements, generalSheet, practicable limit onShoal developmentTable for ——, by scaleswithout plotting

Spray gun for whitewashingSpreading of sound (see Sound, spreading of) Spur, definitionSquares, method of, used in changing scaleSquat (see also Settlement and squat)

DefinitionStack, definitionStamp No. 31, Graphic Record, useStamp No. 33, Sounding Apparatus, draft

measurement recorded inStamp No. 35 used in simultaneous com-

parisons

Splits, sounding line — Continued.required occasionallyShoal areas, —— to delineateShoals, —— to locateSpacing, economic, provided by using —— Where required

Combining bright and faint starsCompensation of errors in ——computationEast and west error in ——Figure of error in a ——

Characteristic ——Log readings, correlating with ——Plotting a ——Selection of stars

Plotting —— on smooth sheetPlotting weighted observationsPredicted altitudes and azimuths

Correcting ——Records, transmittalTime to take ——Weighting ——

Azimuth ——Dimensions of standard disksDisks, descriptionestablished near old stationsLegends to be stamped on ——Missing ——, replacingMoving ——

horizontally, methodto nearby locations

Stamping disksvertically, method

Old —— replaced with standard disksPermanency of ——Relocation of nearby ——Removing —— from abandoned sitesReplaced ——, how to stamp disksReplacing ——Resetting ——Subsurface ——Tile ——, unsatisfactoriness ofTriangulation ——, requirements

PAGE 931INDEX

Reference ReferenceNo.No. Page Page

Speed changes to be recordedStamps, rubber, standard (list)Supervision of ——

Stamp No. 41 for chronograph tape

Wire soundings, recording

151 36

Reducing spacing

identification by

868

Accuracy

4765243

determined graphically

in dangerous waters

State coordinate systems 6737328

2111 60Recording ——

2193335Split fix, plotting 7027655(b)Splits, sounding line

Definitiondescriptions (see specific type of station)marks

Static, effect on chronograph tapeStatic, whistle, definitionStation(s), control (see also Control stations)

Accuracy of one sightCombining —— of two observersfix

identification chart, construction ofsight(s) (see also Astronomic observations)

computationstar chartstar finder chartsstar identification table

bringing ''down'' to horizonbringing horizon ''up''predicted altitudes

Prediction of ——azimuths, prediction ofDaytime observationsFinding —— in sextant by

55226854fig. 142954

324336213153151354276

1682e7562

553853457(k)

5512

209277200202271161

56695

513803543

510

512654655871

3387B3387B3387C45244524(a)4524(b)4524(c)3387B3387B3387B3387B3387B3387B

249249249371371371371248248248248248249

33843387338733843384A3387A3384A33823384B33873387338133873387A76433873387B3387B33873384C3387

240244244240241247241239242245247238245247708247249249245242247

68516851

651651

226214214226122632261

2262(b)226222632262(a)22612262262226226322612261226228226

Dead-reckoning ——Echo-sounding ——Hand-lead sounding ——Reducing —— in dangerous watersUniformity of ——

accounted for in smooth-sheet plotting ---Numbering positions at ——Positions to be taken at ——

Sounding ——changes

scales, graphicConstructionDescriptionMethod of useon boat sheetsPurpose

Apparent ——, definitionMeasured ——, definitionMeasuring —— with hydrometerPrecautions during measurements

Special instructions (see Project instructions)Special publications, C. & G. S. (list)Specific gravity of sea water (see also Salinity of

sea water)

Spacing dividers (see Dividers, spacing)Spacing positions (see Positions, hydrographic,

frequency)Spacing soundings (see also Soundings, fre-

quency, and Soundings, spacing)with spacing dividers

Spacing sounding linesCoastal areasInside watersMaximum ——, specified in project instruc-

tions

Sounding Record (s) — Continued.Sounding(s) — Continued.

of two sheets entered in different volumesreduced and checked at Processing Office

208197200946

3241314131436832

4813482648271581346482618264826482632374826

71921326419926226476623526426326426483548707067

803

42242642843

263426426426428207426

584584412412

6331633147534753

421200201202

20020027111200200283201295

481331531513152

3153153541214(c)3153153662315376

952

220399381755769296785263265849257754

753845262264871251769774759

3336b4672454281819b3818363454346393313422fig. 172

15181428534C

36762803

786363798079

8079817979797078817979787878

CharacteristicsDefinitionDistinguishing —— from bottom echoeson fathograms not always distinguishable

from shoals

Stopping survey vessel engaged in dead reckon-ing

Storms at sea

Stranded wire, (see Wire, sounding, stranded)Strays, echo-sounding

Strays from sono-radio buoys (see also Chrono-graph tapes, strays)

Subaqueous distances (see R. A. R. distances)Subaqueous explosions, probable frequency of

soundSubaqueous sound ranging (see R. A. R. )Subjects, special, to be included in Descriptive

ReportSubmarine

235

549

652

613

125125270146

13193270258258

5555

544547

8235255

45147610978

710839841

445445495504446445543

3535

338839429430429429429668

365365761762382240382

158158158340

6362

6462

779616460

744

74442

79179279676715

Other organizations' ——, correlation require-ments

Prior —— (see Prior surveys)sheets (see also Hydrographic sheets)

Completion of —— at end of seasonInventory of —— required in season's re-

portships (see Ships and Vessels)

Accuracy of —— in buoy traversesBack-azimuth computationBuoy to shore stations —— in buoy locationscombined with distances in buoy locationcomputationsCorrecting —— for buoy scopeDirection, preferable, of —— observationsFormulas connected with ——Personnel needed for —— operations (table

