hydronic loop performance: design vs. installed why design and modeling data don’t always match a...
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![Page 1: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hydronic Loop Performance:Design vs. Installed
Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance
David Kandel
New Mexico Association of Energy Engineers May 26, 2015
![Page 2: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agenda
Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed• Design and Modeling Assumptions & Coil Behavior• Performance Problems
• Valve Sizing• Valve Authority (Static vs Dynamic Balancing)• Coil Performance
• Potential Solutions
![Page 3: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Valve Specs
• Design / Modeling Assumptions• Proper Valve Sizing• Stable System Pressures• Perfect Valve Authority
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Valve / Coil Performance
Coil Performance
Co
il P
ow
er /
Flo
w
Flow / Control Signal
ΔT
BTUh
Valve GPM
Resulting Coil Output
ΔT
![Page 5: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Agenda
Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed• Design and Modeling Assumptions & Coil Behavior• Performance Problems
• Valve Sizing• Valve Authority• Coil Performance
• Potential Solutions
![Page 6: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hydronic Valve Sizing
P
gpm Cv
Example:• Coil Requires 250 GPM• Design DP for valve, 4 psi • DP of Valve not to exceed 5
psi
1252
250
4
250 Cv
![Page 7: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hydronic Valve Sizing
Example:• Coil Requires 250 GPM• Design DP for valve, 4 psi • DP of Valve not to exceed 5
psi
1252
250
4
250 Cv
![Page 8: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hydronic Valve Sizing
2GPM
P
Cv
Checking DP
Example:• Coil Requires 250 GPM• Design DP for valve, 4 psi • DP of Valve not to exceed 5
psi
![Page 9: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Hydronic Valve Sizing
psi7.790
250 P
2
2GPM
P
Cv
Checking DP
psi2.2170
250 P
2
![Page 10: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Piping Options
Coil Balance Valve
Control Valve
Coil Control Valve
Coil Flow Limiting
Valve
Control Valve
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No Balancing DeviceOversized Control Valves
Coil Control Valve
Coil Control Valve
Near Pump:• High ΔP causes massive
overflow
ΔP35 psi
ΔP8 psi
Far From Pump:• Oversized Valve cause
overflow• No Protection from pressure
changes
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Traditional Balancing ValveOversized Control Valves
Near Pump:• Major Valve Authority issues• No Protection from pressure
changes
Balance Valve
Balance Valve
Far From Pump:• Minor Valve Authority issues• No Protection from pressure
changes
Coil Control Valve
Coil Control Valve
ΔP35 psi
ΔP10 psi
![Page 13: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flow Limiting ValveOversized Control Valves
Near Pump:• Major Valve Authority issues• No Protection from pressure
changes below full flow
Far From Pump:• Minor Valve Authority issues• No Protection from pressure
changes below full flow
Coil Control Valve
Coil Control Valve
ΔP35 psi
ΔP10 psi
Flow Limiting
Valve
Flow Limiting
Valve
![Page 14: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Agenda
Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed• Design and Modeling Assumptions & Coil Behavior• Performance Problems
• Valve Sizing• Valve Authority• Coil Performance
• Potential Solutions
![Page 15: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Valve Authority
Branchp
valvepCoil
Balance Valve
branch
valve
p
pA
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Static BalancingFull Flow
Near Pump:• High Branch Differential• High Pressure Drop on
Balancing Valve
Balance Valve
Balance Valve
Far From Pump:• Low Branch Differential• Low Pressure Drop on
Balancing Valve
Coil Control Valve
Coil Control Valve
ΔP20 psi
ΔP10 psi
4PSI
4PSI
2PSI
4PSI
4PSI
12PSI
100%
![Page 17: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Static BalancingManual Balancing Valves
• 100% flow• No pressure drop• 100% flow• 12 psi pressure drop
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• 20% flow• ? psi pressure drop
Static BalancingManual Balancing Valves
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• Limit the maximum coil flow…
• What happens below max flow?
