hypersensitivity lecture
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 1/47
Kuby IMMUNOLOGY
Sixth Edition
Chapter 15
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Kindt • Goldsby • Osborne
![Page 2: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 2/47
![Page 3: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 3/47
Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
![Page 4: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 4/47
![Page 5: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 5/47
![Page 6: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 6/47
![Page 7: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 7/47
![Page 8: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 8/47
![Page 9: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 9/47
![Page 10: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 10/47
![Page 11: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 11/47
![Page 12: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 12/47
![Page 13: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 13/47
Type I Hypersensitivity:
Systemic or Localized• Systemic (Anaphylaxis shock)
– Symptoms include: labored breathing, drop in
blood pressure, smooth muscle contraction, bronchiole constriction (suffocation)
• Localized
– Examples: Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), asthma(allergic or intrinsic), food allergies, atopic
dermatitis (eczema)
![Page 14: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 14/47
![Page 15: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 15/47
RIST
RAST
![Page 16: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 16/47
![Page 17: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 17/47
![Page 18: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 18/47
![Page 19: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 19/47
![Page 20: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 20/47
Generalized Type III Hypersensitivity
Reactions: Serum Sickness Occurs when antigen enters bloodstream,
circulating immune complexes form
Symptoms include:
– Fever
– Weakness
– Rashes
– And many others
![Page 21: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 21/47
1. Complement initiates
mast celldegranulation
2. Neutrophils are
chemotactically
attracted to the site
3. Neutrophils release
lytic enzyme after
failed attempts to
endocytose the
immune complex
![Page 22: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 22/47
![Page 23: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 23/47
![Page 24: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 24/47
![Page 25: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 25/47
![Page 26: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 26/47
![Page 27: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 27/47
Cell-Mediated Effector Responses
![Page 28: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 28/47
The primary domain of antibody protection liesoutside the cell.
If antibodies were the only agents of immunity,
pathogens that managed to evade them andcolonize the intracellular environment wouldescape the immune system.
![Page 29: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 29/47
The principal role of cell-mediated
immunity is to detect and eliminatecells that harbor intracellularpathogens.
Cell-mediated immunity also canrecognize and eliminate cells, such astumorcells,
that have undergone geneticmodifications so that they expressantigens not typical of normal cells.
![Page 30: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 30/47
![Page 31: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 31/47
Nonspecific cells include NK cells
and nonlymphoid cell types suchas macrophages, neutrophils, andeosinophils.
![Page 32: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 32/47
![Page 33: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 33/47
Cell-mediated immune responses can be dividedinto two major categories according to thedifferent effector populations that aremobilized.
One comprises antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)And
T wo nonspecific cells, such as natural killer(NK) cells and macrophages.
Effector Responses
![Page 34: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 34/47
General Properties of Effector T Cells
The three types of effector
T cells—CD4+,
TH1 and TH2 cells,
and CD8+ CTLs—
exhibit several properties
![Page 35: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 35/47
![Page 36: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 36/47
Effector T Cells Express a Variety
of Effector Molecules
![Page 37: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 37/47
Cytotoxic T Cells
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs, are generatedby immune activation of T cytotoxic (TC) cells.
These effector cells have lytic capability and arecritical in the recognition and eliminationof altered self-cells
(e.g., virus-infected cells andtumor cells) and in graft-rejection reactions.
![Page 38: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 38/47
In general,CTLs are CD8+ and are therefore classI MHC restricted,
Although in rare instances CD4+ class II–restricted T cells have been shown to function asCTLs.
Since virtually all nucleated cells in the bodyexpress class I MHC molecules,
CTLs canrecognize and eliminate almost any altered bodycell.
![Page 39: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 39/47
The CTL-mediated immune response can be
divided into two phases, reflecting differentaspects of the response.
The first phase activates and differentiates
naive TC cells into functional effector CTLs.
In the second phase, effector CTLsrecognize antigen–class I MHC complexes on
specific target cells,
which leads them to destroy the target cells.
Eff t CTL A G t d f CTL P
![Page 40: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 40/47
Generation of effector
CTLs.
Upon interaction with
antigen–class I MHCcomplexes on appropriate
target cells, CTL-Ps begin
to express IL-2 receptors
(IL-2R) and lesser amounts
of IL-2.
Proliferation anddifferentiation of antigen-
activated CTL-Ps generally
require additional IL-2
secreted by TH1 cells
resulting from antigen
activation and proliferation
of CD4+ T cells.
In the subsequent effector
phase, CTLs destroy
specific target cells.
Effector CTLs Are Generated from CTL Precursors
![Page 41: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 41/47
![Page 42: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 42/47
![Page 43: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 43/47
![Page 44: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 44/47
NK cells produce a number of immunologicallyimportant cytokines, they play important roles
in immune regulation and influence both innateand adaptive immunity.
IFN- production by NK cells can affect theparticipation of macrophages in innate immunityby activation of the phagocytic andmicrobicidal activities
NK activity is stimulated by IFN-, IFN-, andIL-12.
![Page 45: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 45/47
NK cells that peaks in about 3 days
NK cells are the first line of defense againstvirus infection, controlling viral replication during
the time required for activation, proliferation, anddifferentiation of CTL-P cells into functional CTLs atabout day 7.
Killing by NK Cells Is- Similar to CTL-MediatedKilling
![Page 46: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 46/47
Antibody-Dependent Cell-MediatedCytotoxicity
![Page 47: Hypersensitivity Lecture](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021213/577d27631a28ab4e1ea3cdd5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
8/6/2019 Hypersensitivity Lecture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hypersensitivity-lecture 47/47
Thank u
I wish u all the best