2)Sextant, use of in measuring ——Use in buoy locations

Sunken rocks (see Rocks, sunken)Supersonic frequencies (see also Frequencies,

supersonic)used in echo sounding

Supersonic frequency units, directional proper-tie's

Supplemental instructionsSurface of sea water temperature, measurement

ofSurvey(s)

Advance plans for ——Completion of —— at end of seasonDivision of —— between survey unitsen route to working groundParallel progress of ——Planning ——Priority of certain ——Sequence of ——

Geodetic control, —— not connected withHydrographic —— (see Hydrographic surveys

and Hydrographic sheets)old —— (see Prior surveys , hydrographic)

methods, nonstandard, report onMinor —— (see Field examinations)New —— recommended by Coast Pilot revisernumbers (see also Field numbers of surveys

and Registry numbers of surveys)Field ——, on smooth sheetsRegistry —— on smooth sheets

Charting ——, preliminary report ofDisproved —— reported in Descriptive

Reportof other organizations, transmitted to Wash-

ington Office

Air photographic —— (see Air photographicsurvey)

buoy (see Buoys, survey and Buoys, control)data

Accuracy of one sightAltitude, preferable

Dead-reckoning line adjusted to ——Frequency requirementsMeridan altitude sightWhen to take ——

Control buoys referenced to ——Selection of sites

Depth curves, —— represented byinterfering with sound propagation

Care of ——DescriptionLengths availableTesting ——Testing —— before use

Stop and ahead properly reported in SoundingRecord

Stop watch

1761

3521

834

43124224122392

8581

9133a

154793793

1341342135171351313411341

916

1343

8515(i)

19819853

545546806Report on ——

valleys and canyonsBottom characteristics in ——Echo soundings in ——Hydrographic surveys of ——

INDEXPAGE 932

ReferenceReference Submarine — Continued.relief (see also Slope bottom) — Con.

Station(s) — Continued.marks — continued. No. No.Page Page

Steep ——, best sounding line system for

illustrated on fathograms

Submarine Signal Company

Subplans on hydrographic sheets

azimuth(s)

3374

...

441512

563 540121 9

Causes6321 580

571g

6852Streams

equipment

Style Manual, Government

gram 571cfig.118

Offshore large-scale —— (see ''Circle'' sheets)operations (see also Project)656(b)

842T

Offshore ——, value in navigationsimilar to adjacent landSounding at irregular intervals over ——

Type now usedTypes formerly used

names (see also Control station names)used for reference

Recoverable ——, definitionSextant locations recorded in separate volume Spacing requirements for hydrographyTemporary —— not describedThree-point locations, classification

Stations current (see also Current stations)to be shown on smooth sheet

Stations, R. A. R. (see R. A. R. stations)Stations, tide (see also Tide stations)

to be shown on smooth sheetStatistical and cost dataStatistics

Field —— required in Descriptive ReportOffice —— required in Descriptive ReportSeason's report requirementsSounding Record requirementsUnits used in ——

Storms, magneticStorm warning stations listed in Coast PilotStraightedges

Study of ——Weather report of ——

Use in astronomic observationsUse in hydrographic surveys

Composition of ——used for sextant mirrors

Steel towersDescriptionused as hydrographic signalsused as water signals

Steering repeater, of gyro systemStellite

Coast Pilot requirementsGeographic names of ——Terminology used

Striker-type transmitting unitStroboscope function ofStructures used as control stations

Identifying —— before useS-turns, plotting

Stylus, chronograph (see Chronograph, stylus)Stylus, echo sounding (see also under name of

specific instrument)Insufficient pressure of ——, effect on fatho-

depressions, approved terminologyelevations, approved terminologyrelief (see also Slope, bottom)

253625363532574122312353134313433

1682d1682e

91416711682c5161D52432472257653916917

514751475267q5425147514757(h)

145214514415916483148314831483148317322

4514b4514b81418142454433844544

2732732744422(b)

214214

215(a)21483212122142211

7865

7865156

8431844a8515(f)8161124

Care of ——of a launchof the Explorer

Hydrographic signals, —— reflected fromSearching for shoals, position of ——sights (see also Astronomic observations)

Subplans on smooth sheetsSubsurface station marks, requirementsSum angles in triangulation observationsSun

Wire sounding in ——

Terminology approvedtopography

31413141A168

fig. 117571d8582

3842563122311156351325231364343477512262216

30354113

19254144146226

2597277872

25259422524252594194322543941

142452625232713623

338433863383338633863386

119861119119861863129861

28372118152278

240244239244244244

58

268

783

331324320308

805

815

39749749

2021225622152121

826

21

796

INDEX PAGE 933

PagePage

lubrication

fig. 189 fol. 888

distances used to locate control buoys

T

operation

Records to be transmitted

ReferenceNo. Reference

No.Survey(s)—Continued.U. S. Engineers ——, useWire-drag —— (see Wire-drag surveys)

Surveying, land; reference books (list)Swell, allowance for sounding inSwell (submarine feature), definition''Swinger,'' definition-''Swinger'' fixes, plottingSymbols (see also Symbolization under feature

name)Circular ——, drawing with drop bow penDegree and minute ——Nautical chart —— (illustrated)Smooth-sheet ——

Neat but not artisticSpecial —— not used on charts

Standard —— to be used on smooth sheetsSynchronous motor (see also under Dorsey Fath-

ometers)Dorsey Fathometer No. 1to control speed of echo-sounding instruments

Synchronous speed (see under Dorsey Fathom-eters)

