HYDROSPHERE

EOG REVIEW

HYDROSPHERE

• Any water environment on Earth- includes oceans, lakes, rivers, water in the ground and water in the air.

• Water covers 70% of the Earth.• 97% of the Earth’s water is salt water in the oceans.• 3% of Earth’s water is fresh water.– 2% of freshwater is frozen in glaciers.– 1%- is the amount of freshwater available to humans,

plants, and animals.

Properties of Water

• Water is a polar molecule and this gives it unique and special properties.

• A polar molecule means it is slightly positive on one end and slightly negative on the other end.

• The following properties are due to this:– It is a universal solvent– It has a high specific heat– It is less dense as a solid than as a liquid

Properties of Water

• Water is a universal solvent.• This means it can dissolve other substance.• Water dissolves nutrients from rocks and soils.– Water is a solvent.– Whatever gets dissolved into the water is a solute.– The result is a solution- a mix of the water

(solvent)+whatever was dissolved into the water (solute).

Example- Water (solvent) + salt(solute)= salt water

Properties of Water

• The polarity of water is what gives water the ability to attach to other objects or be attracted to them (kinda like a magnet)

• Cohesion- water bonding to water• Adhesion- water bonding with other substances.• Surface tension- water molecules at the surface

pull together to hold up objects that are heavy. (paper clips floating on water).

Properties of Water

• Cohesion and adhesion explain why water can be moved through the soil and pulled up into a plant. Water molecules stick together and attract other water molecules.

• Capillary action is how plants pull water up out of the soil and into the plant.

Properties of Water

• Specific heat- how much energy it takes to heat water up 1 degree.

• It takes a lot of energy to heat up water.• Water temperature is usually different from

the air temperature and can heat and cool the air.

• Water takes a long time to heat up and a long time to cool down.

Properties of Water

• Density- the mass of an object divided by the volume. (D=M/V).

• Density of an object determines if the object will sink or float.– If density is > 1 it will sink and if density is <1 if will float.

• Buoyancy- ability of a material to rise or float over another object. (how well can it float).

• Salt water is MORE dense than fresh water (it will sink) and COLD WATER is MORE dense than warm water (it will sink).

THE OCEAN

• 70% of the water on Earth is located in the oceans.

• The oceans are divided up into different zones- inter-tidal zone, neritic zone, Open Ocean

• Estuaries- where fresh water rivers meet the ocean.

Estuaries- swamps and marshes

•Located along the coast.•Full of nutrients.•High diversity- means lots of plants and animals live here.•Considered a nursery for marine animals because it is a safe place for them when they are young.

OCEAN VOCABULARY

• Abyssal plain- any large flat area on the ocean floor.

• Aphotic zone- zone in the ocean that gets too little light to permit photosynthesis.

• Chemosynthesis- process occurs on the deep ocean floor where organisms live by chemicals dissolved from ocean vents.

OCEAN VOCABULARY

• Intertidal zone- area between high and low tides. Covered with water during high tides and exposed to air during low tides.

• Neritic zone- shallow water near the ocean coast.• Oceanic zone- the open sea; past the neritic zone..• Photic zone- zone in the ocean or body of water

that gets enough sunlight to permit photosynthesis.• Phytoplankton- tiny photosynthetic organisms that

float on and near the surface of the ocean.

OCEAN VOCABULARY

• Nekton- marine organisms that actively swim (fish, turtles, octopus, ect)

• Thermocline- layer of ocean that begins at 200m and gets very little sunlight and gets colder as you go deeper.

• Upwelling- flow of nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface.

• Zooplankton- tiny animals that float on or near the surface of the ocean and serve as a food source for ocean animals.

APPLY WHAT YOU KNOW

• Water temperature and depth of water are factors that can determine the type of organisms that live in different areas of the ocean. Which other factor is MOST important?A. currentsB. tidesC. sedimentsD. sunlight

UPWELLING• Ocean currents and waves help circulate water

around the earth.• Deepwater currents occur because of the

differences in density and temperature of water.• Cold water is more dense than warm water and will

sink.• An upwelling occurs when cold water sinks and

pushes up the water from the ocean floor to the top. The water brings nutrients to the surface.

• This causes an increase in food and productivity.

FRESHWATER

• Aquifer- water layer of permeable rock, sand or gravel under ground. Important source of drinking water.

• Infiltration- movement of water from the surface into the groundwater through the cracks and pores in the soil.

• River basin- region of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

• Runoff- water that runs over land to waterways; it is either absorbed by infiltration or it evaporates.

FRESHWATER

• Braided stream- steam with many interlacing channels with lots of islands and sand bars.

• Flood plain- low flat areas near water that flood.• Groundwater- water held underground in layers of rock

and sediment. • Irrigation- process of piping water from one location to

another for farming or growing plants.• Meandering stream- twisting or curving stream that

erodes on one side of the river and deposits on the other side of the river.

EUTROPHICATION

• Eutrophication- water is enriched by nutrients and plants grow very quickly. Plants grow too much and begin to use up all the oxygen and can cause fish and other organisms to die. Many times this is caused by fertilizers (nitrates) that runoff into streams and rivers.

WATER QUALITY

• Water quality is the measure of the physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect a body of water.

• Water temperature is the measure of how cold and hot water is. Water temperature will affect what kinds of organisms can live in it.– Measured with a thermometer and satellites. – Cold water has more dissolved oxygen than warm

water (applies to freshwater, not oceans).

WATER QUALITY

• Turbidity is the measure of how clear or cloudy the water is. It measure the amount os silt, sediment, and suspended particles in the water.– High turbidity cuts down on the amount of sunlight

that can pass through the water.– High turbidity can increase water temperature.– High turbidity decrease the amount of oxygen in the

water.– Measured with a turbidity tube or a Secchi dish.

WATER QUALITY

• Stream flow is the volume of water that moves over a certain distance in a certain amount of time (how fast/slow the water is moving).

• Faster moving water can carry more sediment and cause erosion.

• Fast moving water has more dissolved oxygen.• Slow moving water drops sediment and it builds

up on the river bottom.

WATER QUALITY

• Dissolved oxygen is oxygen in the water. Water is a solvent and oxygen dissolves in the water.

• The higher the dissolved oxygen level in the water the healthy the stream is.High oxygen= more things able to live in the water.

Cold, fast moving water has more dissolved oxygen (example: mountain streams).

Oxygen levels will change during the day and during the seasons.

WATER QUALITY

• pH is the measure of how acidic or basic (alkaline) the water is.

• pH of 0-6.9 is acid and pH of 7.1-14 is basic.• pH of 7 is neutral.• pH affects what kind of organisms live in water.• pH is changed by runoff, pollution, and plants

that grow in it.• pH is measured by a pH meter or pH paper.

WATER QUALITY

• Bio-indicators are organisms that are used to determine water quality and health of water.

• Changes in water quality can cause bio-indicators to die and disappear (unhealthy) or cause some organisms to live and grow (healthy).

• Macroinvertebrates are used as bio-indicators.Bad indicators-leaches and maggotsGood indicators- mayflies, salamanders, crayfish

WATER POLLUTION

• Non-point source pollution- pollution that enters water from a large area and cannot be traced to a single location. -examples: runoff from farms, roads, parking lots, construction sites, and acid rain.

• Point source pollution- pollution that enters water from a specific location and can be controlled or treated before it enters the water.– examples: sewage pipe, a factory, a sinking ship, a leaking

barrel or trash dump.