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Hyperactivity syndrome, attention deficit disorder is a term indicating the central disturbances found in

children, who until recently was labeled as suffering from hyperactivity, hiperkinesis, minimal brain

damage or minimal cerebral dysfunction. (Nelson, 1994)

Etiologi

The views and opinions on the origins, images, even of reality than this disorder is different and opposed

to each other. Some people believe that the disorder may well arise as a result of disturbances in

neurochemistry or neurophysiology in the central nervous system. The term attention deficit disorder

refers to what is by many believed to be a major disruption. Syndrome is thought to be caused by

genetic factors, fertilization or poisons, the dangers resulting from the occurrence of prematurity or

immaturitas, or involuntary, anoksia or other birth complications.

Was also evaluated as a possible examination of temperament is a factor that facilitates the emergence

of the disorder, as does the practice of education and child care and emotional difficulties in the

interaction of the parents of the child. Until now no one or several factors that cause surely that can not

be shown.

Patofisiologi

Lack of concentration / hyperactivity disorder is characterized by impaired concentration, impulsivity,

and hyperactivity. There is no convincing evidence of something pathophysiology mechanism or

biochemical disturbances. Children hiperaktiv men, aged between 6-9 years and who have IQs that are,

which has responded well to stimulant medications, showed a low degree of stimulation (a low level of

arousal) in their central nervous system, before treatment was implemented, as successfully measured

using Electroencephalography, potential, potentially resulting in auditory and delivery properties of the

skin. This male child had high scores for anxiety, ease their attention diverted, the scope of their poor

attention and impulsivity. By 3 weeks of treatment and care, then the figures become more nearlynormal laboratory and assessment provided by their teachers to show a better behavior.

Manifestasi klinik

Size does not objectively show that children who are affected by this disorder show a more physical

activity, when compared with children of normal controls, but the movements they do seem more or

less objective and they are always uneasy and restless. They have a short attention span, easily

transferable and are impulsive and they tend to act without considering or contemplating a result of

such action. They have a low tolerance to frustration and emotional feelings they are people who are

unstable and easily aroused. Atmosphere and the feeling of their hearts tend to be neutral or

pertenangan, they often times in groups, but socially they are being stiff. Some of them were hostile and

negative, but this feature often is secondary to the psychosocial problems they experience. A few others

are very dependent exaggeration, but still others to be so free and independent, that looks sloppy.

Emotional difficulties and behavior prevalent and is usually secondary to the negative social impact of

their behavior. These children will receive a censure and punishment from parents and teachers and

social exclusion by people their own age. The chronicle them fail in their academic tasks and many of

them are not coordinated enough and capable enough to control yourself to succeed in the field of

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sports. They have a picture of themselves poor and have low self esteem and often depression. There is

a high incidence of learning disabilities to read mathematics, spelling and writing hand. Their academic

achievement to lag 1-2 years and fewer than expected from their intelligence actually measured.

Pemeriksaan penunjang

There are no laboratory tests that will diagnose attention deficit disorder. Children who havehyperactivity is reported to show the amount of slow waves which increased a lot in

elektorensefalogram them, without any evidence of neurologic disease or epilepsy are

progressive, but the findings are of great uncertainty. An EEG is analyzed by computer will beable to assist in the assessment of learning disabilities in children.

Komplikasi

1. Secondary diagnosis-conduction disorders, depression and anxiety disease.

2. Lack of academic achievement, failing in school, it is difficult to read and do arithmetic (often

due to abnormalities of concentration).3. Relations with bad peers (often due to aggressive behavior and words are disclosed).

Pengobatan medis

Treatment plans for children with this disorder consists of the use of psychostimulants, behavioral

modification, parent education, and family counseling. Parents may express concern about drug use.

Risks and benefits of drugs must be explained to parents, including prevention of scholastic and social

disruption due to continuous use of psychostimulants drugs. Conners rating scale can be used as a basis

for treatment and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

-Metilfenidat Psychostimulants (Ritalin), amphetamine sulfate (Benzedrine), and dekstroamfetamin

sulfate (Dexedrine) - can improve attention span and concentration of children by increasing the

paradoxical effect on most children and some adults who suffer from this disorder.