Systems of buoy control (see Buoy-controlschemes)

TablesConversion ——

FathomsFeetKilometersMetersMiles, nauticalMiles, statuteScales, mapTemperature, centigradeTemperature, FahrenheitYards

Half-cosecants, naturalHalf-cotangents, naturalin Coast PilotsPressure correctionsSalinity correctionsTrigonometric functions for ''circle'' sheet

constructionVelocity correction factors for use in echo

sounding-Velocity of soundVelocity reduction factors for use in R. A. R

Tachometer, reed, on echo-sounding instru-ments (see also under 808 and 312Fathometers)

PrinciplePurposeverification and adjustment (see under 808

and 312 Fathometers)Taffrail log (see Log, ship, taffrail)Tale, used on tracing clothTallow used for arming leadTandem control

Standard maneuvers of two ships on turnTangents, shoreline

below the visible horizonAngles to ——Height of eye to be recorded

Sextant angles to ——used in three-point fixes

Tanks for acoustic unitsCareSpecifications

Tanner-Sigsbee reversing frameTapes, chronograph (see Chronograph tapes)Taut-wire

apparatus (see also Taut-wire measurements)calibration

along a known distanceCyclometer wheel measured directlyFrequency of ——Methods

Care of ——coverscyclometer wheel, dimensionDescription, generalDistance measurements with ——Distance to be used in calibrating ——Errors caused by inaccurate calibrationGrease from new reel of wireHistoryinstallationLarge ——

Capacity, wireDescription, specificDimensions

96396396396396396396396396396396496491696119611

964

961396119614

51655165523451655165

7141466433663366

3336b3336b3336b3336b

5435434721

4467446744674467446744644464446744644664467256444644464463

446144614461

785785721

52435165

916

953334211681c33327625(c)

48417323

826

870255

54217702

432669

743743663

475454

882882883882883883884883883882885885839875874

885

879873881

455455468455454

662398231232

220220220220

505505405

358359358358359355355358352356359141355352354

353353353

Taut-wire—Continued.apparatus—continued .

large — continued.Weight of standard and reel full of wire

Measuring distances with ——operationPreparing —— for useSmall ——

Capacity, wireDescriptionDimensions

Tension on wireUse in locating control buoysUse in running surveyWire, arranging on ——

measurements (see also Taut-wire apparatusand Traverses, buoy)

Accumulative errors of ——Accuracy of ——Courses, straight, to be maintainedInaccuracies in ——Passing buoys during ——Personnel dutiesPersonnel requirements-Preliminary run required at beginning

of ——Record of observationsSpeed of shipUnknown factors in ——Wire, cutting, at end of ——

traversesControl buoys located by ——Geodetic datum established by ——Personnel needed for —— (table 2)Records and reports required (list)Records required

Taut-wire sun-azimuth traverse, accuracy ofTelegraph and telephone line clearances

Field data requiredSmooth-sheet requirements-

Telegraph snapper (see Snapper)Telescope, binocular, sextant (see Sextants,

telescope, binocular)Telescopic alidade

AdvantagesBearings with ——

Accuracy of ——Description-

Temperature(s) (sea water) (see also Ther-mometer deep-sea)

Accuracy requirements for echo soundingAccuracy requirements for velocity correc-

tionsAverage —— conditions assumed in R. A. R.Coastal watersContinental Shelf ——conversion tablescurves (see also Bathythermograph)

Alaska, offshore ——

Atlantic Ocean, offshore ——Colors used in plotting ——Current, water, effect on ——DefinitionFactors affecting ——Inking ——Mexico, Gulf of, offshore

Monterey Bay, California

Pacific Ocean, offshore —

Plotting ——Depths exceeding 120 fathoms

Preparation, for velocity corrections in feetPurpose

curves, meanPlotting ——Preparation

Graphic methodMathematical method

Depth, —— relation todistribution, geographicDiurnal variation in —Epithalassa definitionerrors (thermometer)

Graph of ——gradient

Definition

446344644465446644614465

446244624462446644663941446525252532

2525446844664468446644664466446644684466446644684466

25625641428351D8323213

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44354435336144354435

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632a

354355355356353355

354354354357356309355119121

119360357360357356356357360356357360358

13814028

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530595577577883587578579578579531577576576588578579577579578579530587531537587588782530529530531531528576579576401402

576

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INDEXPAGE 934

PagePage

ranges in offshore areas

Seasonal distribution near surface

Frequency

at detached positions

Precautions required

computations

Thermometer corrections

Indefinite objects used in ——

Pelorus, —— used asRecording ——, approved method

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.

Temperature(s) — Continued.gradient — continued.

Effect on path of soundreversal, definitionreversal, effect on R. A. R

graphs (see Temperature curves)Hypothalassa, definitionlayers used in velocity correctionsMeasuring —— while underwayobservations (see Temperature, serial obser-

vations)Oceanic areasPlotting —— (see also Temperature curves) Published ——

Atlantic OceanGulf of MaineMonterey Bay, California

Refraction of sound, —— effect onreversals (see Temperature gradient reversal)Seasonal change, importance of

seasonal variation in Alaskaseasonal variation in Hawaiian Islandsseasonal variation on Pacific CoastSerial ——, definitionSerial —— observations

Accuracy requiredBathythermograph useBottom observationDeep observationsDefinitionDepth interval requirementsEcho sounding, —— for use inExpediting ——

depends on velocity variationvaries with locality

in deepest area of surveyInstruments for ——MethodPlotting ——

Procedurewhere depth is knownwhere depth is unknownwhere temperature variation is unknown

recordsrequiredTransmittal

Ship maneuvers while taking ——Surface, observations

Thermometer standardizationTime required for ——Times of making ——using insulated water bottlewhere temperature reversals occur

