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Karnataka Textbook Society (R)100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage

Bengaluru - 560 085

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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks according

to the new syllabi prepared which in turn are designed based on NCF - 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 11 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF - 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

● Connecting knowledge to life activities● Learning to shift from rote methods● Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks● Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge● Making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom experiences.

Caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country● Make education relevant to the present and future needs.● Softening the subject boundaries integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.● The child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach.

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, masters skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not exam-ination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the total development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country India.

Mathematics is essential in the study of various subjects and in real life. NCF 2005 proposes moving away from complete calculations, construction of a framework of concepts, relate math-ematics to real life experiences and cooperative learning.

Many students have a maths phobia and in order to help them overcome this phobia, jokes, puzzles, riddles, stories and games have been included in textbooks. Each concept is introduced through an activity or an interesting story at the primary level. The contributions of great Indian mathematicians are mentioned at appropriate places.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G. S. Mudambadithaya Sri. Nagendra Kumar Co-ordinator Managing Director Karnataka Textbook Society® Karnataka Textbook Society®

Bengaluru, Karnataka Bengaluru, Karnataka

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TexT Book CommiTTee

Chairman :

1) Sri P.k. muchandikar, A.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Primary School Konewadi, Belagavi.

memBerS :

1) Sri S.D. Pakhare, A.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Pry. School Kadoli, Belagavi.

2) Sri J.S. mali, H.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Pry. School, Kurli Chikodi Dist., Belagavi.

3) Sri a.S. Buvaji, A.M., Govt. Marathi Lower Pry. School, Jainkop, Khanapur Dist. Belagavi.

4) Sri i.S. Patil, A.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Pry. School Tarihal, Belagavi.

5) Smt. Sangeeta Deshpande, A.M., V.M. Shanbhag Marathi School Bhagyanagar, Tilakwadi,

Belagavi.

arTiST :

6) Sri Tharakesh, Govt. High School, Bannitalpur, Gundlupete, Dist-Chamarajanagar.

SCruTinizer :

7) Sri madhav kunte, A.M., Smt. Ushatai, Gogate Girls High School, Belagavi.

Chief Co-orDinaTor :

Prof. G.S. mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Text Preparation, KTBS®

Bengaluru.

Chief aDviSerS :

Sri narasimhaiah, Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru.

Sri C. nagamani, Deputy Director, Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru.

ProGramme Co-orDinaTor:

Smt. m. Bhagyavathamma, Assistant Director, Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru.

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AZwH«$_{UH$mA.H«$. nmR>mMo / H$[dVoMo Zmd gm{hË` àH$ma coIH$/H$dr n¥.H«$.

*1. Vmo amOh§g EH$ ^mdH${dVm J.{X. _mS>JwiH$a 1

2. {Xì` Ñï>r H$Wm S>m°. {dO`m dmS> 4*3. Mc D$R> ao _wHw§$Xm ^ynmir gwaoe ^Q> 12

4. gwImMr Md c{cV S>m°. AéUm T>oao 14*5. hm qhX Xoe _mPm Xoe^º$s JrV AmZ§Xamd Q>oH$mS>o 18

6. qMJr _{hÝ`mMr Pmcr Zmhr VmoM... ZmQ>ç N>Q>m {XdmH$a 21

7. {VWo! {ZgJ© H${dVm JUoe har nmQ>rc 25

8. A{VWr J«m_rU H$Wm dm. H¥$. MmoaKS>o 30

9. Xrn cmd Vmo gm_m{OH$ H${dVm Hw$gw_mJ«O 38

10. am_oída_²Mo {Xdg AmË_M[aÌ àm. _mYwar emZ^mJ 42

11. nmhþUMma J«m_rU H${dVm J.c. R>moH$i 51

12. dmQ> MwH$ë`mMm AmZ§X cKw{Z~§Y Zm.gr. \$S>Ho$ 56

13. _mPr _wº$mB© {d^yVr Jm¡ad ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar 61

14. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc H$mhr {eëngw§Xa ñWio àdmg dU©Z H¥$.~. {ZHw$å~ 65

15. ^mfm ~m§Yì` boI S>m° g§Ü`m Xoenm§S>o 71

16. ^mD$am`m bmoH$JrV V 77

17. VrZ _wÔo d¡Mm[aH$ boI {dZm`H$ Zaha ^mdo 79

18. _m` X{bV H${dVm dm_Z qZ~miH$a 82

19. AmcmoH$m~mB©g nÌ nÌ boIZ g§V JmS>Jo_hmamO 85

20. JmonmiH$mcm n§{S>Vr H$mì` àëhmX {edmOr ~S>do 90

21. e{Zdma dmS>çmV H$mÌOMo nmUr ~Ia dmL²>_` H¥$.{d. gmohZr 94

22. g§V dmUr àmMrZ H$mì` H$mÝhmonmÌm eoI_h§_X 98

23. åhmBª^Q>r {ejmnUr àmMrZ JÚ åhmBª^Q> 102

ì`mH$aU, coIZ, eãXg§J«h 105

* Aer IyU Agcoë`m H${dVm nmR>m§VamgmR>r AmhoV

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1. Vmo amOh§g EH$(_yë` … AmË_{dídmg)

- J.{X. _mS>JyiH$a

n[aM` …-

JOmZZ {XJ§~a _mS>JyiH$a (1919-1977) à{gÕ H$dr, H$WmH$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma, nQ>H$Wm coIH$. Omo{J`m,

M¡Ì~Z, JrVam_m`U BË`mXr H$mì`g§J«h, "AmH$memMr \$io' hr H$mX§~ar, "dmQ>odaÀ`m gmdë`m' ho AmË_M[aÌ

_amR>_moù`m OrdZmMo {d{dYa§Jr {MÌU, CËH$Q> ^mdZmercVm, àgW agmi Am{U ZmQ>çnyU© e¡cr hr coIZ

d¡{eîQ>ço. JrVam_m`UmÀ`m aMZoZ§Va "AmYw{ZH$ dmpë_H$s' åhUyZ AmoiIco OmD$ cmJco.

EH$m Vù`mV ~XH$mÀ`m {ncm§~amo~a EH$ amOh§gmMo {nëcy nU dmT>V AgVo. ~XH$mMr {nëco Ë`mcm doJim

åhUyZ dmB©Q> dmJUyH$ XoV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo {nëcy Xw…Ir AgVo. gdmªhyZ doJio nmohV AgVo. nU EH$Xm Ë`m

Hw$ê$n {nëcmÀ`m OrdZmV doJimM {Xdg CJdVmo. Mmoê$$Z nmÊ$`mV nmhVmZm Amnco à{Vq~~ ho amOh§gmMo Amho

ho Ë`mcm C_JVo Am{U AmZ§XmÀ`m amV Ë`mMo ` dmè`m~amo~a CS>mco Am{U AmË_{dídmg OmJ¥V Pmcm. Ë`mMr

H$_rnUmMr ^mdZm g§ncr.

ho ^mdJrV "J{X_m gm{hË`ZdZrV' `m g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>co Amho.

(_yë` - AmË_{dœmg)

Vmo amOh§g EH$ EH$m Vù`mV hmoVr, ~XHo$ {nco gwaoI

hmoVo Hw$ê$$n doS>o, {n„z V`mV EH$

H$moUr Z Ë`mg KoB©, Ioimd`mg g§Jo

gdm©hwZr {Zamio, Vo doJio Va§Jo

XmdwZr ~moQ> Ë`mcm, åhUVr hgyZ cmoH$

Amho Hw$ê$$n doS>o, {n„z V`mV EH$

{n„mg Xw…I ^mar, ^moio aS>o ñdV…er

^md§S> Zm {dMmar, gm§Joc Vo Hw$Umer

Oo Vo V`mg Q>moMr, Xmdr CJmM YmH$

hmoVo Hw$én doS>o, {n„z V`mV EH$

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EHo$ {XZr na§Vw, {n„mg Ë`m H$imco

^`, doS> nma Ë`mMo, dmè`mgdo nimco

nmÊ$`mV nmhVmZm, Mmoê$${Z`m jU¡H$

Ë`mMoM Ë`m H$imco, Vmo amOh§g EH$.

eãXmW© d Q>rnm …-gwaoI - gw§Xa Hw$ê$n - {dÐ>yn, {XgÊ`mg Mm§Jco Zgcocog§Jo - ~amo~a>, gh Va§Jo - nmohUoYmH$ - Xamam, Oa~ {XZ - {Xdg

amOh§g …-

_mZg gamodamV {XgyZ `oUmam EH$ Xw{_©i njr. hm nm§T>è`m H$mù`m a§JmMm ~XH$mÀ`m OmVrMm njr Amho. hm njr _moË`mMm Mmam ImVmo Am{U XyY d nmUr doJio H$aVmo Aem Ë`mÀ`m~ÔcÀ`m X§VH$Wm ({_WH$) à{gÕ AmhoV.

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZmMo àË`oH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. ~XH$mMr {n„o H$er hmoVr?

2. Vo {n„z doJio H$m Va§JV hmoVo?

3. Ë`m {n„mcm H$moU {dMmaV Zgo?

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à2. Imcrc àíZmMo XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. cmoH$ hgyZ H$m` åhUV AgV? 2. {n„mg H$moUVo Xw…I hmoVo? 3. amOh§g Agë`mMo {n„mcm Ho$ìhm H$imco?

à3. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma nmM-ghm dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. Hw$ê$n {n„mg BVa {nco H$er dmJUyH$ XoV AgV?

à4. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. `m H${dVoMm AW© Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

à5. g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

1. Amho Hw$ê$n doS>o {n„z V`mV EH$ 2. Ë`mMoM Ë`m H$imco Vmo amOh§g EH$

à6. mfmä`mg

1. {déÕmWu eãX {chm. Xw…I Hw$én àmMrZ

2. g_mZmWu eãX {chm. g§J YmH$ gwaoI 3. {dJ«h H$ê$Z g§Yr AmoiIm jU¡H$

à7. Imcrc àíZmMo àËòH$s Mma n`m©` {Xco AmhoV. `mo½` Vmo n`m©` {ZdSy>Z nwT>o {chm.1. `m H${dVoV H$moUË`m njmMo dU©Z Ho$co Amho? A. ~XH$ ~. nmonQ> H$. H$mdim S>. amOh§g2. ~XH$mMr {n„o Hw$R>o ahmV hmoVr? A. Vù`mV ~. qnOè`mV H$. g_wÐ>mV S>. KaQ>çmV 3. JrVam_mÙÀ`m aMZoZ§Va J.{X. _mS>JyiH$amZm H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmVo? A. JrVam_mÙH$ma ~. AmYw{ZH$ dmpë_H$s H$. J.{X._m. S>. lram_4. `m H${dVoMm H$mì` àH$ma hm Amho. A. ào_JrV ~. XoeJrV H$. ^mdJrV S>. ~mcJrV

CnH«$_ …

1. _¥Ë`w§O` hr {edmOr gmd§V `m§Mr H$mX§~ar dmMm. 2. "amOh§g' `m njmMr A{YH$ _m{hVr {_idm.

iivivivii

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2. {Xì` Ñï>r- S>m°. {dO`m dmS>

n[aM` …-

S>m°. {dO`m {dO` dmS> (1945) {ejU ~r.Eg.gr., ~r.ES>., E_.E., nr.EM.S>r. ~mc gm{hË`mMr AmdS>, ZmQ>Ho$ a§J^y_rda AmUÊ`mMr AmdS>, _amR>r {dídH$mof _w»` g§nmXH$, _amR>r A{^ZoÌr-{Z{eJ§Ym dmS> hr Ë`m§Mr H$Ý`m hmo`. ZmQ>H$m§Mr Zm§do - {M§Jw qMJ_ qQ>Hw$ qQ>H$_, XmoZ {_Ì, {_Zr _§Jimda.

emar[aH$ ì`§J Agco Var _Zwî`mH$S>o doJirM eŠVr AgVo. {VMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo ho `m nmR>mV nhm.

hm nmR> ""{H$emoa {Xdmir A§H$-2010'' _YyZ KoVcm Amho.

(_yë`-{OÔ)

""{edm§Jr, _r AmO Kar OmUma niñno BWo!''

Jm¡ar gm§JV hmoVr. XmoKr EH$mM dJm©V {Z EH$mM ImocrV A§YemioÀ`m dg{VJ¥hmV amhV AgV.

""dm! N>mZ! H$moUr òUma Amho H$m Ý`m`cm?'' {edm§Jr åhUmcr.

""hmo, AJ§ XmXm, AmB©, ~m~m {VKohr òUma AmhoV. Amåhr AJXr {OdmMr _w§~B© H$aUma AmhmoV, {VWo Mm¡nmQ>rda OmD$Z cmQ>m§er IoiUma, Zohê$$ nmH©$_Yrc åhmVmarMm ~yQ> ~KUma.''

""_‚mmM J§!'' {edm§Jr åhUmcr.

""hmo Zm, AmVm _{hZmâ AJXr _‚mm H$aUma Amho _r! Am_M§ niñn§ N>moQ>§ Agc§ Var _ñV Amho. {edm` KaMr ^mOr nmoir! AmB©À`m hmVMo JwimMo KmaJo, ~m~m _ù`mVyZ H¡$è`m AmUVmV, Am{U XmXm ~\$m©Mm Jmoim Im`cm XoVmo. _‚`mM _‚mm! _cm Va dmQ>V§, _o _{hZm H$Yr g§nyM Zò. Amncr emim nU AmdS>Vo! nU _cm BWc§ OodU A{O~mV AmdS>V Zmhr. Am_Q>r, ^mOr gJù`mMr Md EH$M EH$!'' Jm¡ar åhUmcr.

""{edm§Jr Vy Hw$R>o OmUma?''

""_r?''

cJoM Jm¡arÀ`m _ZmV Amc§, {edm§JrMr AmB© XodmKar Jocr hmoVr. {Vcm EH$X_ AnamÜ`mgmaI§ dmQ>c§.

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""Jm¡ar!''

XmXm Amcm! XmXm Amcm! XmXm, {VMr AmB©, {VMo ~m~m, gJio gJio Amco hmoVo.

"Aao {edm§Jr, Vy BWoM Amhog AOyZ? Vwcm Ý`m`cm Amco ZmhrV H$moUr?''

""Aao XmXm {dgacmg? {edm§Jr......!''

""Amo! gm°ar, gm°ar! _r {dgacmo J§, nU AmO _mÌ {edm§Jrgh AmnU gJioM {OdmMr _w§~B©

H$ê$$`mV!'' Am{U AmnU _w§~B© Xe©ZÀ`m ~gZoM gJio OmD$`mV!'' XmXmMm AmdmO CËgmh^am

hmoVm.

""Aao XmXm, Vy åhUerc Vg§M AmnU H$ê$$!'' ~m~m§Zr Ago åhQ>co, Voìhm Jm¡arZo {edm§Jrcm

AmZ§XmZo {_R>rM _macr.

{edm§Jr Ë`m Mm¡Km~amo~a "_w§~B©Xe©Z' ghcrgmR>r _w»`mÜ`m{nH$m Hw§$XmVmBªMr nadmZJr KoD$Z

{ZKmcr.

XmXm, Jm¡ar, {edm§Jr {VKo H$_cm Zohê$$ nmH©$_Ü`o {\$aV hmoVo. åhmVmarMm ~yQ> Amnë`m hmVm§Zr

ñne© H$ê$$Z {edm§Jr {Z Jm¡ar ~KV hmoË`m.

{VWë`m ~mJoV Jßnm _maV XmoKr ~gë`m hmoË`m.

VodT>çmV ""AJ Jßnm H$m` _maV ~gcmV? ~g {ZKyZ OmB©c, Ago åhUV AmB© Amcr Am{U

Ë`m {ZKmë`m.

""Mc {edm§Jr, AmVm Vy _mÂ`mOdi ~g.'' AmB© åhUmcr. AmB© Am{U {edm§JrÀ`m Jßnm

gwê$$ Pmë`m.

""`§Xm Vwåhr XmoKr Zddr nmg hmoD$Z XhmdrV JocmV. {edm§Jr Vwcm Va ZìdX Q>¸o$ JwU

{_imco. H$m` H$am`M§ R>adc` Vy?'' Jm¡arÀ`m AmB©Zo {dMmaco.

""_cm Jwáhoa ìhm`M§ Amho Jm¡arMr AmB©!''

""AJ§! Ho$dT>m doJim {dMma Amho hm!''

""nU, N>mZ Amho h§!''

""AJ, OJmcm H$ënZmM ZgVo A§Yì`pŠVMr VmH$X H$m` AgVo Vo! nU _mÂ`m Jm¡ar_wio _cm

H$ënZm Amho Ë`mMr. {H$Vr AmË_{gÕ Amho Vr!''

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""nU H$mHy$ Vr AmË_{gÕ hmoÊ`mg VwåhrM H$maU AmhmV Zm? {H$Vr N>mZ dmQ>c§ H$mHy$ åhUmcrg Vo! Jm¡arMr AmB© åhUyZ hmH$ _maVog Ë`mnojm H$mHy$ Iyn OdiM§ dmQ>V§ ~K!'' Ago åhUV Jm¡arÀ`m AmB©Zo {edm§JrMm hmV hmVmV KoVcm. {edm§JrZo Vmo Hw$admicm.

""Aao dm! H$m` gwaoI KS>UrÀ`m ~m§JS>çm AmhoV H$mHy$!''

"AmdS>ë`m? øm§Zr hm¡goZ§ KoVë`m. Vrg E{àccm, dmT>{Xdgmcm _mÂ`m.''

""Mcm Mm¡nmQ>r Amcr {JaJmdMr. BWo Vrg {_{ZQ>o doi {_ioc. BWo ^oirMo ñQ>m°c ZmhrV. YmdmYmd H$ê$$ ZH$m. Ë`mZ§Va ~g ^ocnyar, nmUrnyar ñQ>m°cda Wm§~dcr. gJioOU AmZ§XmZo Imcr CVaco. Vmoda g_moaM ehmi§nmUrdmcm Amcm ""Mc J§ {edm§Jr! AmnU ehmi§nmUr KoD$'' Jm¡arMr AmB© åhUmcr.

""~a§ H$mHy$! Vwåhr ehmi§nmUr ¿`m, _J AmnU OmD$'' {edm§Jr åhUmcr.

XmoKr ehminmUrdmë`m Odi Joë`m. BVŠ`mV EH$m _mUgmZo Jm¡arÀ`m AmB©À`m hmVmcm OmoamMm {hgS>m {Xcm. Ë`mMo Vm|S> PmH$co hmoVo. ""AJ§ AmB© J§!'' Jm¡arMr AmB© H$idicr. {edm§Jr MQ>H$Z nwT>o Ponmdcr. Ë`m _mUgmMm hmV nH$S>Ê$`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm {VMm ñne© Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rcm Pmcm. Ë`mZo {edm§JrÀ`m Wmo~mS>mV _macr d Vmo nimcm. ho BVŠ`m jUmYm©V KS>co H$s, H$moUmcm H$im`À`m AmV Mmoa ~m§JS>çm KoD$Z nimcmhr.

""Ymdm! Ymdm! _mÂ`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m ~m§JS>çm ni{dë`m _oë`mZ§ '' Jm¡arMr AmB© Ym`_moH$cyZ aSy> cmJcr. hr JXu O_cr. Ioim`cm Jococo XmXm, ~m~m Am{U Jm¡ar naVco. Ë`mZr {dMmaco - ""H$m` Pmc§ J§?'' ""Ahmo _mÂ`m ~m§JS>çm, Vwåhr hm¡goZo KoVcoë`m _mÂ`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m ~m§JS>çm-'' {Vcm hw§XH$m \w$Q>cm.

""Joë`m? Mmoarcm Joë`m? Mcm! H$m` JaO hmoVr gmoZ§ A§Jmda dmJdV {\$am`Mr. {_adm`Mr hm¡g Zm? Vw_Mr hm¡g hmoVo. nU Am_Mm Ord OmVmo.'' ~m~m d¡VmJyZ AmoaS>co. ""OmZo Xmo H$mH$m! A^r nhco nwcrg H§$ßcoQ> {cIdmAmo!'' ehmi§nmUr {dH$Umam åhUmcm. Vmo ehmUnUmZo g„m XoVmo Amho ho Jm¡arÀ`m ~m~mZm§hr g_Oco.

""Mcm!'' Vo amJmamJmZo OdiÀ`m nmocrg R>mÊ`mda Joco. "_w§~B© Xe©Z'' AY©dQ> am{hco. ghcrÀ`m ~g_Yrc cmoH$ hihiV nwT>o Joco.

nmocrg R>mÊ`mda Joë`mda {edm§Jr åhUmcr, ""H$mH$m `m VnmgmV _mPm Z¸$s Cn`moJ hmoB©c!'' g_moaM ~gcoco BÝñnoŠQ>a amUo {Vcm åhUmco.

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""~mi Vy hmoVrg `m§À`m~amo~a?''

""{edm§Jr, ho BÝñnoŠQ>a amUo Vwcm H$mhr àíZ {dMmaVmhoV'' H$mH$m åhUmco.

""amUogmho~, Z_ñH$ma! _r H$mHy$~amo~a hmoVo.''

""nU Vy nmhy eH$V Zmhrg.''

H$mH$y åhUmë`m, ""_r nmhy eH$Vo Zm, _oë`mZo Vm|S>mcm H$mio \$S>Ho$ ~m§Yco hmoVo.''

""ñHy$Q>ada hmoVm?'' ""Zmhr hmo, Z§Vahr niVM JXr©V {_gicm.''

""R>rH$ Amho. AmnU coIr VH«$ma Zm|Xdm. gm`§H$mir `m. _r H$mhr Mmoa hOa H$aVmo, nmhw`m!

_r _XV H$arZM!''

""Amåhr cm§~yZ Amcmo` hmo! Hw$R>o OmUma AmVm, BWoM ~gyZ amhVmo.'' amUo gmho~m§Zr gdmªZm

Mhm-{~pñH$Q>§ {Xbr. dma§dma Mmoè`m H$aUmè`m Ë`m Ë`m ^mJmVrc _mUgm§Mr nmo{cgm§Zm Mm§JcrM

_m{hVr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr VrZ VmgmV H$mhr Mmoam§Zm amUogmho~m§g_moa C o Ho$co. amUogmho~mZr {edm§Jrcm

AmR>dUrZo AmV ~mocmdco.

""{edm§Jr! BWo H$mhr _mUgo _r VwÂ`mg_moa AmUVmo.''

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""Mmcoc! nU Ë`m§À`m nmR>rcm ñne© H$aÊ$`mMr _cm nadmZJr hdr''

""{Xcr!'' BÝñnoŠQ>agmho~ åhUmco.

Mma cmoH$ g_moa Amco. nmR>r MmMnyZ Pmë`m nU EH$hr Zmhr. nmMdm, nwT>o Amcm. {ed-

m§JrZo Imoc ídmg KoVcm.

""_moJam!'' Vr CX²Jmacr.

""åhUOo?''

""_moJè`mÀ`m AÎmamMm dmg!'' Vr CX²Jmacr.

""nmR> ~Ky!'' Am{U nmR> ~KVmM Vr qH$Mmicr, ""hmM Vmo....!'' amUogmho~ CRy>Z C o am{hco.

""BÝñnoŠQ>a-gmho~, Ë`m ~m§JS>çm Mmoamcm _r ~Ky eH$V ZìhVo, nU hw§Jy eH$V hmoVo. Ë`mZo

_moJam g|Q>M dmnacm hmoVm. Am_Mo ñne© Iyn ~KVmV. Iyn ~mocVmV. _r Ë`mMr nmR> ñn{e©cr

Amho. {VWo EH$ Amdmiy hmoVo, ho BWo....!'' {VMm hmV Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rdarc Amdmiyda hmoVm.

"H$_mcH$s cS>H$r h¡ `o!'' amUogmho~ åhUmco.

""H$m` gwaVrcmc? VoaoH$mo H$~yc h¡ Mmoar?''

gwaVrcmc Imcr _mZ KmcyZ C^m hmoVm.

""Vmo H$m` ZmH$~yc H$aoc? Ë`mcm dmQ>co Agoc. A§Ym|H$mo Š`m I~a? nU ho ~K _mPo

ZmH$ VoO Amho. Am{U H$mZ ImocyZ EoH$, hr _mPr XmoZ hmVm§Mr Xhm ~moQ>o AmhoV Zm, Vo Xhm

S>moio Am{U EH$ A§V…Mjw. _OOdi AH$am S>moio AmhoV. AH$am! Amho VwÂ`mH$S>o {Xì`Ñï>r?''

amUogmho~ Am{U gJioM {edm§JrH$S>o H$m¡VwH$mZo ~KV hmoVo. {VÀ`m _wImda {Xì`VoO ngaco

hmoVo.

gwaVrcmcH$Sy>Z ~m§JS>çm naV {_imë`m Am{U {edm§Jrcm ~jrg Am{U gw§Xa gwÅ>r! H$mH$m-H$mHy$,

XmXm Am{U Jm¡ar~amo~a! hm¡goMr Am{U AmZ§XmMr {H$Vr _Om Zm! XmoñVmZmo.

eãXmW© Am{U Q>rnm …-

niñno - H$moH$UmVrc EH$ Jmd Mm¡nmQ>r - g_wÐ>mOdirc _moH$ir OmJm

_ñV - N>mZ XodmKar OmUo - _aU nmdUo

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OrdmMr _w§~B© H$aUo - _m¡O-_Om H$aUo, hoa - OmgyO, M¡Z H$aUo Jwá ~mV_r H$mT>Umam.

ehmio - A{Ve` JmoS> nmUr Ym`_moH$cyZ aS>Uo - _moR>çmZo aS>Uo. Agcocm H$modim Zmai.

hihiUo - Xw…I H$aUo. AmË_{gÕ - I§~ra

Amdmiy - earamda Amcocr A§V…Mjy - AmVrc S>moio, Ma~rMr JmR> _ZmMo S>moio

I~a - ~mV_r, dmVm©, A§Yemim - A§Y {dÚmÏ`mªZm (`m nmR>mV) H$iUma {eH${dco OmVo Vr emim.

åhmVmarMm ~yQ> - _w§~B©À`m Zohê$$ nmH©$ - ~JrMm. nmH©$_Yrc ~wQ>mÀ`m AmH$mamMr B_maV.

dg{VJ¥h - amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Jwáhoa - JwÝømMm emoY KoUmam AgUmao {R>H$mU.

KmaJo - H$UHo$V Jyi KmcyZ Ho$cocr nwar

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. Jm¡arcm Ý`m`cm H$moU H$moU òUma hmoVo?2. Jm¡ar d BVa _§S>ir "OrdmMr _w§~B©' H$am`cm H$emZo Joco?3. {edm§JrZo Jm¡arÀ`m AmB©cm H$moUË`m ZmdmZo hmH$ _macr? 4. MmoamZo H$m` Mmoaco? 5. ehmionmUrdmë`mZo H$moUVm g„m {Xcm? 6. {edm§JrZo H$moUË`m dmgmdê$$Z Mmoa AmoiIcm?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. Jm¡arcm niñnocm H$m` H$m` Im`cm {_iUma hmoVo? 2. Jm¡ar OrdmMr _w§~B© H$er H$aUma Amho? 3. Jm¡arMr AmB© Ym`_moH$cyZ H$m aSy> cmJcr? 4. AmB©cm ~m§JS>çm H$moUr d Ho$ìhm KoVë`m hmoË`m?

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à3. nwT>rc àíZm§Mr àËòH$s Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. Jm¡ar Am{U {edm§JrZo _w§~B© Xe©Z_Üò H$m` H$m` Am{U H$go nm{hco?

2. {edm§JrZo Mmoamcm H$em nÕVrZo AmoiIco?

3. amUogmho~m§Zr VnmgUrMr nyd© V`mar H$er Ho$cr?

à4. Imcrc àíZm§Mr gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. BÝñnoŠQ>a Am{U BVa gd©OU {edm§JrH$S>o H$m¡VwH$mZo H$m ~KV hmoVo?

2. _moR>onUr Jwáhoa ~ZÊ`mMo H$moUVo JwU {edm§JrÀ`m A§Jr {XgyZ òVmV?


1. ""AmO _mÌ {edm§Jrgh AmnU gJioM {OdmMr _w§~B© H$ê$$!''

2. ""_cm Jwáhoa ìhm`M§ Amho Jm¡arMr AmB©!''

3. ""nU Vy nmhy eH$V Zmhrg''

4. ""OmZo Xmo H$mH$m! A^r nhco nwcrg H§$ßcoQ> {cIdmdmo!''

5. ""Vw_Mr hm¡g hmoVo nU Am_Mm Ord OmVmo.''

6. ""H$_mcH$s cS>H$s h¡ ò!''

à6. Imcr {Xcoë`m n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` CÎma {Xcoë`m OmJoV {chm.

1. Jm¡arÀ`m Jm§dmMo Zmd H$m`? A. _w§~B© ~. nigdUo H$. niñno S>. nmitÐ>o

2. Jm¡ar~amo~a A§YemioÀ`m dg{VJ¥hmV H$moU ahmV hmoVo? A. {edm§Jr ~. {edmZr H$. ew^m§Jr S>. gwhmZr

3. {edm§JrMr AmB© H$moR>o Jocr hmoVr? A. _mhoar ~. XodmKar H$. gmgar S>. _mderÀ`m Kar

4. {edm§Jrcm {H$Vr JyU {_imco hmoVo? A. 92% ~. 85% H$. 90% S>. 95%

5. amUogmho~m§Zr gdmªZm H$m` {Xco? A. Mhm-{~pñH$Q>§ ~. Mhm-nmd H$. noT>o-cmSy> S>. H$m°\$s-{~ñH$sQ>

6. ~m~m _ù`mVyZ H$m` AmUVmV? A. H$mH$S>r ~. H¡$è`m H$. \$Ug S>. Om§îo

7. {edm§Jrcm H$m` ìhm`M§ hmoVo? A. nmocrg ~. dH$sc H$. Jwáhoa S>. S>m°ŠQ>a

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^mfmä`mg …-

nwT>rc dmH²$àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am -

1. {OdmMr _w§~B© H$aUo. 2. Ym` _moH$cyZ aS>Uo. 3. hihiUo 4. Xodm Kar OmUo.

CnH«$_ …-

1. A§Yemiocm ^oQ> Úm. d VoWrc {ejU nÕVrMr _m{hVr {_idm. 2. nmo{cg R>mÊ$`mcm ^oQ> XodyZ VoWo MmcUmè`m H$m`©nÕVrMo {Z[ajU H$am.

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3. Mc D$R> ao _wHw§$Xm- gwaoe ^Q>

n[aM` …-

gwaoe lrYa ^Q> (1932-2003) _amR>rVrc EH$ à{gÕ H$dr. `mZr _amR>rV JPc `m H$mì` àH$mamMo nwZé‚mrdZ Ho$co d Ë`mcm Ame`g§nÞ Ago Zdo ê$$n {Xco. Ë`m_wio JPc `m àH$mamcm ~hw_mÝ`Vm {_imcr. Ë`m§Zr {ZgJ© H${dVm, gm_m{OH$ H${dVm, ào_ H${dVm, Xoe^º$sna JrVo dJ¡ao {c{hcr AmhoV. "énJ§Ym', "a§J _mPm doJim' ho Ë`m§Mo H$mì` g§J«h AmhoV. "Jo`Vm' ho Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. H$mì`m~Ôc Ë`m§Zm X_mUr, Ho$edgwV nwañH$ma {_imco AmhoV. "a§J _mPm doJim' _YyZ hr H${dVm {ZdS>cr Amho. `m H${dVoMm àH$ma ^ynmir Amho.

àñVwV H${dVoV lrH¥$îUmcm OmJdV Agë`mMo dU©Z, VgoM àmV…H$miÀ`m {ZgJ© gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z Ho$co Amho.

({ZgJ© dU©Z - dmËgë`)

Mc D$R> ao _wHw§$Xm Pmcr nhmQ> Pmcr& ~mhoa Mm§XÊ`mcm hcHo$M OmJ Amcr &&Y¥&&

_§Xmdcm H$YrMm JJZmV ewH«$Vmam AZ² Mmoanmdcm§Zr Amcm nhmQ>dmamJmcmdar Cfo…À`m Amcr hiyM cmcr &&1&&

Ko Amdê$Z AmVm ñdßZmVcm ngmam~oM¡Z JmoHw$imZo Ho$cm VwPm nwH$mamVd JrV JmV gmar hr nmIao CS>mcr &&2&&

VwO Xya hmH$ _mar H$mqcXrMm {H$ZmamHw§$OmVë`m H$ù`mZr Ho$cm Vwcm BemamVwO emoYÊ`mg doS>r amYm nwÝhm {ZKmcr &&3&&

eãXmW© Am{U Q>rnm …-Cfm - nhmQ> H$mqcXr - `_wZmZXrHw§$O - d¥jdo{cZr ~hacocr ~mJ ewH«$Vmam - EH$ J«h-nhmQ>o d gm §H$mir CJdUmamBemam - gyMZm.