Static BalancingAutomatic Balancing Valves
Control Valve + Automatic Balancing valve = PI Valve
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Static BalancingLess than Full Flow
Near Pump:• Massive overflow
Balance Valve
Balance Valve
Far From Pump:• Small overflow
Coil Control Valve
Coil Control Valve
ΔP20 psi
ΔP10 psi
5PSI
< 4PSI
1PSI
14PSI
< 4PSI
2PSI
20%
![Page 21: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dynamic Balancing
![Page 22: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dynamic BalancingAll Flows
Near Pump:• Exact GPM
Far From Pump:• Exact GPM
Coil PI Valve
CoilPI Valve
ΔP20 psi
ΔP10 psi
0 to 100%
![Page 23: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Agenda
Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed• Design and Modeling Assumptions & Coil Behavior• Performance Problems
• Valve Sizing• Valve Authority• Coil Performance
• Potential Solutions
![Page 24: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Valve / Coil Performance
Coil Performance
Co
il P
ow
er /
Flo
w
Flow / Control Signal
ΔT
BTUh
Valve GPM
Resulting Coil Output
ΔT
![Page 25: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Low Delta T at the Coil
T500Q(Btu/h) GPMPower Output:
Operating in the Waste Zone1. Pumping more Water2. Reduced Delta T3. No additional BTUs
![Page 26: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Low Delta T at the Coil
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Coil Degradation
Heat Transfer of Coil Degrades Over Time• Damage to coil or fins• Air-side fouling• Water-side fouling
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Coil Degradation
Coil Performance
Co
il P
ow
er /
Flo
w
Flow / Control Signal
ΔT
BTUh
Valve GPM
Resulting Coil Output
ΔT
![Page 29: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Coil Performance
Coil Degradation
Wa
ste
Zon
e
Co
il P
ow
er /
Flo
w
Flow / Control Signal
ΔT
![Page 30: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Agenda
Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed• Design and Modeling Assumptions & Coil Behavior• Performance Problems
• Valve Sizing• Valve Authority• Coil Performance
• Potential Solutions• Pressure Independent Valves• Delta T Limiting
![Page 31: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pressure Independent ValvesBetter Performance
• No Issues with oversizing• Perfect Valve Authority• Stable control, part load and full load
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Pressure Independent ValvesPI Valve Technologies
Mechanical Regulator Flow Meter
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Pressure Independent TechnologyMechanical Regulator
Pu Pd
Pd
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Pressure Independent TechnologyMechanical Regulator
Pu Pd
Pd
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Pressure Independent TechnologyElectronic Pressure Independence
Real Time Flow Measurement
Unrestricted Flow Pattern
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Advantages of Electronic PI ValvesDP Reset Strategy
DP reset can now be employed with Pressure Independence
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Advantages of Electronic PI ValvesDP Reset Strategy
At Design• “Critical Zone” valve full
open at 5 psi
Coil ePIV
Coil ePIV
100%
5PSI
100% Open
9PSI
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9PSIAdvantages of Electronic PI ValvesDP Reset Strategy
At High Demand• “Critical Zone” valve full
open at 5 psi
Coil ePIV
45%
5PSI
At Reduced Demand• “Critical Zone” valve driven
open, as pump reduced as far as possible.
40%
50% Open
8PSI
![Page 39: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
65% Open80% Open90% Open
8PSIAdvantages of Electronic PI ValvesVFD Reset Strategy
At High Demand• “Critical Zone” valve full
open at 5 psi
Coil ePIV
45%
5PSI
At Reduced Demand• “Critical Zone” valve driven
open, as pump reduced as far as possible.
4PSI3PSI2PSI
40%35%30%
7PSI6PSI
![Page 40: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pressure Independent TechnologyDelta T Limiting
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Pressure Independent TechnologyDelta T Limiting
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Delta T LimitingCase Study: Large Tech Company in North Carolina
Position Control 240 GPM
144 GPM
96 GPM
Pressure Independent
P.I.+DT Management
![Page 43: Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed Why design and modeling data don’t always match a building’s actual performance David Kandel New Mexico](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022103123/56649d935503460f94a7a098/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Hydronic Loop Performance: Design vs. Installed• Design and Modeling Assumptions & Coil Behavior• Performance Problems
• Valve Sizing• Valve Authority• Coil Performance
• Potential Solutions• Pressure Independent Valves• Delta T Limiting