hydrosphere 7 th period. the water cycle how our planet quenches its thirst
TRANSCRIPT
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HydrosphereHydrosphere
77thth Period Period
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The Water CycleThe Water Cycle
How our planet quenches its How our planet quenches its thirst.thirst.
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PrecipitationPrecipitation
•Water Molecules travel Water Molecules travel between the atmosphere and between the atmosphere and earths surface.earths surface.
•A.K.A. A.K.A. RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,HAIL…RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,HAIL…
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EvaporationEvaporation
•Water evaporates and leaves Water evaporates and leaves behind salts and other behind salts and other impurities on the surface.impurities on the surface.
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from parts of plants, especially leaves, also stems, flowers and roots.
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CondensationCondensationWater vapor, which is a gas, Water vapor, which is a gas, rises into the air. As it cools and rises into the air. As it cools and condenses into drops of liquid condenses into drops of liquid water it forms clouds.water it forms clouds.
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The The FourFour OceansOceans PacificPacific 165,640,000 square km165,640,000 square km The deepest point is the Challenger The deepest point is the Challenger
deep, which is 11,033 m below sea leveldeep, which is 11,033 m below sea level The currents move clockwise in the north The currents move clockwise in the north
of the equator and counterclockwise in of the equator and counterclockwise in the south of the equator. the south of the equator.
AtlanticAtlantic 81,630,000 square km81,630,000 square km It covers 22% of the Earth’s surfaceIt covers 22% of the Earth’s surface Located between the continents of Located between the continents of
North and South America, Europe, North and South America, Europe, Africa and Antarctica Africa and Antarctica
Often referred to as “The Pond”Often referred to as “The Pond”Rachel Brown
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IndianIndian and and ArcticArctic
Indian- 73,420,000 Indian- 73,420,000 square kmsquare km
Average depth-3,890mAverage depth-3,890m Carries a heavy traffic of Carries a heavy traffic of
petroleumpetroleum
Arctic- 14,350,000 square Arctic- 14,350,000 square kmkm
Smallest of all the oceansSmallest of all the oceans Much of the surface is Much of the surface is
covered by floating icecovered by floating ice
Rachel Brown
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SalinitySalinity
Salinity is the concentration of all the Salinity is the concentration of all the dissolved salts. dissolved salts.
The average salinity of ocean water is The average salinity of ocean water is approximately 3.5 percent. approximately 3.5 percent.
Rachel Brown
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There are 3 There are 3 main layers of main layers of
the ocean!the ocean!
1. Surface 1. Surface
2. Thermocline2. Thermocline
3. Deep zone3. Deep zone
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Surface Zone;Surface Zone;
* The surface layer… is the warm, top layer. * The surface layer… is the warm, top layer. Sunlight heats the top 100 m of the surface zone.Sunlight heats the top 100 m of the surface zone.
* Surface currents mix warm water with the cooler * Surface currents mix warm water with the cooler water from below.water from below.
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Theremocline;Theremocline;
* Temperature in zone drops faster with increased depth than * Temperature in zone drops faster with increased depth than it does anywhere else.it does anywhere else.
Deep Zone;Deep Zone;
* * extends from base of middle layer (thermocline) extends from base of middle layer (thermocline) to the bottom of the oceanto the bottom of the ocean
* Temperature averages to about 2 degrees * Temperature averages to about 2 degrees
celcius.celcius.
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Donovan WaryoldDonovan WaryoldHydrosphereHydrosphere
The ocean makes the temperature The ocean makes the temperature of the atmosphere change much of the atmosphere change much
slower that it normally would.slower that it normally would.
If the ocean didn’t regulate If the ocean didn’t regulate atmospheric and surface atmospheric and surface
temperatures it would be to temperatures it would be to extreme for life to exist on earth.extreme for life to exist on earth.
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Donovan WaryoldDonovan Waryold
local temperatures all local temperatures all
around the world around the world
are regulated by the are regulated by the
world ocean.world ocean.
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Surface Currents
Surface currents occur when water at the ocean’s surface is moved by winds that blow in certain patterns because of the Earth’s spin and Coriolis effect.
The Coriolis effect makes moving objects appear to curve toward the right in the N. hemisphere and toward the left in S. hemisphere.
Modifie from
MapQuest.com
Blacie Hunt
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Surface Currents• Surface currents are primarily driven by the wind.
Currents flowing toward the equator are generally cool, and currents flowing away are warm.
• Temperature helps us determine the speed and direction of surface currents and about heat stored in ocean.
Blacie Hunt
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Surface CurrentsOceanographers often divide the
pacific and south pacific based on direction of surface current flow in each half of the pacific. Surface currents in the Pacific move in a clockwise direction north of the equator. Whereas surface currents flow in a counter clockwise direction south of the equator.
The Atlantic ocean is also divided in to halves, north half and south half based on directions of surface current flow.
Blacie Hunt
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Formation of Deep Ocean Currents
This picture represents the oceans different temperatures.
This picture was found at: www.earthzine.org
Deep ocean currents form when the cold water from the north and south poles sinks below warmer, less dense ocean water and flows toward the equator.
Underwater currents are sixteen times stronger than all of the earths rivers combined
Sierra Lewis
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Antarctica’s coast is where the worlds densest and coldest water
can be found.
Sierra Lewis
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How much of the world’s water is fresh?
• About 70% of the Earth’s surface is made of water
• Only 3% is fresh water
Jordan Brown
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Ice caps and glaciers
- Only one percent of the earth’s fresh water is drinkable
- The biggest amount of drinkable water is stored in ice caps or glaciers
Jordan Brown
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River SystemsRiver Systems
By: Matt MurphyBy: Matt Murphy
Rivers systems consist of rivers and streams that drain a river basin. They also contain all the landscape drained by a river.
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TributariesTributaries
By: Matt Murphy
Tributaries are small creeks or rivers that flow into larger bodies of water. Tributaries do not empty into the sea but rather rivers.
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Cite pageCite page
• http://imagecache5.art.com/p/LRG/29/2967/PK7QD00Z/tony-wheeler-the-river-system-and-estuaries-near-the-gulf-of-carpenteria-queensland-australia.jpg
• http://ak.water.usgs.gov/yukon/images/front/CharleyRiverAtYukon1.jpg
• http://www.sussex-ouse.org.uk/map/images/Sussex-Ouse-Map-1.gif• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_system
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Hydrosphere: Groundwater
• Groundwater – The water beneath the earth’s surface.
• Groundwater accounts for a little under one 1% of all the water on earth.
Andrew Peters-Greer
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How is ground water important?
• Groundwater supplies water for many agricultural and industrial uses
• 40% of people living in the United States use Ground water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, etc.
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Hydrosphere
• Aquifer – A rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water
• Much Of the United States is underlain by aquifers
Robbie Alexander
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Recharge Zone
• A recharge zone is the land where the water enters an aquifer
• Recharge is the process of water refreshing an aquifer
• This happens when rain filters through the rock or soil
Robbie Alexander