Q>rn …-amYm - JmoHw$imV amhUmar AZ` ZmdmÀ`m Jdù`mMr nËZr. H¥$îUmMr ~mc _¡ÌrU, lr H¥$îUmMr ^º$$.

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ñdmÜ`m`


1. `emoXm H$moUmcm CR>dV Amho? 2. nhmQ>dmam H$gm Amcm? 3. ~oM¡Z JmoHw$imZo H$moUmMm nwH$mam Ho$cm?

à2. Imcrc àíZmMo XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎma {chm.

1. JmoHw$i ~oM¡Z H$m Pmco hmoVo?

à3. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. H¥$îUmcm CR>{dÊ$`mÀ`m doir g¥ï>rV H$m` KS>co hmoVo?

à4. g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am -

""Vd JrV JmV gmar hr nmIao CS>mcr''


1. `m H${dVoMm gai AW© {chm.

à6. OmoS>çm Owidm -

A ~1. Mm§XÊ$`mcm 1. Mmoanmdcm§Zr2. ewH«$Vmam 2. hmH$ _mar 3. nhmQ>dmam 3. OmJ4. H$mqcXrMm {H$Zmam 4. Bemam Ho$cm5. \w$cm§Zr (H$ù`m§Zr) 5. _§Xmdcm

^mfmä`mg - Mm§XÊ`mcm OmJ Amcr, Mmoa nmdcmZr nhmQ> dmam Amcm m AmoirV AMoVZ Jmoï>rda _mZdr ^mdZm§Mm Amamon Ho$cm Amho. åhUyZ hm MoVZJwUmoº$s Ac§H$ma Amho. `m H${dVoVrc Aem Ac§H$mamMr CXmhaUo emoYm.

CnH«$_

1. hr ^ynmir MmcrV ~gdyZ åhUm. 2. D$R> n§T>arÀ`m am`m hr J.{X._mS>JyiH$am§Mr ^ynmir {_idyZ dmMm.

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4. gwImMr Md - AéUm T>oao

n[aM` …-

S>m°. AéUm am_M§Ð T>oao (OÝ_ 1957) H${dVm, H$Wm, H$mX§~ar c{cV JÚ, g_rjm, g§emoYZ Ago {d{dY àH$maMo coIZ. "Cd©er,' "_¡Ìo`r', "_hmÛma' B. H$mX§~è`m. "_§Ìmja', "`jamÌ', "{Za§OZ' B. H${dVm g§J«h. "énmoËgd', "cmdÊ` `mÌm', "_ZmVc§ Am^mi' B. c{cV JÚ g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV.A{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` gå_obZmMo AÜ`jnX Ë`mZr ^yf{dbo

gwÅ>rV _wcmZm Ioim`cm AmdS>Vo. AZoH$ J_Vr-O_Vr H$am`cm {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio _wcm§Zm gwÅ>r AmdS>Vo. co{IHo$cm ~mcnUr AmdS>rÀ`m AZoH$ Jmoï>r gwÅ>rV {_im`À`m Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m gwÅ>rMr dmQ> nmhm`À`m, nU AZoH$ ~m~VrV dmQ> nmhUo gwÕm AmZ§XmMo, {OkmgoMo, Hw$VwhcmMo AgVo. `mMo {MÌU `m c{cV coImV Amco Amho.

(_yë`-g§`_)

hmoir Z§Va W§S>r PnmQ>çmZ§ H$_r hmoV Om`Mr Am{U Am§ã`mda _mohmoa ZwgVm K_K_V

Agm`Mm. narjm Vm|S>mda Amcocr Agm`Mr. KamnwT>À`m N>moQ>çm J°carV Pmonm`cm nadmZJr

{_im`Mr. _moH$ù`m A§JUmV A§WéU§ nS>m`Mr Vr gwÅ>r cmJë`mda, nU _mM©-E{àc_Ü`o J°carV

Pmonm`cm {_im`M§. Voìhm dmè`mMr _§X PwiyH$ KoV Amåhr ~hrU-^mD$ A§WéUmda nS>m`Mmo. Iyn

doi Jßnm H$aV amhm`Mmo. _J amÌrMo _D$Jma hmV A§Jmda {\$am`cm cmJco, H$s PmonoMr JS>X

Mmhÿc `m`Mr. S>moio {_Q>VmZm _ZmV EH$M {dMma `m`Mm, "CÚm H$mo{H$ioM§ Hw$hy @ @ EoHy$ `oB©c?

~Ky h§!'

nhmQ>o nhmQ>o JmT> PmonoV AgVmZmM Vmo AmdmO H$mZmda `m`Mm "Hw$hÿ Hw$hÿ' Am{U nmnÊ`m

Q>¸$ CKS>ë`m Om`À`m. Ë`m AmdmOmMr dmQ> nmhÊ`mM§ gmW©H$ hmoD$Z Om`M§.

gwÅ>rMr dmQ> nmhU§ Va VoìhmnmgyZ gwê$ Pmcoc§M Agm`M§. Aä`mgmMm Amig Zgm`Mm.

nmR>m§Va AmdS>m`M§. Zo_cocr nwñVH§$ Jmoï>rÀ`m nwñVH$m§BVH$sM naV naV AmdS>rZ§ dmMcr Om`Mr.

nU Aä`mgmMr dhr d nwñVH$ Oam ~mOycm Pmc§ ao Pmc§, H$s gwÅ>rMr AmR>dU Cgir _mê$Z da

`m`Mr. Vo A§JUmVc§ hOmar _moJè`mM PmS>, e{Zdma-dmS>çmV gH$mir gH$mir OmD$Z doMyZ

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AmUcocr ~Hw$irMr \w$c§, _mR>mVc§ dmim KmVcoc§ nmUr, AmB©-AmË`m§Mr Hw$aS>çm nmnS>çm§Mr

KmB©, A§JUâ nS>Umar dmidU§, H¡$arMr S>mi Am{U nÝh§, H$Yr_Yr KaMr nadmZJr {_imë`mda

MmoIm`cm {_iUmao ~\$m©Mo Jmoio, D$gmMm VmOm ag Am{U _w»` åhUOo IynM Iyn Jmoï>tMr Am{U

H${dVm§Mr Zdr nwñVH§$ ..... gwÅ>rMr {H$Vr dmQ> nmhmV Agy Amåhr!

H$Yr EH$Xm narjm g§nyZ gwÅ>r cmJVo` Am{U H$Yr daÀ`m _mù`mda {IS>H$sVyZ {PanUmè`m

AY©dQ> COoS>mV nwñVH§$ dmMV ~gm`cm {_iV§` Ag _cm hmoD$Z OmB©.

nwñVH$mMr dmQ> nmhÊ`mV AmUIr EH$ J§_V hmoVr. EH$ doJi§M OJ {VW§ ôQ>V hmoV§. Z nm{hcocm Xoe, Z nm{hcocr _mUg§, Z AZw^dcoco àg§J, AZmoiIr VarnU Amnco dmQ>Umao, AmoiIrMo YmJo OwiUmao. Z OwiUmè`m Jmoï>rgwÕm {H$Vr W¸$ H$aUmè`m! åhUOo OJ Aghr AgV§ Va...! _cm Ho$dT>§Var ZdonU ôQ>V hmoV§ Am{U eãXm§Mr OmXÿ H$iV hmoVr. _r dmMV hmoVo Ë`m Jmoï>r, Vmo B{Vhmg, Or JmUr Hw$UrVar aMcocr hmoVr. {c{hcocr hmoVr. Oo gwMc§, Oo {chmd§g§ dmQ>c§ Vo H$g§ {chÿ eH$cr AmhoV hr _mUg§! _cm ^mfoMr VmH$X g_OV hmoVr. åhUyZ nwñVH$ dmMÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhÊ`mV CÝhmù`mÀ`m AmYrMm H$mi BVH$m doS> cmdm`Mm, H$s ~ñg!

A{cH$S>o EH$Xm EH$ gwaoI naXoer {gZo_m nm{hcm. {MZr {gZo_m. "nmoñQ>_Z BZ X _mC§Q>Z' ho Ë`mM§ Zmd. nhmS>r àXoem_Ycm EH$ OwZm nmoñQ>_Z AmOmar nS>Vmo. Ë`mÀ`m OmJr Ë`mÀ`m _wcmZ§ H$m_ H$am`M§ R>aV§. _wcJm H$mhr \$magm CËgwH$ ZgVmo Ë`m H$m_mcm, nU eodQ>r nÌmMr W¡cr nmR>rda KoD$Z {ZKVmo. Ë`mMo dS>rc Ë`mÀ`m ~amo~a AgVmV.

EH$m dñVrda XmoK§ ~mn-coH$ òVmV. {VW§ EH$m PmonS>rnmer EH$ Am§Yir åhmVmar ~gcocr AgVo. nmoñQ>_Z Amë`mM§ {Vcm ~amo~a g_OV§. Vr AmZ§XÿZ OmVo. dS>rc nwT>o hmoVmV. _wcJm _mJoM

a|JmiVmo. _J d{S>cm§Zr {Xcoc§ nÌ hmVmV KoD$Z Vr ñnem©Z§ Ë`mMm AmZ§X ^moJVo. nmoñQ>_Zcm Vo

dmMm`cm gm§JVo. EH$Xm Ë`m åhmVmarH$S>o dS>rc nmhVmV Am{U nÌ dmMVmV. åhmVmarÀ`m _wcmZ§ {Vcm nmR>{dcoc§ Vo nÌ AgV§. Ë`mZ§ Amnë`m AmB©Mr Iyn ào_mZ§ {dMmanyg Ho$cocr AgVo. {Vcm KoD$Z Om`cm Vmo cdH$aM òUma Agë`mM§ Ë`mZ§ {c{hcoc§ AgV§. Vo gJi EoH$VmZm åhmVmarÀ`m

Vm|S>mda Iyn g_mYmZ ngaV§.

_wcJm WmoS>çm A{ZÀN>oZ§M Ooìhm nwT>o òVmo, Voìhm Ë`mcm {XgV§, H$s ~mnmÀ`m hmVmV _wir

H$moamM H$mJX Amho Ë`mda H$mhr {c{hcoc§M Zmhr. åhmVmar Ë`mÀ`m ~mnmcm nwÝhm nwÝhm YÝ`dmX

XoVo. Amerdm©X XoVo. {VWyZ cm§~ Amë`mda _wcmcm ~mn gm§JVmo, H$s Vr åhmVmar Amnë`m Xÿa Jocoë`m _wcmMr dmQ> nmhV Amho. Ë`mÀ`m nÌmMr, Ë`mÀ`m òÊ`mMr. _wcJm H$YrM {Vcm nÌ

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{b{hV Zmhr. {VMr Mm¡H$er H$aV Zmhr. nU {VM§ Vo dmQ> nmhU§ nmoñQ>_Zcm _mÌ ghZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m åhmVmarcm AmZ§X dmQ>mdm åhUyZ Xadoir nmoñQ>_Z _ZmZ§M H$moa§ nÌ dmMyZ Amcocm AgVmo. Am{U åhmVmarMo eodQ>Mo {Xdg Ë`m_wio g_mYmZmV Mmccoco AgVmV. AmVm nmoñQ>_ZÀ`m _wcmcm hoM ZmQ>H$ nwT>o Mmcdm`M§ Amho.

dmQ> nmhU§ hr Jmoï> Eaìhr gwImMr WmoS>rM AgVo? Xþ…I, H$miOr, ^rVr, AñdñWVm, VS>\$S> {H$Vr Var Jmoï>r AgVmV, Ë`mV âcoë`m. nmdgmMr dmQ> nmhUmè`m eoVH$è`mMo S>moio AmR>dm Oam qH$dm {dRy>À`m Xe©ZmMr dmQ> nmhUmè`m g§Vm§Mo A^§J AmR>dm. Ë`m H$éUoMm ñne© Pmcm H$s cjmV òV§. EImÚm Jmoï>rMr dmQ> nmhm`cm cmJVo, VoìhmM {VMr qH$_V H$iV OmVo. {H$ËòH$ _mocmÀ`m Jmoï>r ghO {_imë`m, Va Ë`mM§ _mocM Amnë`m cjmV òV Zmhr. dmQ> nmhVmZm AmnU g§`_ {eH$Vmo, Yra Yam`cm {eH$Vmo. EImÚm Jmoï>rda {dídmg KÅ> H$am`cm {eH$Vmo. Ü`mg dmT>V OmVmo.

ho gJi§ EH$m dmQ> nmhÊ`mMr Jmoï> H$aVmZm ghO _ZmV òV§ Am{U dmQ>V§, H$s Oo hd§ Vo ghO hmVr òD$M Zò. WmoS>r dmQ> nmhm`cm cmJmdr. WmoS>r VS>\$S> ^moJm`cm cmJmdr; VaM gwImMr Md dmT>oc. èmMr JmoS>r dmT>oc. ào_mVcr _mòVcr V¥ár dmT>oc. Am{U Am`wî`m~ÔcMr AmoT>hr dmT>oc.

eãXmW© -_mohmoa - Am§ã`mMr \w$co Mmhÿc - òV Agë`mMr OmUrd, gyMZmQ>¸$ CKS>Uo - nyU© OmJo hmoUo Hw$hÿ - H$mo{H$ioMo AmoaS>UogmW©H$ - g\$c hOmar _moJam - ~Îmrg _moJam, AZoH$ \w$co EH$Ì Agcoë`m _moJè`mÀ`m \w$cmMm àH$mae{Zdma dmS>m - nwÊ`mVrc noeì`m§Mm dmS>m dmim - EH$ àH$maMo gwJ§Yr dmicoco JdV.H¡$arMr S>mi - H$ÀÀ`m Am§ã`mMo {IgyZ S>mirV Ho$cobo {_lU (M¡Ì Jm¡arV gwdm{gZtZm XoVmV.) nÝh§ - H$ÀÀ`m H¡$ar nmgyZ Ho$bobo no`.à{V^m - H$cm {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMr eº$s.A{ZÀN>oZo - BÀN>m ZgVmZm V¥ár - g_mYmZnmoñQ>_Z BZ X _mD§$Q>Z - S>m|Jami ^mJmVrc nmoñQ>_Z (Q>nmc dmQ>Umam) EH$m {MZr {MÌnQ>mMo Zmd

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ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm. 1. W§S>r Ho$ìhm H$_r hmoV Om`Mr? 2. nwñVH$ dmMÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhÊ`mMm H$mi H$moUVm? 3. co{IHo$Zo H$moUVm {MZr {MÌnQ> nm{hcm? 4. nmoñQ>_ZZo H$moUmcm nÌ dmMyZ XmI{dco?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm. 1. gwÅ>rÀ`m AmYrMm H$mi ^mamdcocm H$m AgVmo? 2. dmQ> nmhÊ`mV H$moUH$moUË`m Jmoï>r AgVmV? 3. nmoñQ>_Z H$moao nÌ H$m dmMV Ago?

à3. Imcrc àíZmMo àËòH$r Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV {chm. 1. co{IH$m gwÅ>rMr dmQ> H$m nmhV Ago? 2. dmQ> nmhV AgVmZm AmnU H$moU H$moUË`m Jmoï>r {eH$Vmo?

à4. g§X^m©gh ñnï> H$am. 1. "Oo gwMc§, Oo {chmdg§ dmQ>c§ Vo H$g§ {chy eH$cr AmhoV hr _mUg§!'

à5. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm. 1. gwImMr Md H$er dmT>oc?

à6. OmoS>çm Owidm - A ~1. H$mo{H$im 1. åhmVmarcm nÌ2. {MZr {gZo_m 2. H$éUoMm ñne©3. nmoñQ>_Z 3. nmoñQ>_Z BZ X _mD§$Q>Z4. g§Vm§Mo A^§J 4. Hw$hÿ Hw$hÿ

^mfmä`mg - nwT>rc dmH²$àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am. 1. doS> cmJUo 2. gmW©H$ hmoUo 3. W¸$ hmoUo 4. _moc g_OUo

CnH«$_ 1. "dmQ>' `m eãXmdê$Z V`ma hmoUmao dmŠàMma {chÿZ AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am. 2. "JmoQ>çm' ho Zm.Ym|. VmåhUH$amMo nwñVH$ dmMm.

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5. hm qhX Xoe _mPm- Am. H¥$. Q>oH$mS>o

n[aM` …-

AmZ§X H¥$îUmOr Q>oH$mS>o (1818-1864) ho _yiMo ZmJnyaMo amhUmao. Vo EH$ amï´>r` ~mÊ`mMo H$dr åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. "AmZ§XJrV' `m ZmdmZo Ë`m§Mo VrZ H${dVmg§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. IS>çmgwamV Am{U _Zmoha Mmcrda Ë`mZr Amnë`m H${dVm JmD$Z XmI{dë`m_wio Ë`m MQ>H$Z A{YH$ cmoH${à` Pmë`m. "hm qhX Xoe _mPm' ho Ë`m§Mo Xoe^º$s JrV Am~mc-d¥Õmg n[a{MV Amho.

(_yë`-Xoeào_)

AmZ§XH§$X Eogm hm qhX Xoe _mPm gË`mg R>md XoB© d¥Îmrg R>o{d Ý`m`r

gË`mgr _mZr amOm hm qhX Xoe _mPm OZH$m{X amO`moJr ewH$ dm_Xod `moJr

Kw_dr{V H$s{V©dmOm hm qhX Xoe _mPm X_`§{V OmZH$s Vr ercmg ^yfdrVr

ZQ>cr ZQ>oe {J[aOm hm qhX Xoe _mPm {dídmg _moh Kmcr Eoer _wHw§$X _wacr

a_dr {OWo {ZHw§$Om hm qhX Xoe _mPm J§Jm {h_mMcmMr dgVr {OWo gXmMr

hmoD${Z am{h H${cOm hm qhX Xoe _mPm n¥WwamO qgh {edOr ñdmV§Í`dra JmOr

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H$[aVr aUmV _m¡O hm qhX Xoe _mPm

nyOmo{Z Ë`mg Ord|

d§Xmo{Z ào_^mdo

O`ZmX hm{M JOm© hm qhX Xoe _mPm


erc - Mm[aÍ` {ZHw§$Om - cVm, docr, Hw§$O

{h_mMc - {h_mc` H${cOm - H$mirO, öX`

JmOr - namH«$_r nwéf, dra `moÕm OZH$ - grVoMo dS>rc,

(OZH$amOm-{_{Wcm{YnVr)

ZQ>oe - e§H$a {JarOm - nmd©Vr, C_m,

ào_^mdo - ào_mZo H$s{V©dOm - H$sVuMm àgma H$aUmam

ewH$ - g§nyU© d¡am½` Agcocm dm_Xod - EH$ doXH$mcrZ Ë`mJr F$fr,

doXH$mcrZ F$fr, ì`mgnwÌ Ë`mZm dm_Xod Jm¡V_ Agohr

""ewH$mgmaIo nyU© d¡am½` Á`mMo& åhUVmV.

d{eð>mn[a kmZ `moJoídamMo &&''

gXm - Zoh_r

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZmMo àË`oH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. qhX XoemZo H$moUmcm amOm _mZco Amho?

2. amO`moJr H$moUmg åhQ>co Amho?

3. {dídmcm _moh H$moU KmcVmo?

4. XoemMo H$mirO hmoD$Z H$moU am{hco Amho?

5. H$moUË`m dra`moÜX²`m§Zr em¡`© JmO{dco Amho?

à2. Imcrc àíZmMo XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. ^maV Xoemcm ^yf{dUmar ór-aËZo d dra nwéf H$moU H$moU AmhoV?

2. qhX Xoe H$em H$em_wio nmdZ d gw§Xa ~Zcm Amho?

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1. qhX XoemV H$moU Wmoa ì`º$s hmoD$Z Joë`m? Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço {chm.

à4. g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am

1. gË`mg R>md XoB© 2. J§Jm {h_mMcmMr


1. `m H${dVoMr _Ü`dVu H$ënZm Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

à6. n{hë`m OmoS>rVrc g§~§Y AmoiIyZ {Vgè`m nXmer OwiUmam eãX {chm.

1. gË`mg … R>md … … d¥Îmrg … .................. 2. OZH$ … amO`moJr … … ewH$ … .................. 3. nyOmoZr … Ordo … … d§XmoZr … ..................4. a_dr … {ZHw§$Om … … hmoD$Zr am{h … .................. 5. aUmV … _m¡Om … … O`ZmX … ..................

^mfmä`mg …-

1. nwT>rc g§Yr gmoS>dm, Zmdo Úm. A. {h_mc` ~. aUm§JU H$. OZH$m{X 2. Ac§H$ma AmoiIyZ cjU gm§Jm. ""AmZ§XH§$X Eogm & hm qhX Xoe _mPm&''

CnH«$_ …-

1. "_mPm qhX Xoe' `m {df`mda 15 Amoir {Z~§Y {chm. 2. Xoe^º$s JrVm§Mm g§J«h H$am. 3. ñdmV§Í` {XZ d àOmgÎmmH$ {XZ `m doir hr Xoe^º$s JrVo gmXa H$am.

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21

6. qMJr _{hÝ`mMr Pmcr Zmhr VmoM- {XdmH$a

n[aM` …-

{XdmH$a åhUOoM e§H$a H$merZmW JJ} (1889-1931) ZmQ>çN>Q>m hm gm{hË`àH$ma _amR>rV AmUUmao ho n{hco a{d{H$aU _§S>imMo gXñ` hmoV. Vo nwÊ`mÀ`m ZyVZ _amR>r {dÚmc`mV {ejH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo {ejU ñHy$c \$m`Zcn`ªV Pmco. VWm{n àmo. dmgwXodamd nQ>dY©Z `m§À`mOdi Ë`mZr B§p½ce ZmQ>çN>Q>m coIH$m§À`m J«§WmMo gyú_ AÜ``Z Ho$co d ZmQ>çN>Q>m {c{hë`m. VmË`mgmho~ Ho$iH$am§Zm Ë`m§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m AmdS>ë`m. Ë`m§Zr Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr ZmQ>çN>Q>m Ho$gar `m d¥ÎmnÌmV à{gÕ Ho$ë`m. ZmQ>çN>Q>m {c{hVm§Zm {XdmH$a EHo$H$ eãX qH$dm {dam_ XoIrc lmoË`m§À`m _Zmda H$m` n[aUm_ H$arc `mMr {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z _JM {c{hV AgV.

hr ZmQ>çN>Q>m "{XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>çN>Q>m, `m nwñVH$mVyZ {ZdS>cr Amho. `m ZmQ>çN>Q>oV ~mocUmao nmÌ EH$M Vo åhUOo qMJrMr AmB©! qMJr EH$ _{hÝ`mMr Pmcr Zmhr VmoM hr AmB© _ZmoamÁ` H$arV Amho. Vr qMJrer ~mocVo Amho åhUÊ`mnojm qMJr~Ôc _Zmer ~mocVo Amho Ago åhUUo OmñV g§`w{º$H$ hmoB©c.

(_yë`-dmËgë`)

_mPr qMJr H$mir Amho? _r åhUVo H$er Jmoar Jmoar nmZ Amho! hmo! hmo AmVm Am_À`m qMJrcm gar H$am`Mr, q~Xë`m H$am`À`m, PmcM Va dmio gmIù`m gJio gJio Xm{JZo H$am`Mo Vo! H$gm N>mZXma naH$a Zogm`Mm, nmocHo$ Kmcm`Mo AZ Rw>_H$V Rw>_H$V emioV Om`Mo Zm? emioV ehmUr hmoB©c ~~r _mPr! _moR>r _moR>r ~wH§$ dmMrc AZ _J....N>moZrM§ Am_À`m cJrZ! IaM gmoZo, Vwcm Zdam H$mim hdm H$s Jmoam? H$m @ im? ZH$mo J§ ~mB©! N>~rcm _mÂ`m H$gm ZjÌmgmaIm, AJXr {MÌmgmaIm Zdam {_ioc hmo! Añgo WmQ>mMo cJrZ H$arZ H$s Á`mMo Zmd Vo! AmhmV Hw$R>o? hOma én`o hþ§S>m XoB©Z hOma! Vmeo! dmO§Ìr, Mm¡KS>m§ hmo, hmo Va! ~|S>~mÁ`mgwÕm cmdm`Mm! damV nU damV {ZKoc åhUmdo! Zio M§ÐÁ`moVr PmS>o `m§Mm H$m` cH$cH$mQ> hmoB©c! nU IaoM JS>o qMJo, Vy _J ^m§S>m` gdam`Mr Zmhrg Zm? Oa H$m KamV ^m§S>crg, Va nhm _J! _mUgmcm H$g§ _wR>rV R>odm`cm hdo ~a§H$m? g§gma nU g§gma Pmcm nm{hOo! Am{U ho ~K Amnco AmYrM gm§JyZ R>odVo, n{hco VwPo

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~mi§VnU H$s Zmhr BWo ìhm`cm hdo! nwT>Mr H$am hdr Va Iwemc Amnë`m Kar! _moR>r X¡dmMr hmoB©c qMJr _mPr! nwîH$i _wc§ hmoVrc _mÂ`m ~~rcm! nU H$m` J, Vwcm _wcJo Pmcoco AmdS>Vrc, H$m _wcr? _wcr? _wcr, ZH$mo J ~mB©, H$maQ>çm§Mm _ocm Vmo O§Omi! EH$mnojm EH$ Ago _wcJo hmoVrc åhUmd§ _wcJo! VgoM JmS>r - KmoS>o, H$nS>m-cÎmm, H$í`m H$íí`mcm åhUyZ H$mhr H$_r nS>m`M§ Zmhr! ~a§ ~a§! BVŠ`mVM ZH$mo H$mhr MTy>Z Om`cm! _moR>m {X_mI XmIdVo Amho _cm! nhm, nhm! H$er \w$JVo Amho nhm H$er! nU H$mQ>} ~mocy ZH$mog _mÂ`mer! H$s Añgm hm JmcJwƒm ...... AJ ~mB©! ho J H$m`! H$go gmoÝ`mgmaIo ~mocVo Amho AZ Vy Amncr ... Zm` Zm` ... CJr CJr _mPr ~m` Vr! ...


qMJr - chmZ _wcrcm cmS>mZo ~mocm{dÊ`mMo Zmdgar - VmaoV Jw§\$cocm gmoÝ`mMm Xm{JZmq~Xë`m - chmZ ~mimÀ`m hmVmVcm nmQ>crgmaIm gmoÝ`mMm Xm{JZmdmio - nm`mV KmcÊ`mMm Mm§XrMm Xm{JZmgmIù`m - chmZ ~mimÀ`m nm`mV Kmcm`Mm Xm{JZmnaH$a nmocHo$ - _wctMm nmofmI nohamdN>moZr - ~mo~S>çm ~mocrVrc gmoZrgmoZo - cmS>mZo chmZ _wcrcm ~mocmdUoZjÌ - VmaH$m (Mm§XUr){MÌmgmaIm - gw§Xa XoIUmWmQ> - é~m~, EoQ>, S>m¡cRw>H$_V - ZIè`mZo MmcUocJrZ - {ddmhhþ§S>m - daX{jUmMm¡KS>m - gZB©À`m gmWrcm dmOdco OmUmao M_© dmÚ~|S>~mÁ`m - dmÚm§Mm g_yhZio M§ÐÁ`moVr, PmS>o - emo^oÀ`m (CS>dm`À`m) Xmê$Mo àH$macH$cH$mQ> - emo^oÀ`m Xmê$Mm àH$meX¡d - Zer~H$maQ>r - chmZ _wc§, _wcrO§Omi - H$Q>H$Q>, ÌmgJmcJwƒm - ào_mZo Jmcmcm KoVcocm {M_Q>m

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Q>rn …-

ZmQ>çN>Q>m - hm gm{hË`àH$ma {XdmH$am§Zr _amR>rV àW_ AmUcm. ZmQ>çN>Q>oV EH$M nmÌ AgVo. ZmQ>H$mà_mUo nmÌo A{YH$ ZgVmV. ZmQ>çN>Q>oV EH$M nmÌ Vo H$Yr _Zmer ~mocVo Va H$Yr Vo BVam§er ~mocVo. EoH$Umao `m nmÌm§À`m àíZm§Zm CÎmao XoVmV Ago g_OyZ ho nmÌ Amnco ~mocUo nwT>o Mmcy R>odVo.

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àË`oH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. qMJr a§JmZo H$er Amho? 2. qMJr H$gcr ~wH§$ dmMrc? 3. qMJrMr AmB© {H$Vr hþ§S>m XoUma Amho? 4. _moR>r X¡dmMr H$moU Amho? 5. H$moUmMm O§Omi ZH$mo Amho?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. qMJrMr AmB© qMJrcm H$moUVo Xm{JZo H$am`Mo Ago åhUVo? 2. qMJrcm H$gm Zdam {_iUma Amho? 3. qMJrÀ`m c¾mMr damV H$er {ZKUma Amho? 4. qMJrcm _wcoM ìhmdrV Ago qMJrÀ`m AmB©cm H$m dmQ>Vo? 5. qMJr aSy> H$m cmJVo?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àË`oH$s Mma Vo nmM dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. qMJrMr AmB© qMJrMo c¾ H$emàH$mao H$aUma Amho? 2. qMJrMm g§gma H$gm ìhmdm Ago {VÀ`m AmB©cm dmQ>Vo?

à4. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. qMJr EH$ _{hÝ`mMr Pmcr Zmhr Vm|M {VMr AmB© _Zmer H$m` H$m` R>adVo?

à5. Imcrc dmŠ`m§Mo g§X^m©ghrV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

1. "ehmUr hmoB©c ~~r _mPr' 2. "_mUgmcm H$g§ _wR>rV R>odm`cm hdo ~a§ H$m!' 3. "Zm` Zm` .... CJr, CJr _mPr ~m` Vr!'

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à6. Imcrc {dYmZm§Zm àËòH$s Mma n`m©` {Xco AmhoV `mo½` CÎma {ZdSy>Z {chm.

1. qMJr a§JmZo H$er Amho? A. gmdir ~. Jmoar H$. H$mir S>. Ho$VH$s2. e§H$a H$m{eZmW JJ} `m§Mo Q>monUZmd H$moUVo? A. _mYdmZwO ~. Ho$edHw$_ma H$. {XdmH$a S>. ~mcH$dr3. qMJrMr AmB© qMJrÀ`m c¾mV {H$Vr hþ§S>m XoUma Amho? A. hOma ~. cmI H$. nmMeo S>. e§â4. qMJrcm H$emgmaIm Zdam {_iUma Amho? A. amOnwÌ ~. ZQ> H$. ZjÌ S>. M§Ð5. qMJr _{hÝ`mMr Pmcr Zmhr VmoM `m nmR>mMm gm{hË`àH$ma H$moUVm Amho? A. ZmQ>çN>Q>m ~. ZmQ>H$ H$. EH$m§{H$H$m S>. àhgZ

^mfmä`mg

1. Imcrc dmŠ`àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

i. X¡dmMr AgUo ii. _wR>rV R>odUo

2. Imcrc dmŠ`mVrc Ac§H$ma AmoiIm.

_mÂ`m N>~rcm ZjÌmgmaIm AJXr {MÌmgmaIm Zdam {_ioc.

3. CnH«$_ -

i. {XdmH$am§Zr {c{hcocr "~mocmdUo Amë`m{edm` òUma Zmhr.'' hr ZmQ>çN>Q>m {_idyZ dmMm.

ii. emioÀ`m ñZohg§_ocZmV gXa ZmQ>çN>Q>m ~gdyZ gmXa H$am.

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7. {VWo!- JUoe har nmQ>rc

n[aM` …-

JUoe har nmQ>rc (1906 Vo 1989) ~r.E.~r.Q>r. n`ªV {ejU Pmco hmoVo. emioV {ejH$, {ejUm{YH$mar, Q´>oqZJ H$m°coOMo àmMm`© Aer {d{dY nXo Ë`m§Zr ^yf{dcr. J«m_rU H${dVm d ~mcH${dVm ho Ë`m§Mo {deof coIZ hmoVo. ~mcH${dVm§~Ôc Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ nm[aVmo{fHo$ {_imcr AmhoV. {ZgJ© dU©Z, g§dmX, Jo`Vm, ZmQ>ç m§Mm g§J_ Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV AmT>iVmo. Ë`m§Mo amZOmB©, nmIam§Mr emim, qc~moù`m ho H$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV.

darc H${dVm "H${dVm {dgmì`m eVH$mMr' `m g§nm{XV H$mì`-g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>cr AgyZ Ë`mMo g§nmXZ em§Vm O. eoiHo$ d ghH$mè`m§Zr Ho$co Amho.

