Hypothesis based typologies for capturing diversity

Stephanie Alvarez, Wim Paas, Katrien Descheemaeker, Jeroen GrootWageningen University, Farming Systems Ecology & Plant Production Systems groups

Humidtropics

Aim of typologies:- Capture variability of farming systems- Understand heterogeneity in regions

Introduction

Hengsdijk et al., 2014; N2Africa report – 2 action sites in Kenya

Franke et al., 2014

Aim of typologies:- Capture variability of farming systems- Understand heterogeneity in regionsFor 1. Targeting and tailoring2. Scaling out; dissemination3. Selection of representative farms4. Scaling up; extrapolate to larger scale

Introduction

Major steps: 1. What is the objective? 2. Hypothesis on farming systems diversity3. Data collection4. Selection of key variables5. Clustering the farms6. Hypothesis and typology verification

Overall:Combine expert knowledge from participatory work with statistical analysis

Guidelines

Major steps: 1. What is the objective?

Specific: Improve forage production in mixed systems of Rwanda Broad: Improve food security in the humid tropics

Guidelines

Major steps: 2. Hypothesis on farming systems diversity

Participatory process for ex-ante description of farm types ; identification of discriminating criteria

Guidelines

Major steps: 3. Data collection4. Selection of key variables

Variable categories:- Structural vs. functional characteristics- Resource availability vs. management- Biophysical vs. socio-economic - Farm vs. external

key variables: 5 - 46, av. 15sampled farms: 18 – 2746, av. 138 #farms > 5 * #variables

Guidelines

Major steps: 5. Clustering the farms

Guidelines

Major steps: 5. Clustering the farming systems

a. Multivariate statistics (PCA, MCA, MFA)Discriminating variables

Guidelines

Guidelines

Major steps: 5. Clustering the farming systems

a. Multivariate statistics (PCA, MCA, MFA)Discriminating variablesb. Cluster analysis

Major steps: 6. Hypothesis and typology verification

Guidelines

Major steps: 6. Hypothesis and typology verification

Example from Ghana – participatory and statistical approach

Guidelines

Poster, Katja Kuivanen et al.

Major steps: 1. What is the objective? 2. Hypothesis on farming systems diversity3. Data collection4. Selection of key variables5. Clustering the farms6. Hypothesis and typology verification

Guidelines

coffee >35%

grazing land>20%

khat>30%

enset>35%

Classification trees and trends

Homegarden types in Ethiopia

Khat Enset-cereal

Enset Enset-coffee

Enset-livestock

Khat Enset-cereal

Enset Enset-coffee

Enset-livestock

Area

shar

e of

kha

t (%

)

Area

shar

e of

coff

ee (%

)

Khat Enset-cereal

Enset Enset-coffee

Enset-livestock

Area

shar

e of

ens

et (%

)

Area

shar

e of

gra

zing

land

(%)

Khat Enset-cereal

Enset Enset-coffee

Enset-livestock

Farms

4 types

Enset-coffee

3 types

Enset-livestock

2 typesEnset-cereal-

vegetable

Enset

Khat

khat >30%

coffee>35%

Grazing land>20%

Enset>35%

1991 2013 20132 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 12 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 44444 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 34 34 34 3 54 3 54 3 54 3 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 55553 2 53 2 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 43 43 43 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 22225 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 3 25 3 25 35 35 45 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 33331 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 3

Enset

Enset-livestock

Enset-coffee

Enset-cereal-vegetable

Khat

1991 2013 20132 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 12 1 12 1 12 12 12 12 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 44444 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 2 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 34 34 34 3 54 3 54 3 54 3 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 4 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 55553 2 53 2 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 5 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 3 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 4 53 43 43 43 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 4 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 22225 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 2 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 5 25 3 25 3 25 35 35 45 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 4 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 33331 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 3

Khat

Enset-livestock

Enset-cereal-vegetable

Enset

Enset-coffee

Classification trees and trends

31%

30%

19%

17%

3%

24%

24%

21%

18%

13%

Spatial organization of farm types

Type Main characteristics

1 HRE, large cattle herd, ample off-farm activities

2 MRE, large farms, market orientation

3 MRE, small ruminants, on-farm labour intensive

4 MRE, small ruminants, ample hired labour

5 LRE, maize dominated, few off-farm activities

6 SRC, livestock sales, ample off-farm activities

Katja Kuivanen

Small & medium farmsSmall ruminants

Market oriented farms

High resource endowed farms

Statistical background and examples

Appendix C of the report

R code to explore the data and run the analysis

Tips for interpretation of statistical results

Conclusions

Typology guidelines: 6 steps, no recipe book

Interpretation of results ; degree of subjectivity

Combine statistical methods with participatory work

Thank you

https://humidtropics.cgiar.org/constructing-typologies-to-capture-farming-systems-diversityhttp://humidtropics.cgiar.org/openaccess/?did=231