hydrology final

Chapter 1

Introduction

Water distributions are important for people living in a

cities or town, giving them sufficient water supply for a certain

cost. It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for

household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing,

cooking, sanitation, and gardening. Basic household water

requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at around 50

liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens. Drinking

water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it

can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term

harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most

developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce

and industry is all of drinking water standard even though only a

very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food

preparation.

Water distributions in Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija are supplied

by their own water district located in Gomez St., Poblacion II,

Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija. The Peñaranda Water District is a local

water district created by virtue of Resolution No. 033 dated

August 1987 of the Municipal Council of Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija.

On September 1987, the Certificate of Conditional Conformance No.

Water Distribution Efficiency of Peñaranda Water District for the Year 2025

306 was issued by Local Water Utilities Administration to

formalize the establishment of Peñaranda Water District. The

operation of the local water district started on September 18,

1995 pursuant to the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 198 as

amended by PD Nos. 768 and 1479, otherwise known as the

“Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973”. Its primary objective

is to acquire, install, improve, provide, maintain and operate

the water supply and distribution system for domestic,

commercial, and industrial consumption of residents within the

boundaries of the District. As of December 31, 2013 the district

is servicing 9 out of 10 barangays with total service connection

of 4,343.


Chapter 2

Related Literature

Drinking water systems can implement water efficiency

measures and still deliver an unchanged or improved level of

service to consumers while reducing overhead costs. Improving

water efficiency reduces operating costs (e.g., pumping and

treatment) and reduces the need to develop new supplies and

expand our water infrastructure. It also reduces withdrawals from

limited freshwater supplies, leaving more water for future use

and improving the ambient water quality and aquatic habitat. More

and more utilities are using water efficiency and consumer

conservation programs to increase the sustainability of their

supplies. Case studies demonstrate substantial opportunities to

improve efficiency through supply-side practices, such as

accurate meter reading and leak detection and repair programs, as

well as through demand-side strategies, such as conservation-

based water rates and public education programs.

Water efficiency for public water systems, identifies

measures to improve water efficiency, and provides

recommendations on how water systems can get started and

continues making water efficiency improvements also water

efficiency means using improved technologies and practices that


deliver equal or better service with less water. For example,

leak detection programs can reduce the amount of water, pressure,

and energy required to deliver the same amount of water to

consumers' taps. This document is intended for small and medium‐sized water systems as well as technical assistance providers and

state programs that support or regulate these systems. Faced with

the tremendous challenges of climate change, population growth,

increasing energy costs, ageing infrastructure, water loss and

regulatory targets, water distribution managers are continually

seeking new ways of delivering water to their customers in an

efficient, effective and affordable way. Innovative solutions are

needed which make best use of available data and resources.

Water efficiency is the long term ethic of saving water

resources through the use of water‐saving technologies and

practices. A related concept is water conservation, which is more

narrowly focused on reducing water loss, waste or use. EPA’s

efforts have evolved from emphasizing only water conservation to

the more holistic framework of water efficiency. As the volume of

water lost (or wasted) is reduced, water efficiency improves.

Likewise, as the volume of water needed to satisfy customer

demands is reduced, water efficiency improves. During periods of

drought and extreme summer heat, communities and water systems

are very aware of the need to conserve their water supplies.


However, an increasing number of communities and water systems

are recognizing the value of improving water efficiency in

addition to using the short‐term tools of conservation and water use restrictions during periods of emergency. Water that is lost

unnecessarily or used inefficiently impedes the long‐term sustainability of water systems even in parts of the country

without chronic water shortages. Many water systems dealing with

source water scarcity already recognize that their options are

increasingly limited and that improving water efficiency has

become a necessity.

Water efficiency is becoming increasingly important to

public water systems in the United States from a resource

management and economic perspective. Increasing water efficiency

can help a water system simultaneously deal with critical issues

such as:

Decreasing availability and quality of source waters,

Increasing costs of treating and providing water,

Aging infrastructure in service beyond its useful life,

Growing demands for an improved level of service placed on the

system by customers,


Reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital projects,

and

Important environmental sustainability benefits, including

reduced energy use and reduced pressure on water resource.


Chapter 3

Methodology

Type of Research

The type of research that will be used in this study is

qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative

researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human

behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The

discipline investigates the water distribution efficiency through

the next decade. Besides this, the researcher will also examine

the phenomenon through observations in numerical representations

and through statistical analysis. Along with questionnaires that

will be given out to respondents for the statistical

representation of the findings in the study, interviews with the

respondents and a few experts in this field will also be

conducted.