\w$cVmV d„ar amZOmB©À`m {VWo

Xadio J§Y Ë`m_wio ^mZ hanVo

Mhþ~mOy Q>oH$S>çm Imcm{Q>V nmPao

gmZwcr Par, {VWo {Md{MdVr nmIao

dmè`mda Sw>cVr gmoZd{iMr \w$co

dmO{dVr VadS> - ~mio {ZO IwiIwio

{M_wH$cr P|Sy>Mr ~hrU _I_c Sw>co

JmoH$U© Amnwcr Pwc{d {Zir Hw§$S>co

H$mQ>oar doS>çm éj {VWo ~m^ir

Á`mdar KaHw$co Ýhmì`m§Mr cQ>H$cr

H$aS>m§gh VoWo ~mJS>Vr eoaS>çm

H$cH$cmQ> H$aVr PmS>m§da ^moaS>çm

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Amgnmg ~oQ>o {ZdSw>§JrMr {VWo

Km`nmV ^m|Vr g_eoar amo{IVo

eoOmê$Z Joë`m Aé§X nm§XrVyZr

ahXmar Mmco ~mOmamÀ`m {XZr

PmS>rV VoWë`m {eaë`mda dmQ>Vo

amhVmo OmXþÀ`m AX²^wV ~oQ>m_Ü`o

_O ~mbnUr Or _m¡O {VWo dmQ>cr

VrM Vr AmOhr AZw^{dVmo Ë`m ñWir

_r {H$VrH$ pñWË`§Vao OJr nm{hcr

VrM Vr pñWVr Zm§XVo _mÌ Ë`m ñWir

A{YH$m§e `mhþZr AgVrc aå` ñWio

ñdm^m{dH$ n[a _O AmH$f©U VoWco


d„ar - doc. hr PmS>mÀ`m AmYmamZo dmT>VoamZOmB© - amZmVrc nm§T>è`m a§Jm§Mr \w$coXadi J§Y - ngacocm gwdmg^mZ - OmUrdImcm{Q>V - XmoZ S>m|Jam_Yrc ImocJQ> OmJm.nmPao - {R>~H$Uo / ~marH$ dmhUo.gmZwcr - chmZ {M_wH$crVadS> - amZmVrc {ndù`m a§JmMr \w$co AgUmao PwSy>n~mio - VadS>rÀ`m e|Jm (dmicoë`m){ZO - ñdV…IwiIwio - IwiIwi AmdmO H$aUmar IoiUr / BWo VadS>mÀ`m dmicoë`m e|Jm._I_c - gwnmar, P|Sy>Mr \w$coH$aS>§ - eoirMo {n„zeoaS>§ - eoir

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~oQ>o - PwSy>nm§Mm g_yh

{ZdSw>§J - H$mQ>oar PwSy>n

Km`nmV - H$mQ>oar V§Vw_` dZñnVr

^m|Vr - ^modVr

nm§Xr - PwSw>nmVyZ OmUmar JmS>rdmQ>

AX²^wV - AmíM`©H$maH$

ahXmar - dX©i

_m¡O - J§_V

pñWË`§Va - ~Xc

cwãYH$aUo - _mohrV H$aUo / AmH${f©V H$aUo.

A{YH$m§e - nwîH$iXm

ñWi - {R>H$mU

aå` - AmZ§XXm`H$, _Zmoha

ñdm^m{dH$ - Z¡g{J©H$

PmS>r - PmS>m§Mr XmQ>r

~oQ> - H$mQ>oar PmS>m§Mm g_yh

Q>rnm -

1) IwiIwio - VadS>rcm e|Jm cmJVmV Ë`m dmië`m H$s IwiIwi AmdmO H$aVmV.

2) _I_crMr \w$co - Om§^ù`m a§JmMr \w$co, Ë`mÀ`m nmH$ù`m _I_c H$mnS>mgma»`m _D$

AgVmV.

3) JmoH$U© - docrda cmJUmar JmB©À`m H$mZmÀ`m AmH$mamMr JS>X {Zù`m a§JmMr

\w$co Vr cm|~Ë`m H$U©\w$cm§à_mUo dmQ>VmV.

4) Ýhmì`m§Mr KaHw$co - ~m^irÀ`m H$mQ>çm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Amoë`m O{_ZrV JmocmH$ma KaQ>o V`ma

H$aVmV. Ë`mV amhUmam H$mù`m a§JmMm {H$S>m Ë`mcm Ýhmdr åhUVmV.

5) g_eoar - Km`nmVmMr nmZo cm§~gS>H$ {Z_wiVr AgVmV åhUyZ Ë`mcm Vcdma

(g_eoa) åhQ>co Amho.

6) ^moaS>r - H$mù`m a§JmMm ñWcm§VarV njr. gmiw§H$s EdT>m AgVmo. Ë`mMr nmR>

H$mir d ImcÀ`m ~mOyg Jwcm~r a§J AgVmo.

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ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àËòH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. H$drMo ^mZ Ho$ìhm hanVo?

2. Pam H$moRy>Z dmhVmo?

3. dmè`mda H$moUVr \w$co Sw>cVmV?

4. {Zir Hw§$S>co Ago H$moUmg åhQ>co Amho?

5. PmS>m§da H$cH$cmQ> H$moU H$aVmV?

6. nm§XrVyZ ahXmar Ho$ìhm MmcVo?

7. g_eoar H$moUr amoIë`m?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. VadS>rÀ`m IwiIwù`mMo dU©Z H$drZo H$go Ho$co Amho?

2. ~mîrÀ`m PmS>mOdi H$moUH$moU AmhoV?

3. {ZdSw>§JmÀ`m ~oQ>mOdi H$moUVo Ñî` {XgVo?

4. PmS>rV {eaë`mda H$drcm H$m` dmQ>Vo?

5. H$drcm H$moUVo AmH$f©U dmQ>Vo?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Mma Vo nmM dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. amZOmB©nmer H$moUVo Ñî` {XgVo?

2. AmO H$dr VoWo H$moUVr _m¡O AZw^dVmo Amho?

3. H$drcm "Ë`m' {R>H$mUmMo AmH$f©U H$m dmQ>Vo?

à4. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. "Ë`m' {R>H$mUr Joë`mZ§Va H$dr {ZgJm©Vrc H$moUH$moUVr _m¡O AZw^dVmo?

2. H$drZo H$moUH$moUË`m \w$cm§Mo njm§Mo dU©Z `m H${dVoV Ho$co Amho?

à5. g§X^m©ghrV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

1. "Xadio J§Y Ë`m_wio ^mZ hanVo'!

2. ""H$mQ>oar doS>çm éj {VWo ~mîr''

3. ""_r {H$VrH$ pñWË`§Vao OJr nm{hcr''

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à6. Imcrc {dYmZm§Zm àË`oH$s Mma n`m©` {Xco AmhoV `mo½` CÎma {ZdSy>Z nwT>o {chm.

1. dmè`mda Sw>cVr ............. Mr \w$co A. H$moam§Q>r ~. Jwc~mjr H$. OmB© S>. gmoZmdir2. PmS>mda H$cH$cmQ> H$moU H$aVo? A. {M_Ê`m ~. ^moaS>çm H$. gmiw§Š`m S>. _¡Zm3. Km`nmVmcm H$drZo H$m` åhQ>co Amho? A. g_eoa ~. MmHy$ H$. Mm~yH$ S>. ~§XÿH$4. _r {H$VrH$ ................ OJr nm{hcr A. Ñî`o ~. ñWio H$. pñWË`§Vao S>. ñdéno5. PmS>rV Joë`mda H${dcm H$moR>o am{hë`mà_mUo dmQ>Vo? A. JwhoV ~. AX²^wV ~oQ>mV H$. A^`maÊ`mV S>. PmS>m§À`m nm§XrV

^mfmä`mg …

1. g§Yr {dJ«h H$am

1. pñWË`§Va2. A{YH$m§e

2. "{VWo' `m H${dVoVrc "`_H$' Ac§H$mamMr CXmhaUo Úm.

CnH«$_ …

1. ~mcH$dtMr "lmdU_mg' hr H${dVm dmMm d Ë`mVrc {ZgJ©gm¢X`m©Mr CXmhaUo emoYm. 2. g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m gm¢X`m©Mo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV H$am.

iivivivii

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8. A{VWr- dm.H¥$. MmoaKS>o

n[aM` …-

dm_Z H¥$îUm MmoaKS>o (1914-1994) ZmJnya òWo àmÜ`mnH$ d àmMm`© åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$co. _amR>rVrc loð> H$WmH$ma. Ë`m§Zr Jm§YrOtÀ`m {dMmagaUrMm Imocda Aä`mg Ho$cm hmoVm. gwf_m, m¡dZ, g§ñH$ma ho Ë`m§Mo H$Wmg§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. VgoM "gm{hË`mMo _wcYZ' ho cmoH$JrVm§Mo {ddoMZ H$aUmao nwñVH$ Am{U chmZ_wcm§gmR>rhr {dnwc Jmoï>r {c{hë`m AmhoV. "A{VWr' hr H$Wm "g§nyU© MmoaKS>o' `m g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>cr Amho.

^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr Zoh_r H¥$VkVoMm YS>m {eH$dVo. Amnë`mH$S>o gUm§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo PmS>mdoctMr, ZmJm§Mr O{_ZrMr nyOm H$ê$Z AmnU H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aVmo. AgmM hm n¡Hy$ Am{U Ë`mMr nËZr Amnë`m KaÀ`m ~¡c OmoS>rMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmV, Ë`m§Zm AmodmiVmV, gOdVmV Ë`m§Mm Xod åhUyZ gËH$ma H$aVmV. H$go Vo H$WoVM dmMy.

(_yë`- ^yVX`m)

nmoim åhUOo Am_§ÌU XoD$Z Amnë`m Kar ~¡cm§Zm A{VWr åhUyZ Oodm`cm ~mocm{dÊ`mMm gU! Ë`m {Xder ~¡cm§H$Sy>Z H$m_ H$adyZ ¿`md`mMo Zmhr. Ë`mMo H$m_ _mUgmZo gm§^mimd`mMo. Ë`m H$m_mZo dfm©âmÀ`m Ë`m§À`m H$ï>m§Mm H¥$VkVoZo _mo~Xcm MwH$dm`Mm. _wcmcm gm§^miVmo Vgo Ë`m§Zm Ë`m {Xder gm§^mimd`mMo. EH$ {XdgmMr g~§Y godm ~¡cm§À`m MaUr dmhÿZ Amnco OrdZ {demc ^yVX`mào[aV H$amd`mMr BÀN>m Agm hm nmoù`mMm {Xdg. H¥${fXodVoMr Amkm nmimd`mMm hm {Xdg!

Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV Joco AmR> _{hZo InyZ n¡Hy$Mo eoV Á`m cmë`m T>dù`m§À`m Ordmda C^{dco Joco Ë`m~Ôc n¡Hy$À`m _ZmV Ho$dT>r H¥$VkVm âcr Agoc! {VMm àË`` Ë`mZo CR>VmjUrM ~¡cm§À`m A§Jmdê$Z Omo hmV {\$adcm Ë`mVyZ Ë`m _wŠ`m OZmdam§Zmhr Amcm. Ë`mZ§Va n¡Hy$Zo Amnë`m hmVmImcyZ _moR>çm Pmcoë`m KaÀ`m JmB©À`m XmoZ OmoS>çm H$mT>ë`m d Ë`m ghmhr OZmdam§Zm KoD$Z Vmo ZXrda Jocm.

S>mohm_Üò Ë`mZo ~¡c gmoS>co Am{U Amnco d` {dgê$Z YS>m_²{Xer nmÊ`mV CS>r _macr. ~¡cm§À`m gdmªJmda hmV {\$adyZ MmoiyZ MmoiyZ Ë`m§Zm AJXr ñdÀN> Ho$co. ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mo A§J H$mR>mda R>odcoë`m H$moaS>çm CnaÊ`mZo nwgyZ H$mT>co. eonQ>rMo Jm|S>o hmVmda R>moHy$Z H$moaS>o Ho$co Am{U AmocoË`mZo Vmo KamH$S>o naVcm. naVVm§Zm {haì`mJma eoVmH$S>o nmhÿZ ~¡cm§Zr Agm h§~ma Ho$cm H$s, AmOMm Am_Mm nmaÊ`mMm {Xdg Amåhr g_Ocmo hoM OUy Ë`mVyZ ñnï>V… ì`ŠV Pmco.

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VodT>çmV n¡Hy$Mm _wcJm Joê$Mo ^m§S>o KoD$Z ~mhoa Amcm Am{U Joê$À`m nmÊ`mV Amnco {M_wH$co hmV ~wS>dyZ Ë`mZo ~¡cm§À`m nmR>rda n§Oo _maco. n¡Hy$Zo Ë`mV JmS>Jo ~wS>dyZ Ë`mÀ`m Jmoc Vm|S>mZo ~¡cm§À`m A§Jmda Jmoc {R>nHo$ {Xco Z§Va Ë`mZo ~¡cm§Mr qeJo cmc H$ê$Z Ë`mda {Zù`m M§Xoar ~oJS>mÀ`m Jmoc Jmoc nQ²>Q>çm {MH$Q>dë`m.

{Vgam àha Q>icm Voìhm dS>o-nwaUmZo âcoë`m nÌmdir Q>monë`mV ^ê$Z Ë`mZo Amnë`m ~¡cm§Zm A§ h§ cmë`m, T>dù`m§Zm Oody KmVco.

Z§Va nmoù`mÀ`m VmoaUmV Cô H$am`cm åhUyZ Ë`mZo ~¡c ZXrÀ`m dmid§Q>mH$S>o Zoco.

VoWo nmQ>cm§À`m, JmdÀ`m _mZH$è`m§À`m Pyc KmVcoë`m qeJmZm noQ>Ë`m _emcr cmdcoë`m Yï>nwï> gH$g gw§Xa gOcoë`m, Vyn H${UH$ ImD$Z gm¡ð>d H$_mdcoë`m _ñV ~¡cm§À`m gwa§Jr OmoS>çm eonQ>çm C§M H$arV Amnco H$mgao gm§^miUmè`m§Zm h¡amU H$aV hmoË`m.

VmoaUmVyZ OmoS>r KoD$Z n¡Hy$ Kar Amcm. ~¡cm§Zm Kar XmdUrcm ~m§Yë`mda ~mÒoZo Ë`m§Mr nyOm Ho$cr. {XdgâmMm Cnmg Ë`m VrZ _mUgm§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mZo EH$m VmQ>mV OoD$Z gmoS>cm Am{U Mma nmZm§Mm {dS>m ImD$Z n¡Hy$ Amncr ~¡cOmoS>r KoD$Z {_adm`cm AmoiIrÀ`m Kam§H$S>o {ZKmcm. nmQ>rc, _mZH$ar, ~«m÷U gdmªÀ`m Kar OmD$Z Amcm. àËòH$mÀ`m Kar ~¡cm§À`m H$nmir Hw§$H$dmMm {Q>im Am{U nm`mda \w$co nS>cr. n¡Hy$À`m hmVmda JwimMm IS>m, H$mZmda JmoS> eãX Am{U _wcmÀ`m hmVmda AZwHy$c Ago Ðì` nS>co.

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~¡cOmoS>r S>m°ŠQ>am§À`m Kar OmD$Z C^r am{hcr nmQ>cm§À`m Kam_wio òWohr n¡Hy$Mr AmoiI

hmoVrM. Ë`mZo Ë`m§À`m XmamV nyOocm ~¡cOmoS>r AmUcr hmoVr. S>m°ŠQ>a ~mhoa Joco hmoVo. n¡Hy$Zo

S>m°ŠQ>arUVmBªZm hmH$ _macr -

""~mB© Xmar Xod AmUco AmhoV nyOm H$am''

""H$gcr ao n¡Hy$? H$moUVo Xod? ~mB©Zr ~mhoa òD$Z {dMmaco. Ho$gm§Mm Am§~mS>m ~m§YrVM Ë`m

~mhoa Amë`m.

""H$gcr nyOm H$am`Mr ao? `m ~¡cm§Mr?''

""hmo Or''

""H$emcm ao hr nyOm Ë`m OZmdam§Zm Ë`mV H$mhr H$iV§ Var?''

""A{e{jVm§Mo ho Ioi Am{U `m g_OwVr. Amåhmcm `mV {dídmg Zmhr. nyOm {~Om H$m`

H$am`Mr? Vy Am_À`mH$S>o Amcmg Vwcm Amåhr AmoiIVmo ho Ko VwP BZm_!'' Ago åhUyZ nmoQ>r

ImoMcocm EH$ én`mMm H$mJXmMm {MQ>moam Ë`mZr n¡Hy$À`m hmVmda R>odcm Am{U ""S>m°ŠQ>a Kar

ZmhrV'' Ago gm§JyZ Ë`m AmV Joë`m.

..............

~mÒm n§Yam gmoim Vmgm§À`m l_m§Zr X_yZ _wcmcm nmoQ>mer KoD$Z AmS>dr Pmcr hmoVr Voìhm

n¡Hy$ åhUmcm ""~Oo AmO BVŠ`m cdH$a Pmonm`cm `m Mmodrg K§Q>çmV åhmVmar Pmcrg hmo`?''

""{H$Vr H$_mB© AmUcr AmO? H$m` {Xc§ Hw$Ur Hw$Ur?''

n¡Hy$Zo gJio gm§{JVco, Hw$Ur H$m` {Xco `mMm {heo~ Ho$cm.

""Am{U ho nhm''

""H$m`?''

""S>m°ŠQ>aUrZ§ nyOmM Ho$cr Zmhr cmë`m-T>dù`m§Mr''

""åhUOo?''

""åhUmcr, Vr OZmda§ Ë`m§Mr H$m` nyOm H$am`Mr? Amåhr Vwcm AmoiIVmo.''

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""_J Vwåhr {ZKyZ Zmhr AmcmV?''

""_J {VZ EH$ én`mMm H$mJX {Xcm''

""~¡cm§Mr nyOm Ho$cr Zmhr Am{U {MQ>moa§ {Xc§''? - ~m`OmZo amJmZo {dMmac§.

Vr åhUmcr, ""cmë`m-T>dù`m AmO Amnë`m KaMo nmìhUo. Vr H$mhr AmO OZmda ZìhVr.

Ë`m ~mB©Z§ An_mZ Ho$cm Ë`m§Mm. hm JmoS>nUm Zìho Hw$R>m` Vmo H$mJX? Vo Oha Amho Amnë`mcm.

Ë`mMm n¡gm hmoUma Zmhr H$Yr!''

n¡Hy$ CR>cm A§JUmVrc VocdmV Ë`mZo AmUcr. Am§JS>çmVcm g~§Y EH$ én`mMm gmoim AmUo

qH$_VrMm H$mJX gai Ë`m VocdmVrda Yacm.

gXè`mV {eacocm T>oHy$U nH$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`mda Jma dmè`mÀ`m PwiH$sZo Oer gwImdyZ

Pmon cmJmdr Vgo Ë`mbm Pmco.

""n¡Hy$ AmO _ma~V Zmhr AmoaS>cmg? H$a gwê$ Pmcr Agoc. ""AmoaS>,'' ""_J AmnU

Pmony!'' n¡Hy$Zo CRy>Z ~gV Cƒmaco _mem, _waHw$Q>çm, Iê$O ImoH$cm, _mZAn_mZ KoCZ Om...

ao _ma~V!

KoCZ Om...ao _ma~V! KoCZ Om...ao _ma~V!''


Xadfu - àË`oH$ dfu

A{VWr - nmhþUm

H$moS> H$m¡VwH$ - cmS>, _m`m

H¥$VkVm - Ho$coco CnH$ma OmUUo

^yVX`m - àmÊ`m§darc ào_

ào[aV - ñ\y$Vu {_imcocm

H¥${fXodVm - eoVrMr XodVm

Joê$ - H$md (cmc a§JmMr _mVr)

h§~ma - OZmdam§Mo (~¡c) AmoaS>Uo

nmaUo - CndmgmÀ`m g_márMm {Xdg, JmoS> ImÊ`mMm {Xdg.

n§Om - VihmV

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àha - VrZ Vmgm§Mm H$mcmdYr

dS>o - {_l {n>R>m§Mm Vicocm nXmW©

nwaU - ha~è`mÀ`m S>mirV ({eOdyZ) Jyi KmcyZ Ho$cocm nXmW©

_mZH$ar - JmdmVrc H$m`©H«$_mV {d{eï> _mZ qH$dm h¸$ {_imcoë`m ì`º$s

Pyc - ~¡cm§À`m nmR>rda Kmcmd`mMo a§JrV Jm|S>oXma dó

Yï>nwï> - gwÑT>

gH$g - H$gXma (à{WZo`wº$ Amhma)

gm¡ð>d - earamMr AmH$f©H$ aMZm, KmoQ>rd eara

_ñV - gw§Xa

gwa§Jr - gw§Xa a§Jm§Zr a§Jdcoë`m

H$mgam - ~¡cm§Mo {Z`§ÌU H$aUmar Xmoar

h¡amU H$aUo - Ìmg XoUo

VmoaU - nmZo \w$cm§Zr Jw§\$cocr Xmoarda ~m§Ym`Mr ew^gyMH$ _mi

AZwHy$c - `mo½`

Ðì` - n¡gm

A§~mS>m - Ho$gm§Mr (Jmoc) {d{eï> àH$maMr aMZm

A{e{jV - Z {eH$cocm

A§YlÕm - {dMma Z H$aVm R>odcocr lÕm

BZm_ - ~jrg

{MQ>moam - H$mJXmMm VwH$S>m

H$_mB© - {_iH$V

Oha - {df

Am§JS>m/_w§S>m - {~Z ~møm§Mm {Igm Agcocm ~{Z`Z

VocdmV - {Xdm

H$a - nm¡{U©_m d Am_mdñòZ§Va òUmam {Xdg

_mem _waHw$Q>çm - _mem, S>mg, {McQ§> B.

S>moh - ânya Imocr Agcocr ZXrÀ`m nmÌmVrc OmJm.

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Q>rnm -

~¡cnmoim - Áòð> qH$dm AmfmT> nm¡{U©_ocm eoVH$ar ~¡cm§Zm H$m_ cmdrV ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm Am§Kmoi KmcyZ a§JmZo a§JdyZ gO{dVmV. Ë`m§Mr nyOm H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm AmodmiVmV, JmdmVyZ {_adVmV, d nwaUnmoir Ë`m§Zm ImD$ KmcVmV. df©â ~¡cm§Zr Ho$coë`m l_m~Ôc H¥$VkVm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMm {Xdg!

H$Zm©Q>H$mV `m gUmcm H$mahþÊUrdo qH$dm H$madUr åhUVmV.

_ma~V - nagmVrc amoJamB© Zï> H$aUmar XodVm. nmoù`mÀ`m Xþgè`m {Xder øm XodVoMr

{_adUyH$ H$mT>VmV. {hÀ`mH$S>o amoJamB© BS>m{nS>m Kmc{dÊ`mgmR>r _mJU§ _mJVmV Ë`mcm _ma~V

AmoaS>m åhUVmV.

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎmao àËòH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. ~¡cm§À`m H$moS>H$m¡VwH$mMm {Xdg H$moUVm?

2. nmoim `m gUmÀ`m {Xder ~¡cm§Zm H$m` åhUyZ ~mocdVmV?

3. ~¡cm§À`m nmR>rda n§Oo H$moUr _maco?

4. n¡Hy$Zo Amncr ~¡cOmoS>r àW_ H$moUmH$S>o Zocr?

5. ~¡cm§Zm Oody KmcÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo nXmW© Ho$co hmoVo?

6. BZm_ åhUyZ S>m°ŠQ>arU~mB©Zr H$m` {Xco?

7. H$a gwê$ Pmë`mda n¡Hy$À`m AmoaS>Ê`mcm H$m` åhUVmV?

à2. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎmao XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. n¡Hy$Zo Amnë`m ~¡cm§Zm H$go ñdÀN> H$ê$Z gO{dco?

2. VmoaUmImcr H$moUH$moUË`m ~¡cOmoS>çm Amë`m hmoË`m?

3. Amncr ~¡cOmoS>r KoD$Z {_adm`cm Jocoë`m n¡Hy$cm BZm_ åhUyZ H$m` H$m` {_imco?

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4. ~mÒmZo n¡Hy$cm H$_mB©~Ôc {dMmaë`mZ§Va n¡Hy$Zo H$m` gm§{JVco?

5. S>m°ŠQ>arU~mB©Zr BZm_mMm EH$ énm`m {Xë`mZ§Va n¡Hy$cm H$m` dmQ>co?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. n¡Hy$Zo ~¡cm§{df`r H¥$VkVm H$er XmI{dcr?

2. ~mÒmZo EH$ énm`mÀ`m ZmoQ>ocm Oha H$m åhQ>co Amho?

3. n¡Hy$Zo _ma~V åhUyZ H$m` AmoaS>m Ho$cm?

à4. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. n¡Hy$Zo Amnë`m A{VWtMm gËH$ma H$gm Ho$cm?

2. S>m°ŠQ>arU~mB©H$S>o Joë`mda H$m` KS>co? Ë`mZ§Va ~mÒoZo H$m` Ho$co? H$m?

à5. Imcrc dmŠ`m§Mo g§X^m©ghrV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

1. ""~mB© Xod AmUco AmhoV nyOm H$am!''

2. ""{H$Vr H$_mB© AmUcr AmO? H$m` {Xc§ Hw$Ur Hw$Ur?''

3. ""H$gcr nyOm H$am`Mr ao? `m ~¡cm§Mr?''

4. ""n¡Hy$! AmO _ma~V Zmhr AmoaS>cmg?''

à6. Imcrc àíZmMo àËòH$s Mma n`m©` {Xco AmhoV `mo½` {ZdSy>Z nwT>o {chm …-

1. ~¡cm§Zm gÝ_mZmZo Am_§ÌU XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo H$moS>H$m¡VwH$ H$aÊ`mMm {Xdg H$moUVm?

A. {Xdmir ~. Xgam H$. nmoim S>. ZmJn§M_r

2. cmë`m-T>dù`m hr Zmdo H$moUmMr AmhoV?

A. {_Ìm§Mr ~. ~¡cm§Mr H$. _wcm§Mr S>. Hw$Í`m§Mr

3. n¡Hy$Mm _wcJm $H$moUVo ^m§S>o KoD$Z ~mhoa Amcm?

A. MhmMo ~. XþYmMo H$. Joê$Mo S>. nmÊ`mMo

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4. n¡Hy$ AIoarg ~¡cOmoS>r KoD$Z H$moUmH$S>o Jocm?

A. S>m°ŠQ>a ~. dH$sc H$. nmQ>rc S>. Jwad

5. n¡Hy$ AmO ................... Zmhr AmoaS>cmg?

A. Mm§J^c ~. _ma~V H$. O`^dmZr S>. CXmo CXmo.

^mfmä`mg …-

à1. Imcrc AmoirVrc Ac§H$ma AmoiIm.

1. _wcmcm gm§^miVmo Vgo Ë`m ~¡cm§Zm gm§^mim`Mo!

2. gXè`mV {eacocm T>oHy$U nH$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`mda Jma dmè`mÀ`m PwiH$sZo Oer gwImdyZ

Pmon cmJVo Vgo Ë`mcm Pmco!

à2. AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

1. AmS>do hmoUo.

2. _mo~Xcm MwH$dUo.

CnH«$_ …-

1. _. Zm. AXd§V `m§Zr {c{hcocr "_mUwgH$sMm J{hda hr H$Wm {_idyZ dmMm.

2. MméVm gmJa `m§Zr {c{hcocr "ZmJrU' hr H$Wm {_idyZ dmMm.

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9. Xrn cmd Vmo - Hw$gw_mJ«O

H$dr n[aM` …-

{dîUy dm_Z {eadmS>H$a (1912 Vo 1999) _amR>rVrc Áòð> H$dr, ZmQ>H$H$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma d c{cVcoIH$ åhUyZ à{gÕ AmhoV. 27, \o$~«wdmar _amR>r ^mfm {XZ hm Ë`m§Mm OÝ_{XZ. hm {Xdg _amR>r ^mfm {XZ _¥UyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo ^mfm {XZ Ë`m§Zr OrdZchar, {H$Zmam, _amR>r _mVr, ñdJV, {h_aofm, dmXidoc, àdmgr njr, _wº$m`Z ho H$mì`g§J«h; XÿaMo {Xdo, H$m¢Vo`, ``mVr Am{U Xod`mZr, drO åhUmcr YaVrcm, ZQ>g_«mQ> hr ZmQ>Ho$ VgoM d¡îUdr, OmÝhdr, H$ënZoÀ`m Vramda `m H$mX§~è`m; Am{U Amho Am{U Zmhr, à{VgmX ho c{cVcoIg§J«h {c{hco AmhoV. 1964 gmcr _S>Jmd (Jmodm) òWo âcoë`m gm{hË`g§_ocZmMo AÜ`jnX `m§Zr ^yf{dco hmoVo. VgoM n{hë`m OmJ{VH$ _amR>r gm{hË` g§_ocZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. 1988 gmcr Ë`m§Zm "kmZnrR>' hm ^maVmVrc gdm}ƒ nwañH$ma {_imcm.

hr H${dVm "_amR>r _mVr' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>cr Amho. - na_oídamH$Sy>Z _mUgmcm namH«$_, emó, d¡^d {_imco Var _mUgmcm Iè`m AmZ§XmMm ñdJ© {XgcmM Zmhr. åhUyZ Vmo _mUyg nwÝhm na_oídamcm eaU OmVmo. Voìhm Xod Ë`mcm A§V…H$aUmVrc _mUwgH$sMm {Xdm cmd åhUOo Vwcm ñdJm©Z§X {_ioc Ago gm§JVmo. _mUgmZo _mUgm~amo~a ào_mZo dmJmdo hmM g§Xoe hr H${dVm XoV Amho. `m H${dVoMm àH$ma _wº$ N>§X Amho.

(_yë` - _mUwgH$s, Amem)

àgÞ Pmcm Xod _mZdm

åhUo _mJ VwO H$m` hdo Vo

"eó hdo _O' _mUyg dXcm

""gmÜ` gd© hmo namH«$_mZo''

eó {_imco hmo g_am§JU

Ad¿`m ^y Mo öX` {dXmar

_mIw{Z`m aº$mV am{hcm

nwÝhm C^m XodmÀ`m Xmar

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"H$m` hdo VwO?' eó Z nwaVo

H$arc emóM _§Jc OrdZ

kmZgmYZr ò B©ídaVm

ñdJ© YaoMo H$arZ _rcZ!

emó {_imco, eó {_imco

ñdJ© nar ñdßZmVM amhr

hV~c Am{UH$ hVme _mZd

nwÝhm à^yÀ`m g{ÞY òB©

"H$m` hdo VwO? ~mdacmo _r

dmQ> {XgoZm, `m {V{_amVyZ

Xod åhUo - "VwOOd{iM Amho

Xrn cmdVmo, Vd _mUwgnU!


eó - hË`ma dXcm - åhUmcmgmÜ` - eŠ` g_am§JU - `wÕ ^y_rAd¿`m - gJù`m ^y - O_rZ{dXmar - OI_r H$ar _mIwZr - A§Jmcm cmdyZemó - {dkmZ _§JcOrdZ - gwIr Am`wî`kmZ gmYZm - kmZmMm Aä`mg ñdJ© - Xodm§Mo dg{VñWmZ (BWo d¡^d)_rcZ - EH$Ì òUo hV~c - Cnm` Z MmcUohVme - {Zame g{ÞY - Odi~mdacmo - Jm|Yicmo {V{_a - A§YmaXrn - {Xdm Vd - VwPo_mUwgnU - _mUgmZo _mUgmer dmJÊ`mMr arV/X`m

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ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. àgÞ Pmcocm Xod _mUgmcm H$m` åhUmcm?

2. àW_V… _mUgmZo XodmH$S>o H$m` _m{JVco?

3. Xþgè`m§Xm _mUgmZo XodmH$S>o H$m` _m{JVco?

4. nwÝhm _mZd à^yÀ`m Xmar H$m Jocm?

5. _mZdmOdi H$moUVm {Xdm Amho Ago Xod åhUmcm?


1. eó {_imë`mda _mZdmZo H$m` Ho$co?

