hypotheses 5
TRANSCRIPT
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Session 5 1
HYPOTHESES
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HYPOTHESES
A logical relationship between two or
more variables expressed in the form
of a testable statement.It is an intelligent guess of the probable
solution to the problem.
They are derived from the theoreticalframework formulated for the research.
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TYPES of HYPOTHESES
1) Null
2) Alternate ( Positive or Research )
a) Non directional
b) Directional
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Meaning Null Hypothesis
Null hypothesis assumes no difference
or no relationship between the twohypothesized variables.
It indicates unbiased attitude of the
researcher to the research.
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It is represented as Ho.
It is a statement which can be tested
Statistically .
When previous research literature is not
available sufficiently or it does not give a
clear cut direction, it is better to frame a
hypothesis in null form.
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Examples
1) There is no significant difference in thesales of the product before & after newpackaging. M1=M2
2) There is no significant relationshipbetween TV viewership & aggression among
teenagers.
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Meaning Alternate Hypothesis
It assumes some difference or some
relationship between the hypothesized
variables.
When sufficient research literature isavailable indicating definite difference or
relationship, alternate hypothesis isformulated.
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It is represented as H1 .
It can be tested statistically as null
hypothesis.
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Examples
1) The performance of motivatedemployees is significantly different than
those who are not motivated.
2) The sales of a product is significantly
related to the expenditure on the
advertisement.
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3) The debt equity ratio of org. ABC
is significantly higher than that of
org. XYZ .
4) The level of motivation of male
employees is significantly lower than
that of female employees.
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Types of Alternate Hypotheses
Examples no. 1 & 2 belong to one category
AND
Examples no. 3 & 4 belong to other category.
Can you differentiate between these two???
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Explanation
Examples 1 & 2 tell us that they do differ
from 3 & 4. But do not tell us which
variable in statement 1 & 2 has a
higher value than the other. It does nottell us the DIRECTION of magnitude.
Hence they are known as
NON - DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES.
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Whereas examples 3 & 4 not only tell us
that the variables mentioned therein are
not equal in magnitude but also tell us
which variable is having a highermagnitude . They provide us the direction
of the magnitude .
Hence they are known as
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES.
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Lets check our understanding..
Frame different types of hypotheses forfollowing problems
1. A study of relationship between e-shoppinghabits & some demographic variables.
2. A study of relationship between interestrates on deposits & the investment habits.
3. A study of effectiveness of sachet & bottlepackaging of shampoo in terms of consumerpreference.
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Relationship between
Hypotheses & Theory
Hypothesis ----- HYPO & THESIS
Hypo = Below or Less than
Thesis = Theory
Hypothesis means a proposition which isat a lower level than a theory.
Hypothesis which are tested & retainedmany times will lead to the formulation of
a theory. Theory which is proven truemany times leads to the formulation of alaw.
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Review of Related LiteratureLiterature survey is important because it
gives you the work done in the past.
helps you identify the variables studied before.
gives you the research designs previously used.
helps you to formulate the hypotheses.
cautions you about the possible problems in future.
avoids unnecessary repetition.
leads us to sound theoretical or conceptual framework.
helps you to identify research gaps.
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Sources of Literature Survey
Internet
Library ( books, journals, year books,encyclopedia)
Govt. Reports (commissions , Plan & policy
documents, census) Unpublished research ( Degree level work)
Company documents ( annual reports,budgets, key note addresses , AGM minutes)
Conference proceedings
Other databases
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Related literature helps the researcher
in constructing a Concept Map which
is a schematic representation of the
relationship of different variables
involved in the study.
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THANK YOU