Sampling Method

The research sampling method that will be used in this study

is random sampling to obtain a more scientific result that could

be used to represent the entirety of the population.

From 10 barangays, 4 will be picked through random sampling. The

residence in these four barangays will then be the target sources


of respondents of the researcher. The resident will be contacted

to obtain a verbal consent to administer the questionnaire to

mothers at their places. A letter of consent will also be sent to

them along with a sample copy of the questionnaire that will be

used, as well as the protocol of the researcher.

Respondents

The respondents in this research will all be coming from one

single location – Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija, specifically the randomly

selected barangays of Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 3 and

Poblacion 4. The researcher chose Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija because of

the socio-economic conditions present in the area that is relevant to

the study and also as it fits the time frame and resources of the

researcher. The randomly sampled respondents will be asked by the

researcher for consent and approval to answer the questionnaire until

the desired number of respondents which is 30 is reached.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire requires information about the age and social

status. It also has questions related about how the water distribution

will be efficient for the next decade. Statements that are perceived

to be factors that influence the efficiency of water distribution in

Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija.



Kahusayan sa Pamamahagi ng Tubig ng Peñaranda Water District para sa Taon 2025

Pangalan (Opsyonal): ___________________________________________________________

Edad: ( )20-30 ( )31-40 ( ) 41-60 ( )61-Pataas Kasarian: ( )Lalake ( )Babae

Panlipunang Katayuan: ( )Mayaman ( )May kaya ( )Mahirap

Panuntunan: Ang mga sumusunod na pahayag ay may nakalapat na pamantayan mula 1 hanggang 5. Markahan ang bawat pahayag sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng tsek (/) sa kaukulang kolum.

Antas ng tugon Degree of Response Rank

Lubos na Sumasang-ayon Strongly Agree 1

Sumasang- ayon Agree 2

Hindi Gaanong Sumasang-ayon Fairly Agree 3

Hindi Sumang-ayon Disagree 4

Lubos na di Sumasang-ayon Strongly Disagree 5

1 2 3 4 5

1

Giving sufficient water supply for a certain cost for the next decade.(Ang pagbibigay ng sapat na supply ng tubig para sa isang tiyak na halaga para sa susunod na dekada.)

2Drinking water that is sufficiently high in quality.(Inuming tubig na may sapat na mataas sa kalidad.)

3

Drinking water standard for supplying water to households, commerce and industry even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.(Inuming tubig pamantayan para sa pagbibigay ng tubig sa kabahayan , commerce at industriya kahit na lamang ito ng napakaliit na bahagdan ay aktwal na natupok o ginagamit sa paghahanda ng pagkain ).

4

Using improved technologiesand practices that deliver equal or better service.(Paggamit ng pinahusay na mga kasanayan sa technologiesand na maghatid katumbas o mas mahusay na serbisyo .)

5Decreasing availability and quality of source waters.(Pagbaba ng kakayahang magamit at kalidad ng source na tubig.)

6Increasing costs of treating and providing water.(Ang pagtaas ng gastos ng pagpapagamot ng at pagbibigay ng tubig.)

7

Growing demands for an improved level of service placed on the system by customers.(Lumalagong mga pangangailangan para sa isang pinahusay na antas ng serbisyo na inilagay sa system sa pamamagitan ng mga customer.)

8

Reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital projects.(Pagbawas o bimbin ang pangangailangan para sa mamahaling mga proyektong kapital .)

Chapter 4


Interpretation of Data

In this research, a survey questionnaire was used to

determine the impacts of the said problems socially, culturally,

morally, economically and physically.

This chapter reveals the response of the fifty (50)

respondents at Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija which are randomly selected

to represents its population.

Weighted means are summarizes with regards to the table.

Antas ng tugon Degree of Response Rank

Lubos na Sumasang-ayon Strongly Agree 1

Sumasang- ayon Agree 2

Hindi Gaanong Sumasang-ayon Fairly Agree 3

Hindi Sumang-ayon Disagree 4

Lubos na di Sumasang-ayon Strongly Disagree 5

Weighted Verbal


Mean Description

1 Giving sufficient water supply for a certain cost for the next decade.

2.34 Agree

2 Drinking water that is sufficiently high in quality.

2.48 Agree

3

Drinking water standard for supplying water to households, commerce and industry even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.

2.89Fairly

Agree

4 Using improved technologies and practices that deliver equal or better service.

2.15 Agree

5 Decreasing availability and quality of source waters.

4.28 Disagree

6 Increasing costs of treating and providing water.

2.42 Agree

7

Growing demands for an improved level of

service placed on the system by

customers.