2. emó {_idyZ _mZd H$m` H$aUma hmoVm?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àË`oH$s nmM-ghm dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. eó, emó {_idyZhr _mUyg hVme H$m Pmcm?

2. _mUygnUmMm {Xdm cmd åhUOo H$m`?

à4. Imcrc àíZm§Mo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. "Xrn cmd Vmo' `m H${dVoMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.


1. ñdJ© nar ñdßZmVM amhr ..........

2. hV~c Am{UH$ hVme _mZd ..........

3. Xrn cmd Vmo Vd _mUygnU ..........

à6. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am

1. ........................ hdo _O _mUyg dXcm

2. H$arc emóM ........................

3. ñdJ© nar ........................ amhr

4. gmÜ` gd© hmo ........................

5. Xod åhUo ........................ Amho

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^mfmä`mg …-

à1. Imcrc eãXm§Zm g_mZmWu eãX {chm

1. {V{_a 2. _§Jc3. hVme4. _mZd5. Xrn

CnH«$_ …-

1. lr. _. _mQ>o `m§Zr {c{hcocm "~T>mB©Imoa _mUgm' hm {Z~§Y {_idyZ dmMm. 2. {dœmg nmQ>rc `m§Zr {c{hcocr "nm{ZnV' hr H$mX§~ar {_idyZ dmMm.

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10. am_oídaMo {Xdg(S>m°. AãXþb H$bm_ - OÝ_ 15-10-1931 _¥Ë`w 27-7-2015)

AZwdm{XH$m - àm. _mYwar emZ^mJ

n[aM`:-

S>m°. A~wb nmH$sa O¡Zwbm~XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ åhUOo ^maVmMo 11 do amï´>nVr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm nX²_^yfU,

nX²_{d^yfU d ^maVaËZ ho nwañH$ma {_imbo. Ë`m§Zm "{_gmB©b _°Z Am°\$ B§{S>`m' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. 1989

_Üò Ë`m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo ^maVmV\}$ A{¾àjonH$mMo CÈ>mU èñdr[aË`m nma nS>bo. 1982 gmbr _ÐmgÀ`m AÊUm

{dÚmnrR>mZo Ë`m§Zm S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> nXdr ~hmb Ho$br. ~w{ÕdmXr, {ZîH$b§H$, {Z…ñdmWu Agbobo S>m°. H$bm_ ho "bmoH$m§Mo

amï´>nVr' åhUyZ Zmdménmg Ambo.

àñVwV boI S>m°. H$bm_ `m§À`m "qd½O Am°\$ \$mà' `m AmË_H$WZmVyZ KoVbm Amho. øm AmË_H$WZmMm

AZwdmX àm. _mYwar emZ^mJ `mZr "A{¾n§I' `m ZmdmZo Ho$bm Amho.

àm. _mYwar emZ^mJ øm à{gÕ {dkmZ H$WmH$ma, AZwdmXH$ma d H$mX§~arH$ma AmhoV. _wbm§gmR>r Agboë`m {dkmZ

{df`H$ Midir§_Üò Ë`m§Mm _moR>m gh^mJ Amho. Ë`m§Zr ^maVaËZ gr. EZ. Ama. amd `m§À`m darb "AZmo»`m agm`ZmZo

~Zbobm _mUyg' ho M[aÌ, Zmo~ob nwañH$ma {dOoVo M§ÐeoIa gw~«_Ê`_ m§Mo M[aÌ d [aMS>© goZ_Z m§À`mdarb M[aÌmMm AZwdmX,

VgoM boQ>g© Sy> A `§J gm`§{Q>ñQ> BË`mXr nwñVHo$ {b{hbr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m boIZm~Ôb AZoH$ nwañH$ma {_imbo AmhoV.

àm. emZ^mJ `m§Zr ~oiJmd òWrb JmoqdXam_ gŠgo[a`m {dkmZ _hm{dÚmb`m_Üò ^m¡{VH$emñÌmÀ`m

àmÜ`m{nH$m åhUyZ H$m`© Ho$bo. nwT>o àmMm`m© åhUyZ VoWyZ Ë`m {Zd¥Îm Pmë`m AmhoV.

_Ðmg amÁ`mVrb am_oída_ m N>moQ>`m ~oQ>mgma»`m JmdmV, EH$m _Ü`_dJu` Vm{_i Hw$Qw>§~mV _mPm OÝ_ Pmbm. _mPo dS>rb O¡Zwbm~XrZ `m§À`mnmer Zm \$maer g§nÎmr hmoVr, Zm {ejU, nU `m C{Udm§da _mV H$aob Ago Am§V[aH$ ehmUnU Ë`m§Zm bm^bobo hmoVo. _mÂ`m AmB©Mm CXma, {demb Agm Ñï>rH$moZ hmoVm. {VÀ`m hmVyZ amoO {H$VrOUm§À`m nmoQ>r AÞ Om`Mo ho _r gm§Jy eH$Uma Zmhr, nU Am_À`m n§º$sbm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _mUgm§nojm ~mhoaMr _mUgo A{YH$ g§»òZo Agm`Mr. AmOy~mOyÀ`m bmoH$m§_Üò EH$ AmXe© OmoS>no Ago Ë`m§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo OmB©. dS>rbm§nojm _mÂ`m AmB©Mo Hy$i A{YH$ Cƒ _mZbo$ OmV Ago, H$maU {VÀ`m nyd©Om§n¡H$s Hw$Umbm Var {~«{Q>em§H$Sy>Z ~hmXÿa Aer nXdr {_imbobr hmoVr.

_r gm_mÝ` ê$nmMm, bhmZ MUrMm. AZoH$ ^mdS>m§n¡H$s EH$ hmoVmo. _mPo AmB©dS>rb XmoKohr

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C§M, XoIUo hmoVo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV ~m§Yboë`m {nT>rOmV KamV Am_Mo dmñVì` hmoVo. {dQ>m, MwZIS>rZo ~m§Ybobo Vo n¸$`m ~m§YUrMo Ka am_oída_²Mr _erX Agboë`m añË`mda hmoVo. Ka Vgo _moR>oo hr hmoVo. _mPo dS>rb gmÜ`m amhUrMo ^moºo$ hmoVo. M¡ZrÀ`m, _hmJS>`m dñVy H$Yr Am_À`m Kar oV ZgV. nU Amdí`H$ JaOm ì`dpñWV nwadë`m OmV. H$nS>o, AÞ, Am¡fYnmUr m ~m~VrV Hw$Umbmhr Ë`mZr H$Yr H$_r nSy> {Xbo Zmhr. _mPo ~mbnU ^md{ZH$, gm§n{ÎmH$ÑîQ>çm AJXr gwa{jV, gwImMo Jobo, AgoM _r åhUoZ.

_r Zoh_r _mÂ`m AmB©~amo~a ñd`§nmH$KamV \$aerda ~gyZ OodV Ago. _mÂ`mg_moa Ho$irMo {hadoJma nmZ R>odyZ Ë`mda AJXr ào_mZo Vr ^mVmMm T>rJ dmT>V Ago. daVr _gmë`mÀ`m dmgmZo K_K_Umao gm§~ma Agm`M. EH$m ~mOybm Vm|S>mbm nmUr gwQ>ob Aer M_M_rV, KaJwVr bmoUMr Agm`Mr, Va Xþgè`m ~mOybm Imo~è`mMm ñdm{Xï> MQ>UrMm Jmoim Agm`Mm.

am_oídamVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$, n{dÌ {ed_§{Xa Am_À`m KamnmgyZ MmbV Jobo Va Xhm {_{ZQ>m§À`m A§Vamda hmoVo. Am_À`m KamÀ`m AmOy~mOyMr dñVr àm_w»`mZo _wgb_mZ Agbr; Var H$mhr qhXÿ Hw$Qw>§~ohr hmoVr. _wgb_mZ eoOmè`§mer Ë`m§Mo JwÊ`mJmo{d§XmZo dmJUo-~mobUo hmoVo. Am_À`m dñVrV EH$ OwZr _erX hmoVr. {VW _r amoO d{S>bm§~amo~a g§Ü`mH$miMm Z_mO nS>Ê`mgmR>r OmV Ago. _mPo dS>rb àmW©Zm g§ndyZ _{eXr~mhoa Ambo, H$s AZoH$ Y_m©Mo, doJdoJio Am{W©H$ ñVamdaMo bmoH$ Ë`m§Mr dmQ> nhmV Wm§~bobo AgV. Ë`m§À`m hmVmV nmÊ`mMr N>moQ>r N>moQ>r ^§mS>r AgV dS>rb Ë`m nmÊ`mV ~moQ>o ~wS>dyZ àmW©Zm H$aV Vo nmUr _J bmoH$ lÕoZo Kar ZoV, Am¡fYnmUr åhUyZ AmOmè`m§Zm XoV. _bm hohr AmR>dVo, H$s AmOma ~am Pmë`mda bmoH$ Kar òD$Z dS>rbm§Mo Am^ma _mZV. Voìhm Ë`m§À`m Mohè`mda EH$ g_mYmZr, AmZ§Xr pñ_V C_Q>o Am{U Vo åhUV, Ë`m X`miy, H¥$nmiy A„mMo Am^ma _mZm.

am_oída_À`m {ed_§{XamMo à_wI nwOmar n§. Am{U _mPo dS>rb EH$_oH$m§Mo Mm§Jbo {_Ì hmoVo. _mÂ`m bhmZnUmMo EH$ {MÌ ñnï>nUo _mÂ`m _Z…nQ>bmda C_Q>bobo Amho. nma§n[aH$ _wgb_mZ nmofmImV _mPo dS>rb AZ YmoVa-n§Mm-CnaUo Aem qhXÿ dofmVrb emórOr - Ago XmoKo {_Ì Xodr H¥$nm, AÜ`mË_, VËdkmZ Aem J§^ra {df`m§da _Z…nyd©H$ MMm© H$aV AmhoV.

_r _moR>m Pmbmo àíZ {dMmaÊ`mEdT>m, g_OXma Pmbmo. Voìhm dS>rbm§Zm _r àmW©ZoVrb eãXm§Mm AW© {dMmabm CÎmamXmIb Vo åhUmbo, àmW©Zo_Üò, Z_mO nT>Ê`m_Üò JwT> Ago H$m§hr Zmhr. EH$Ì òD$Z Z_mO nT>VmZm _mUgm - _mUgmVrb ôX^md Zmhrgo hmoVmV. g§nÎmr, d`, OmVY_©, d§e, eara gd© H$mhr {dgê$Z AmnU Ë`m AJmY X¡dr {dídeº$ser EH$ê$n hmoVmo.

_mPo dS>rb nhmQ>o CRy>Z gw`m}X`mnyduMm, nhmQ>oMm Z_mO nS>m`Mo. Ë`mZ§Va Am_À`m KamnmgyZ MmaoH$ {H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamda Am_Mr ZmaimMr dmS>r hmoVr, {VWo Vo OmV, òVmZm S>PZâ Zmai

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Im§Úmdê$Z dmhÿ>Z AmUV Am{U _JM ZmíVm H$aV. AJXr gÎmar JmR>on`ªV Ë`m§Mm hm amoOMm H«$_

H$Yr MwH$bm Zmhr.

_r Xhm dfm©Mm hmoVmo, Voìhm _mÂ`m dS>rbm§Zr bmH$S>r Zm¡H$m ~m§Ym`Mm ì`dgm` H$am`Mo

R>adbo. `m àmMrZ VrW©joÌmda òUmè`m àdmgr ^º$m§Zm am_oídanmgyZ YZwîH$mo{S>n`ªV ZoÊ`m-

AmUÊ`mgmR>r {VMm Cn`moJ Vo H$aUma hmoVo. YZwîH$mo{S>bm ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoV "goVw¸$am`r'

åhUVmV. Ah_X Obmbw{ÔZ ZmdmÀ`m EH$m Am_À`mM JmdmVë`m H§$ÌmQ>Xmam~amo~a

g_wÐ{H$Zmar Vo amoO H$m_ H$é bmJbo. nwT>o ObmbwÔrZ `m§Zr _mÂ`m ~{hUrer Omoh>amer

{ddmh Ho$bm Am{U Am_À`mer ZmVo OmoS>bo. ~moQ>rbm hiyhiy AmH$ma òV Agbobm _r amoO

nmhV hmoVmo. Ë`mMm bmH$S>r Zm§Ja, gwH$mUy dJ¡ao ^mJ hiyhiy n¸o$ ~Zdbo OmV hmoVo. EH$

{Xdg ^`mZH$ MH«$sdmXimZo {H$Zmè`mbm PmoS>nyZ H$mT>bo. Vmer e§âmhÿZ A{YH$ _¡bm§À`m

doJmZo dmhUmè`m gmogmQ>çmÀ`m dmè`m§Zr goVw¸$am`rMr WmoS>r\$ma O_rZ AZ Am_Mr ~moQ>

g_wÐmn©U Ho$br. n§~ZMm nwb CVmê§$Zr âboë`m aoëdoJmS>rgH$Q> H$mogiyZ Jobm Vmon`ªV _r

g_wÐmMo \$º$ gm¢X`© nm{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m àg§JmV àW_M Ë`mMo am¡Ð ê$n, Ë`mMr g§hmaH$ eº$s m§Mo _bm

Xe©Z Pmbo.

Ë`m ~moQ>rÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ {VMm {dZme hmoB©n`©VÀ`m H$mimV _h§_X ObmbwÔrZ _mPm Y{Zï>

{_Ì ~Zbm hmoVm. Vgm Vmo _mÂ`mhÿZ n§YamEH$ dfm©Zr _moR>m hmoVm. _bm Vmo AmPmX åhUm`Mm. amoO

g§Ü`mH$mir Amåhr bm§~da {\$am`bm OmV hmoVmo. _{eXrg_moaÀ`m añË`mdê$Z g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mdaÀ`m

_D$_D$ dmiyH$S>o AmngyH$ Am_Mr nmdbo dim`Mr. Amåhr A{YH$Va AmÜ`mpË_H$, Am{W©H$, X¡dr,

AmËå`mer g§~§{YV Aem {df`m§da ~mobV Agy. am_oída EH$ VrWjoÌ Agë`mZo Aem àH$maÀ`m

g§^mfUm§Zr `mo½`, ^mabobo dmVmdaU {VWo hmoVo. \$º$ ObmbwÔrZMo A„mer H$mhrVar {deof ZmVo

Amho Ago _mÌ dmQ>o. Vgm Vmo \$magm emioV OmD$ eH$bm Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m KaMr n[apñWVr {~H$Q>

hmoVr. nU Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m_Üò A{O~mV H$S>dQ>nUm Ambm ZìhVm. Ë`mZo _bm {eH$Ê`mgmR>r gX¡d

àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. _mÂ`m emim-H$m°boOmVrb èm_wio Vmo _Zmo_Z gwImdbobm Amho ho _bm H$im`Mo.

Amnë`m dmQ>çmbm Amboë`m n[apñWVr~Õb Ë`mZo H$Yr I§V ì`º$ Ho$bobr _bm AmR>dV Zmhr.

CbQ> Am`wî`mZo Oo H$mhr Amnë`m Am|OirV Q>mH$bo, Ë`m~Ôb Ë`mbm dmQ>V Agbobr H¥$VkVm

Ë`mÀ`m dmJUwH$sVyZ ghO àVrV hmoV Ago.

_bm AmR>dVo g§nyU© am_oída ~oQ>mda B§J«Or OmUy eH$Umam Ë`m doir Vmo EH$Q>mM _mUyg hmoVm.

Hw$Umbmhr JaO nS>ob Voìhm Vmo nÌo {bhÿZ XoV Ago. AO© AgyXo qH$dm H$mhr gaH$mar {bImdQ>

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AgyXo, ObmbwÔrZMoM Zmd nwT>o òB©. Am_À`m IoS>odOm, Ym{_©H$ JmdmÀ`m n{bH$S>o Agboë`m Zì`m

OJmMr Ë`mZo _bm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr.

Ë`m bhmZ JmdmV _mÂ`m N>moQ>çm ~mbnUrÀ`m OJmV nwñVH$ åhUOo EH$ Xþ{_©i dñVy hmoVr.

Am_À`m JmdmV Eg.Q>r.Ama. _{UH$_ ZmdmMo EH$ _mOr H«$m§{VH$maH$ amï´>^º$ amhV hmoVo.

Ë`m§À`mH$S>o, nwñVH$m§Mm ~è`mn¡H$s g§J«h hmoVm. Ë`mZr _bm nwñVHo$ dmMÊ`mgmR>r gX¡d CÎmoOZ

{Xbo. _rhr {_iob Vo dmMV Jobmo.

_mÂ`m ~më`mdñWoV e_gwÔrZ ZmdmÀ`m _mÂ`m EH$m XÿaÀ`m ^mdmMm _mÂ`mda ~amM à^md hmoVm. am_oída _Üò òUmè`m dV©_mZ nÌm§Mm Vmo EHw$bVm EH$ {dVaH$ hmoVm. amoO gH$miÀ`m aoëdoJmS>rZo "n§~Z' JmdmhÿZ dV©_mZ nÌm§Mo JÇ>o òV. JmdmVrb hOmaâ gw{e{jVm§À`m dmMZmMr JaO ^mJ{dUmè`m e_gwÔrZMm Vmo ì`dgm` hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirMr dmQ>Mmb Jmddmë`mZm g_OUo ho _hËdmMo H$m`© Ë`mVyZ gmYV Ago. Hw$Umbm ^{dî` OmUyZ KoÊ`mg, Va Hw$Ur _ÐmgÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oVbo gmoÝ`mMm§XrMo ^md g_OÊ`mgmR>r CËgwH$ AgV. WmoS>oOU {Okmgy d¥ÎmrZo {hQ>ba, _. Jm§Yr Am{U ~°[añQ>a OrZ§m~Ôb Jm§{^`m©Zo MMm© H$aV. nU PmSy>Z gd©OUmZm no[a`ma B©.ìhr am_ñdm_r m§À`m qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb CƒdUu`m§{déÕ Mmbboë`m Midir~Ôb OmUyZ KoÊ`mV ag hmoVm. "{XZ_Ur' ho Ë`mdoiMo gdm©V bmoH${à` V{_i dV©_mZnÌ hmoVo. N>mnbobo eãX Ë`m doir _bm dmMm`bm òV ZgV. Ë`mVrb {MÌmH$S>o ~KyZ _r g_mYmZ _mZV Ago.

MmbË`m aoëdoJmS>rVyZ dV©_mZnÌm§Mo JÇ>o am_oída Vo YZwîH$moS>r Xaå`mZ Imbr \$oH$bo OmV. Vo JÇ>o Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r e_gwÔrZbm H$moUrVar _XVZrg hdm hmoVm. _mÂ`mnojm Xþgam `mo½`

C_oXdma Ë`mbm Hw$Ry>Z {_iUma? _mÂ`m Am`wî`mVrb n{hbr H$ï>mMr H$_mB© H$am`bm e_gwÔrZMm Agm hmV^ma bmJbm ñdV…À`m H$ï>mZo {_i{dboë`m n{hë`m H$_mB©Mm A{^_mZ AmOhr _mÂ`m _ZmV Amho.

àËòH$ _wb OÝ_mbm òVmZm AmB©d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z H$mhr OÝ_OmV d¡{eîQ>ço KoD$Z òVo. _mÂ`m d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z _r àm_m{UH$nUm Am{U ñd`§{eñV {eH$bmo. Va AmB©Zo _bm Mm§Jë`mda {dídmg

R>odm`Mr Am§V[aH$ eº$s {Xbr. X`miy d¥Îmr {Xbr. emioV {eH$m`bm Z {_iUmao CnOV ehmUnU

_r Obm§bwÔrZH$Sy>>Z {eH$bmo. Va e_gwÔrZ H$Sy>Z _r Mohè`mdê$Z Xþgè`mÀ`m _ZmVbo AmoiIm`bm

{eH$bmo, earamMr S>moù`m§Mr ^mfm {eH$bmo. _mÂ`m _Ü o Omo gO©ZerbVoMm ómoV CJ_ nmdV, \w$bV, Jobm; Ë`mMo lo _r {Z…g§e` Ë`m XmoKm§À`m ghdmgmMm _mÂ`mda Omo à^md nS>bm Ë`mbm XoVmo.

~mbnUr _mPo VrZ OrdíMH§$R>íM {_Ì hmoVo. am_ZmWemór, AaqdXZ Am{U {edàH$meZ

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ho {VKohr qhXÿ, CÀMHw$brZ, gZmVZr ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mVbo hmoVo. am_oídaÀ`m XodimV Xadfu "grVmam_ H$ë`mU_' CËg>d gmOam hmoV Ago. XodimnmgyZ b¾_§S>>nmÀ`m OmJon`ªV Xodm§À`m _yVu ZoÊ`mgmR>r ~moQ>rMr VgoM {deof _§MH$mMr ì`dñWm Am_Mo Hw$Qw>§~ H$aV Ago. amÌr PmonVmZm AmOrH$Sy>Z, AmB©H$Sy>Z doJdoJi`m g§VmÀ`m, nram§À`m H$Wm Am{U am_mÙmVrb N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o àg§J EoH$VM Am_À`m KamVrb _wbo _moR>r Pmbr.

_r nmMdrV AgVmZmMm EH$ àg§J Amho. Ë`m doir _r am_oída_Yë`m àmW{_H$ emioV {eH$V hmoVmo. EH$ {Xdg dJm©da EH$ Zdo _mñVa Ambo. _r Am{U am_ZmWemór Zoh_r EH$_oH$m§eoOmar n{hë`m ~mH$mda ~gV Ago. _mÂ`m S>moŠ`mda Zoh_r _wgb_mZ Y_m©Mr {ZX}eH$ Q>monr Agm`Mr Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Ji`mV OmZdo ê$iV Ago. Ë`m Zì`m, Vê$U _mñVam§Zm H$_©R> qhXÿ ~«m÷U _wbm§Zo _wgb_mZmÀ`m eoOmar ~gUo AñdñW H$ê$ bmJbo. Am_À`m gm_m{OH$ nmVirZwgma Ë`m§Zr _bm eodQ>À`m ~mH$mda OmD$Z ~gm`bm \$_m©dbo. _bm A{Ve` dmB©Q> dmQ>bo. am_ZmWmÀ`m Mohè`mdahr eaq_XonUm C_Q>bm. _r CRy>Z _mJÀ`m ~mH$mda ~gbmo, Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m Mohè`mda C_Q>bobo Xþ…I _r dmMy eH$bmo. Ë`mMm aS>dobm, Alyâbm Moham _mÂ`m ñ_¥Vt_Üò H$m`_Mm H$moê$Z R>odbobm Amho.

Ë`m {Xder emim gwQ>ë`mda Amåhr Kar Jobmo AZ² Amnmnë`m AmB©d{S>bm§Zm KS>bobm àH$ma gm§{JVbm. bú_UemñÌrZr bJoM Ë`m _mñVam§Zm {Zamon nmR>dyZ ~mobmdyZ KoVbo Am{U Am_À`m CnpñWVrV Ë`mZm gm§JyZ Q>mH$bo "`m {Zînmn {ZamJg _wbm§_Üò gm_m{OH$ {df_VoMo, CÀMZrÀMVoMo {df noê$ ZH$m. {^Þ Y_u`m§_Üò VoT> CËnÞ H$é ZH$m.' BVHo$M Zìho Va amoIR>moH$nUo Ë`mZr Ë`m _mñVamZm _m\$s Var _mJm {H$§dm hr emim, Jmd gmoSy>Z Om Ago gwZmdbo.

_mñVam§Zm Amnë`m dmJÊ`mMm níMmVmn Va PmbmM; nU bú_Uemór§gma»`m XodimÀ`m à_wI nwOmè`mMo Vo eãX Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ _wbm§À`m ~m~VrV Agm ôX^md KS>bm Zmhr.

Amåhmbm gm`Ýg {eH$dUmao _mñVa lr. {edgw~«_Ur`m Aæà hohr EH$m H$_©R> ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mVbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr nËZr OwZo arVr[admO nmiUmar gZmVZr d¥ÎmrMr hmoVr. {dkmZmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m_wio Agob, _mñVam§Mr _Vo nwamoJm_r hmoVr. _r Ë`m§Mm AJXr AmdS>Vm {dÜ`mWu hmoVmo. _bm Vo Zoh_r åhUm`Mo.

H$bm_ _moR>_moR> m ehamVrb gw{e{jV bmoH$m§À`m VmoS>rMm Vy ìhm`bm hdog. EH$ {Xdg Ë`mZr _bm Ë`m§À`m Kar Oodm`bm ~mobmdbo. Amnë`m gmodù`m ñd §nmH$KamV ~gyZ EH$ _wgbmZ {dÚmWu OodUma, `m H$ënZoZo Ë`m§Mr nËZr Km~ê$Z Jobr. {VZo _mPo VmQ> ñd`§nmH$KamV dmT>m`bm gm\$ ZH$ma {Xbm. nU _mPo _mñVa {edgw~«_Ur`m A{O~mV JS>~S>bo ZmhrV qH$dm Amnë`m nËZrda

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amJmdbohr ZmhrV. _mÂ`m eoOmar ~gyZ ~mhoaÀ`m ImobrV Amnë`m hmVmZo Ë`mZr _bm dmT>bo AZ eoOmar ~gyZ Vo ñdV… Oody bmJbo.

am_oída gmoSy>Z {OëømÀ`m {R>H$mUr am_ZmWnwambm {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r _r _mÂ`m dS>rbm§H$S>o nadmZJr {dMmabr.

Vo åhUmbo "A~wb, Vwbm _moR>o ìhm`Mo Agob, Va Jmd gmoSy>Z {ejUmgmR>r ~mhoa Om`bmM hdo. am_oídaÀ`m ñQ>oeZda JmS>rV ~gdyZ {Zamon XoVmZm Ë`mZr åhQ>bo, `m JmdmV VwPo eara amhV hmoVo, AmË_m Zmhr. VwÂ`m AmËå`mMm {Zdmg CÁdb ^{dî`mÀ`m nmoQ>r Amho. Amåhr Hw$Ur {VWda nmoMy eH$Uma Zmhr. Am_Mr ñdßZogwÕm {VWda OmD$ eH$Uma ZmhrV. A„mMr VwÂ`mda gX¡d H¥$nm amhÿXo.'

e_gwÔrZ Am{U ObmbwÔrZ _mÂ`mgmo~V am_ZmWnwa_bm Ambo. Ë`mZr _mPo Zmd emioV KmVbo. _mPr amhmÊ`mMr ZrQ> ì`dñWm Ho$br. _bm KamMr AmoT>> AñdñW H$am`Mr Am{U åhUyZ am_oídabm Om`Mr àË`oH$ g§Yr _r CS>r _mê$Z gmYm`Mmo. BWo Agboë`m {ejUmÀ`m CX§S> g§Yrnojm AmB©À`m hmVÀ`m JmoS> nmoi`m§Mr AmoT>> _bm _mobmMr dmQ>V Ago.

nU hiyhiy _mPo KamnmgyZ Xÿa OmUo _r ñdrH$maV Jobmo. Zì`m dmVmdaUmer OwidyZ ¿`m`Mo _r _Zmer R>adbo. H$maU _mÂ`m dS>rbm§À`m _mÂ`mH$Sy>Z {deof Anojm AmhoV, ho _bm R>mD$H$ hmoVo. _r H$boŠQ>a ìhmdo, Aer Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo ñdßZ nwao H$aUo _mPo H$V©ì` hmoVo. am_oída_Ü`o dmQ>Umar gwa{jVVm, {VWbo ào_i dmVmdaU `m§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUo _bm ^mJ hmoVo.

_bm {Z`VrZo am_oídabm naV AmUbo Zmhr. _bm _mÂ`m ~mbnUmnmgyZ _mÂ`m KamnmgyZ Xÿa Zobo.... _mÂ`m CÁdb ^{dVì`mÀ`m {XeoZo.....

eãXmW© :

MU - ~m§Ym AJmY - àM§S>CnOV - OÝ_V… gO©ZerbVm - {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm.

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ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. H$bm_m§Mm OÝ_ H$moR>o Pmbm?

2. ~hmÔÿa hr nXdr H$moUmg {_imbr hmoVr?

3. am_oídaÀ`m {ed_§{XamMo nwOmar H$moU hmoVo?

4. YZwîH$moS>rbm ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoV H$m` åhUVmV?

5. H$bm_À`m d{S>bm§Zr H$moUVm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo?

6. OmohamMm {ddmh H$moUmer Pmbm?

7. am_oídaÀ`m XodimV H$moUVm CËgd gmOam hmoB©?

8. am_oída ~oQ>mda B§J«Or `oUmam _mUyg H$moU hmoVm?

9. H$bm_m§Mo {_Ì H$moUH$moU hmoVo?

10. gdm©V bmoH${à` Vm{_i d¥VnÌ H$moUVo?

à2. Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. H$bm_ H$moUmH$moUmH$Sy>Z H$m` H$m` {eH$bo?

2. H$bm_m§À`m d{S>bm§Mm {XZH«$_ H$moUVm hmoVm?

3. H$bm_m§Zr AmB©~ÔbMo ào_ H$go ì`º$ Ho$bo Amho?

4. {ejUmgmR>r ~mhoa OmVmZm H$bm_m§Zm d{S>bm§Zr H$m` gm§{JVbo?

5. àmW©ZoVrb eãXmMm H$moUVm AW© dS>rbm§Zr H$bm_mZm gm§{JVbm?

à3. Imbrb àíZm§Mr Mma Vo nmM dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m Z_mOmZ§Va H$bm_m§Mo dS>rb H$m` H$aV AgV?

2. Vm{_i d¥ÎmnÌ dmMZmMo H$moUH$moUVo CÔoe boIH$mZo gm§{JVbo AmhoV?

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3. H$bm_m§À`m d{S>bm§Mr ~moQ> g_wÐmn©U H$er Pmbr?

4. KamnmgyZ {ejUmgmR>r Xÿa OmUo H$bm_m§Zr H$m ñdrH$mabo?

5. Ë`mdoir Jmdm_Üò d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm` H$gm MmbV Ago?

à4 Imbrb àíZm§Mr AmR> Vo Xhm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. H$bm_ àmW{_H$ emioV AgVmZm H$moUVm àg§J KS>bm?

2. Ah_X ObmbwÔrZ d H$bm_ `m§À`mVrb _¡ÌrMo dU©Z H$am.

3. {edgw~«_{U`m Aæà `m§À`mH$S>o KS>boë`m àg§JmMo dU©Z H$am.

4. H$bm_mZr Amnë`m AmB©d{S>bm§Mo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?

à5. [aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1. Am_À`m dñVrV EH$ OwZr ........ hmoVr.

2. _mÂ`m d{S>bm§Zr ......... ~m§Ym`Mm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.

3. ........ `mZr _mÂ`m ~{hUrer - Omohamer {ddmh Ho$bm.

4. Am_À`m JmdmV........ ZmdmMo EH$ _mOr H«$m§VrH$maH$ amï´>^º$ amhV hmoVo.

5. _r Am{U ..... Zoh_r EH$_oH$m§eoOmar n{hë`m ~mH$mda ~gV hmoVmo.

g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

1. "Ë`m X`miy, H¥$nmiy A„mMo Am^ma _mZm.'

2. "H$bm_, _moR>_moR>çm ehamVrb gw{e{jV bmoH$m§À`m VmoS>rMo Vy ìhm`bm hdog.'

3. "VwÂ`m AmËå`mMm {Zdmg CÁdb ^{dî`mÀ`m nmoQ>r Amho.'

4. "_m\$s Var _mJm qH$dm hr emim, Jmd gmoSy>Z Om.'

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^mfmä`mg:

Imbrb dmH²$àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

1. _mV H$aUo

2. JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo amhUo

3. ag AgUo

4. hmV^ma bmJUo

CnH«$_:

1. S>m°. H$bm_m§Mo {dÚmWu OrdZ `m {df`r {Z~§Y {bhm.

2. S>m°. H$bm_m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_idm.

iivivivii

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11. nmhþUMma - J.c. R>moH$i

n[aM`:-

JOmZZ cú_U R>>moH$i (1909-1984) gwédmVrcm H$mhr df} {ejH$ åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hco. Z§Va lr coIZ

dmMZ m§S>ma gwê$ Ho$co. Ë`m§Mo coIZ d¡{dÜ`nyU© Amho. Ë`m§Mo H$Sy>gmIa, Jm|XU, R>moH$iJmoï>r ho H$Wmg§J«h; H$emgmR>r

nmoQ>mgmR>r ho ZmQ>H$; JmdJw§S>, Q>|^m, {R>UJr `m H$mX§~è`m; _rR>^mH$a, gwJr ho J«m_rU H$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV.

IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ gmYogwYo AgVo. Jar~ eoVH$è`mH$S>o Amcoë`m§Mm nmhþUMma Vmo {H$Vr ào_mZo H$aVmo

`mMo dU©Z `m H${dVoV AmT>iVo. hr H${dVm "gwJr' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>cr Amho.

(_yë`, Am{VÏ`)

`m ~gm nmìhU§ Ag§ am_ am_ ¿`m

H$moZÀ`m Vwåhr Jmdm§M? JmRw>S>§ {VR> amhþ Úm&

Km|JS>r Q>mH$cr BR>§, ~gm Vrda

AZ_mZ H$ê$ ZH$mo AmVm ho g_Om Anc§ Ka

dmQw>i MmcVm OZy cB© ^mJcm

ho nJm H$mT>c§` nmUr Am§Kyi H$am`m Mcm

AmQ>nm {~JrZ§ Oam, VmQ> dmic§

nmìhZ§, Mcm `m AmVm, ho nJm {nT>§ Q>mH$c

dmT>cr nJm Ádm[aMr OmS> ^mH$ar

{Z{MVrZ§ Oodm AmVm, Om`M§ Zm eoVmdar

cB© gwJaU _ncr ~a§ H$ma^m[aU

{H$Vr Anê$H$ Pmc§ hm` ho H$m§ÚmM§ ~ogZ!

cgUrMr MQ>Ur COyZ nJm dmT>cr

Vr _YyZ Vm|S>r cmdm, cmJVr {VIQ> Mm§Jcr!

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MmnyZ AmVm§ hmoC Úm, H$ê$ ZH$m H$_r

_rR> ^mH$ar J[a~mMr ¿`m JmoS> H$amoZr Vwåhr

"Om`M§' H$m` åh§UVm? Pmon ¿`m Oam

OmVmc CÚm§ H$m KmB©? N>o ~oV Zìh§ hm ~am!

eodQ>r {ZKmcm§V Zm? OnyZrM Om.

J[a~mMr AmoiI R>odm. `m ~a§ am_ am_ ¿`m!


nmìhU§ - nmhþUo H$moZÀ`m - H$moUË`mJmRw>S>§ - JmR>moS>o BR> - BWoAZ_mZ - h`J` dmTw>c - nwîH$i^mJcm - X_cm nJm - nhmAm§Kwi - Am§Kmoi (ñZmZ) {~JrZ - cdH$a

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{nT>§ - nmQ> {Z{MVrZ - em§V {MÎmmZo, em§V _ZmZo

gwJaU - CÎm_ ñd`§nmH$ H$aUmar _ncr - _mPr

H$ma^marU - nËZr, ~m`H$mo Anê$H$ - MdXma

~ogZ - PwUH$m, {nR>c§ MmnyZ - ^anya ImdyZ

_rR> ^mH$ar - Jar~mM§ gmY§ OodU ~oV - {dMma

am_am_ ¿`m - Z_ñH$ma OmVmc - Omc

COwZ - AOyZ

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. H$ma^mè`mZo nmhþÊ`mcm ~gm`cm H$m` {Xco?

2. H$ma^mè`mZo nmhþÊ`mcm A§Kmoi cdH$a CaH$Ê`mg H$m gm§{JVco?

3. OodUmV H$moUH$moUVo nXmW© hmoVo?

4. H$ma^mè`mZo gwJaU H$moUmg åhQ>co Amho?

5. H$moUVm nXmW© Anê$H$ Pmcm hmoVm?

6. H$moUVm nXmW© {VIQ> hmoVm?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao 2 Vo 3 dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. Kar Amcoë`m nmhþÊ`mMm àdmgmV Pmcocm Ìmg H$_r ìhmdm åhUyZ KaÀ`m H$ma^mè`mZo

H$m` Ho$co?

2. nmhþÊ`mÀ`m OodUmMr ì`dñWm H$em VèhoZo Ho$cr?

3. Amnë`m H$ma^marUrMm _moR>onUm H$ma^mar H$gm ì`º$ H$aVmo?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao 4 Vo 5 dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. Kar Amcoë`m nmhþÊ`mMm AmXa gËH$ma H$ma^mar H$em VèhoZo H$aVmo?

2. nmhþÊ`mcm AmUIr amhÊ`mMm AmJ«h eoVH$è`mZo H$gm Ho$cm Amho?

à4. Imcrc AmoirMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

1. ho nJm H$mT>c§` nmUr Am§Kwi H$am`m Mcm.

2. cgUrMr MQ>Ur AOyZ nJm dmT>cr.

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à5. Imcrc àíZm§Mo CÎma gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. `m H${dVoMm AW© Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

à6. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am.

1. .................... Mmccm OUy cB© ^mJcm.

2. nmìhU§ Mcm `m AmVm ho nJm .................... Q>mH$c§.

3. cB© .................... _ncr ~a§ H$ma^marU

4. .................... MQ>Ur COwZ nJm dmT>cr.

5. .................... Jar~mMr ¿`m JmoS> H$ê$Zr

6. Jar~mMr .................... R>odm `m ~a§ am_am_ ¿`m

7. {Z{MVrZ Oodm AmVm .................... eoVmdar

^mfmä`mg …-

1. nmR>mV {Xë`mà_mUo OmoS>eãX nyU© H$am.

1. _rR> ..................

2. Imcrc dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

1. nmhþUMma H$aUo.

2. AZ_mZ H$aUo.

3. g_mZmWu eãX {chm.

nmhþUMma - AmXam{VÏ`

Jmd - ...................

nmhþUm - ...................

Vm|S> - ...................

Am§Kmoi - ...................

Pmon - ...................

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4. {déÕmWu eãX {chm …-

1. AmoiI � 4. AmVm �

2. Jar~ � 5. H$_r �

3. JmoS> � 6. eodQ> �

5. Imcrc eãX à_mU _amR>r ^mfoV {chm …-

1. ~ogZ 2. cB© 3. nJm 4. COwZ 5. Am§Ywi

CnH«$_ …-

1. J«m_rU ^mfoVrc "Amåhr R>mH$a R>mH$a' ho JrV dmMm d nmR> H$am.

2. e§H$a nmQ>rc `m§Mr "Ioi' hr J«m_rU H$Wm dmMm.

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12. dmQ> MwH$ë`mMm AmZ§X- Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$

n[aM` …-

nÙ^wfU àm. ZmamÙ grVmam_ \$S>Ho$ (1894-1978) coIH$, àmÜ`mnH$, H$Wm, cKw{Z~§Y, M[aÌ, AmË_M[aÌ, ZmQ>H$ `m gd© joÌmV crc`m g§Mma H$aUmao åhUyZ ZmgrZm AmoiIco OmVo. Am„m-hmo-AH$~a, Hw$cmã`mMr Xm§S>r, Xm¡cV, {Za§OZ, AIoaMo ~§S> Aem 84 H$mX§~è`m; AZoH$ H$Wmg§J«h, JwOJmoï>r, Zì`m JwOJmoï>r ho cKw{Z~§Y g§J«h VgoM à{V^mgmYZ, à{V^m{dcmg ho g_rjmË_H$ J«§W {c{hco AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm cKw{Z~§YmMo àdV©H$ Ago åhQ>co OmVo. aËZm{Jar òWo âboë`m A.^m._.gm. gå_obZmMo Zo hmoVo.

nwT>rc cKw{Z~§Y hm Ë`m§À`m "JwOJmoï>r' `m cKw{Z~§Y g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>cm Amho.

EImÚm ZdrZ {R>H$mUr Joë`mda Amncr dmQ> MwH$Vo. coIH$ EH$Xm _hm~ioídacm Joco AgVmZm ~mOmamVyZ Kar naVVmZm Ë`m§Mr dmQ> MwH$Vo. nU dmQ> MwH$ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Xþ…I hmoÊ`mEodOr AmZ§XM Pmcm. H$m Vo m cKw{Z~§YmV nmhÿ!

(_yë`-{ZgJ©ào_)

_r EH$Xm dmQ>> MwH$cmo Am{U _J!

nU Hw$R>cr dmQ> MwH$cmo AZ² H$er MwH$cmo Vo AmYr gm§JVmo. AmpídZmMo {Xdg hmoVo. AZ² Amåhr _hm~ioídacm amhm`cm Jocmo hmoVmo. Amåhr Á`m ~§Jë`mV ahmV hmoVmo Vmo ~mOmanoR>onmgyZ Mm§Jcm XmoZ AS>rM _¡c cm§~ hmoVm. AZ² AJXr EH$m ~mOycm Odi-Odi O§JcmV Agë`mgmaIm hmoVm. _hm~ioídaÀ`m gr_oVcm Ë`m {XeoH$S>cm AJXr eodQ>Mm ~§Jcm hmoVm Vmo. _icocr dmQ> Ë`m ~§Jë`mnmgyZ Mm§Jcr XmoZ-VrZ hmH$m§À`m A§Vamda hmoVr.

EH$ {Xdg H$m` Pmc§, Xþnmar VrZ dmOVm WmoS>o H$mJX {dH$V AmUmdo åhUyZ _r ~mOmamV Jocmo. XþH$mZmV EH$ {_Ì AH$ñ_mV oQ>cm AZ² Ë`m§Zr AmJ«h Ho$cm åhUyZ Mhm ¿`m`cm Ë`m§À`m Kar Jocmo. MhmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ~gcmo. AmoKmAmoKmZ§ Jßnmdê$Z Jßnm {ZKmë`m AZ² ZH$iV Iyn doi Kmcdcm _r {VWo! gmS>oMma dmOë`mM§ Hw$Urg§ ghO ~mocc§, Voìhm _r XMHy$Z CR>cmo. Mhm XoUmè`m {_Ìm§Zm Z_ñH$magwÕm Z H$aVm Ë`m§À`m Kam~mhoa nS>cmo. H$maU KaÀ`m _§S>irZm _r H$~yc Ho$c§ hmoV§ H$s Mma dmOVm _r naV oB©Z AZ² _J AmnU {\$am`cm OmD$. AmVm _cm nmoMm`cm {ZXmZ nmM Var dmOUma hmoVo. {H$Vr MT>-CVma H$arV AZ² diU§ KoV Jocm hmoVm Vmo añVm.

{VVŠ`mV _mÂ`m _ZmV EH$ H$ënZm Amcr.

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_icoë`m dmQ>oZ§ Om`À`mEodOr COì`m hmVmH$S>À`m PmS>rV KwgyZ ~§Jë`mÀ`m YmoaUmZ§ AmnU Jocmo Va, Amncm {H$VrVar doi dmMoc. `m H$ënZoZo _mÂ`m _ZmV EH$X_ {ZíM` Pmcm. AmUIr COì`m hmVmH$S>À`m PmS>rV _r Kwgcmo.

nU nÞmg gmR> nmdc§ Jocmo ZgoZ, PmS>r BVH$s JX© Pmcocr AmT>iyZ Amcr H$s, AJXr ZmH$mnwT>À`m PmS>mIoarO _cm Xþga§ H$mhr {XgoZm. JX© PmS>m§À`m \$Q>r\$Q>rVyZ Am^mimMo chmZ _moR>o Idco {XgV hmoVo. nU Ë`mdê$Z {XeoMm AmX_mg H$amdm åhQ>co Va gmo` hmoVr H$m`? nmoñQ> Am°{\$gÀ`m dm`ì` {Xeocm ~§Jcm hmoVm Iam. nU dm`ì` H$moUVr Am{U Am¾o` H$moUVr hoM H$ioZmgo Pmë`mda Ë`m _m{hVrMm H$m` Cn`moJ hmoVm? _moR>çm añË`mcm OmD$Z {_imd§ `mgmaIm Xþgam ehmUnUm Zmhr.

_r dicmo AZ² PmS>m§À`m \$m§Úm XmoÝhr hmVm§Zr Xÿa H$arV qhJU ~oQ>mÀ`m R>|JÊ`m H$mQ>oar PwSy>nmdê$Z AcJV Amocm§Sy>Z n{cH$S>o nmD$co Q>mH$sV OmD$ cmJcmo. nU Agm ~amM Jocmo Var _moR>m añVm _cm {_ioZm. _J H$m` H$aUma?

VgmM nwT>o OmV am{hcmo. Voìhm WmoS>rer _icocr EH$ nmD$cdmQ> {Xgcr. Voìhm Omo AmZ§X Pmcm Vmo {dMmê$ ZH$m. _hm~ioídamÀ`m S>m|JamMo H$Yr nm{hco ZìhVo, Ago ^mJ _cm {Xgy cmJco. Vr dmQ> Hw$R>o OmV Agmdr _cm H$ioZm. Mm§JcmM Km~acmo _r. nU VgmM VwQ>coë`m H$S>çmÀ`m _mÏ`mda Jocmo Am{U ~gcmo. VoWyZ Or g¥ï>r emo^m {XgV hmoVr, Vr Anyd© hmoVr.

EH$m XarÀ`m EoZ Vm|S>mda Vmo H$S>m S>moH$mdV hmoVm. XmoÝhr ~mOyg eoH$S>mo \y$Q> C§MrMo S>m|JamMo

H$S>o {XgV hmoVo.

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g¥ï>rM§ BVH§$ AH¥${Ì_ ñdê$n _cm `m AmYr H$YrM {Xgc§ ZìhV§. Ë`m Ñí`mH$S>o gma§ ^mZ

{dgê$Z _r nmhmV am{hcmo. Vo nmhÊ`mV _¾ Pmë`m_wio da Am^mimV H$m` H$m` KQ>Zm Mmcë`m

hmoË`m {VH$S>§ _mP§ cjhr ZìhV§. H$mio H$mio àM§S> T>J _mÂ`m _mÏ`mda òdyZ Va§Jy cmJco hmoVo.

OUy _moR> _moR>r H$mù`m H$mù`m a§JmMr Hw$R>cr Var {d_mZoM VoWo òdyZ hdoV jUâ {dgmdm KoV

hmoVr! _r T>Jm§H$S>o nwaV§ nm{hc§hr Zmhr. VmoM dmè`mMo dmH$S>o {VH$S>o PmoV hdoV CR>co AZ² T>JmVyZ

nmÊ`mMo W|~ nSy> cmJco.

OcYmam§Mr XmQ>r {dai {dai ìhm`cm cmJcr hmoVr. eÌyda AMmZH$ N>mnm KmcyZ nwT>o

{ZKyZ OmUmè`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m Wì`mà_mUo T>J ââm {ZKyZ Mmcco hmoVo. AmH$memMm {Zim a§J

nwÝhm àH$Q> ìhm`cm cmJcm hmoVm. ^modVmcMr XmQ> PmS>r ñnï> {Xgy cmJcr hmoVr. 10-15

{_{ZQ>m§Zr gy`©àH$mehr nwÝhm n{hë`m WmQ>mZo {OH$S>o {VH$S>o âcm AZ² AIoa nyd© {j{VOmda

Oo àM§S> B§ÐYZwî` àH$Q> Pmc§ Ë`m emoôcm Cn_m Hw$R>cr? Am{U H$m` M_ËH$ma Xþgè`mM jUr

B§ÐYZwî`mMr Vr g~§Y àM§S> H$_mZ _mÂ`mOdi gaH$V òV Amho Ago _cm dmQ>co.

H$mhr Pmc§ Var _cm BWyZ {ZKyZ Kar JocM§ nm{hOo Agm {dMma _mÂ`m _ZmV Amcm. nU

nwÝhm dmQ>c§, añVm gmnS>Uma H$gm? Omd§ Ë`m nmD$cdmQ>oZo AZ² nhmdr Zer~mMr narjm, Ag§

_Zmer R>adyZ _r PnmPn Mmcy cmJcmo.

AZ² H$m` AmíM`©! Xhm n§Yam {_{ZQ>o Agm Jocmo VmoM EH$X_ h_añË`mcmM nmohmoMcmo _r!

dmQ> MwH$cr H$er ho Og§ _cm H$ic§ Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo Vr AMmZH$ gmnS>cr H$er Vohr

_cm H$ic§ Zmhr! AZ² dmQ> nwÝhm gmnS>coë`m AmZ§Xmnojm dmQ> MwH$ë`m_wio g¥ï>rVrc AË`§V CJ«

Am{U AË`§V gw§Xa Aem Ñî`m§M§ Xe©Z KSy>Z Ë`m AmZ§XmZo _mP§ A§V…H$aU S>dac§ hmoV§. Vmo AmZ§X

{H$Vr Var _moR>m hmoVm.

nwÝhm Ho$ìhmVar AerM _mPr dmQ> MwH$mdr Aer _mPr \$ma \$ma BÀN>m Amho!


_icocr - éicocr AH$ñ_mV - AMmZH$

JX© - XmQ> AmX_mg - A§XmO

qhJU ~oQ> - IwaQ>r H$mQ>oar dZñnVtMr PwSw>no

_mWm - S>m|Ja Q>moH$mdarc gnmQ> OmJm Anyd© - nydu Z nm{hcoco

IS>H$ - nmfmU, ngaQ> XJS> a§JN>Q>m - {d{dY a§Jm§Mo Xe©Z

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Va§JUo - AmH$memV {\$aUo AH¥${Ì_ - Z¡g{J©H${dgmdm - {dlm§Vr {j{VO - OoWo AmH$me O_rZrcm Q>oH$ë`mgmaIo ^mgVo Vr OmJm.B§ÐYZwî` - gy`© AgVmZm nmD$g nS>ë`mda AmH$memV {XgUmar gáa§Jr H$_mZ.

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Zm àË`oH$r Mma n`m©` {Xco AmhoV. Ë`mVrc `mo½` n`m©` {chm.

1. coIH$ ~mOmamV H$m Joco hmoVo?

A. ^mOr AmUÊ`mg ~. H$mJX AmUÊ`mg

H$. Jmd nmhÊ`mg S>. {\$aÊ`mgmR>r

2. coIH$ {_ÌmÀ`m Kar H$emgmR>r Joco hmoVo?

A. MhmgmR>r ~. ^oQ>Ê`mg

H$. nwñVH$ AmUÊ`mgmR>r S>. c¾ R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r

3. coIH$m§Zr KaÀ`m _§S>itZm H$m` H$~yc Ho$co hmoVo?

A. {gZo_mcm OmÊ`mMo ~. _§{Xamcm OmÊ`mMo

H$. {\$am`cm OmÊ`mMo S>. ZmQ>H$mcm OmÊ`mMo

4. "dmQ> MwH$ë`mMm AmZ§X' `m nmR>mMo _yë` H$moUVo Amho?

A. cKw{Z~§Y ~. ì`º$s_hmËå`

H$. {ZgJ©ào_ S>. àm_m{UH$nUm


1. Zm.gr. \$S>Ho$ `m§Mo nyU© Zmd H$m`?

2. dmQ> MwH$ë`mMm AmZ§X hm nmR> H$moUË`m nwñVH$mVyZ {ZdS>cm Amho?

3. coIH$ H$moR>o amhmd`mg Joco hmoVo?


1. coIH$ XMHy$Z Ho$ìhm CR>co?

2. coIH$ COì`m hmVmH$S>rc PmS>rV H$m Kwgco?

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à4. g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am -

1. gmS>oMma dmOë`mM Hw$Ur ghO åhQ>c...2. nwÝhm Ho$ìhmVar dmQ> MwH$mdr Aer _mPr BÀN>m Amho.

à5. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Mma Vo nmM dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. coIH$mZo H$moUVr {ZgJ©emo^m nm{hcr?2. {j{VOmda B§ÐYZwî` Ho$ìhm àH$Q> Pmco?

à6. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎma gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. AmH$memV T>J Amë`mZ§VaÀ`m Ñî`mMo dU©Z H$am.

^mfmä`mg …-nwT>rc AmoirVrc Ac§H$ma AmoiIm d ì`m»`m {chm.

1. OUy _moR>_moR>r H$mù`m H$mù`m a§JmMr Hw$R>cr Var {d_mZo VoWo oD$Z hdoV jU^a {dgmdm KoV hmoVr.

2. eÌyda AMmZH$ N>mnm KmcyZ nwT>o {ZKyZ OmUmè`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m Wì`mà_mUo T>J a^am {ZKyZ Mmcco hmoVo.

CnH«$_ …- 1. {d.g. Im§S>oH$a `m§Mm "_§PYma' hm cKw{Z~§Y g§J«h {_idyZ dmMm. 2. "_mMrdaMm ~wYm' ho Jmo.{Z. Xm§S>oH$a `m§Mo {ZgJ© dU©Zna nwñVH$ {_idyZ dmMm.

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13. _mPr _wŠVmB© - ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar

H$dr n[aM` …-

~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar (1880-1951) EH$ A{e{jV H$d{`Ìr. OrdZmVrc {d{dY AZw^d g_W©nUo H${dVoVyZ ì`º$ Ho$co. {Oìhmù`mMr ~mocr ho Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo d¡{eîQ>ç. OiJmd `oWo eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mV Am`wî` Joë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m coIZmV ImZXoer d dèhmS>r ^mfoMm dmna Pmcm Amho. (`m ^mfoV "c' ~Ôc "`' Mm dmna AmT>iVmo). "~{hUm~mBªMr JmUr' hm H${dVm g§J«h à{gÕ. Ë`mVrc hr H${dVm Amho.

_wŠVmB© hr kmZoídam§Mr YmH$Q>r ~hrU. Vr Xhm dfm©Mr Var nU CnOV kmZm_wio Mm§JXodmMr Jwê$ Pmcr. Amnë`m amJmdcoë`m _moR²>`m ^mdmMr (kmZoídamMr) g_OyVhr {VZoM H$mT>cr. Aem `m _wŠVmB©Mo ^mdnyU© {MÌU `m H${dVoV Ho$co Amho.

(_yë` - {d^yVr Jm¡ad)

_mPr _wŠVmB© _wŠVmB©

Xhm dgm©M§ coH$ê$

Mm§JXod `moJr`mZ§

{Vco _mZcm ao Jwé &&1&&

Aao g§Ý`memMr nmoa§

H$moZr ~mocVr {hZB©

Q>mH$s Xo`c nmoam§M§

H$Yr Vm|S> nmhÿ Zhr &&2&&

Aao Ag§ _mP§ Vm|S>

H$g§ Xmdy _r cmoH$mco

VmQ>r cmB© ½`mZXod

Kam_Yr ao XS>co &&3&&

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C~Jco ½`mZXod

KS>o Ag§Jmer g§J

H$`d`cr _wŠVmB©

~moco VmQ>rMo A^§J &&4&&

KoVr {harXmMm R>md

EoH$m VmQ>rMo A^§J

EH$m EH$m A^§JmV

C^m Ho$cm nm§Sw>a§J &&5&&

Jøaco ½`mZXod

S>mo o Joco ^ar gZ

Agm ^m½`d§V ^mD$

Ë`mMr _wŠVmB© ~hrZ &&6&&

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dgm©M§ - dfm©M§ {hZB© - {hUdrVQ>mH$s Xo`oc - Q>mHy$Z {Xcoë`m R>md - {R>H$mU`moJr - `moJ {dÚoMm Aä`mg Ho$cocm C~Jco - H§$Q>mico{harXmMm - öX`mMm H$`d`cr - H$idicrC^m Ho$cm - gmH$ma Ho$cm ^[agZ - ^ê$ZJøac - J{hdaco Ag§Jmer g§J - dmB©Q> _mUgmer g§~§YVmQ>r - Xma XS>co - cnco.

Q>rn …-

1) Mm§JXod - `moJ gmYZm Ho$cocm kmZr nwéf. Ë`m§Zm ñdV…~Ôc Jd© hmoVm. kmZXodmZm ^oQ>Ê`mgmR>r dmKmda ~gyZ Amcm hmoVm. nU _wº$mB©À`m kmZmZo à^m{dV hmoD$Z Ë`mZo {Vcm Jwé _mZco.

2) VmQ>rMo A^§J - kmZoída amJmdyZ Xma ~§X H$ê$Z ñdV…cm H$m|Sy>Z KoD$Z ~gco. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mr g_OyV H$mTy>Z Xma CKS>Ê`mgmR>r _wº$mB©Zo Ho$coco A^§J.

ñdmÜ`m`


1) _wŠVmB© hr H$moU hmoVr? 2) _wŠVmB©cm Jwê$ H$moUr _mZco? 3) _wŠVmB©Mo d` {H$Vr hmoVo? 4) kmZXod KamV H$m XS>co?


1) kmZoída ^m½`d§V AmhoV Ago ~{hUm~mB© H$m åhUVo?2) _wŠVmB©À`m A^§JmMm kmZXodmda H$moUVm n[aUm_ Pmcm?

à3. Imcrc àíZmMo Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV CÎma {chm.

1) _wŠVmB©~Ôc ~{hUm~mB©Zr H$moUVo Jm¡admoX²Jma H$mT>co AmhoV?

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1) _wŠVmB©Zo kmZXodm§Mr g_OyV H$er H$mT>cr?à5. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am

1) _mPr _wŠVmB©© _wŠVmB©© Xhm .............. coH$ê$ 2) C~Jco ½`mZXod KS>o ..............g§J 3) VmQ>rMo A^§J .............. Mm R>md KoVmV 4) _wŠVmB©Mm .............. hm ^m½`d§V ^mD$ hmo`


1) Mm§JXod `moJr`mZ {Vbo _mZc ao Jwé. 2) Ë`mMr _wŠVmB© ~hrZ.

^mfmä`mg …-

nwT>rc eãXm§Mm dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.1) Ag§Jmer g§J2) H$idiUo3) Vm|S> Z nmhUo

CnH«$_ …-

1) H$ZH$Xmg, nwa§XaXmg, A„_ à^y `m g§VmMr _m{hVr {_idyZ {chm.2) g§V Zm_Xodm§Zr {chcoco g_mYr ho àH$aU dmMm.

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14. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc H$mhr {eëngw§Xa ñWio- àm. H¥$.~. {ZHw$å~

n[aM` …-

H¥$. ~. {ZHw$å~ (1920-1999)

H¥$îUmOr ~cd§V {ZHw$å~ ho ~oiJmdr òWrc qcJamO H$m°coOmV _amR>rMo àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. _yiMo Zm{e-

H$Mo. emco` d H$m°coO {ejU Zm{eH$ òWo Pmco. Ë`m§Mm "CÁdcm' hm n{hcm H${dVmg§J«h 1945 gmc>r à{gÕ

Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m à{V_ocm em§VVoMo dmVmdaU, g¥ï>rMo aå`, CXmg, em§V Ago ñdê$n _mZdVo. C{_©cm hm Ë`m§Mm

Xþgam H$mì`g§J«h, AmYw{ZH$ H$mìàMZoMo ^mdJrV, gwZrV, H${UH$m, _wº$N>§X, JPc, Amodr dJ¡ao H$mì`àH$ma

Ë`m§À`m `m g§J«hmV AmT>iyZ òVmV. Ë`mMr H$mìàMZm {ZXm}f d eãXaMZm A{^àoV AWm©Mr A{^ì`º$s H$aUmar

AerM AgVo. _mZdVoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMr Ë`m§Mr Vi_i Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV ì`º$ Pmcocr Aho. CÁdcm, C{_©cm,

AZw~§Y, A^«, n§In„dr, gm`gmIa ho Ë`m§Mo H$mì`g§J«h AmhoV.

àñVwV àdmgdU©Z CVmam "cmQ>m Am{U char' `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVcm Amho. `m nmR>mV {dO`mnwamÀ`m

àojUr` ñWim§Mo d VoWrc {eën gm¢X`mªMo dU©Z Ho$co Amho.

(_yë`-Hw$Vyhc)

"Jwcm~ åhQ>co H$s, Amnë`m S>moù`mg_moa Jwcm~r a§JmMo \y$c Cô amhVo. Vo gwaoI AgVo,

gwdm{gH$ AgVo. Mm§Jco S>m¡cXmahr AgVo. _mÌ Jwcm~ åhQ>ë`m~amo~a Amnë`mcm AJmoXa H$mhr

OmUdV Agoc, Va Ë`mMm Vmo _mohH$ Jwcm~r a§J! nU _mUgmMo Ho$di EH$mM Jwcm~r a§Jmda

g_mYmZ Pmco Amho H$m`? N>o! Ë`mZo H$c_o Ho$cr. ZmZm àH$maMo à`moJ Ho$co Am{U _J VèhoVèhoMo

Jwcm~ Ë`mÀ`m ~mJoV S>mocy cmJco. nm§T>am Jwcm~, {ndim Jwcm~, _mo{V`m a§JmnmgyZ Vmo cmc~w§X

a§Jmn`ªVÀ`m Am{U {\$Š`m {ndù`mnmgyZ Vmo Yw§X Ho$garn ªVÀ`m eoH$S>mo N>Q>m§Mo Jwcm~ _mUgmZo

V`ma Ho$co. \w$cm§À`m EImÚm àXe©ZmV Va Vn{H$ar, JS>X Om§^ù`m a§Jm§Mo Jwcm~hr AmT>iVmV

Am{U ghO nmhmÊ`mV òV Zgcm Var {hadm Jwcm~hr AgVmo! nwZ… `m Jwcm~m§À`m AmH$mam§Mo

Var {H$Vr àH$ma gm§Jmdo! `mMm AW© Agm H$s, gm¢X`© _mUgmcm AmdS>Vo Iao, nU VoM gm¢X`©

Vèhm§Vèhm§Zr doJdoJionUmZo AZw^dÊ`mV Ë`mcm {deof AmZ§X hmoVmo. gm¢X`m©À`m {d{dYVoVcm

AmZ§X doJimM!

{MÌH$cm, g§JrVH$cm, {eënH$cm `m gm¢X`© {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m H$cm§Zmhr `m_wioM {d{dYVoMr

AmoT> cmJVo. ñdm^m{dH$M Ë`mV AZoH$ nÕVr {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJVmV Am{U Amnmnë`m doJionUmZo

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Ë`m _mUgmcm cwãY H$ê$Z gmoS>VmV. EH$m {eënH$coMo A§m{U Vohr Ho$di H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc CXmhaU KoVco, Var {eëngm¢X`m©Mo AZoH$ àH$ma _r _r åhUV nwT>o oD$ cmJVmV. {ZKm`Mo H$m {eën`mÌocm? {ZXmZ Ë`mVë`m H$mhtMr Var AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVm òB©c.

_w¸$m_ {dO`mnwam …

`m {eën`mÌoMm hoVy Yê$Z

AmnU CÎmaoH$Sy>Z X{jU {XeoÀ`m

amoImZo H$Zm©Q>H$mV {eê$ cmJcmo

H$s, AmYr {dO`mnwam {OëømV

CVaVmo. IwÔ {dO`mnwam eha

ho _wñcr_ {eëne¡crMo H|$Ð

hmo`. Am{U Vo Vgo ZgVo VaM

Zdc! `m e¡crV Kw_Q> Am{U

H$_mZr `m§Mo d¡^d Ñï>rg nS>Vo.

Am{Xcemhr amOmMr {dO`mnwam

hr amOYmZr. gmh{OH$M `m

amOmZr {dO`mnwamV VQ> Am{U

~wê$O, amOdmS>o Am{U _hmc,

_{eXr Am{U _Zmoao, WS>Jr,

Vir, {H$„o m§Mr Ho$di aocMoc H$ê$Z R>o{dcr Amho. H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV Ë`mn¡H$s {H$ËòH$m§Mr nS>PS>

Pmcr Agcr Var {dO`mnwam ho Aìdc XOmªÀ`m {eënm§Mo Am{U B_maVrMo eha Amho. `mMr gmj

nQ>{dÊ`mgmR>rM OUy H$mhr Owå_m _erX, JmocKw_Q>, B~«mhr_ amoOm, _ohoÎma _hc Amnmnco doJdoJio

ê$n d¡^d XmIdrV AmOhr {dO`mnwamV Cô AmhoV.

Owå_m _erX …

n{hë`m Acr Am{XcehmÀ`m H$maH$sXuV Owå_m _erX ~m§Ycr Jocr. Vr A{Ve` àM§S>

Amho. BVH$s H$s, gmS>oMmaeo \y$Q> cm§~ Am{U gìdmXmoZeo \y$Q> ê§$X. Aem `m B_maVrV EH$mM

doir _moOyZ AS>rM hOma _mUgm§Zm Z_mO nT>Vm òVmo. {VÀ`m q^Vrda gwdUm©jam§Zr Hw$amU

{c{hcoco Amho. {VMm Kw_Q,> {VÀ`mVcr _moOH$sM H$cmHw$ga `m gmè`m§Mm Agm EH$ Vmoc gmYcm

Jocm Amho H$s, Vr àM§S> AgyZhr AñVmì`ñV dmQy> Zò!