Solar radiation the principal agent affect-ing ——

Summer maximumSurface ——

Continuous record of ——observations method

Thermocline (see Thermocline)Velocity of sound, —— effect onVertical distribution, importance ofWinter minimum

Templates, celluloid, use in radial-line plottingTemplates, lettering (see Lettering sets, me

chanical)Terminology

Coast Pilots, standard —— for use in (list)Hydrographic reports, standard —— for use

in (list)Submarine relief (definitions)

Theodolite(s)Control buoys, —— used to locateDirection ——

AdvantagesDescriptionHorizon closure with ——Initial settings for observations9-inch —— used without tripods

Drag in plates, test for

Repeating ——AdvantageInitial settings for observationsUse

set up on unstable ground

''Revolver'' ——Protracting ——

Shore objects usedSmall angles to be accurately observed

Indeterminate ——Additional control data at ——Protracting ——

Inshore ends of sounding lines, —— atInshore ——Measuring sum angle of ——Nearby objects usedObserving precautions for small anglesOrders and communications connected

with ——plotted without protractor (see "Circle'' sheets)Plotting —— where a control station is off

the sheetPlotting —— with three-arm protractorPrinciples of ——Protracting inadequate ——Protracting ——Range azimuths determined by ——Ranges with shore stations used to locate

buoys

Distant control stations combined with near-by stations

Distant objectsDifficulty of identifying —— when approach-

ing from seawardRetention of faint ——

Duties of personnel in taking ——Eccentric ——, computationHills and mountains used as objectsInadequate ——, protracting-

Description, general, of a ——Description, specific, of a ——Detached ——, check angle required

Control buoys, check-angle required in locat-ing

Control stations on opposite shore usedControl station selection for ——

when locating control buoysChronological description of a ——close to stations, plotting

Theodolite(s) — Continued.Stability necessary during observationsSun's rays, protection from

Thermocline(s)DefinitionDiurnal ——, definitionSound wave, effect of —— onStationary ——

DefinitionDepth of ——in coastal waters

Summer ——DefinitionDepth of ——in coastal waters

Velocity of sound, effect onThermograph, sea waterThermometers, deep-sea (see also Reversing

frame, thermometer)Depths measured by ——Protected reversing type

Calibration of ——Degree-volume of ——DescriptionHow graduated

reversed by messengerstandardized for serial temperature observa-

tionsUnprotected reversing type

Three-arm device for plotting R. A. R. by dis-tance differences

Three-barrel buoy, descriptionThree-letter station names (list)Three-point fix(es) (see also Position, hydro-

graphic and Sextant angles)Buoy anchors located by ——

from eccentric observation stationBuoys as objects in ——

Relative strength of ——Center object near, disadvantagesChange of objects in ——Check angle required

6232632c632c

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632b5611

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632632

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917

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576529

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63214715

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3333

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45364534333176257623833

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7172

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218

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260

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operation of ——Portable ——

Packing for shipmentStandard ——

Float well dimensionsPreparing —— for shipmentRemoval from packing case

Height of ——Correcting soundings for ——Preferable —— for surveys in dangerous

waterslevel affected by storms

Final values inserted in Descriptive Re-port

Final values prepared at WashingtonOffice

observations by radioobservations, offshore

with Dorsey FathometerFrequency of ——MethodRecording ——shown on hydrographic sheets

with echo-sounding transceiver on bottomwith gage on bottom

Predicted ——curves furnished by Washington Office

Range factor, how to applyTime correction, how to apply-

from Tide TablesMethod of predictingUse in survey operations

recordsnot to be forwarded to Processing Offices Transmittal of ——

station(s)Descriptive Report requirementsEstablishment of ——, report requiredEstablishment of ——, selection of sitesGeneral plan for ——Instructions for ——

PAGE 935

PagePage

Descriptive Report requirements

312 Fathometer

level records, transmittal of

Tide rips

Titanic, sinking of518soundings on 600-fathom scale, correcting

143 31Tidal data, need for-Tidal planes (see Sounding datums and Verti-

cal datums)

Discontinuing ——

location to be noted in Sounding Record

verified by hydrographer

INDEX

ReferenceNo. Reference

No.Three-point fix(es) — Continued.

Small angles to be avoidedSpacing soundings controlled by ——Split ——, plottingStrength of ——Strength of various station arrangements

discussedSum angles in ——''Swinger" ——

Protracting ——Tangents used in ——Theodolite ——

Classification of ——Theory of the ——Weak ——, how to detectWeak —— plotted on circle sheetsWhere requiredwith no common center object

Protracting ——Three-point problem, classification of stations

located by

amplifier, echocalibration velocitycalibration velocity, computing (formula)depth rangeDescriptiondog adjustment -Dorsey Fathometer No. 3 used in combina-

tion with ——Circuit arrangement

draft adjustmentdraft measurement reference pointhydrophones, types usedindexindex adjustment

100-fathom scaleSeparation error accounted for600-fathom scale

indicating mechanisminstrumental error adjustmentmotor generatormotor speed

adjustment and verification (see also 312Fathometer tachometer)

indicated by reed tachometer100-fathom cutoutoperationoscillator

tachometer, reed, frequencycomputation of —— (formula)Operating procedure with erroneous ——record of verificationverification of ——verified with chronographverified with stop watch

transmitted signal, adjusting length ofVeslekari used in combination with ——

Tide(s) (see also Bench marks)Coast Pilot requirementscorrections (see Sounding corrections, and

