hypnosis what? a social interaction in which the subject responds to another person’s (the...
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HYPNOSISWhat?
A social interaction in which the subject responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions regarding certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and/or behaviors (a heightened state of suggestibility)
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HYPNOSISHow?
A hypnotic induction can proceed in various ways and may involve the soft-spoken, repetitive, suggestion that the subject is relaxing, feeling tired or drowsy, breathing is deep, and the eyelids/limbs are growing heavy
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HYPNOSISWho?
People vary in their hypnotic susceptibility, which can be measured using standardized susceptibility scales, but about 10-20% are highly hypnotizable and the same %s are not
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CAN HYPNOSIS RELIEVE PAIN?
Yes! Hypnosis is used effectively by physicians and dentists as an alternative for anesthesia (10% of hypnotizable people can have surgery w/o any anesthetic drugs)
→ typical explanations for reduced pain such as relaxation, placebos and endorphins appear to play no part
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CAN HYPNOSIS ENHANCE MEMORY RECALL?
Hypnotically recalled memories generally combine fact and fiction (remember, not all memories are permanently encoded); pseudomemories can be ‘planted’ by the hypnotist
→ hypnosis-induced evidence is not allowed in court
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CAN HYPNOSIS LEAD PEOPLE TO DO THINGS AGAINST THEIR WILL/BECOME DISINHIBITED?
Hypnotized people have indeed been coerced into doing dangerous/otherwise unacceptable things (throwing ‘acid’ into the hypnotist’s face)
→ unhypnotized control groups in lab settings have perform the same acts as the hypnotized experimental group
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CAN POSTHYPNOTIC SUGGESTIONS WORK?
Subjects told that they will forget that they were hypnotized – posthypnotic amnesia – admit to remembering
→ posthypnotic suggestions have been successful in treating headaches, stress-related skin disorders, and obesity, but causal relationships haven’t been established
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IS HYPNOSIS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS?: TWO THEORIES
NO says the social influence/role-playing theory: there is no measurable change in brain-wave activity involved with hypnosis
→ subjects play their roles like actors according to social expectations as long as they like and trust the hypnotist
→ this is supported by nonhypnotized subjects performing similar acts
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IS HYPNOSIS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS?: TWO THEORIES
YES says the divided-consciousness theory: certain distinctive brain activities may accompany hypnosis
→ hypnotized subjects sometimes carry out suggested behaviors when they think noone is watching…and then there is that bit about pain…
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IS HYPNOSIS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS?: TWO THEORIES
→ Ernest Hilgard proposed the idea of disassociation, a split in consciousness allowing different layers to occur simultaneously, to explain pain-tolerance specifically and hypnosis in general
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MEDITATIONMeditation involves a deliberate effort to alter consciousness using a variety of techniques that may or may not have religious significance
→ open monitoring meditation involves remaining open and attentive to whatever arises in your consciousness from moment to moment w/o latching on to it
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MEDITATION→ focused attention meditation involves concentrating on
something specific (your breath, a mantra, etc.) in order to remove the ‘clutter’ in the mind
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MEDITATIONMeditation does involve changes in brain wave activity as well as both short-term (decreased state of arousal) and long-term (reduced stress, blood pressure, etc.; increased self-esteem, awareness, etc.) benefits
→ the verdict is out if these results are meditation-specific or common to any type of relaxation technique
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DRUGSPeople want to alter their consciousness and imbibing the chemical substances in psychoactive drugs are a commonly used and abused method
→ drug use and effect are based on a multitude of factors that vary from person to person, situation to situation, and culture to culture
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DRUGSDrug effect are based on both multifactorial causation and subjectivity of experience: age, mood, experience, body weight, dosage, potency, environment, expectations all contribute to the impact of drug use
→ different drugs also vary in the rate in which tolerance – diminishing effect of a drug, thus requiring larger doses – is produced
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DRUGSIn general, psychoactive drugs work by manipulating specific neurotransmitter action in the synaptic clefts in the brain
→ the increased release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway - the so-called “reward pathway” – is consistent with most drug use and abuse
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DRUG DEPENDENCE AND RISK
People can and do become addicted to drugS physically – avoid withdrawal symptoms - and/or psychologically to satisfy cravings
→ like most aspects of drug use, withdrawal symptoms from physical and psychological addiction vary, but for both they can be intense and powerful
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DRUG DEPENDENCE AND RISK
Drug use comes with the risks of long-term physiological effects, indirect behavior-related problems, and the potential for overdose
→ overdose risk is greatest among sedatives, narcotics and alcohol; in particular, combinations of these and/or other drugs