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B~«mhr_ amoOm …

JmocKw_Q> {dO`mnyamÀ`m EH$m Q>moH$mcm Va B~«mhr_ amoOm ~amo~a Ë`mÀ`m CcQ> Q>moH$mcm. aMZoVhr m B_maVr AemM EH$_oH$sÀ`m AJXr {déÕ AmhoV. ì`Vm Am{U gmYonU ho JmocKw_Q>mMo {deof, Va Qw>_XmanU Am{U ~maH$mB©Mr H$cmH$mam{Jar hr B~«mhr_ amoOmMr AmH$f©Uo hmoV.

B~«mhr_ amoOm hr B_maV Aer R>m`r R>m`r H$moard H$m_mZo ZQ>cocr Amho. Ago åhUVmV H$s, Xþgè`m H$moUË`mhr Am{Xcemhr B_maVrV BVH$s H$cmHw$ga Zmhr. {VÀ`m aMZoVcm AmUIr EH$ M_ËH$ma gm§JÊ`mgmaIm Amho. AZoH$ Mm¡H$moZr \$aergma»`m XJS>mZr {VMo gnmQ> N>V KS>{dcoco Amho. nU Ë`m Mm¡H$moZr XJS>m§Zm H$moUVmhr AmYma {Xcocm {XgV Zmhr! {eënH$coVë`m OmUË`m _§S>irZm ho H$moS>o AOyZhr gwQ>coco Zmhr! hrM OmUVr _§S>ir Agohr åhUVmV H$s, AmJ«mMm à{gÕ VmO_hmc ~m§YUmè`m H$mam{Jam§Zr VmOMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm, BVa B_maVr~amo~a B~«mhr_ amoOmhr Z¸$sM {dMmamV KoVcm Agmdm! `m B_maVrÀ`m H$cmË_H$ gm¢X`m©Mm hm _moR>mM Jm¡ad hmo`.

JmocKw_Q> …

JmocKw_Q> Aem gm¢X`m©Mo Xe©Z KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~m§Ycm Jococm Zmhr! nmhUmè`mcm W¸$ H$ê$Z gmoS>mdo. AmíM`©M{H$V hmoD$Z Ë`mZo ^mZ {dgamdo. hmM OUy H$mhr `m aMZoMm hoVy Agmdm! _h§_X Am{XcehmZo hr B_maV ñdV…À`m {Ma{ZÐogmR>r ~m§Y{dcr. Vr A{Ve` {dñV¥V Am{U R>gR>erV Amho. `m Mm¡H$moZr B_maVrMr àË`oH$ ~mOy XmoZeo nmM \y$Q> Amho. {VÀ`m Mmahr H$moZm§Zm gmV_Ocr, Aï>H$moZr _Zmoao B_maVrcm AJXr {MH$Qy>Z ~m§Ycoco AmhoV. B_maVrMr C§Mr {VMm ì` Kw_Q> Am{U {VMr à_mU~ÕVm Xþê$Zhr ZOaoV aVo. Imcr EH$M

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EH$ Mm¡H$moZr XmcZ Amho. ~mOyÀ`m _Zmoè`mVyZ da-Imcr Om-ò H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmQ>moio {OZo AmhoV. {OÝ`mVyZ Ymnm Q>mH$V, {dgmdm KoV da Joë`mda AmnU Kw_Q>mÀ`m dVw©imH$ma {j{VOmcm cmJyZ Agcoë`m g‚mmV àdoe H$aVmo.

JmocKw_Q> Á`m à{VÜdZrÀ`m M_ËH$mamgmR>r à{gÕ Amho Vmo M_ËH$ma òWoM KS>Vmo. VoWo eãX Cƒmam`Mm AdH$me cmJmonmR> Ë`mMo nS>gmX C_Qy> cmJVmV. `m g‚mmVë`m q^VrH$S>o Vm|S> H$ê$Z nwgQ> AmdmOmV ~mocmdo. ~amo~a g_moa g‚mmV Cä`m Agcoë`m ì`º$scm Vo V§VmoV§V EoHy$ òVo. _Yco A§Va Amho EH$eo Mmodrg \w$Q>m§Mo!

ImcÀ`m ^ì` nmoH$irV nmhmdo Va Ñï>r {\$aVo. daÀ`m {VVŠ`mM ^ì` Kw_Q>mH$S>o nmhmdo Va Km~aë`mgmaIo hmoVo. AmOy~mOycm gmX-nS>gmXm§Mm g_wÐ Cgicocm AgVmo Am{U AmnU AmíM`m©Zo Ho$di ñVãY hmoD$Z Jococmo AgVmo. JmocKw_Q> hm à{VÜdZrMm M_ËH$ma Va IamM. nU gmYonUm, R>gR>erVnUm, ^ì`nUm `m§À`m H$_mcrÀ`m gwg§JVr_wio Vmo {eënaMZoVcmhr EH$ M_ËH$maM hmoD$Z ~gcm Amho.

_ohoVa _hmc …

_ohoVa _hmc hm IamoIa _hmc Zmhr. Vo Ho$di EH$m chmZem _{eXrÀ`m ^modVr AgUmè`m ~mJoMo EH$ emo{^d§V àdoeÛma Amho. Ad¿`m Mmodrg \y$Q> {dñVmamMr hr Bdcrer B_maV; {VMo ZmOyH$ {_Zma AmhoV nÞmg \y$Q> C§MrMo, nU ho gJio EdT>o ZrQ> Am{U XoIUo H$s, nmhmV amhmdo, nmhmVM ahmdo. Va AmdS>cr Zm Vwåhmcm hr {eën gm¢X`© ñWio? Va Vwåhrhr EH$Xm OmdyZ `m ~a§ {dOmnyacm.


S>m¡cXma - {X_mIXma, EoQ>Xma gwaoI - gw§Xa_mohH$ - AmH$f©H$ cwãY hmoUo - _mo{hV hmoUo{eënH$cm - XJS>mdarc H$moard H$m_ {eëngm¢X`© - XJS>mVrc H$moard gm¢X`©d¡^d - Eoœ`©, gw~Îmm, g§nÞVm, lr_§Vr _Zmoao - {eIamH$S>o {Z_wiVm hmoV OmUmam d AmVyZ nmoH$i Agm C§M Im§~, {_Zma

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aocMoc - _w~cH$, ^anya Z_mO - _wpñc_m§Mr àmW©Zm

gwdUm©ja - gmoÝ`mMr Ajao H$cmHw$ga - ZmOwH$ ZjrMo H$m_

gw~H$ - N>moQ>o nU XoIUo H$moS>o - ahñ`, Jwá Jmoï>

OmUVr _§S>ir - kmZr _mUgo, OmUH$ma cmoH$ Jm¡ad - ~hþ_mZ, _mZgÝ_mZ

XmcZ - H$j {d^mJ Aìdc - CÎm_, àW_ XOm©Mo

{j{VO - AmH$me O{_Zrcm Q>oH$ë`mgmaIo {Ma{ZÐm - H$m`_Mr Pmon

dmQ>Vo Vr OmJm, AmH$me d dmQ>moio - JmocmH$ma, M|Sy>gmaIo

O_rZ `m§Mr gr_maofm gmX - hmH$, ~moc{dUo,

AmdmO

nS>gmX - à{VÜdZr, EH$mM AmdmOmMo {dgmdm - Amam_, {dlm§Vr

AZoH$ AmdmO C_Q>Uo V§VmoV§V - AMyH$, OgoÀ`m

Vgo, {_iVo OwiVo

g‚mm - B_maVrÀ`m ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOycm gwg§JVr - Mm§Jcr g§JV.

H$mT>cocm H$R>S>m

AmamIS>m - ZH$mem, ê$naofm gwdm{gH$ - gwJ§{YV

ñdmÜ`m`


1) Jwcm~ åhUVmM H$moUË`m a§JmMo \y$c S>moù`mg_mao C^o ahmVo?

2) CÎmaoVyZ X{jUoV OmVmZm H$Zm©Q>H$mV àW_ H$moUË`m {OëømV CVaVmo?

3) {dO`mnyamMr Owå_m_erX H$moUmÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV ~m§Ycr Jocr?

4) B~«mhr_ amoOm hr B_maV H$emZo ZQ>cr Amho?

5) _h§_X Am{XcehmZo JmocKw_Q> H$emgmR>r ~m§Y{dcm?

6) JmocKw_Q> H$emgmR>r à{gÕ Amho?

7) _ohoVa _hc åhUOo H$m`?

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à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àËòH$s XmoZ Vo VrZ AmoirV {chm. 1) VèhoVèhoMo Jwcm~ _mZdmÀ`m ~mJoV H$go S>mocy cmJco? 2) gm¢X`© {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m H$cm H$moUË`m AmhoV? 3) {dOmnyamV H$moUË`m Jmoï>rMr aocMoc H$ê$Z R>odcr Amho? 4) B~«mhr_ amoOm ~Ôc OmUVr _§S>ir H$m` åhUVmV? 5) JmocKw_Q>mV H$moUVm M_ËH$ma KS>Vmo?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àËòH$s nmM Vo ghm AmoirV {chm. 1) Jwcm~mÀ`m doJdoJù`m a§Jm§Mo dU©Z H$am. 2) Owå_m _{eXr~Ôc _m{hVr {chm. 3) JmocKw_Q>mÀ`m ^ì`VoMr _m{hVr {chm.

à4. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {chm. 1) {dO`mnwam eha ho .................. {eëne¡crMo H|$Ð Amho. 2) Owå_m_{eXrV EH$mM doir .................. _mUgm§Zm Z_mO nS>Vm òVmo. 3) Qw>_XmanUm Am{U ~maH$mB©Mr H$cmH$ma{Jar hr .................. AmH$f©U hmoV. 4) \w$cm§À`m EImÚm àXe©ZmV Va Vn{H$ar JS>X Om§^ù`m a§JmMo .................

AmT>iVmV.

à5. g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am. 1) Am{Xcemhr amOmMr {dO`mnwam hr amOYmZr. 2) _Yco A§Va Amho EH$eo Mmo{dg \y$Q>.

à6. OmoS>çm Owidm. A ~1) B~«m{h_ amoOm A) à{VÜdZr M_ËH$ma2) JmocKw_Q> ~) Acr Am{Xcehm 3) _ohoVa _hc H$) R>m`rR>m`r H$moardH$m_ 4) Owå_m _{eX B) Am{XcehmMr amOYmZr 5) {dO`mnwam B©) emo{^d§V àdoeÛma

à7. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm. 1) B~«m{h_ amoOm, JmocKw_Q> `m B_maVr§Mo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am.

CnH«$_ …- 1) {dO`ZJa (h§nr) `m ñWimcm ôQ> XoD$Z VoWrc _yVu nhm. 2) "MrZr _mVr' ho drUm à^y§Zr {c{hcoco àdmg dU©Z {_idyZ dmMm.

iivivivii

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15. ^mfm ~m§Yì`- S>m°.g§Ü`m Xoenm§S>o

n[aM` :

àm.S>m°.g§Ü`m Xoenm§S>o ô`m ~oiJmd _Yrb Ama.nr.S>r _hm{dÚmb`mV _amR>r {d^mJ à_wI åhUyZ H$m`©aV

AmhoV. Jobr AZoH$ df} ~oiJmd_Yrb {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmer Ë`m§Mm K{Zï> g§~§Y Amho. ZmQ>çjoÌmV Ë`m§Mo

ârd H$m`© Amho. {X½Xe©Z, A{^Z`, boIZ `m_Üò Ë`mZr ânya H$m_ Ho$bobo Amho. H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$, H$mì`

Am{U AZwdmX BË`mXr gm{hË` àH$ma Ë`mZr hmVmimbo AmhoV. AmOÝ_m, Am{H«$V, AH$pënV, dm°O Am` am±J

`m EH$m§{H$H$m, AídXm hr H$mX§~ar "A§VñW' ho ZmQ>H$, "AmOÝ_m _XZ' ho XrK©H$mì` VgoM ñdaJ§Jm, ho Mm[aÌ

hr Ë`m§Mr gm{hË`g§nXm Amho. dóX `m§À`m _mZdVmdmXr ~gdÊUm d ~gdoídam§À`m dMZm§Mm Ë`mZr AZwdmX

Ho$bm AgyZ M§ÐeoIa H$å_ma `m§À`m "{garg§{nJo' `m ZmQ>H$mMm Ë`mZr "Mm\$m' hm AZwdmX Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m§Zm

AZoH$ nwañH$ma {_imbo AmhoV.

_yë` - ^mfm~§YwVm

^mfoMm B{Vhmg hm Ë`m ^m{fH$ bmoH$m§À`m gä`VoMm B{Vhmg _mZbm OmVmo. doJdoJù`m ^mfm

~mobUmè`m XmoZ eoOmar àXoem§V nañnam§À`m ^mfm§Mm à^md hr ñdm^m{dH$ Jmoï> Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$

Am{U _hmamï´> ho hr XmoZ eoOmar AgUmao àXoe. Ë`m_wio `m XmoZ àXoem§Mo EH$_oH$m§er ^m{fH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s` d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§~§Y AgUo ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. H¡$.e§.~m. Omoer _amR>r d

H$mZS>r Owir ^md§S>o _mZVmV. ~m.H¥$. JbJbr ho H$mZS>r hr _amR>rMr Am¸$m (Wmoabr ~{hU)

Agë`mMo åhUVmV. _hmamï´>mda H$Zm©Q>H$mMm ^m{fH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>çm à^md nS>Ê`mMo _w»`

H$maU XrK©H$mi H$ÞS> amO KamÊ`m§Mm _hmamï´>da Agbobm A§_b hmo`, Ago a§.em.bmoH$mnya

à{VnmXZ H$aVmV.

^m{fH$ ÑîQ>çm H$mZS>r Am{U _amR>r `m XmoÝhr ^mfoV eãX, åhUr, dmH²$àMma `m ~m~VrV

nwîH$i gmå` Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ZmVo g§~§YmÀ`m ~m~VrV H$mZS>rVyZ Am¸$m (Wmoabr ~hrU),

AmÊUm (_moR>m mD$), Amßnm (dS>rb) Ago eãX AmnU KoVbo. XmoÝhr mfoV AZoH$ g_mZmWu åhUr

AmhoV. CXm.- AmYr nmoQ>mo~m _J {dR>mo~m (_moX{bJo hmoÅ>o`ßnm, Am_obo {dÅ>ßnm), ZmMVm òB©Zm

A§JU dmH$S>o (Hw${U`{b¸o$ ~a{b„m A§Ji S>m|Hw$), XmV AmhoV Va MUo ZmhrV AZ MUo AmhoV Va

XmV ZmhrV (h„x BÔmJ H$S>br B„, H$S>br BÔmJ h„z B„).

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gU Am{U CËgd `m§VyZhr H$mZS>r _amR>r ^m{fH$mV EH$ Vab AZw~§Y {XgyZ òVmo. _hmamï´>mV JwT>r nmS>dm hm gU M¡Ì _{hÝ`mV gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo H$Zm©Q>H$mVhr hmM gU `wJmXr nmÈ>o `m ZmdmZr gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. XmoÝhr àXoemV H$Sw>qZ~mMo godZ, n§Mm§JldU, ZdrZdóo YmaU H$aUo, n¹$mÞmMo ^moOZ `m àH$mao gU gmOao H$aÊ`mV òVmV.

M¡ÌmVM am_Zd_rMm CËgd _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mV CÎm_ àH$mao gmOam hmoVmo. åh¡gya ~|Jiyé ^mJmV emór` g§JrVmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmda Am`moOZ H$ê$Z hm gU gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. ZmJn§M_r, JmoHw$imï>_r, lmdUmVrb ewH«$dmar daX_hmbú_r, ho gU òVmV. _hmamï´>mV JmoHw$imï_r Iyn CËgmhmV gmOar hmoVo. ~|Jiyé ^mJmVhr H¥$îUmîQ>_r åhUyZ hm CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. _hmamï´>mVrb h[aVm{bH$m H$Zm©Q>H$mV gwdU© Jm¡ar åhUyZ gmOar hmoVo. _hmamï´>, H$moH$U ^mJmV `m {Xder [ó`m d«V R>odyZ Cndmg H$aVmV. _mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$mV gyn dmU åhUyZ XoVmV. gwJ«mg ^moOZ H$aVmV. XmoÝhr àoXemV JUoemoËgd gmOam hmoVmo Vgm XoemV AÝ`Ì H$moR>ohr hmoV Zmhr. Vw_Hy$a {VnQy>a, Aa{gHo$ao òWohr JUnVrÀ`m _moR>_moR>çm _yVu H$ê$Z Ë`mMr, ñWmnZm Ho$br OmVo Ago gañdVr [ag~yS> gm§JVmV. åh¡gyaÀ`m Xgè`mMo Xoe{dXoemVrb bmoH$mZm AmH$f©U dmQ>V Ambo Amho. XmoÝhr àXoemV {Xdmir gmOar Ho$br OmVo. g§H«$m§Vrbm H$Zm©Q>H$mV g§H«$_U hã~ åhUmVmV. _hmamï´>mV hmoir, a§Jn§M_r gmOar H$aVmV. YmadmS> hþã~ùir ^mJmV H$m_XhZ hmoVo aVr H$m_ÊUmÀ`m _yVu ~ZdyZ Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. ñZoh^md d¥{ÕJ§V H$aUmao ho gU Am{U CËgd XmoÝhr àm§VmV gma»`mM AmZ§XmZo d CëhmgmZo gmOao hmoVmV.

H$ÞS> d _amR>r g§Vm§_Üò hr g_mZVm Agbobr {XgVo. H$ÞS>Mo ^ŠVloîR>> nwa§XaXmg d _amR>rMo g§V EH$ZmW ho g_H$mbrZ hmoVo. g_d`ñH$ hmoVo. EH$ZmWm§Mm ZmVy, _wŠVoída `mZr loð> H$ÞS> H$dr Hw$_maì`mgm§À`m ì`mg^maVmMm _amR>r AZwdmX Ho$bm Amho. bmoH$^mfoV gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr ho XmoÝhr ^mfmVrb g§Vm§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç. _hmË_m ~gdoída åhUOo Va _hmamï´> H$Zm©Q>H$ `m§À`m AVyQ> AZw~§YmMm EH$ goVyM hmo`. n§T>anyaMr dmar åhUOo nañna {dMma {d{Z_`mMo, ghH$ma, ^mdZoMo CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. "Xmga|Xao nwa§XaXmg' åhUyZ Xmg gm{hË`mV nwa§XaXmg `m§Zm AmoiIbo OmVo, Va "VwH$m Pmbmgo H$ig' Aer VwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Mr »`mVr Amho. {dÇ>b ho XmoÝhr bmoH$m§Mo AmamÜ` X¡dV hmoVo. Jwê$M[aÌ {b[hUmè`mMr ^mfm H$mZS>r hmoVr. XÎmmonmgZm hr `m XmoZ àm§VmZm OmoS>Umam Xþdm Amho.

kmZXodm§À`m _amR>rda Ogm H$mZS>rMm à^md Amho VgmM Hw$_maì`mgm§À`m ^maVmda _amR>rMm à^md Amho dra, em¡`©, gm_Ï ©, {dñVma, OmZ Aem eãXmZm Ë`mZr "nU' hm _amR>r àË`` bmdyZ dranU, OmUnU Ago eãX Amnë`m H$mì`mV `moObo AmhoV.

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H$ÞS> ZmQ>çnXm§Mm _amR>r ZmQ>çJrVmda à^md nS>bobm Amho. VgoM _amR>r H$mX§~ar

dmL>²_`mMm H$ÞS> H$mX§~ar dmL>²_`mda à^md nS>bm Amho. _amR>rVrb X{bV gm{hË` d H$ÞS>

_Yrb ~§S>m` gm{hË`mMm AZw~§Yhr gd©l¥V Amho. JiJZmW åhUmOo d|H$Q>oe {VaH$mo Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr

H$_bHw$_mar m ZmdmZo'JS> Ambm nU qgh Jobm' m h.Zm.AmnQ>o m§À`m H$mX§~arMm AZwdmX Ho$bm.

AmnQ>ç§mÀ`m dO«mKmV, Cf…H$mb, gy`m©oX`, A\$PbImZ dY `m H$mX§~è`m H$Zm©Q>H$mVhr bmoH${à`

hmoË`m.

H$Zm©Q>H$mbm AmR> kmZnrR> nwañH$ma {_imbo. Ë`mn¡H$s S>m°. H$ma§W, _mñVr, ~|Ðo, JmoH$mH$,

Hw$d|nw ho ZdmoX` H$mimVbo boIH$. `mVë`m H$ma§W, ~|Ðo, JmoH$mH$ `m§À`mda _hmamï´>mMm àË`j

AàË`j à^md nS>bobm {XgVmo. ~|Ðo `m§Mr _mV¥^mfm _amR>r hmoVr. {edam_ H$ma§W `mZr AJXr

Vê$U d`mVM "EH$M ß`mbm' `m JS>H$è`m§À`m ZmQ>H$mMm "{Zem _{h_|' hm H$ÞS> AZwdmX

Ho$bm hmoVm. {M.Í`§. ImZmobH$amZr h`dXZ `m H$Zm©S>m§À`m ZmQ>H$mMm AZwdmX Ho$bm. S>m°.

{edam_ H$ma§W, Jmoê$ê$ am_ñdm_r Aæ`§Jma `mZr _amR>r ^mfm `oV ZgVmZmhr BVam§À`m _XVrZo

_amR>r H$mX§~è`m§Mo, ZmQ>H$m§Mo H$mZS>r AZwdmX Ho$bo. C_m Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr gwYm_y{V©, AZ§V_yVu,

Eg.Eb.^¡aßnm Aem AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$m§À`m H¥$Vr§Mo AZwdmX H$ê$Z hm gm{hpË`H$ AZw~§Y ÑT>

Ho$bm Amho.

^maVaËZ n§. ^r_goZ OmoetÀ`m g§VdmUrZo _amR>rÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV EH$ B{Vhmg

{Z_m©U Ho$bm Amho. EH$Xm nw.b.Xoenm§S>o m§À`m "VwPo Amho VwOnmer' m ZmQ>H$mMm ~|Jbmoabm à`moJ

hmoVm Am{U Ë`mMo AÜ`j hmoVo _mñVr ì`|H$Q>oe Aæ`§Jma. _Ü`§VamV nw.b§.Mm gËH$ma H$aVmZm

Ë`mZr nw.b.Zm. {_R>r _mabr Am{U Ë`m§À`m JmbmMm _wH$m KoVbm. nw.b.Zm ho gdm©V _moR> ~jrg

dmQ>b§ hmoV§.

Agm hm gm{hpË`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y nydm©nma MmbV Ambm Amho. _hm_hmonmÜ`m` XÎmmo

dm_Z nmoVXma ñdmjar _mJm`bm Amboë`m {dÜ`mWmªZm "~hþ^m{fH$ ìhm' Agm g§Xoe XoV. {dZmo~m

^mdo `mZm Va gmoim ^mfm CÎm_ `oV AgV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m `m H$mimV gd©M ^maVr`

^mf§mda \$ŠV AmoiIrMr IyU åhUyZ CaÊ`mMr doi Ambr Amho. Aemdoir ^mfm ~m§Yì` OnyZ

Amnë`m ^maVr` ^mfm d¥{Õ§JV H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ AmnU Ho$bo nm{hOoV.

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g§X^©J«§W

^mfm^{JZr - g§nmXH$ lrnmX JUnVr ^Q>

{_WH$ Am{U ZmQ>H$ - S>m°. Vmam ^mdiH$a

_hmamï´> H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y - g§nmXH$ - S>m°.A.am.Vmoamo

eãXmW© d Q>rnm

AZw~§Y - g§~§Y

nydm©nma - nydunmgyZ

»`mVr AgUo - à{gÕr AgUo

ñdmjar - ghr

gd©l¥V - gdm©Zr EoH$bobo

Q>rnm

1) e§.~m. Omoer- boIH$, g_rjH$, H$mZS>r d _amR>r XmoÝhr ^mf§mMo OmUH$ma

2) a§.em. bmoH$mnya- H$mZS>r boIH$, ZmQ>H$H$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma, g_rjH$, kmZoídarÀ`m H$mZS>r

AZwdmXmMo H$V}.

3) JiJZmW- _yi Zmd d|H$Q>oe {VaH$mo Hw$bH$Uu. h.Zm. AmnQ>çm§À`m AZoH$ H$mX§~è`m§Mm

AZwdmX Ë`m§Zr H$mZS>r _YyZ Ho$bm. Q´>oqZJ H$m°boO _Ü`o {ejH$. {Q>iH$m§À`m Ho$gar Mo

MhmVo, gX²~moYM§{ÐHo$. ZmdmMo _m{gH$ Vo MmbdV.

4) {M. Í`§. ImZmobH$a- _amR>rVrb JmObobo H$dr, ZmQ>H$mH$ma, H$mX§~arH$ma, AmaVr à^y`m

ZmdmZo H$mì`boIZ.

5) XÎmmodm_Z nmoVXma- gwà{gÕ B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ CÎm_ dŠVo. _hm_hmonmÜ`m` hr Ë`m§Zm

_hmamï´>mZo {Xbobr _mZmMr CnmYr hmoVr.

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à1. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. e§.~m. Omoer _amR>r d H$mZS>r `m ^mfmZm H$m` åhUVmV?

2. _hmamï´>mda H$mZS>rMm à^md nS>Ê`mMo _w»` H$maU H$moUVo?

3. JwT>r nmS>dm hm {Xdg H$Zm©Q>H$mV H$moUË`m ZmdmZo gmOam hmoVmo?

4. g§H«$m§Vrbm H$Zm©Q>H$mV H$m` åhUmVmV?

5. X.am.~|Ðo `m§Mr _mV¥^mfm H$moUVr hmoVr?

6. H$ÞS> d _amR>rMo H$moUVo g§V g_H$mbrZ hmoVo?

7. nw.b.Xoemnm§S>o `m§À`m H$moUË`m ZmQ>H$mMm ~|Jbmoa `oWo à`moJ Pmbm?

8. _hm_hmonmÜ`m` XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma {dÜ`mÏ`m©Zm H$moUVm g§Xoe XoV?

à2. Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

1. AmYr nmoQ>mo~m ....... {dR>mo~m.

2. XmV AmhoV Va....... ZmhrV AZ ....... AmhoV Va XmV ZmhrV.

3. _hmamï´>mV ....... C^maÊ`mMr Or nÕV Amho Vr H$Zm©Q>H$mV Zmhr.

4. ....... åhUmOo d|H$Q>oe {VaH$mo Hw$bH$Uu

5. S>m°. {edam_ H$ma§W `m§Zr AJXr Vê$U d`mVM....... `m JS>H$è`m§À`m ZmQ>H$mMm

AZwdmX Ho$bm.

6. {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zm....... ^mfm CÎm_ `oV AgV.

à3. Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. `m nmR>mVrb XmoÝhr ^mfoVrb g_mZmWu åhmUr gm§Jm.

2. JwT>r nmS>dm XmoÝhr àm§VmV H$gm gmOam Ho$b OmVmo?

3. Hw$_maì`mgm§À`m ì`mg^maVmMo dU©Z `m nmR>mV H$go Ambo Amho?

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à4. Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmMVo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1. gdm©V _moR>o ~jrg {_imë`mMm AmZ§X nw.b.Xoenm§S>o `m§Zm H$oìhm Pmbm?

2. h[aVmbrH$m d JUoemoËgd XmoÝhr àm§VmV H$go gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV?

à5. OmoS>çm Owidm.

1. EH$ZmWm§Mm ZmVy Owir ^md§S>o

2. _amR>r d H$mZS>r Wmoabr ~hrU

3. A¸$m _wŠVoída

4. AÊUm H$ÞS>Mo ^ŠVloîR>

5. nwa§XaXmg _moR>m^mD$

à6. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

1. H$ÞS> _amR>r g§Vm§_Yrb g_mZVm `m nmR>mVyZ H$er ì`º$ Pmbr Amho?

2. `m nmR>mVrb AZwdmX gm{hË`mMr _mhrVr Úm.

3. XmoÝhr àXoemVrb gU CËgdmMo {MÌU `m nmR>mVyZ H$go Ambo Amho Vo gm§Jm.


1. H$ÞS> d _amR>r g§Vm§_Ü ohr g_mZVm Agbobr {XgVo.

2. kmZXodm§À`m _amR>rda Ogm H$mZS>rMm à^md Amho VgmM Hw$_maì`mgm§À`m ^maVmda _amR>rMm à^md Amho.

à8. CnH«$_:

1. {d{dY ^mJmVrb kmZnrR> nwañH$ma {dOoË`m gm{hpË`H$m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am.

2. nwa§XaXmg d VwH$mam_ _hmamO `m§Mr _mhrVr {_idm.

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16. ^mD$am`m"cmoH$JrV' ho _amR>r ^mfoM§ coU§ Amho. hr cmoH$JrVo cmoH$m§Zr aMcr AmhoV. Amnë`m CËH$Q> ^mdZm gmÜ`m

gmoß`m eãXmV {deofV… {ó`m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Amnmnco g§gma H$aVmZm Oo _Zmo^mdmZo AZw^dco Vo ñdm^m{dH$nUo `m JrVmV C_Q>co Amho. Á`mVyZ ZmJn§M_rMr, Jm¡arMr, _§JimJm¡arMr, {XdmirMr, ^m|S>ë`mMr, c¾mMr, _mhoaÀ`m AmR>dUtMr Aer AZoH$ cmoH$JrVo OÝ_mcm Amcr AmhoV.

Imcrc cmoH$JrVmV ^mD$~rOoÀ`m {Xder ~hrU AmVwaVoZo ^mdmMr dmQ> nmhVo Amho. Vmo òV Zmhr Voìhm {VÀ`m _ZmV H$moUVo {dMma òVmV. Vo `m cmoH$JrVmV nhm. BVa cmoH$JrVm§à_mUo `mhr cmoH$JrVmMo H$dr AkmV AmhoV. ho cmoH$JrV OwÝ`m nmR>ç nwñVH$mVyZ KoVco Amho.

(_yë` - ~§Ywào_)

XmXm ~mcnUr & VwPm Mmdm _r KoVcm Ë`mMm H$m` amJ Amcm & AmO VwO &&XmUo ^mVwH$crMo & Imer åhUyZ ~moccoVoM H$m` _Zr Y[aco & AmO XmXm &&AnamY nmoQ>r & ào_ Wmoam§Mo KmcrVòB© YmdV YmdV & ^mD$am`m &&nmR>À`m ~{hUrdar & ^mD$ H$gm amJmdocM§Ð AmJ H$m AmoHo$c & H$mhr Ho$ë`m &&nmR>À`m ~{hUrdar & ^mD$ H$gm hmo g§VmnocH$ñVwar H$m gmoS>rc & {ZO dmg &&nmR>À`m ~{hUrdar & ^mD$ H$gm hmo ê$gocH$Yr gmoZo H$m Hw$goc & H$mhr Ho$ë`m &&nmR>À`m ~{hUrdar & ^mD$ H$m amJmdoca§J H$m ~Xcoc & AmH$memMm &&


{ZO - ñdV…Mm AnamY - JwÝhm, MyH$ Hw$goc - Hw$Ooc g§Vmn - amJ.^mVwH$cr - chmZnUr Ioicm OmUmam Ioi, `mV ñd`§nmH$ H$aVmV. amJ ào_ gmao H$mhr ImoQ>o ImoQ>o AgVo. H$ñVwar - h[aUmÀ`m ~|~rV AgUmar EH$ gwJ§Yr H$mVS>r JmR>

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ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àËòH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) XmXmcm amJ H$m Amcm Agmdm? 2) XmXm H$gm òB©c?

à2. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) XmXm Z òÊ`mMr H$moUH$moUVr H$maUo ~{hUrÀ`m _ZmV òVmV?


1) ^mD$ amJdUma Zmhr ho XmI{dÊ`mg ~{hUrZo H$moUH$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV?


1) nmR>À`m ~{hUrdar & ^mD$ H$gm hmo ê$goc

à5. [aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1) òB© ...................& ^mD$am`m 2) nmR>À`m ...................& ^mD$ H$gm hmo ê$goc 3) a§J ...................& AmH$memMm

>à6. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) `m H${dVoMm AW© Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

à7. OmoS>çm Owidm. A ~

1) ^mVwH$cr gwdmg2) H$ñVwar Hw$OUma Zmhr3) ~minUr AmJ AmoH$Uma Zmhr4) M§Ð XmUo Im„o5) gmoZo Mmdm KoVcm

CnH«$_ …-

1) Vw_À`m JmdmV åhQ>cr OmUmar Aem àH$maMr cmoH$ JrVo O_dm. 2) hñV ZjÌmV Ioië`m OmUmè`m ^m|S>ë`mMr (hX½`mMr) JmUr O_dm.