2.39 Agree

8Reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital projects. 3.33

Fairly

Agree

This table shows that the respondents agreed that the water

districts gives sufficient water supply for a certain cost for

the next decade by having a weighted mean of 2.34; that drinking

water is sufficiently high quality by having a weighted mean of

2.48; that using improved technologies and practices deliver

equal or better service revealed by a weighted mean of 2.15; that

the water district increase the cost for treating and providing

water by having a weighted mean of 2.42; that the growing demands

for an improved level of service placed on the system by

customers as revealed by a weighted mean of 2.39.


The respondents fairly agreed that the drinking water

standard for supplying water to households, commerce and industry

even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or

used in food preparation by having a weighted mean of 2.89; and

that the reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital

projects by having a weighted mean of 3.33.

But some respondents disagreed that the water district

decreases the availability and quality of source water by having

a weighted mean of 4.28.

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation


Summary

Based from the survey conducted by the researchers and

actual giving of field questionnaire, the summary of their

assessments with regards to the water distribution efficiency of

Peñaranda Water District has a weighted mean of 2.47 that

described an agreed verbal interpretation that the Peñaranda

Water District provides efficient water distribution for the year

2025.

Conclusion

After conducting of survey questionnaire, the researchers

concluded that the water distribution of Peñaranda Water District

is still efficient for the year 2025. Based from the table shown

on the previous chapter, the respondents agreed as revealed by a

2.47 weighted mean which means that the people of Peñaranda,

Nueva Ecija still satisfied with the service provided by the

Peñaranda Water District. It also showed that there is sufficient

water supply for a certain cost in high quality for the next

decade. Increasing the costs of treating and providing water

using improved technologies and practices that deliver equal or

better service.

Recommendations


As the next Civil Engineers, we suggest to continue studying

about water resources so that we can make or invent new

instrument to improve the efficiency of water distribution for

water districts here in our country. Also we suggest that regular

maintenance for the operation of the water district is a must so

they can provide high quality waters for the households. More

importantly, it is recommended that people protect our

environment so the source of water cannot be contaminated by

harmful chemicals.

Images of Peñaranda Water District


Water Tower of Peñaranda Water District


Old Office of

Peñaranda Water District


The New Office of Peñaranda Water District

Curriculum Vitae

Arjay Lansangan KuizonWater Distribution Efficiency of Peñaranda Water District for the Year 2025

Birthday: July 31, 1994

Age: 20

Birthplace: San Luis, Dikapinisan, Aurora

Sex: Male

Civil Status: Single

Address: Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora

Nationality: Filipino

Father’s Name: Armani Lumasac Kuizon

Occupation: Taxi driver

Mother’s Name: Zenaida Lansangan Kuizon

Occupation: Housewife

Educational Background

Elementary: Paltic Elementary School

Secondary: Saint Patrick’s Academy

College: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Marco Ramos Jacob


Birthday: June 7, 1994

Age: 20

Birthplace: Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija

Sex: Male


Address: #81 Padilla St. Poblacion 3, Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija


Father’s Name: Alex B. Jacob

Occupation: Carpenter

Mother’s Name: Teodora R. Jacob



Elementary: Peñaranda Central School

Secondary: Peñaranda National High School


Delfin Cunanan Eugenio Jr.


Birthday: February 4, 1994

Age: 21

Birthplace: Isabela

Sex: Male


Address: Bacnor West, Burgos, Isabela


Father’s Name: Delfin R. Eugenio Sr.

Occupation: Farmer

Mother’s Name: Divina C. Eugenio

Occupation: Teacher


Elementary: Bacnor Elememtary School

Secondary: La Salette of Aurora


Cris Dominic Quilantang. Dela Paz


Birthday: March 24, 1995

Age: 19

Birthplace: Bacolod City

Sex: Male


Address: Caalibangbangan, Cabanatuan City


Father’s Name: Crisostomo C. Dela Paz

Occupation: Civil Engineer

Mother’s Name: Liberty Q. Dela Paz



Elementary: Jesus Mighty Faith Academy

Secondary: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology


Robenir Geronimo Mahipus

Birthday: October 24, 1994

Age: 20


Birthplace: Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija

Sex: Male


Address: #56 Rizal St., Sto. Tomas, Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija


Father’s Name: Robert D. Mahipus

Occupation: Driver

Mother’s Name: Cristina G. Mahipus

Occupation: Dressmaker


Elementary: Sto. Tomas Elementary School

Secondary: Peñaranda National High School