Echo sounding corrections)curve (see Tides, predicted)gage automatic-

Cleaning ——

Frequency of inspectioninadequately located

916

467467114331435467774(f)81682244671143243414324671434434

82243463661916

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5543555355535553555355535543545

217719702217

2172182177022208860

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839

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33432

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773263283839

Tide(s)—Continued.note

recordsReductions requiredSounding Record requirements

Secondary ——Minimum period of operation

Smooth-sheet requirementsStandard —— for project

Tables, use for predicting tides

Coast Pilot requirementsSymbolization on smooth sheet

Tiller rope (see Leadline material)Time in Sounding Records

Method of numbering hoursof miscellaneous events

Time lags in echo-sounding instrumentsEffectErrors in soundings caused by ——

Timepieces

Title(s), surveyInformation for ——, furnished on formSmooth-sheet ——

TNT (see Trinitrotoluene)Topographic

details (see also High-water line and Shoreline)Agreement on topographic and smooth

sheetsimportance on chartsinked on smooth sheet only as specifiedInshore —— omitted from smooth sheet in sounded areas left in pencil temporarily Omission from smooth sheet authorized Reconciliation with hydrographic data

reported in Descriptive Report

Revision of —— by hydrographer

Symbolization on boat sheetsketched from launchSmooth-sheet —— near control stationstransferred to smooth sheet

by method of squaresby radial-line methodby tracing-paper methodfrom air photographic surveysVerification of ——

sheet(s)Aluminum-mounted —— (see Aluminum-

mounted topographic sheets)Features to be named on ——

75237575755751

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161

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47

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791793

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7443236

Descriptionfrequency

separation effect, compensation forSettlement and squat adjustmentsounding in deep water with ——

Title sheet (Form 537)Hydrographic survey ——inserted in Descriptive Report

{

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Definitionlocated by planetable-located by unconventional methods, report

requirednames length ofRecoverable ——

Definitiondescriptions

transmitted by surveysMarking ——Natural features and structures substi-

tuted for marked ——PurposeRecovery of ——

Report of ——Sketch of immediate vicinitySpacing requirements for ——

symbolizationsurvey(s)

Definitionelevations to be of the groundForm-line —— from shipin advance of controlInstructions for ——Location of hydrographic signalsMethods, specialMethods, substituteProjectionless ——Report of new methods usedrequirementsscale requirementsValue of ——

TopographyTownet, for collecting planktonTracing(s)

clothdistortiondistortion (table 23)dusted with tale before inkingGeneral descriptionGrease, removing from ——sizes availableType most satisfactory

Overlay — (see Overlay tracings)Topographic sheet ——

Disposalmade daily for hydrographer's use

paperDead-reckoning plots, —— used forDescription generaldistortion (table 23)Make of —— most satisfactoryPreparation of —— for transferring detailprints of air photographic surveystransfer, control stations plotted bytransfer method, descriptionuseswidths available

INDEXPAGE 936

PagePage Transmitting unit(s) — Continued.

Classes

Classification of ——closure errors

symbolization

Spacing requirements

Instructions for ——

Recording — (examples)

103Transfer of detail from photographs to maps 2394B

Transmitting letter, copy with shipment

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.Topographic—Continued.

sheet(s)—continued,numbers (see Field numbers and Registry

numbers)Office work required at Processing OfficesOffice work required of field partiesprojections, accuracy requirementsProjection used for ——Tracings of —— used on both boat and

smooth sheetsstation(s)

Accuracy requirements

Track while sounding indicated on boat sheetTransceiver (see also under name of specific

instrument)Definitionlocation, importance of

Transmission line clearancesCoast Pilot requirementsto be shown on smooth sheet

Transmission of sound (see Sound propagationand Sound transmission)

Transmitted signal, echo sounding (see alsounder name of specific instrument)

908 Fathometerincreased on 312 Fathometer for use in deep

waterLag in registration

Effect on soundingsregistrationSeparation of acoustic units, effect on ——

Transmitting unit(s), acoustic (see also Acousticunits)

9167846b

5545

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824742

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552525525514525211786

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draft (see Draft of acoustic units)FunctioninstallationSemiportable ——

Traverse(s)Buoy —— (see also Taut-wire measurements)

adjusted for closure errorGeographic-position method (example)Plane-coordinate method

Correcting azimuths for scopeCorrecting distances for scope

Geodetic ——not to be substituted for triangulationRequirements for ——

Planetable ——accuracy requirementsadjustmentlisted in Descriptive Report

station(s)Definition(s)

Wire —— substituted for stadia ——Trees, evergreen, floating, substituted for con-

trol buoysTrench, definitionTrial positions (see Positions hydrographic,

trial, and R.A.R. positions, trialTriangle computation, where only the lengths

of three sides are knownTriangle of error, graphic, allowable discrepancyTriangulation

Adjustment, continentalAngles concluded, in ——Coastal ——

Distances measured to shorlineFrequency requirements

closures, poor, causes ofComputation , methodComputations, fieldConnection with prior ——expansion provision forExpedition of —— in hydrographic surveysFirst-order ——, requirements (table 3)

needed in advance of other operationsobservations

Discrepancy, allowable, at scheme junc-tions (table 3)

Horizon closure, requirements (table 3)Initial settings of theodolite (table 3)Lines unobserved, method of observing at

later datePointings, number of, requirements (table

3)