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17. VrZ _wÔo- AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo

n[aM` …-

{dZm`H$ Zaha ^mdo (1895 - 1982) gwà{gÕ {dMmad§V, VÎdk d ^mî`H$ma, ñdmV§Í` goZmZr, Jm§YrdmXr {dMma gaUrMo {dMmad§V d ^yXmZ MidirMo àUoVo. ^maVaËZ nwañH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV "_YwH$a', "OrdZ Ñï>r', "JrVm àdMZo', "cmoH$ ZrVr', BË`mXr {dMmaàdV©H$ nwñVHo$ Ë`mZr {c{hcr. "AmMm`©Hw$c' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z {ejU{df`H$ Zdo {dMma _m§S>co.

H$moUVohr H$m_ èñdr ìhmdo Aer àËòH$mMr BÀN>m AgVo. nU àËòH$ H$m_ èñdr hmoB©cM Ago Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$amdo cmJVo. àËòH$ H$m_mV èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr nÏò nmimdr cmJVmV `mMr _m{hVr AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo `mZr `m nmR>mV {Xcr Amho.

hm d¡Mm[aH$ coI "_YwH$a' `m nwñVH$mVyZ KoVcm Amho.

(_yë`- l_à{Vð>m)

H$moUVohr H$m_ ZrQ> ìhm`Mo åhQ>ë`mda Ë`mcm VrZ Jmoï>r§Mr Oê$ar AgVo. n{hcr Jmoï> åhUOo Ë`m H$m_mVcm g§nyU© doJ gmYcm nm{hOo. narjogmR>r àíZ {dMmaco OmVmV. Ë`m§Mr CÎmao Racoë`m doioÀ`m AmV {chÿZ Pmcr nm{hOoV Agm {Z`_ AgVmo. `mV doi hm _hÎdmMm _wÔm Amho. A_wH$ _¡c Hy$M H$ê$Z Om`Mo Amho, EdT>mM àíZ cîH$amH$S>o ZgVmo; Va A_wH$ doioÀ`m AmV A_wH$ _¡c Om`Mo Amho, Agm _wXV-~§{XMm àíZ cîH$amnwT>o AgVmo. Or Jmoï> cîH$amMr VrM H$_rOmñV à_mUmV ì`dhmamVë`m gd© CÚmoJm§Zm cmJy Amho. agmoB© H$aUmam _Zwî` agmoB© Mm§Jcr H$aVmo. nU nmM _mUgm§Mr agmoB© ~Zdm`cm Ë`mcm nmM Vmg cmJVmV, Va Ë`mMo agmoB© ~ZdUo {Zén`moJr Amho. H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV _Zwî` gmnS>cocm Agë`m_wio Ë`mcm gd© H$m_o `m àdmhmMo YmoaU gm§^miyZ H$am`Mr AgVmV. åhUyZ "doJ gmYUo' hm H$m_mVcm EH$ Amdí`H$ _wÔm R>aVmo.

Xþgam _wÔm H$m_mVrc g\$mB© qH$dm ZoQ>Ho$nUm. cîH$amMmM XmIcm KoVcm, Va A_wH$ _¡c A_wH$ doimV Hy$M H$ê$Z Om`Mo ho Va PmcoM. nU ho Hy$M H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nÕVera, cîH$ar {eñVrda hþHy$_, Q>mnQ>rn gm§^miyZ Pmco nm{hOo. nmMmnmMm§À`m, H$s MmamMmam§À`m Oem R>aë`m AgVrc, Vem am§Jm H$ê$Z Mmcco nm{hOo. gdmªMr nmdco gmaIr nS>cr nm{hOoV. H$moUr _mJonwT>o hmoVm H$m_m Zò. Ago hmoB©c, VaM Ë`m Hy$M H$aÊ`mMm Cn`moJ ìhmd`mMm. H$m_mVrc gw§XaVm gmYcr Zmhr, Va H$m_ H$ê$Z, Z H$ê$Z gmaIo hmoVo. gw§XaVm qH$dm ZoQ>Ho$nUm hm JwU H$m_mV Amë`mZo XþYmV gmIa Q>mH$ë`mà_mUo H$m_ Iwcoc. Á`m H$m_mV ZoQ>Ho$nUm Zmhr Vo H$m_ {ZaW©H$

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Amho. gw§XaVm hr Ho$di emo^m ZgyZ Vmo H$m_mMm Jm^m Amho.

H$m_mV doJ nm{hOo. ZoQ>Ho$nUm nm{hOo Am{U {Vgar Jmoï> kmZ nm{hOo. cîH$amZo R>acoë`m doJmV AJXr nÕVera Hy$M Ho$co Am{U Vo R>acoë`m doir nmoMco gwÕm; nU R>acoë`m OmJr _mÌ nmoMco Zmhr. OmUyZ H$m_ Ho$co Zmhr åhUOo Aer Xem hmoVo. ~amo~a ZH$meo AmIyZ añË`mVrc diUo H$moR>o H$moR>o H$gH$er gmnS>md`mMr ho R>adyZ Ë`mà_mUo Hy$M Ho$co nm{hOo.

H$moUË`mhr H$m_mMr hr VrZ A§Jo AmhoV. H$m_ OmUyZ Ho$co nm{hOo, ZoQ>Ho$ Ho$co nm{hOo, doJmZo Ho$co nm{hOo. ho {VÝhr JwU gmYco åhUOo H$m_ gmYco. CXmhaUmW© - {c{hUo Ho$ìhm Amco åhUm`Mo? OcX, YmdË`m hmVmZo {c{hVm Amco nm{hOo. "dmQ>moio, gai, _moH$io' Ago gw§Xa {c{hVm Amco nm{hOo Am{U ewÕcoIZmÀ`m {Z`_mda hþHy$_ ewÕ {c{hVm Amco nm{hOo. Vgo Pmco åhUOo {c{hUo Amco Ago åhUVm `oB©c.

darc VrZ VÎdo gd© H$m_m§gmR>r cmJy hmoVmV.


Hy$M H$aUo - OmUo, {ZKUo, dmQ>Mmc H$aUo. agmoB© - ñd`§nmH$ YmoaU - A§XmOZoQ>Ho$nUm - gw§XanUm XmIcm - CXmhaU IwcUo - CR>mdXma hmoUo OmUyZ - _m{hVr KoD$Z, AmoiIyZ Xem - AdñWm, n[apñWVr XþYmV gmIa nS>Uo - A{YH$ Mm§Jco hmoUo.

ñdmÜ`m`


1) {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr H$moUVr Midi gwê$ Ho$cr? 2) {dZmo~mZr H$emMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z {ejU {df`H$ ZdrZ {dMma _m§S>co? 3) H$m_mMr VrZ ñdV§Ì A§Jo H$moUVr? 4) H$m_mÀ`m ~m~VrV H$moUVm {Z`_ AgVmo? 5) g\$mB© Am{U ZoQ>Ho$nUm `m~m~VrV {dZmo~mOrZr H$moUVm XmIcm {Xcm Amho? 6) H$m_mMm Jm^m Ago {dZmo~mOr H$emcm åhUVmV?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àË`oH$s XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV {chm.

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1) agmoB© ~ZdUo Ho$ìhm {Zén`moJr åhUVm `oB©c?

2) cîH$ar {eñV Am{U ì`dhma `m§Mm _oi {dZmo~mOtZr H$gm _m§S>cm Amho?

3) {c{hUo Ho$ìhm Amco åhUm`Mo Ago {dZmo~m åhUVmV?

4) gw§XaVm hr H$m_mMr emo^m ZgyZ Vmo H$m_mMm Jm^m Amho Ago H$m åhQ>co Amho?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àË`oH$s Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) doJ gmYUo hm H$m_mMm EH$ Amdí`H$ _wÔm R>aVmo ho nQ>dyZ XoVmZm {dZmo~m§Zr H$moUVr

CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV?

2) H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm kmZmMo _hÎd H$m`?

3) coIH$mZo ZoQ>Ho$nUmMo _hÎd H$go gm§{JVco Amho?

à4. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {chm.

1) ................ Mm àíZ cîH$amnwT>o AgVmo.

2) gd© H$m_o `m àdmhmMo ................ gm§^miyZ H$am`Mr AgVmV.

3) {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mo nyU© Zmd ................ ho hmo`.

4) ewÕ coIZmÀ`m ................ ewÕ {c{hVm Amco nm{hOo.

5) H$m_mV ................ qH$dm ................ hm JwU Amë`mZo XþYmV gmIa Q>m-

H$ë`mà_mUo H$m_ Iwcoc.


1) gd© H$m_m§gmR>r cmJUmè`m VrZ VËdm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

^mfmä`mg …-

1. nwT>rc g§Yr gmoS>dm.

1) {Zén`moJr 2) {ZaW©H$

2. nwT>rc dmH²$ àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

1) Hy$M H$aUo. 2) XþYmV gmIa nS>Uo. 3) YmoaU gm§^miUo.

CnH«$_ …-

1) g_W© am_XmgmZr "coIZ H$go Agmdo' `mMo _mJ©Xe©Z "Xmg~moYmV' Ho$co Amho Vo dmMm.

2) ewÕ coIZmÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma amoO nmM Amoir {c{hÊ`mMm gamd H$am.

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18. _m`- dm_Z gwXm_m qZ~miH$a

H$dr n[aM`

n yU © Zm §d dm_Z g wXm_m qZ~miH$a h o E oZ C_ o {XÀ`m d`mnmg yZM {d{dY gm_m{OH$

MidirV g{H«$` gh^mJ KoD$ bmJbo. "^r_g§Xoe' gmám{hH$mMo d Ë`mZ§Va gm. à~moYZ Mo Ë`mZr

g§nmXZ Ho$bo. gm{hË` H$bm {dH$mg _§S>i, {_qbX gm{hË` n[afX `m g§ñWm§Mo g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` d

Apñ_VmXe© Mo H$mhr H$mi Vo g§nmXH$ hmoVo. _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>imMo Vo gXñ` hmoVo. S>m°.

~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a AÜ``Z _§S>i `m ZmdmÀ`m g§ñWoMr Ë`mZr ñWmnZm Ho$br. AZoH$ H${dg§_obZmV gh^mJr.

X{bV n±WaMo gH«$s` H$m`©H$V} d Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZr Vwê§$Jdmghr ^moJbm. JmdHw$gm~mhoarb H${dVm, Apñ_VmX-

e©Mr ZD$ df}, ~m¡ÜXm§À`m gdbVr Am{U n§VàYmZm§Mo dº$ì` d X{bV gm{hË` : ñdê$n Am{U ^y{_H$m hr

Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV AmhoV. H$Zm©Q>H$, JwOamV, _Ü`àXoe, _hmamï´> `m amÁ`mVrb Aä`mgH«$_mV Ë`m§Mm

gm{hË`mMm g_mdoe Amho.

_yë` : _mV¥ào_

Ogm {Xdg ~wSy>Z OmB© H$mimoImMo amÁ` Ago

Amåhr ~gy XadmÁ`mV PmonS>rV gmYm {Xdm Zgo

KamoKar {Xdo bmJV Mwbrbmhr Omi bmJo

^mH$ar OmV ~S>{dë`m Hw$R>oo MyZ Hw$R>o dm§Jo

ZmH$mV OmB© dmg Ë`mMm nmoQ>mV Ago A§Yma gmam

Vgo `oB© ^S>^Sy>Z Amgdm§À`m S>moù`mV Ymam

A§Ymambm {MaV Voìhm EH$ gmdbr OS> `oB©

S>moB© {VÀ`m ^mam Ago MmbVmZm Vmob OmB©

H$mir, H$mir, H¥$e Xoh Vr Ago _mPr _m`

dUdU gH$minmgyZ _moirgmR>r amZmV Om`

dmQ> nhmV ~gy H$Yr {VMr gmao Amåhr ^mD$

_moir Zgo {dH$V Voìhm ^wHo$bobo Pmonr OmD$

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EH$Xm H$m` H$go Pmbo Amåhm H$mhr H$ibo Zmhr

_m` Ambr nm` ~m§YyZ îmîm aº$ dmhr

Mmdbm gmn _moR>m H$mim XmoZ ~m`m hmoË`m gm§JV

\$Um H$mTy>Z _mabm Ë`mZo hiyM Jobm {ZKyZ am§JV

_m` nS>br YaUrda J§S>o Pmbo, _§Ì Pmbo d¡X Ambm

{Xdg {ZKVm, {ZKVm {VÀ`m XohmVyZ àmU Jobm

h§~aS>m \$moS>bm Amåhr Vmo {dabm dmè`mda

_m` Var gmoSy>Z Jobr {M„o{n„o dmè`mda

emoYVo _mPr ZOa _m`, AmVm _r CXmg hmoVmo

{XgVm H¥$e _moirdmbr _moir {VMr {dH$V KoVmo

eãXmW©-

MyZ - PwUH$m, ^mam - _moir, H¥$e - ~marH$, d¡Xÿ - d¡Ú

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm

1. H$mimoImMo amÁ` Ho$ìhm oVo?2. Mwbrbm Omi Ho$ìhm bmJo?3. S>moù`m§V Amgdm§À`m Ymam H$m bJV?4. _m`Mm _¥Ë`y H$gm Pmbm?5. _m` gH$minmgyZ dUdU H$m H$aV Ago?6. XmoZ ~m`m H$m` gm§JV Amë`m?7. _moirdmbr {XgVmM H$dr H$m` H$aVmo?

à2. Imbrb AmoirV [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm

1. _m`bm .......... Mmdbm2. KamoKar ........... ~S>{dë`m OmV

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3. ........... dmè`mda gmoSy>Z _m` {ZKyZ Jobr4. AmB©À`m nm`mVyZ ........... dmhmV hmoVo5. PmonS>rV gmYm ........... Zgo

à3 Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm

1. AmB©Mr dmQ> nmhmV _wbo XadmÁ`mV H$m ~gV AgV?2. _m`bm gmn$ Mmdë`mMo H$go H$ibo?3. _m`da H$moUVo CnMma Ho$bo Jobo?

à4. Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am

1. "_moir Zgo {dH$V Voìhm ^wHo$bobo Pmonr OmD$'2. "{Xdg {ZKVm {ZKVm {VÀ`m XohmVyZ àmU Jobm'3. "{XgVm H¥$e _moirdmbr _moir {VMr {dH$V JoVmo'

à5. Imbr {Xboë`m àíZm§Mo CÎma nmM ghm dmŠ`mV {bhm

1. `m H${dVoV Jar~rMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?

à6. Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma gmV AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm

1. `m H${dVoMm gmam§e {bhm2. AmB©À`m _m`oMo dU©Z H$drZo H$go Ho$bo Amho?

^mfmä`mg

Imbrb dmH²$àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.h§~aS>m \$moS>Uo, ^S>^Sy>Z `oUo, dmè`mda gmoS>Uo

CnH«$_

"AmB©Mm _{h_m' `m {df`mda {Z~§Y {bhm

"AmB©' `m {df`mdaÀ`m doJdoJù`m H${dVm§Mm g§J«h H$am.

nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm

OJÝ_mo{hZr Ü`mZ_¾ df©à{VnXm

Á`mo{V{bªJ nwÊ`íbmoH$ dfm©G$Vw

iivivivii

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19. AmcmoH$m~mB©g nÌ- g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO

n[aM` …-

_wi Zmd "T>o~wOr qPJ«mOr OmZmoaH$a (1876 Vo 1956). A_amdVr {OëømVrc eoUJmd ho Ë`m§Mo OÝ_Jmd.

AmB©Mo Zmd gIw~mB© dS>rbm§Mo Zmd qPJamOr. OmVrZo narQ>. dS>rcm§Mo {ZYZ cdH$a Pmë`mZo KaMr O~m~Xmar

T>o~wOtda nS>cr. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ A{Ve` Jar~rV Jocm. Vo eoVr H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`mMdoir {ejUmnojm Ë`m§Mo _Z

^º$sH$S>o AmoT> KoD$ cmJco. Ë`m§Zr _hmamï´>â ^«_§Vr Ho$cr. g_mOmVrc X¡Ý`mdñWm, A§YlÕm, ê$T>r `mV ~wS>m-

coë`m g_mOmMm CÕma H$amdm ho Ë`mZr {ZpíMV Ho$co. d¥Õml_, XdmImZo, {ejU g§ñWm d {dYdml_hr gwê$

Ho$co. J«m_ ñdÀN>Voda Ë`m§Mm â hmoVm. åhUyZ Vo H$m`_ PmSy> hmVr ~miJV. Ë`m§Zr AÞN>Ì| KmVcr. ^§S>mao

(àgmX) Am`mo{OV Ho$co. nU ñdV…gmR>r ^mH$ar {^jm _mJyZM Im„r. _hmamï´> emgZmZo Ë`m§À`m ZmdmZo J«m_

ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ gwê$ Ho$co Amho. A_amdVr {dÚm{nR>mg Ë`m§Mo Zmd {Xbo Amho.

lr. ñdm_r _hmamO, Xrnmdcr {deofm§H$ (1987) `m A§H$mVrc S>m°. eaXM§Ð H$monS>}H$a `mZr {c{hcoë`m

"lr g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO' `m H$mX§~arVyZ ho nÌ KoVco Amho. nÌmMr ^mfm JmS>Jo~m~m§Mr Agcr Var Vo ñdV…

{Zaja Agë`mZo "JwéXmg T>o_ao' `mZr ho nÌ {c{hco Amho. ho nÌ Vm. 29/2/1940 amoOr nmR>{dco Amho.

JmoajUmÀ`m B_maVrV amhUmar JmS>Jo _hmamOm§Mr H$Ý`m d OmdB© `m§À`m _ZmV ñdmW© {Z_m©U Pmcm. ho

g_Oë`mda _wcrMr H$mZ CKmS>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho nÌ {c{hco Amho.

(_yë`-ñdmW©Ë`mJ)

""gm¡. AmcmoH$m~mB©g lrJmS>Jo~m~m§Mm AZ§V H$moQ>rMm Z_ñH$ma. nÌmg H$maU H$s JmoajUmVyZ cdH$a ~mhoa nS>mc Va ~ao hmoB©c.

Vwcm n¡emMo n¸o$ ^yV cmJco. H$_r Zmhr, Vy _oë`m{edm` Vo ^yV {ZKUma Zmhr. Vwcm Vo Z cmJmd§. nU cmJc§. XmXmcm (AÀ`wVamd Xoe_wI, ì`dñWmnH$) {Zamon gm§Jmdm H$s nmhþUo~modmMo (AmcmoH$m~mB©Mo nVr) XmoZ énò ~§X H$am. nmhþUo~modm VwPo _mcH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m S>moù`mZo {XgV Zmhr godm H$a...

VwÂ`m nmoQ>r OÝ_cocm _wcJm dmgwXodamd VodT>m gwYmacm. AOyZ n¸$m Zmhr. Ë`mMo d` {H$Vr, d VwPo {H$Vr? Vmo gwYmacm d Vwcm gwYmam`cm ~wÕr Zmhr....

H$mc nmhþUo~modmZr Z {dMmaVm Y_©emioVrc ImocrVco gm_mZ H$mTy>Z ImocrV Kwgco. _r ZgVmo Va Q´>ñQ>tZr IQ>cm ^ê$Z Ë`m§Zm nmo{cgm§À`m Vmã`mV {Xco AgVo. Y_©emioVrc Vm§ã`mgwÕm

_cm CMcVm òV Zmhr. Ago Q´>ñQ> Amho. VoWo Vw_Mr qH$_V H$moU H$arc? XmXmcm gm§J H$s

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nmhþUo~modmcm Y_©emioV H$m_mcm R>ody Zò. d lr XmXm§Zr H$mhr Xody Zò. Vw_À`mda JmoajUmÀ`m cmoH$m§Mm Agm ào_ cmJcm hmoVm nm{hOo H$s Ë`m§Zr åhQ>co nm{hOo hmoVo H$s Vwåhmcm H$m` nm{hOo d Vwåhr Am_À`m ImocrV ahm. nU Vwåhmcm H$moUr {dMmarV Zmhr. ehmUo Agmc Va VoWo amhÿ ZH$m...

gmYwÀ`m KamVrc _mUgo CXma AgVmV. VwH$mam_~wdm CXma, VgoM Ë`m§Mr _wcohr CXma. H$~ra CXma, H$_mc

CXma. H$~ramMr ~mB©hr CXma. g§V Amco H$~ramÀ`m Kar. H$~ramZo ~mB©cm dmÊ`mÀ`m Kar JhmU R>odco d g§VmZm Oody KmVco. _aVm _aVm H$~ramZo _wcmcm Y_© gm§{JVcm.

""H$~ra H$ho H$_mcH$mo Xmo ~mVo {cI Xo&H$a gmho~ H$s ~§XJr Am¡a ^wHo$Hw$ Hw$N> Xo&''

Vw_À`m PmonS>rda EImÚm _hmamo½`mcm qH$dm Am§Yù`m-nm§Jù`mcm Oody KmcyZ OwZmnwamUm EImXm H$nS>m

XodyZ d AmUm XmoZ AmUo hmVmV XoD$Z dmQ>ocm cmdco Amho H$m`? Ago EH$ Var CXmhaU Agoc Va _cm {chÿZ H$idmdo.

Vwåhr JmS>Jo~m~m§À`m KamVrc _mUgo. JmS>Jo~m~m§Odi ~mam AmUo Ë`mJ Agoc Va Vw_À`mOdi EH$ én`m Ë`mJ Agm`cm nm{hOo. H$Xm{MV JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr H$mhr KamV AmUco Va Vwåhr åhUmdo cmJV hmoVo H$s Amåhmg ho ZH$mo KodyZ Om. Agm Ë`mJ nm{hOo ............ nU Vwcm n¸o$ n¡emMo ^yV cmJco. Ë`mda ^wV§J hmoD$Z ~gcr. VrZ doim PmonS>rVrc gm_mZ \o$H$co. _moQ>ma Amcr hmoVr Voìhm XmirMo nmoVo chmZ Vy _m{JVco hmoVo. _r Zmhr åhQ>co . Vwcm An_mZgwÕm g_Ocm Zmhr. `mdê$Z Vwcm n¸$m cmo^ cmJcm. H$[aVm AmOnmgyZ H$moUmOdi {Zamon gm§Jerc Va VwPm An_mZ hmoB©c. JmS>Jo~m~m§Mr _wcJr åhUyZ `mnwT>o H$moUmcm _mJy Zò d XoUmamZo Xody Zò Aem gd© OZVocm Omhra {Zamon Amho.


JmoajU - JmBªÀ`m ajUmgmR>r ~m§Ycocr B_maV.AmcmoH$m~mB© - g§V JmS>Jo~m~m§Mr _wcJrnmhþUo~modm - AmcmoH$m~mB©Mm nVr (\$H$saamd)XmXm - AÀ`wVamd Xoe_wI, ì`dñWmnH$

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~§XJr - MmH$ar, godmn¸o$ - R>m_, Z¸$s, {ZpíMVQ´>ñQ> - {dídñW _§S>iQ´>ñQ>r - {dídñWCMcVm Z `oUo - Aml_mVrc H$moUË`mhr dñVyda A{YH$ma ZgUo Agm {dídñVm§Mm {Z`_, (X§S>H$)qH$_V - _mZ, gÝ_mZ, à{Vð>mgmYw - g§V, g‚mZgmho~ - _mcH$, na_oídadmQ>ocm cmdUo - {Zamon XoUo, _mJu cmdUo.^wV§J - ^yV~m{YV órXmc - S>miKwgUo - ~iO~arZo àdoe H$aUo.IQ>cm ^aUo - nmo{cgmV coIr VH«$ma Zm|X{dUo.CXma - _moR>çm _ZmMmH$~ramMr ~mB© - g§V H$~ram§Mr nËZrHw$N> - H$mhrVar, WmoS>oCÕma H$aUo - gwYmaUm H$aUo.JhmU - JaOonmoQ>r n¡go KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m ~Xë`mV _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy R>odUo.^§S>mam - _hmàgmXmMo OodU^yHo$Hw$ - ^yH$ cmJcoë`mcm X¡ZmdñWm - Jar~r AÞN>Ì - _mo\$V OodUmMr ì`dñWm.

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. Imcr {Xcoë`m Mma n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` CÎma {ZdSy>Z {chm

1) AmcmoH$m~mB© `m JmS>Jo_hmamOm§À`m H$moU hmoË`m? A) ~hrU ~) nËZr H$) _wcJr S>) AmB©2) Vwcm ........ ^yV cmJco Ago JmS>Jo~m~m åhUVmV. A) n¡emMo ~) ImÊ`mMo H$) nmÊ`mMo S>) H$nS>çm§Mo

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3) JmoajUmMo ì`dñWmnH$ H$moU hmoVo? A) nmhþUo~modm ~) JmS>Jo~m~m H$) XmXm S>) dmgwXod4) H$~ramÀ`m _wcmMo Zmd ........... hmoVo A) ahr_ ~) H$_mc H$) O_mc S>) H$cmc

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àËòH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) AmcmoH$m~mBªÀ`m _wcmMo Zmd H$m`? 2) JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr XmXm§Zm H$m` gm§JÊ`mg gm§{JVco Amho? 3) gmYyÀ`m KamVrc _mUgo H$er AgVmV? 4) H$~ram§Zr g§Vm§Zm H$go Oody KmVco?

à3. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

1) Vy _oë`m{edm` ..................... {ZKUma Zmhr.2) XmXm§Mo Zmd ..................... hmoVo.3) H$a gm{h~H$s ..................... Am¡a ^wHo$Hw$ Hw$N> Xo.4) JmS>Jo~m~m§Odi ~mam AmUo Ë`mJ Agoc Va AmcmoH$m~mB©H$S>o ....................

Ë`mJ Agmd`mg nm{hOoV.

à4. OmoS>çm Owidm. A ~1) XmXm A) AmcmoH$m~mBªMm nVr2) dmgwXod ~) H$~ranwÌ3) AmcmoH$m~mB© H$) Aml_mMo ì`dñWmnH$4) nmhþUo~modm S>) AmcmoH$m~mB©Mm _wcJm5) H$_mc B) JmS>Jo~m~m§Mr _wcJr

à5. Imcrc àíZm§Mr XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) nmhþUo~modm§Zm nmo{cgm§À`m Vmã`mV XoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$m hmoVr? 2) JmoajUmÀ`m cmoH$m§Mo ào_ g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmcmoH$m~mB©Zr H$go dmJÊ`mMm g„m

JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr {Xcm?

à6. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) gmYyÀ`m KamVrc _mUgo CXma AgVmV ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr H$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV?

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1) "AmcmoH$m~mB©g nÌ' `m nmR>mdê$Z JmS>Jo~m~m§Mm ñd^md H$gm hmoVm ho ñnï> H$am.

^mfmä`mg …-

A. {déÕmWu eãX {chr. 1) {ZpíMV � 2) An_mZ � 3) CXma ‹�

~. Imcrc dmŠ`àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am. 1) IQ>cm âUo 2) CÕma H$aUo.

CnH«$_ …-

1) n§T>anya òWrc JmS>Jo_hmamOm§À`m Aml_mg ôQ> Úm. 2) ~m~m Am_Q>o `m§À`m M§Ðnya {OëømVrc "AmZ§XdZ' `m Aml_mg ôQ> Úm.

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20. JmonmiH$mcm- àëhmX ~S>do

H$dr n[aM` …-

àëhmX {edmOr ~S>do (1632 Vo 1730) EH$ gmjmËH$mar g§V. nm§Sw>a§JmÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m g^m_§S>nmV nyd©^mJr Ë`m§Mr g_mYr Amho. nm§Sw>a§JmMo _w»` nwOmar. Ë`mZr nm§Sw>a§JmÀ`m nwOoMo amoOMo CnMma d¡{XH$ nÕVrZo gwê$ Ho$co. ^{º$doXm§Vna aMZm Iyn Ho$cr Amho. "A_¥VmZw^d' `m kmZoœamÀ`m J«§WmMo g§ñH¥$V g_ícmoH$s énm§Va Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§Mo _w»` H$V©¥Ëd åhUOo A\$OcImZÀ`m ñdmarÀ`m doir nm§Sw>a§JmÀ`m _yVuMo Ë`mZr Ho$coco g§ajU hmo`. AmO Ë`m§Mr AH$amdr {nT>r AgyZ AmOhr Ë`m§À`m Kar Ami§Xrcm OmUmè`m nmc»`m Ë`m§Zm Am_§ÌU XoD$Z AmaVr H$ê$Z _JM nwT>o OmVmV. Ë`mZr EH$ H$mH$S> AmaVr {c{hcr Amho.

`m H${dVoMm H$mì`àH$ma Amodr Amho. hr H${dVm "dmMy Am§ZXo' `m nwñVH$mVyZ {ZdS>cr Amho.

(_yë` - ^º$s, g_mZVm)

V`màVr {díd§^a & åhUo "{eXmoè`m AmUm ao gËda &dm ao ^wHo$co{V \$ma & Am{O Cera ~hþ Pmcm &&åhUo ^moÁ`m§À`m nadS>r & gd§JS>r Am{UVr VmVS>r &Xhr XþYmÀ`m H$mdS>r & A{V AmdS>r Am{U{c`m &&

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òH$s {dñVrU© nmhmo{Z {eim & g^m|dVm Jmonmim &

_Ü`| emoô KZgm§dim & JmonmiH$mcm _m§{S>cm &&

{eXmoè`m gmoSy>{Z IS>H$mdar& òH$sH$S>o Jmonhmar &

EH$sH$S>o ~¡gë`m d«OZmar & nar gÝ_wI har gH$im§hr &&

JS>r åhUVr `XþnVr & VwPr Amåhr H$ê§$ AmWrnmWr &

O| O| Á`m éMVr & V| V| A{n©Vr H¥$îU_wIr &&

EH$mEH$m JwXJw{c`m & EH$ Xm{dVr dm§Hw${c`m &

{_Ï`mM åhUVr JmB© MwH${c`m & Xÿar Joë`m CR>m doJr &&

EH$ EH$m{M Ñ{ï> MwH$dy{Z & {eXmoar ImVr Mmoê${Z &

EH$ niVr KoD${Z & Xm§V {dMH$moZr Xm{dVr &&

ZdZrV ^jw{Z H$m¡VwHo$ & EH$ EH$mMr _m{IVr _wI| &

Jwaù`m ^ê${Z VmH|$ & Q>m{H$Vr EH$ EH$mdar &&

JJZJû gwaloUr & ~¡gy{Z`m {d_mZr&

H$mim nmhVr Z`Zr & {Xì` gw_Z| df©Vr &&

åhUVr YÝ` YÝ` JmoHw$iOZ & YÝ` YÝ` d¥j nmfmU &

YÝ` YÝ` Vo ñWmZ & OJ‚mrdZ VoWo Zm§Xo &&


JmonmiH$mcm - àËòH$ JmonmimMr {eXmoar EH$Ì H$ê$Z dmQy>Z KoUo.

{díd§â - lrH¥$îU ^moÁ` - OodU, nXmW©

nadS>r - àH$ma Jmonhmar - Jmonmim§Mr am§J

AmWrnmWr - Am{VÏ` {_Ï`m - ImoQ>o, cQ>Ho$

`XþnVr - lrH¥$îU CpÀN>ï> - Cï>o

H$di - Kmg Jwair - Myi

gwaloUr - XodXodVm KZ - T>J

nmfmU - XJS>, IS>H$, H$mVi d¥j - PmS>

éMVr - AmdS>Uo

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ñdmÜ`m`


1) {eXmoè`m AmUm Ago H¥$îU H$moUmcm åhUmcm?

2) gd§JS>çm§Zr H$emÀ`m H$mdS>r AmUë`m?

3) JmonmiH$mcm H$moR>o _m§S>cm hmoVm?

4) JmoHw$idmgr {ó`m§gmR>r H$moUVm eãX dmnacocm Amho?

5) Jmon-JmontMm A{VWr H$moU hmoVm?

6) JmonmiH$mcm åhUOo H$m`?

7) AmH$memVyZ hm gmohim H$moU nhmV hmoVo?

à2. àË`oH$ àíZm§Mr XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) Vo EH$_oH$m§Zm H$em àH$mao dmHw$ë`m XmI{dVmV?

2) hm gmohim nmhÊ`mgmR>r O_coë`m Xodm§Mo dU©Z H$go Ho$co Amho?

à3. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma nmM-ghm> dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) JmoHw$imcm YÝ` H$m åhQ>co Amho?

à4. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àË`oH$s gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) lrH¥$îU d gd§JS>çm§À`m ^moOZmMo dU©Z H$am.

