hypothalamus (part of diencephalon) maintains homeostasis (temperature, fluid balance, energy...
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HYPOTHALAMUS (part of diencephalon)
maintains HOMEOSTASIS (temperature, fluid balance, energy balance)
by regulating
the endocrine system the autonomic systemthe limbic system
Neural AND non-neural (humoral) inputs
Neural AND neuro-endocrine outputs
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mammillary body
anterior commissure
infundibulum
hypothalamus
3rd ventricle
lateralventricle
4th ventricle
3rd ventricle
cerebralaqueduct
interventricular foramen
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Hypothalamus: medial view and parts
mammillary body
tuber cinereummedian
eminence
infundibulum
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Hypothalamus in horizontal section
hippocampus
cerebral peduncle
substantia nigra
inferior colliculus
amygdala
middle cerebral artery
interpeduncular fossa
hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus in coronal section: anterior
Coronal planes
BA
hypothalamus
optic chiasm
anteriorcommissure
Sagittal View of Right Hemisphere
hypothalamus
A. Level of anterior commissure
septal nuclei
3rd ventricle
putamen
lateral ventricle
Basal forebrain
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Coronal planes
BA
hypothalamusoptic chiasm
anterior commissure
Sagittal View of Right Hemisphere
hypothalamus
A. Level of anterior commissure
septal nuclei
third ventricle
putamen
lateral ventricle
caudate
Hypothalamus in coronal section: posterior
B: Level of mammillary bodies
mammillary body
hypothalamusthird ventricle
thalamus
internalcapsule
lateral ventricle
putamen
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Hypothalamus: Antero-posterior regions
anterior (supraoptic)
posterior (mammillary)
middle (tuberal)
Preoptic area (not seen here) is antero-lateral to anterior region
TC: tuber cincereumME median eminanceINF infundibulum
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optic chiasm
MAM
PV
VMH
DMH
AH
PH
INF SC
SO
fornix
anterior commissure
pineal
Hypothalamic nuclei
INF=ARC
SO: supraoptic nucSC: suprachasimaticPV: paraventricularINF: infundibular nuc AKA arcuate nucDMH: dorsomedial hypothalamic nucVMH: ventromedial hypothalamic nucPH: posterior hypothalamic nucAH: anterior hypothalamic nucMAM: mammilary bodies/nuc
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Magnocellular cells: SO and PV.
Send axons to posterior pituitary which release oxytocin and ADH into the blood system
Oxytocin: parturition/lactationADH (antidiuretic hormone): conserves water at level of kidneys
Parvocelllular cells:
(PO, PV, AH, PH, VMH, INF)
Small cells involved in control of anterior pituitary. They are found throughout the hypothalamus and especially in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus.
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Hypothalamic Nuclei: Summary of Function
Anterior HypothalamusPO* (preoptic nucleus) water intake, sleep SC circadian rhythms, retina inputSO oxytocin, ADH productionPV* oxytocin, ADH productionAH* temperature (heat loss), sleep-waking
* These nuclei also have cells that control the anterior pituitary gland
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Hypothalamic Nuclei: Summary of Function
Tuberal hypothalamusDMH feeding, rageVMH* feeding, rageINF* (ARC) endocrine control
Tuberomamillary nucleus: sleep/waking
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Hypothalamic Nuclei: Summary of Function
Posterior Hypothalamus
MAM memory
PH* temperature, (heat conservation),
sleep-waking
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Regulation of temperature:
AH: anterior hypothalamus (heat loss) think A/C “cooling”
PH: posterior hypothalamus (heat conservation)
Regulation of blood osmolarity:SO: anterior hypothalamus (ADH)PV: anterior hypothalamus (ADH)
Regulation of metabolism/emotion:VMH (tubal hypothalamus) feeding/rageTMH (tubal hypothalamus) feeding/rage
Regulation of pituitary gland (parvocellular cells):PO, PV, AH, VMH, INF, PH
Memory: MeMory = MaM
MAM (posterior hypothalamus)
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Hypothalamus inputs: overview
Hyppocampus–(fornix)
Olfactory and limbicstructures –(MFB)
Amygdala –(stria terminalis)
Retina –(optic tract)
Brainstem (solitary nucleus) –(DLF)
Temperature, osmolarity, hormones –(non-neuronal)
HYPOTHALAMUS
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Hypothalamus outputs: overview
--(fornix, MFB, VAF) limbic system
--(mammillothalamic tract) thalamus
--(DLF, hypothalamo-spinal tract) brainstem (autonomic efferents)
--(portal system and posterior system) pituitary
HYPOTHALAMUS
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Pituitary gland = hypophysis
Anterior pituitary = endocrine cellsPosterior pituitary = axon terminals
of PV and SO nuclei
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infundibulum
post. pituitary
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
Hypothalamic axons
Posterior pituitary: hypothalamic axons release vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin to blood
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Anterior pituitary gland: endocrine cells releasing hormones
median eminencecapillaries
RFsIFs
anterior pituitary sinusoids
hypophyseal portal vessels
Hormones from endocrine cells
releasing & inhibiting factors
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Hypothalamus: Head Ganglion for ANS
• Inputs from – Viscera (afferents via CN X and IX to caudal
solitary nucleus) – somatic afferents– limbic system
• Outputs to – autonomic centers in brainstem– parasympathetic cranial nerve motor
nuclei (via DLF)– sympathetic spinal cord motor nuclei
(via hypothalamo-spinal tract)
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dorsallongitudinal fasciculus
hypothalamo -spinal fibers
DMNX
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hypothalamo-spinal fibers
IML=lateral horn
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Lesion to descending hypothalamo-spinal fibers
(sympathetic pathway)
=
Horner’s Syndrome
Ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis
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Limbic SystemPlays a role in emotions, emotional behaviors, learning, memory and navigation through space
Bilateral temperal lobectomy in monkeys: tame, fearless, placid, with a flat affect. Compulsive oral behavior, inappropriate hypersexuality and visual agnosia.