Rejection limits (table 3)Requirements (table 3) Scheme junctions, —— required atSum anglesTriangle closures allowable (table 3)Weather needed for ——

Other organizations' ——Connection, geodetic, with ——

Method of ——Usefulness of ——Value of ——

Description of —— stationsExistence of —— investigatedReference marks, establishment at ——

stationsstation marks not to be disturbed

Planning requirementsPrincipal scheme, requirementsprogress sketchPurpose of ——reconnaissancereconnaissance, air photographs used inReconnaissance on paper for ——records

Office work required at Processing OfficesOffice work required of field parties

scheme, descriptionSecond-order ——, requirements (table 3)Specifications for ——station(s) (see also Control stations)

Accessibility of ——

5161table 12

516151615161

944194429441944294329431

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Vacuum lead coring instrumentValley, definitionVariation of the compass

DefinitionWhere to find value of ——

Vegetation marine, symbolizationVellum, tracing (see Tracing paper)Velocity calibration of echo-sounding instru-

ments

INDEX PAGE 937

PagePage

U

V

Spacing requirements

Handling ——, precautions required inDefinition

experiments

tests

R. A. R., use of — in

required in R. A. R

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.Triangulation—Continued.

station(s)—continued.Classification of ——Definitiondescriptions

Preparation of ——transmitted seasonally

disks, rules for stampingFrequency requirements-

Hydrographic names used for ——Lost ——, usefulness of dataMarking ——

Rules for ——marks (see Station marks)named after nearby geographic featuresnamed after property ownersnames (see also Control station names)

abbreviated for hydrographic useHow shown on smooth sheet

Arbitrary hydrographic name usedLength of ——Permanent once stampedPreferable types of ——Proper form of ——Replaced stations

Recovered ——Description data to be verifiedDescriptions of ——

Recovery of ——Reference —— noted on smooth sheetRe-marking ——Replaced ——, namingSearch for ——sites, preferablesites, selecting

symbolCelluloid template for making ——Drawing ——

symbolizationUnoccupied ——

Strength of figures (table 3)Substitutes for ——Superfluous linesThird-order ——, requirements

(table 3)Weather needed for ——

Tributaries, minor surveyed by sextometerTrinitrotoluene (TNT) (see also Bombs and

Explosives)ammunition magazinecharacteristicsDescriptionDetonating ——Handling ——, hand lotion (formula)

ingredientslocker, constructionmanufactureprocurementstowage

Trip hook, for use in handling buoysTripod signal

Centering —— over markconstructionfor hydrographyfor triangulationMateruals for ——Theodolite used at ——

Trolley soundingsTrough, definitionTrucks, usefulness in surveyingTrucks, use in rough terrainTubes, soundingTuning-fork control of echo-sounding instru-

ment speedAdvantagesFrequency

adjustmentverification

by break-circuit chronometerby radio calibration signals

OperationTurbulence of sea water, effect on transmission

of soundTurning radius of survey vessel (see also U-turns)

Descriptive Report requirementsto be determinedUse of —— in plotting turnsValues, approximate

5165

55525551555155515165

622

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454

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567

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193

Turnsat ends of sounding lines

Indicating —— on boat sheets Positions at ——

between closely spaced linesDead-reckoning ——, referencing vessel's po-

sition before a turn to its positionafter

Log loss around ——Plotting launch ——Plotting survey ship ——Plotting —— on smooth sheet

Two-barrel buoy (see Buoys survey, two barrel)Two echo-sounding instruments used in con-

junction

U-turns (see also Turning radius)Plotting —— on smooth sheet

Union Jack, display ofUnited States standard datumUnits of measurementUniversal drafting machineUnnamed features, namingUnsounded areas

Record of ——Symbolization

C. & G. S. instruments

Definition

Velocity of sound, formula for any mediumVelocity of sound (in sea water)

Accuracy requirements for echo soundingAccuracy requirements for R. A. RAccuracy tested by distance arcsActual ——Apparent horizontal —— (see also Velocity

of sound tests)Currents effect on ——

Determination determination by

indirect method(formula)

Abstract requiredRecords required

determined empirically (see also Velocityof sound, R. A. R)

Limitations of use

Relation to theoretical velocitiesReliability of ——

Assumed ——Average —— used in echo sounding

Extent of applicabilityAverage vertical ——Bomb Record entries Bottom —— used in R. A. RBritish Admiralty —— tablescalibration (see Velocity calibration)computation(s)

from tablesrecorded on Form 717Records required

correction(s)abstract required in Descriptive Report

47631682d

441344157863

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INDEXPAGE 938

PagePage

Bar-check method of determination

curves (Form J-100-5)

Factors affecting ——

Definition

Materials in suspension, effect on ——

R. A. R., —— in

Index-adjustment method

Methods of applying ——

Salinity, effect on ——

Temperature, effect on ——

ReferenceNo.

