Hydrology:Drainage basin:1. Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology1 Fig. 1 shows the hydrological cycle of a small river basin.

. (a)  Define the term hydrological cycle as it applies to a small river basin. [2]

. (b)  Identify and briefly describe two stores shown on Fig.1. [4]

. (c)  Explain how throughflow and groundwater flow (base flow) occur. [4]

2. Fig. 2 shows the flows and stores of water associated with a river channel and its adjoining slopes.

. (a)  Identify the flows marked A and B on Fig. 2. [2]

. (b)  Briefly describe interception storage. [3]

. (c)  Using Fig. 2, explain how water from surface storage reaches groundwater storage. [5]

3 (a) (i) Define the terms infiltration and groundwater. [4]

(ii) Briefly indicate how rates of infiltration might vary with intensity of rainfall. [3]

4. (a) (i) Define the terms throughfall and throughflow. [4]

(ii) Describe one way in which overland flow occurs. [3]

5 Fig. 3 shows changing levels of the water table in an area and the location of two valleys.

(a)(i) Which valley will have flowing water only in the wet season? [1]

(ii) What is the process marked X? [1]

(iii) What is the zone marked Y? [1]

(iv) What is the zone marked Z? [1]

(b) Explain how water reaches, is stored in and removed from the zone below the water table. [6]

6 (a) (i) Define the hydrological terms groundwater and springs. [4]

(ii) Briefly describe how groundwater recharge occurs. [3]

2  Rainfall – discharge relationships within drainage basins

1 (a) (i) Define the terms precipitation intensity and antecedent moisture. [4]

(ii) Briefly describe how precipitation intensity might affect surface flows in a river basin. [3]

(b) For each of:

. (i)  a river basin on clay (impermeable) geology,

. (ii)  a river basin on limestone (permeable) geology,

draw labelled storm hydrographs to show the effect of a rain storm. [8]

2(a) Using examples of hydrographs, demonstrate how discharge in a drainage basin can be affected by:

(i) soils and geology;

(ii) slopes. [8]

(b) How can hydrographs help the study of flows in a catchment area? [10]

3. Table 1 gives some data for two river catchments located in similar temperate climates.

(a) What percentage of average annual rainfall occurs as runoff in:

. (i)  River A; [1]

. (ii)  River B? [1]

(b) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum recorded flows in:

. (i)  River A; [1]

. (ii)  River B? [1]

(c) Using the evidence in Table 1, explain which of the rivers you think is more likely to produce floods in response to a storm event. [6]

3 Fig. 4 shows a storm hydrograph. Fill in your details at the top of the page and attach it to your

answer booklet or paper.

(a) On Fig. 4:

. (i)  mark and name the peak discharge; [1]

. (ii)  show lag time; [1]

. (iii)  draw a line indicating baseflow; [1]

. (iv)  label the recession limb. [1]

(b) Explain how, in a catchment area, the shape of a hydrograph can be affected by:

. (i)  geology and soils;

. (ii)  drainage density. [6]

. (c)  Using diagrams, show how soils and vegetation within a catchment area (drainage basin) can affect the shape of storm hydrographs. [8]

3. River channel processes and landforms

1 Fig. 5 shows the transportation of sediment within a river channel.

(a) Identify the processes of transportation shown in Fig. 5 as:

(i) A

(ii) B

(iii) C [3]

(b) Describe the operation of one of the processes you have identified in (a). [2]

(c) Explain two ways shown in Fig. 5 by which the river obtains its sediment load from outside the channel. [5]

Hjulstrom curve

1. (a) Using a labelled diagram, describe how the Hjulstrom curve can be used to show transportation and deposition in a river channel. [8]

2. (b)  With the help of diagrams, explain how rivers pick up (entrain), transport and deposit sediment. [8]

Velocity and discharge:

1 (a) (i) Define the terms velocity and discharge as they apply to river channels. [4]

Patterns of flow (laminar, turbulent and helicoidal)

(ii) Briefly describe helicoidal flow. [3]

Channel types (straight, braided, meandering),

1 Fig. 6 shows some features associated with the valley of a river channel.

(a) (i) Name and briefly describe the feature marked as A. [2] (b) (ii) Name and briefly describe the feature marked as B. [2]

(b) Explain the development of this river channel and one of the landforms shown on Fig. 6. [6]

2 (a) (i) Define the terms riffle and pool. [4]

(ii) Briefly explain how riffle and pool sequences may affect channel shape. [3]

3 (a) Describe the differences between a braided and a meandering stream channel. What are the causes of these differences? [10]

4. Photograph A shows features of a meander on the River Swale in North Yorkshire, UK.

(a) Identify the features labelled in Photograph A.

(i) A

(ii) B [2]

(b) Describe the processes that lead to the features you have identified in (a).

[5]

(c) Briefly explain how a floodplain is formed. [3]

Landforms:

(b) With the use of diagrams, describe and explain the formation of: (i) waterfalls;

(ii) gorges. [8]

4 The human impact

1. How can the abstraction (removal) and the storage of water by humans affect flows and stores within a drainage basin? [10]

2. To what extent can human activities affect river channels? [10]

3. Using examples, explain how human activities can affect channel flow. [10]

4 How might human activities affect the amount and speed of water flowing in a river channel? [10]

Flood:1. (a) What are the main causes of river floods and to what extent can their effects be limited by human actions? [10]

(b) With the use of diagrams, describe and explain the landforms produced by river floods. [8]

(c) Briefly explain what is meant by recurrence intervals in flood prediction. [3]