Patient HM = bilateral medial temporal lobectomy: demonstrated role of limbic system in learning and memories (hypothalamus important in committing new long term memories)
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Emotions
Response patterns (emotional expression or behavior) measurable
Behavioral: muscle response (e.g. facial expression)ANS activationHormone secretion
Feelings (emotional experience)not easily measurable
Negative (anxiety, fear, anger)Positive (euphoria: rarely studied)
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Limbic System
Anatomically speaking:• Limbic lobe• Hippocampus (fornix forms the
output fibers)
• Amygdala (stria terminalis forms the output tract)
• Septal nuclei• (Nucleus accumbens)
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Limbic lobe: C-shaped medial border of hemisphere
septal nuclei
subcallosal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
isthmus of cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrusuncus
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Septal nuclei
H
fornix
HH
Basal Forebrain
ACH
Septal nuclei Play role in autonomic function and emotional behavior
Lesion = behavioral changes. Alterations in sexual behavior, rage behavior.
Referred to as the “pleasure center” because electrical stimulation is “positively reinforcing”
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Nucleus accumbens• Implicated in addictive behavior.• Recieves dopaminergic input from ventral tegmental area
(VTA) • Is activated during reward/reinforcer situations
VTA
N.Acc
Reward pathway also includes: MFB, septal nuclei, hypothalamus and frontal cortex
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Amygdala (deep to ucus)
Sensory input: prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, brainstem
Outputs: cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, brainstem
amygdala
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• Responsible for learning and maintenance of link between a stimulus and its emotional value. (usually negative emotions)
• Also influence of smell on appetite
• Stimulation - fear and anxiety déjà vu
• Lesion –Kluver-Bucy syndrome• Placid, flat affect• Fearless• Inappropriate social and sexual behavior• Hyperoral and overly curious• Visual agnosia• Memory loss• Inability to recognize fear in facial expressions
Amygdala
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Hippocampus
Major input is from the entorhinal cortex and goes to the dentate
Major output is back to the entorhinal cortex and to the hypothalamus
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dentate gyrus
CA3
CA2
CA1Sub
EC
EC (entorhinal cortex)—funnels input from all sensory cortices to hippocampus
Hippocampus makes a question mark with an arrow head.
Question mark is hippocampus formation and arrowhead is dentate gyrus.
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Hippocampus function:• learning and declarative memory (memory
for facts, events, faces, places etc). Memory of place-used for navigation
Lesion (patient HM):
• Unable to lay down (consolidate) new declarative memories
• Old memories intact
• No change in intellect
• No problems with procedural memory
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Medial temporal lobe:hippocampus and amygdala
amygdala
hippocampus
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hippocampus
amygdala
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Hippocampal circuit (declarative memories)
cortex
limbic structure
hypothalamus
thalamus
mammillary nuclei
hippocampus
anterior nucleus
cingulate/PHGentorhinal
Papez circuit!!
mammillo-thalamic tract
fornix
Anterior limb of internal capsule
cingulum
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mammillo-thalamic tract
fornix
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Amygdala circuit
cortex
limbic structure
hypothalamus
thalamus
amygdala
non-mammillary nuclei
mediodorsal nucleus
prefrontal, temporalolfactory
stria terminalis, MFB,and VAF (ventralamygdalofugal) path
Anterior limb of internal capsule
Uncinate fasciculus and VAF