ReferenceNo.Velocity of sound (in sea water)—Continued.

correction(s)—continued.Accuracy requirementsAlgebraic method of determination

Applicability of methodExplanation of method

Change points for tabulating ——

Foot corrections on ——Graph paper describedIdentifying ——Preparing ——Pressure correction curve transferred

to — in graphic methodSubmission of ——submitted in velocity of sound reportVelocity of sound report to include ——Zero line, determining in graphic method-

Depth-layer intervals for determinationof ——

Depth layers determined for —Descriptive Report requirementsdetermined by

averaging temperatures and salinitiesaveraging velocitiessummation of corrections

Factor for determining —— (formula)factors (table 35)for variations from true velocitygraph(s)

designed for use with Form J-100-5Dividers used on ——ExplanationIllustrationindex line, explanation ofindex line, rule for changingMethod of use

for a nonstandard instrument velocityfor depths greater than 200 fathoms for depths in feetfor depths of 200 fathoms or lessPressure curve transferred to velocity

correction curve (Form J-100-5)Pressure correction curve explainedPressure correction curve transferred to

velocity correction curvePrinciples of constructionscales

Explanation of useUse

Graphic determination (see also Velocity ofsound correction graphs)

Specifications for useInstrumental-adjustment method

Applicability of method

Methods of determining ——method used in C. & G. SurveyMotor-speed regulation methodNumerical determination

ExampleSalinity layers for ——tabulated in Descriptive Reporttabulation change points forTabulation requiredTemperature(s) (see also Temperature)

for ——, accuracy requiredlayers for ——Salinity and —— for velocity corrections-Salinity and —— curves for velocity cor-

rectionscurves

Character of ——Construction of ——Use in echo soundingUse in R. A. R

determinationDetermination of mean ——determined experimentally (see also Velocity

of sound, apparent horizontal)Abstract of tests required

Observed distance data recorded in Sound -ing Record

R.A.R. distances recorded in Bomb Rec-ord

diagramsEcho sounding, determination of —— for

Tests to determine apparent horizontal ——Abstract requiredBombs used in ——Buoys used in ——Conditions for making ——Evaluating —— for use in R. A. RFrequency of ——Records requiredSerial temperatures in ——Shore objects used in ——Taut-wire measurements, —— during

Theoretical ——Determination of —— for use in R. A, Rfor any depth

table(s), C. & G. SExplanation of —— (for)

pressure variation (table 34)salinity variation (table 83)temperature variation (table 52)

used in echo soundingtables, British Admiralty

scale, R. A. R. (see R. A. R. velocity scale)Suspended particles, effect on ——

Rangerecorded on Form 717recordsreduction factors for use in R. A, R. (table 36)

Smooth-sheet plotting ——Sound wave path, effect on ——Use of ——

Averages assumed for ——Boat-sheet plottingBottom velocity usedDepth velocity at a selected, usedDetermining ——

empiricallyGeneral procedureSpecific rules

Theoretical and apparent velocitiesagree

Velocity decreases with depthVelocity increases moderately with

depthVelocity increases rapidly with depthVelocity is nearly constant verticallyVelocity reverses with depth

Factors affecting ——Rules for determining ——, generalRules for determining ——, specific

Plotting —— used on R. A. R. smooth sheetspressure correction, formula for determiningPressure, effect on ——

Mean —— determinednonuniform in heterogeneous medium

factors, correction, for use in echo sounding(table 35)

factors, reduction, for use in R. A. R. (table36)

Formula, approximate for ——Formula for any mediumGas in suspension, effect on ——General statementgradient, effect on

path of soundR. A. R.sound transmission

Ideal water mediumLatitude effect on ——

Velocity of sound (in sea water)—Continued.Echo sounding, effect onEcho sounding, —— from tables forEcho sounding, —— requirementsEcho sounding, use of —— inEffective horizontal —— used in R. A. R.Erroneous ——, effect on R. A. R. positions Experimental ——, definitionExperiments, early, to determine ——

561256115572(e)56175617561756145611(4)56145614561456145614

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acoustic units, importance of locationcables, electriccontactor box, functiondepth rangedepth scalesDescriptionDorsey Fathometer No. 3 combined with ——Draft measurement reference pointfathogram

Interference bandpaper, descriptionreference linescale

First use in C. & G. Sindex adjustment

Separation effect accounted forSimultaneous comparisons for ——

installation

Tidal plane heights furnishedTidal plane heights in Descriptive Report

Vertical soundings (see Simultaneous compari-sons and Wire soundings)

Use, practical of ——Value used in plotting R. A. R. smooth sheetsVariable nature of ——variations

War Department, study of sound transmissionWarning signs on sono-radio buoysWatch officer (see Bridge, ship, officer)Watch, relief of, in vicinity of dangerWatch, stop

Use in astronomic observationsUse in hydrographic surveys

Water areas, legend to accompany stations inWater bottle, Green-Bigelow, descriptionWater bottle, insulatedWatercup, Sigsbee, descriptionWaterfront changes reported by Coast Pilot

reviserWaterfront detail, symbolization on smooth

sheetWater jet, used in signal constructionWater sample(s)

Instruments for obtaining ——PreservationRetention, instructions forSalinity determinationssalinity, record ofshipment, instructions forspecific gravity

Water, sea (see Sea water)Water signal(s)

constructed from moored launchillustratedSteel towers used as ——tripodWater jet used in —— construction

Water specimen cupsWater surface of earth, percentageWater tower, definitionWaterways

Narrow —— surveyed by sextometerNavigable —— sounded to head of navigation.Unimportant ——

Establishing control in ——Omission of control in ——

Winding ——Control located by sextant triangulationPositions transferred from boat sheet to

smooth sheetsurveyed by sextometer

Wave length, definition

Velocity of sound (in sea water) — Continued.Theoretical — Continued. Veslekari — Continued.

motor speedAdjusted ——adjustment

by comparison with the Dorsey Fathom-eter No. 3

by timing revolutionsFathogram record of ——for a velocity of 820 fathoms per secondProcedure for ——

verification and adjustmentverification, frequency of

Operationparts, principalphasing control operationrecorder cabinetrecording devicesignal transmissionstylus, motion ofTanks for —— acoustic units, construction

specifications312 Fathometer combined with ——

Vessel(s) (see also Ship)Auxiliary — of the Coast and Geodetic

SurveyCruising radiusDimensions and particulars (table 9)Fuel capacity

Draft of —— (see Draft)Survey ——

Descriptive Report, —— used noted inHandling —— while soundingRisks in surveying shoalsTurning radius to be determined

Vincent hydropbone (see Hydrophones, sono-radio buoy, Vincent)

Vincent sono-radio buoy (see also Sono-radiobuoy, Vincent)

Viscosity (of sea water)Attenuation of sound caused by ——DefinitionSound transmission, effect of —— on

Visibility at seaFormula for computation of ——Refraction, effect of

Visual indicator (see Registering devices)

Statistics, officeVerifier

Duties of ——Report, written, of ——

PurposeReviewer's use of ——

Vertical angle(s)Computing elevations from —— (form)Subtended ——

Banners on buoys at known heightFormulaUse in surveying offshore shoal

to hills and mountainsUse in measuring distances

Vertical casts (see Simultaneous comparisonsand Wire soundings)

INDEX PAGE 939

ReferencePageNo.PageNo.

55555555

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543545

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505506

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814

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107

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849854854857

298

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734830734

698968

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793

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Definition

Review, —— differentiated from

wVertical datums (see also Sounding datums)

Veslekari

Acoustic unit ——

installation

for echo sounding

used in R. A. R

Regional ——Seasonal ——with depthwith salinitywith temperature

Vertical mean ——Extent of applicability

Verification of hydrographic surveysat Washington OfficeBoat sheet, use of, during ——

Inspection for adequacyInstructions, miscellaneousReport of ——

Purpose

Coast Pilot usageDefinition (sounding datum)for elevations

for hydrography

for topography

Recorder cabinet ——Interference bandkeying mechanismmagnetostrictive unit(s)

DescriptionfrequencyIllustration

operationradiation angle

motor, driving

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Reference

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(d)

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a

44

C

Waves, allowance for sounding inWeather

broadcastsCoast Pilot requirementsFavorable —— needed for certain survey

operationsImportance of ——Local —— conditions

Cyclic changes in——Effect on survey operationsForecasting ——Report on——

Report, special, written on ——Ship reports of —— by radio

of storms and dangersRoutine ——

Sounding Record entries requiredStudy, advance of —— conditionsStudy of —— its importancetables in Coast PilotTriangulation observations, —— needed for

Weighing survey buoysWeights, paperWhaleboat

DescriptionDimensionsSounding from ——Use

WharvesCoast Pilot requirementsDepths at —— where publishedSounding alongside——

Whatman's paper sheets

Distortion in ——

used for topographyWhitewash

Dry surfaces,—— placed onPrecautions when—— mixingPreparation of ——Quantity for one hydrographic signal sprayed on inaccessible cliffsSpray gun used for——

Wire-dragdepths

Descriptive Report requirementsInking —— on smooth sheet, method

Smooth-sheet requirementsDescription of——equipment standardLeast depths proved by——Protractor fatting for plotting——substituted for development

Wire-dragsurveys

Least depths from prior—— need not beinvestigated

WireFloating —— used in traverse measure-

mentsPositions hydrographic,—— used in locat-

ingrope (see also Buoys, survey, anchor cable)

Corrosion of——

Stainless steel ——Buoy anchor cable, —— used for

AdvantagesCorrosion of ordinary wire rope used in

conjunction with ——Specifications

Sounding——Care of——Oiling——Piano——

Capacity of deep-sea sounding machine- Coefficient of expansion of——Description and dimensionsReeling-in-speed

9169163434711123371142332762762762762762461276

Wire —— Continued.Sounding —— Continued.

Piano —— Continued.Splicing ——

to ropeto stranded wire

Stray line used with ——Placing new —— on sounding machine

Protection and careSerial temperature observations, precau–

tions inStranded ——

Capacity of LL-type sounding machine-Description and dimensionsSerial temperature observations, ——

used in

Sheave correction for ——Splicing ——Splicing —— to piano wireTraverse measurements with ——

Taut-wire apparatus ——Putting on apparatusTension during a measurement

traverse distance measurements bytraverse substituted for stadia

Wire sounding(s)Bottom characteristics obtained with ——

Correcting —— for worn sheaveCurrents —— inDetecting —— at great depthsEcho soundings are replacing ——

Echo soundings, —— to supplement doubtful

Errors in ——Frequency requirementsPaying out wire rate ofPosition frequency requirementsRecording ——

Approved method (illustration)Reeling-in rate

Sinker used in taking ——

Submarine canyons, —— inTaking ——

Wire sweep, descriptionWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWorld War I, development of echo sounding

duringWorld War I, studies of sound transmissionWreckage, symbolizationWrecks

Causes of —— explained in Coast PilotCharted —— verification requiredcleared with wire drag, symbolizationCoast Pilot requirementsDescriptive Report requirementsFloating —— report to Coast Guardon prior survey sheets, verification requiredSmooth-sheet requirementsStranded ——

Descriptions requiredLocations requiredSymbolization

Sunken ——Locations requiredSymbolizationWire-dragging ——

Wrico lettering set

INDEXPAGE 940

ReferenceReferencePageNo.

No. Page

6321 580

390394

326326387327

2381 963344

28322832

Y

z724830

Zero soundings, smooth-sheet requirementsZones, danger

389361394391

278326882

Yachtsmen to be consulted about shoalsYachts, value as leased launchesYards, conversion table

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