2) lrH¥$îUmMo AmXam{VÏ` JmonJmo{nH$m§Zr H$go Ho$co?


A ~

1) lrH¥$îU A) YÝ` Vo ñWmZ

2) Jmon ~) {d_mZmVyZ gmohim nmhVmV.

3) gya H$) Xhr XþYmÀ`m H$mdS>r AmUVmV

4) JmoHw$i S>) {eXmoè`m AmUÊ`mMr Amkm XoVmo.


1) Oo O| Á`m éMrVr & Vo Vo A{n©Vr H¥$îU_wIr

2) XmV {dMH$moZr Xm{dVr.

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^mfmä`mg …-

A) nwT>rc g§Yr {dJ«h H$ê$Z àH$ma gm§Jm.

g§Yr {dJ«h g§Yr àH$ma

1) OJ‚mrdZ ....................... ......................

2) Z`Z ....................... ......................

CnH«$_ …-

1) YÝ` _r e~ar lram_m ho JrVam_m`UmVrc JrV {_idyZ dmMm. 2) dZr IoiVr ~mi Vo d„^m§Mo & Vwao ImodVr _ñVH$s n„dm§Mo &

hm dm_Z n§{S>V `m§Mm "dZgwYm' _Yrc CVmam {_idyZ dmMm.

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21. e{ZdmadmS>çmV H$mÌOMo nmUr- H¥$îUmOr {dZm`H$ gmohZr

n[aM` …-

H¥$îUmOr {dZm`H$ gmohZr (1784-1894) ~IaH$ma. "noeì`m§Mr ~Ia' hm Ë`m§Mm EH$_od J«§W CncãY.

CÎma noedmB© nm{hcoë`m Am{U g_H$mcrZ amOH$maUmV dmdacoë`m `m _m{hVJma coIH$mZo noedoHw$cmMr hr

OrdZJmWm AmË_r`VoZo d g_agVoZo {c{hcr Amho. hr Ë`m§Mr ~Ia H$mhr à_mUmV B{Vhmgmer gwg§JV Amho.

Ë`m H$mimVrc g_mOOrdZmMo a§J `m ~IarV {XgyZ `oVmV.

hm CVmam "noeì`m§Mr ~Ia' _YyZ KoVcocm Amho. Ë`mV e{ZdmadmS>çmV H$mÌOhÿZ nmUr AmUë`mMr hH$sH$V

Amcocr Amho. Ë`m H$mimVrc dmñVw{dÚm, XÿaXeunUm Am{U Xa~mar ~mocÊ`mMm T>§J `m§Mo Xe©Z Ë`mVyZ KS>Vo.

(_yë`-{dkmZÑï>r)

dmS>m _moR>m _O~yV, ~mhoê$Z VQ> g§JrZ, Ago AgVm§ nmUr AmV Mm§Jco ß`md`mOmoJo Zmhr. `m g_`t lr_§V ZmZmgmho~ `m§Mo _Zm§V Amco H$s, Zd| nmUr AmV Zi ~m§YyZ AmUmdo Aer _ZmV _gcV `moOyZ Mma Mma H$mog, nmM nmM H$mog g^m|dVo H$maHy$Z nmUr nmhmd`mg nmR>{dco. Vo gd© nmhÿZ _mKmar Amco. H$mÌO Jmd BH$S>o Oo Joco hmoVo Ë`m§Zr lr_§Vmg {dZ§Vr Ho$cr H$s, ""H$mVaOoÀ`m Vù`mV nmUr _w~cH$ Amho. Vo nmUr CÝhmirXoIrc AmQ>md`mMo Zmhr Ago Am_Mo

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H$ënZoZo dmQ>Vo. _J gaH$maMo _Oug òB©c Vo Iao.'' Aer {dZ§Vr Ë`m§Mr EoHy$Z Imgm ñdmar nmhmd`mg {ZKmcr. VoWo OmD$Z nmUr gaH$mam§Zr nm{hco. Vo {Xdg CîUH$mimMo. Ë`m H$mir Ë`m nmÊ`mcm Xhm nmM _moQ>m AI§S> AhmoamÌ AmR> {Xdgmn`ªV MmcdyZ nm{hë`m, na§Vw nmUr Vgyâ H$_r Pmco Zmhr. Ë`m g_`t lr_§Vm§Mr _Ou àgÞ hmoD$Z ~oV Pmcm H$s, òWrc nmUr Zi ~m§YyZ nwÊ`mg Ý`mdo. Agm {ZíM` hmoD$Z Jd§S>r, nmWadQ> ~cmdyZ ZimMo H$m_ cm{dco. H$mVaOonmgyZ nwÊ`mV H$mio dmdamV Zi òB© VoWn`ªV g§JrZ {Mao~§X Zi ~m§YyZ Am{Ucm. Vmo Agm Am{Ucm H$s, Ë`m ~imVyZ H$mVaOonmgyZ H$miodmda nmdoVmo KmoS>çmda ~gyZ ñdma `mdm. Agm g§JrZ Zi {Mao~§Xr ~m§YyZ Am{Ucm. nwT>o chmZ Ho$cm. Ë`m g_`t dmS>çmV nmUr AmUmd`mMo Vo H$g| òVo? dmS>çm^modVr g§JrZ VQ> {Mao~§Xr. `m doiog Ë`m dmS>çmÀ`m H$m_mda Jd§S>r hmoVo Ë`mg ~cmdyZ AmUyZ {dMmaco H$s, ""nmUr dmS>çmV AmUmd`mMo Ë`mMr VOdrO H$er H$amdr?'' Voìhm Jd§S>r `mZr gaH$mamg {dZ§Vr Ho$cr H$s, ""hm {dMma nyduM Amåhmg g_Ocm hmoVm. EdT>m dmS>m ~m§YVmV Vo nmUr ~mhoê$Z Zdo AmUVrc Agm {ZíM` H$ê$Z JUoe XadmÁ`mOdi ~wê$Om_Üò I{OZm H$ê$Z R>o{dcm Amho.'' Ag| EoH$VmM gaH$maMr _Ou Iyf hmoD$Z, I{OZm nmhÿZ Jd§S>çmg Jmd BZm_ {Xcm. _J nmUr AmUyZ Ë`m I{OÝ`mV gmoSy>Z dmS>çmV nmUr Ioi{dco.

(noeì`m§Mr ~Ia)eãXmW© Am{U Q>rnm …-g§JrZ - XJS>r, {Mao~§Xr, _O~yVH$mVaO - nwÊ`mOdi Agcoco H$mÌO ho S>m|Jami Jmd_Oug òUo - ng§V nS>UoImgm ñdmar - ñdV… IwÔ (ZmZmgmho~ noedo)_moQ> - {d{harVyZ nmUr H$mT>md`mMo Mm_S>çmMo gmYZ. (nydu _moQ>oÀ`m ghmæ`mZo eoVrcm nmUr nwadR>m Ho$cm OmV Ago.)Vgyâ - WmoS>o XoIrcZi - nmUr AmUmd`mMm ^w`mar {Mao~§Xr _mJ©Jd§S>r - ~m§YH$m_ H$aUmaonmWadQ> - XJS> KS>{dUmao{Mao~§Xr - KS>rd XJS>r ~m§YH$m_nmdoVmo - n`ªVBZm_ - ~{jgVOdrO - ì`dñWm, gmo`

I{OZm - nmUr gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~wéOmV V`ma Ho$cocm hm¡X.

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Q>rn …-

e{ZdmadmS>m - N>. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr n{hë`m ~mOramdm§Zm nwUo ho Jmd B.g. 1726 _Üò

BZm_ {Xco. e{ZdmadmS>m ho noeì`mMo {ZdmgñWmZ. B.g. 1732 cm Ë`mMr dmñVwem§Vr Pmcr.

e{Zdma dmS>çmV H$mÌOhÿZ nmUr AmUco Vo ~mimOr ~mOramd C\©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo (1740-

1761) `mZr. e{ZdmadmS>m ho _amR>r amÁ`mVrc EH$ à~i gÎmmH|$Ð hmoVo.

ñdmÜ`m`


1) dmS>çmV H$moUVr gmo` ZìhVr?

2) nwÊ`mÀ`m g^modVr H$maHy$Z H$emgmR>r nmR>{dco?

3) H$mVaOonmgyZ H$moR>n`ªV Zi AmUcm?

4) Zi H$gm ~m§YyZ AmUcm?

5) I{OZm H$moR>o H$ê$Z R>o{dcm hmoVm?

6) Jd§S>çmg H$m` BZm_ {Xco?


1) dmS>çmV nmUr AmUÊ`mgmR>r lr_§V ZmZmgmho~m§Zr _ZmV H$moUVr _gcV `moOcr?

2) nmUr nmhmd`mg Jocoë`m H$maHy$Zm§Zr lr_§VmZm H$m` gm§{JVco?

3) lr_§V ZmZmgmho~m§Zr H$mVaO Vù`mVrc nmÊ`mMm A§XmO H$gm KoVcm?

4) e{ZdmadmS>m ~m§Ycocm Jd§S>çmZr H$moUVr H$ënH$Vm XmI{dcr hmoVr?

à3. Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao àËòH$r Mma-nmM dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) e{Zdma dmS>çmV nmUr AmUÊ`mgmR>r lr_§V ZmZmgmho~m§Zr H$moUVo à`ËZ Ho$co?

2) Zi H$gm ~m§YyZ AmUcm?

3) e{ZdmadmS>m ~m§Ycoë`m Jd§S>çmda lr_§V àgÞ H$m Pmco?

à4. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r gmV-AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) H$mÌOÀ`m Vù`mVrc nmUr e{ZdmadmS>çmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m à`ËZm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

2) e{ZdmadmS>çmV H$m`_ ñdê$nr nmUr {_i{dÊ`mH$arVm H$mÌOÀ`m Vù`mMr {ZdS> lr_§VmZr

H$m Ho$cr?

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à5. g§X^m©gh ñnï> H$am.

1) ""_J gaH$maMo _Oug oB©c V| Iao'' 2) ""EdT>m dmS>m ~m§YVmV V| nmUr ~mhoê$Z Zd| AmUVrc!''

à6. Imcr {Xcoë`m CÎmamVyZ `mo½` CÎma {ZdSy>Z {chm.

1) dmS>m H$gm hmoVm. A) _O~yV ~) C§M H$) a§JrV S>) g§JrZ 2) dmS>çmV H$moUVr gmo` ZìhVr. A) {Xdm-~ÎmrMr ~) ~¡R>H$sMr H$) ^moOZJ¥hmMr S>) {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr 3) H$mÌOÀ`m Vù`mV nmUr H$go hmoVo. A) XþYmgmaIo ~) _w~cH$ H$) ñn{Q>H$mg_ S>) {Zio-{Zio 4) AmR> {Xdgm§n`ªV {H$Vr _moQ>m MmcdyZ nm{hë`m A) EH$-XmoZ ~) ghm-gmV H$) Xhm-nmM S>) Mma-VrZ 5) Zi Ho$dT>m _moR>m hmoVm. A) Xhm \y$Q> ~) _mUyg OmB©c Agm H$) KmoS>çmda ~gyZ ñdma `mdm Agm. S>) Vmo\$-Jmoim OmB©c Agm.

^mfmä`mg …-

A. Imcrc CVmam à_mU _amR>rV {chm -

Vo {Xdg CîU H$mimMo. Ë`m H$mir Ë`m nmÊ`mcm Xhm-nmM _moQ>m AI§S> AhmoamÌ AmR> {Xdgn`ªV MmcdyZ nm{hë`m, na§Vw nmUr Vgy^a H$_r Pmco Zmhr. Ë`m g_`t lr_§Vm§Mr _Ou àgÞ hmoD$Z ~oV Pmcm H$s, `oWrc nmUr Zi ~m§YyZ nwÊ`mg Ý`mdo.

CnH«$_ …-

1) nwÊ`mVrc noeì`m§Mo à_wI {R>H$mU Agcocm e{ZdmadmS>çmMr _m{hVr {_idm.

2) "eWuZo amÁ` amIc§' hr H°$ßQ>Z ~ocdcH$a `m§Mr noedmB©darc H$mX§~ar {_idyZ dmMm.

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22. g§V dmUrI AJm d¡Hw§$R>rÀ`m am`m

- g§V H$mÝhmonmÌm

n[aM` …-

_hmamï´>mVrc {dÇ>c ^º$mn¡H$s "H$mÝhmonmÌm' `m EH$ hmoV. Ë`m§Mm H$mcmdYr 15ì`m eVH$mMm Amho. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ n§T>anya Odirc _§JidoT>m `m Jmdr em_m ZmdmÀ`m H$cmd§VrUrÀ`m nmoQ>r Pmcm. em_mcm dmQ>o Amnë`m _wcrZohr Amnë`m à_mUoM ì`dgm` H$amdm. nU H$mÝhmonmÌog Vo AmdS>V ZìhVo. {VZo {dÇ>c Xe©ZmMm Ü`mg KoVcm hmoVm. EHy$U 23 A^§J {VZo {c{hco AgyZ Ë`m_Üò {dÇ>c ^º$sMr AmoT> {XgyZ òVo. hm A^§J "gH$i g§V JmWm' `m nwñVH$mVyZ {ZdS>cm Amho.

(_yë` - ^º$s)

AJm d¡Hw§$R>rÀ`m am`m&

AJm {dÇ>c gI`m &

AJm ZmamÙm &

AJm dgwXodZ§XZm &

AJm nw§S>crH$ daXm &

AJm {dîUy Vy JmoqdXm &

AJm aIw_mB©À`m H$m§Vm &

H$mÝhmonmÌm amIr AmVm &


d¡Hw§$R> - {dîUyMo {Zdmg ñWmZ am`m - amOmgI`m - {_Ìm AJm - AaodgwXodZ§XZ - lrH¥$îU (BWo nm§Sw>a§J) H$m§Vm - nËZramIr - dmMd, ajU H$a.

Q>rn …-

H$cmd§VrU - JmUo JmD$Z cmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUmar ór

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99

ñdmÜ`m`


1) d¡H§w$R>rMm am`m H$moU Amho? 2) nw§S>crH$mg da XoUmam H$moU Amho?

à2. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`mV {chm.

1) aIw_mB©Mm H$m§V H$moU Amho? Ë`mcm H$moUH$moUË`m ZmdmZo ~mocmdco Amho?


1) H$mÝhmonmÌm amIr AmVm.

à4. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma nmM-ghm dmŠ`mV {chm

1) darc H${dVoMm AW© Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

^mfmä`mg …-

g_mZmWu eãX {chm. H$m§V- gIm, Z§XZ- nwÌ

CnH«$_ …-

1) n§T>anya `oWrc H$mÝhmonmÌm g_mYr _§{Xamg ^oQ> Úm. 2) kmZoœam§Mr n¡cVmo Jo H$mD$ hr {da{hUr dmMm.

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100

II Eogo Ho$co `m Jmonmio- eoI _h§_X

n[aM` …-

dmaH$ar n§WmVrc ho EH$ H$dr hmoV. g§V EH$ZmWm§Mo g_H$mcrZ. ZJa {OëømVrc éB©~m{hao ho `m§Mo _yi

Jmd. OÝ_mZo Bñcm_Y_u` na§Vw dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m VÎdkmZmZo Vo à^m{dV Pmco Am{U H$mì` aMZm H$ê$ cmJco.

""`moJ g§J«m_'' hm Ë`m§Mm à{gÕ H$mì`g§J«h Amho.

dada {XgUmè`m ^oXm§nojm A§V…H$aUmV AgUmar kmZ {Zð>m, {Z_©i ^ŠVr^mdZm Iar hmo` Ago gm§JUmam

hm A^§J "`moJ g§J«m_' _YyZ KoVcm Amho.

(_yë` - ^º$s)

Eogo Ho$co `m Jmonmio & Zmhr gmodio Amodio

H$mQ>o Ho$VH$sÀ`m PmS>m & AmV OÝ_cm Ho$dS>m

\$Ugm A§Jr H$mQ>o & AmV A_¥VmMo gmR>o

Zmai dê$Mm H${R>U & nar A§Var OrdZ

eoI _h§_X AqdY & Ë`mMo öX`r JmoqdX &&1&&

ñdmÜ`m`


gmodio - ewÕ, n{dÌ Amodio - AewÕ, An{dÌ

dê$Mm - dê$Z OrdZ - nmUr

AqdY - _wgc_mZ Ho$VH$s - Ho$dS>m


1) JmonmimZo H$m` Ho$co?

2) Ho$VH$sÀ`m PmS>mV H$m` OÝ_Vo?

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101


A ~1) Ho$VH$s A) H$mQ>o 2) \$Ug ~) H$cmd§VrU3) H$mÝhmonmÌm H$) Ho$dS>m

à3. Imcrc àíZmMo VrZ-Mma dmŠ`mV CÎma {chm.

1) AmnU AqdY AgyZhr nm§Sw>a§JmMr ^º$s H$aVmo ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r eoI _h§_XmZr H$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV?


1) \$Ugm A§Jr H$mQ>o2) Ë`mMo öX`r JmoqdX


1) `m H${dVoMm ^mdmW© Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

^mfmä`mg …-

g_mZmWu eãX {chm.

Jmonmi, nmUr, \y$c

CnH«$_ …-

1) "Amåhr dm[aH$ dm[aH$' hm godm Ýhmdr `m§Mm A^§J dmMm.2) "Pmcm _hma n§T>arZmW' ho J. {X. _mS>JwiH$am§Mo ^ŠVr JrV dmMm.

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102

23. åhmB§^Q>r {gjmnUr- g§nm. dm.Zm. Xoenm§S>o

(ñ_¥{VñWi)

n[aM` …-

Voamì`m eVH$mV _hmamï´>mV CX`mcm Amcoë`m d {dH${gV Pmcoë`m _hmZw md n§WmZo M[aÌcoIZmMr EH$ Zdr na§nam _amR>rV {Z_m©U Ho$cr. `m M[aÌ_mcoVrc AIoaMm J«§W åhUOo "ñ_¥{VñWi' hmo`. _hmZw^md n§WmMo AmÚ àdV©H$ lr MH«$Ya ñdm_r ømMo nÅ>{eî` R>mo~mg C\©$ ZmJXodmMm`© øm§À`m CÎmam`wî`mVrc, lrMH«$Ya-ñdm_tÀ`m {Zdm©UmZ§VaÀ`m AmR>dUr d Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ñ_aUmVyZ gm§{JVcocr lrMH«$Yam§Mr dMZo òWo Amcocr AmhoV. ZmJXodmMm`mªÀ`m ì`{º$_ÎdmÀ`m {d{dY n¡cy~amo~aM åhmB§ Q>, _hXmBgm, Za|Ð BË`mXr coIH$-H$dtMo g§X © XoUmam J«§W åhUyZhr "ñ_¥{VñWim' cm _hÎd Amho.

hm J«§W Ho$ìhm d H$moUr {c{hcm `mg§~§Yr {ZpíMV _m{hVr CncãY Zmhr. hm J«§W H$moUm EH$m coIH$mMm ZgyZ Ë`mV AZoH$m§À`m nmR>mVrc H$_r A{YH$ _OHy$a {_gicm Jocm Agmdm Ago "ñ_¥{VñWim' Mo g§nmXH$ lr. dm.Zm. Xoenm§S>o øm§Zr åhQ>co Amho. ZmJXodmMm`mªÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va (B.g. 1312) "ñ_¥Vr' Mo coIZ Pmco Agmdo.

Voamì`m eVH$mVrc _hmZw^md JÚ dmL>_`mV ^mfoMo g§dmXê$n, ~mocrVrc {Od§VnUm, AënmjaËd d eãXm§Mr c` øm d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. 193 H«$_m§H$mÀ`m øm ñ_¥VrV Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©cZmg§~§YrMm {dMma ñnï>nUo _m§S>cm Jocm Amho.

(_yë`-Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©cZ)

H$moWimo~m VmÝh¡c| EHw$ qX C_mBgmMrò H$adVròMo nm{U Z nwgV ß`mco … Vd C_mBgo H$monct… Vy§ ewÐ _mPrò H$adVròM| nm{U H$m ß`mcm{g… Vd§ V| åhmB§^Q>r AmBH$sc| … _J åh{UVc| … ho `¡g| H$mB C_mBg| … Vwåhm Xmoht Xodm§Mm g§~§Yw… Am{U Am~mBgm§gmaIr _mVm… ^Q>mo~mgm§gmarI| ~§Yw… Am{U Vw_Mo AmPw{Z AkmZ {\$Q>c| Zmhr… Amhm `¡g| Vwåhm H$mB Omc|… H$moWio`mgmarI| nmÌ Oa Vw_Mrò H$adVròMo nm{U nr V[a VwP| X¡d-^m½` Zìho… `¡gt {gjmnrct… _J {V`| AZwVmnct… åhmB§^Q>t åh{UVc| … Kmcm H$moWio`m§{g X§S>dV … hmo H$m§ … _J C_mBgt H$moWimo~mgm§gr X§S>dV KmVc| … ZoU|{M dm… MwH$crò nmnr{U … &&emoYw… & _J H$moWimo~mZo V`m§Vo CR>drc| &&


H$moWimo~m - lr. MH«$Ymam§À`m n[admamVrc EH$ gm_mÝ` {eî`.C_mB© - gma§Jn§{S>V nËZr, MH«$Ya {eî`m.åhmB§^Q> - "crimM[aÌm' Mm H$Vm©, AmÚ _amR>r M[aÌH$ma.

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103

H$adVròMo - (H$adVr åhUOo dómMo Ho$coco CXH$nmÌ) Ë`m nmÌmVrc.

Xmohr Xodm§Mm - lrJmoqdX à^y d lrMH«$Yañdm_r øm§Mm _hmZw^md n`m©` H¥$îUmdVma

_mZVmV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm.

g§~§Yw - ghdmg.

Am~mBgm - ZmJXodmMm`mªMr _mVm

^Q>mo~mg - C\©$ ZmJXodmMm`© - lrMH«$YamZ§VaMm _hmZw^mdn§WmMm à_wI AZw`m`r

d AmMm`©

nmÌ - ì`º$s

X¡d ^m½` - Xþ^m©½`

{gjmnrct - {eH${dco, {eH$dUyH$ {Xcr, {eH$dU.

AZwVmncr - níMmVmn Pmcm.

emoYw - nmR>ôX

ñdmÜ`m`

à1. nwT>rc àíZm§Mr àËòH$r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) _hmZw^md n§WmMo g§ñWmnH$ H$moU hmoVo?

2) H$moWimo~m hm H$moU hmoVm?

3) C_mBgm H$m H$moncr?

4) åhmB§^Q>mZr C_mBgog H$moUVr Amkm Ho$cr?

5) C_mBgm H$moUmcm _mVm Am{U ~§Yw _m{ZV hmoVr?

6) H$moUË`m XmoZ Xodm§Mm g§~§Y C_mBgmcm KS>cm Ago åhmB§^Q> åhUVmV?

à2. Imcrc àíZm§Mr àËòH$s XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) åhmB§^Q>mZr C_mB©gog H$moUVm CnXoe Ho$cm?

2) C_mBgog níMmVmn H$m Pmcm?

3) `m nmR>mÀ`m AmYmao _hmZw^md n§WmMr {eH$dU {chm.

à3. àËòH$ àíZmMo CÎma nmM-ghm AmoirV {chm.

1) C_mBgoZo H$moWimo~mcm X§S>d§V H$m KmVco?

2) åhmB§^Q>mZm C_mBgoÀ`m dmJÊ`mMo AmíM`© H$m dmQ>co?

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104


1) ""Vy eyÐ _mPrò H$adVròMo nm{U H$m ß`mcm{g…''2) ""Kmcm H$moWio`m§{g X§S>dV…''3) ""ZoU{M ~m… MwH$crò nmnr{U…''

à5. Imcrc àíZmMo CÎma gmV-AmR> AmoirV {chm.

1) `m nmR>mMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.

à5. OmoS>çm Owidm. A ~1) H$adVr A) amJmdcr2) H$moncr ~) gma§Jn§{S>V nËZr3) H$moWimo~m H$) crimM[aÌ H$Vm©4) åhmB§^Q> S>) gm_mÝ` {eî`5) C_mBgm B) dómMo CXH$nmÌ

^mfmä`mg …-

1. MH«$Ya ñdm_tÀ`m {XZM`}Mr _m{hVr {_idm.

2. g_mZmWu eãX {chm.1. ewÐ 2. _mVm 3. ~§Yw 4. nmÌ 5. X§S>dV 6. AZwVmn

CnH«$_ …-

1. åhmB§^Q>m§Mo "crimM[aÌ' {_idyZ dmMm Am{U g_OyZ ¿`m.2. S>m°. {dîUy {^H$mOr H$mocVo g§nm{XV "_hmZw^md JÚ' ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

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105

ì`mH$aU

dU©_mcm

Amnë`m _wImdQ>o {ZKUmè`m _yi ÜdZtZm "dU©' Ago åhUVmV. Ajam§Zm ÜdZr{MÝh Ago

åhUVmV. _amR>rV 48 dU© _mZVmV.

dUm©Mo _w»` àH$ma XmoZ AmhoV. 1) ñda 2) ì`§OZ

EHy$U ñda 14 AmhoV.

ñdam§Mo dJuH$aU

èhñd ñda A, B, C, F$. c¥gOmVr` ñdaA, Am, B, B©, C, D$

XrK© ñda Am, B©, D$, E, Eo, Amo, Am¡{dOmVr` ñdaA-B, A-C, Am-D$

ñdamXr A§. A… A-E

{dOmVr` ñdam§À`m AZoH$ OmoS>çm hmoD$ eH$VmV.

EHy$U ì`§OZo 34 AmhoV.

ì`§OZmMo dJuH$aU

H$R>moa ì`§OZo H²$ I² M² N²> Q²> R²> V² W² n² \²$ e² f² g²

_¥Xÿ ì`§OZo J² Y² O² P² S²> T² > X² Y² ~² ^² `² a² c² d² h² i²

AZwZm{gHo$ L²> Äm² U² Z² _²

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106

_amR>r ^mfoMr dU©_mcm d dUmªMo àH$ma

ñda (12) ñdamXr (2)ñda

ñdam§V qH$dm ì`§OZo (34)

èhñdA E C F$ c¥

XrK©Am B© D$

g§`wº$E Eo Amo Am¡

ñdamXr

A§ A…

ñdam§V qH$dm ì`§OZo

AY©ñda (A§VñW)` a c d

_hmàmU

h²

ñne© Cî_ (Kf©H$)e f g

ñdV§Ì

i

ñne© ì`§OZo

H$R>moa _¥Xþ

H$ - dJ©M - dJ©Q> - dJ©V - dJ©n - dJ©

AZwZm{gH$

H²$ I²M² N²>Q²> R²>V² W²n² \²$

J² K² L>O² P² ÄmS>² T>² UX² Y² Z²~² ^² _²

L>²Äm²U²Z²_²

ñne© ì`§OZo …- H²$ I² nmgyZ ^² _² n`ªV hr n§Mdrg ì`§OZo CƒmaVmZm \w$â\w$gmVrc hdoMm Or^, H§$R>, Vmcw, _wYm©, XmV, AmoR> `m§À`mer ñne© hmoVmo. _J Vr hdm Vm|S>mdmQ>o ~mhoa nS>Vo. åhUyZ `m ì`§OZmZm ñne© ì`§OZo åhUVmV.

AY©ñda …- "` a c d' `mZm AY© ñda åhUVmV. H$maU `m§Mm CMma AZwH«$_o B F$ c¥ d C `m ñdamgmaIm hmoVmo. åhUyZ `mZm AY© ñda åhUVmV.

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107

Cî_ (Kf©H$) … e f g hr ì`§OZo CƒmaVmZm hdoMo Kf©U hmoVo, CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoVo åhUyZ `mZm "Cî_o' qH$dm "Cî_ ì`§OZo' Ago åhUVmV.

_hmàmU … "h' `m dUm©Mm Cƒma H$aVmZm Omoa cmJVmo. hdm OmoamZo ~mhoa \o$H$cr OmVo åhUyZ `mcm "_hmàmU' åhUVmV. "I, K, N> P, R>, T>, W, Y, \$, e, f `m ì`§OZm§À`m CƒmamV "h' Cƒmam§Mr N>Q>m Agë`mZo `m§Zmhr "_hmàmU' åhUVmV.

AënàmU … H$ `m drg ì`§OZmZm AënàmU åhUVmV. "i' hm ñdV§Ì dU© _mZcm OmVmo.

AZwZm{gHo$ … L> Äm U Z _ `m ì`§OmZm "AZwZm{gHo$' åhUVmV. `m ì`§OZmMm Cƒma H$aVmZm hdm WmoS>r ZmH$mVyZ d WmoS>r _wImVyZ ~mhoa nS>Vo. AZwZm{gH$mMm ñnï> Cƒma XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r AZwñdma (m§) dmnaVmV.

H$R>moa dU© … Oo dU© Cƒmam`cm H$R>rU AmhoV Ë`m§Zm H$R>moa dU©/ì`§OZo åhUVmV. àË`oH$ dJm©Vrc n{hcr XmoZ ì`§OZo d e² f² g² hr H$R>moa ì`§OZo AmhoV.

_¥Xþ ì`§OZo … Oo dU© Cƒmam`cm H$mo_c AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm _¥Xþ ì`§OZo qH$dm _¥Xþ dU© åhUVmV. gd© ñda d àË`oH$ dJm©Vrc eodQ>Mr VrZ ì`§OZo `² a² c² d² h² i² ho _¥Xþ dU© / ì`§OZo AmhoV.

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108

eãXm§À`m OmVreãX - Ajam§À`m AW©nyU© g_yhmcm eãX åhUVmV. dmŠ`mV AZoH$ eãX AgVmV. øm

eãXm§Mr {Za{Zamir H$m_o AgVmV. Ë`m eãXm§À`m H$m_mdê$Z Ë`m§Mo àH$ma qH$dm OmVr R>a{dë`m

OmVmV. _amR>rV eãXm§À`m OmVr AmR> AmhoV.

eãX

Zm_ gd©Zm_ {deofU {H«$`mnX {H«$`m{deofU

eãX`moJrAì``

C^`mÝd`rAì``

Ho$dcà`moJr Aì``

1) Zm_ - ì`º$s, dñVy, nXmW©, ñWi `m§Mr Zmdo d Ë`m§À`m JwUY_mªZm Zm_ Ago åhUVmV. CXm. _wcJm, _wcJr, PmS>, njr, Jmd, Ka, Y_©, ZrVr B.

2) gd©Zm_ - Zm_mEodOr dmnaë`m OmUmè`m eãXmcm "gd©Zm_' åhUVmV. Zm_mMr nwZamd¥Îmr Q>miÊ`mgmR>r gmd©Zm{_H$ eãX dmnacm OmVo.

3) {deofU - Zm_m~Ôc {deof _m{hVr gm§JUmè`m eãXmcm "{deofU' åhUVmV. CXm. cmc, {ndim, hþema, JmoS>, H$Sy>, Xhm, chmZ B.

4) {H«$`mnX - dmŠ`mMm AW© nyU© H$aUmè`m {H«$`mdmMH$ eãXmcm "{H«$`mnX' åhUVmV CXm. ImVmo, Amho, Jocm, {c{hVmo B.

5) {H«$`{deofU - {H«$`mnXm~Ôc {deof _m{hVr gm§JUmè`m eãXmcm "{H«$`m {deofU' (Aì``) Ago åhUVmV. CXm. g§W, gmdH$me, OcX, _mJo, nwT>o, \$ma B.

6) eãX`moJr Aì`` - Oo eãX Zm_m§Zm d gd© Zm_mZm OmoSy>Z `oVmV d eãXm_Yrc g§~§Y XmI{dVmV Ë`m eãXm§Zm "eãX`moJr Aì``' go åhUVmV. CXm. PmS>mda, Q>o~cmImcr, Kam_mJo Ë`mÀ`m_wio B.

7) C^`mÝd`r Aì`` - XmoZ qH$dm Xmohmonojm OmñV eãXmZm AWdm dmŠ`m§Zm OmoS>Umè`m eãXm§Zm C^`mÝd`r Aì`d Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. Am{U, d, qH$dm, nU, na§Vw, åhUyZ, H$maU B.

8) Ho$dcà`moJr Aì`` - Á`m eãXm§Zr Amnë`m _ZmVrc ^md ì`º$ H$aVm `oVmV. Ë`m eãXm§Zm

Ho$dc à`moJr Aì`` Ago åhUVmV. ho eãX Amnë`m Vm|S>mVyZ ghOnUo ~mhoa nS>VmV.

CXm. … A~~!, Aaoao!, em~mg!, dmhdm!, N>o! B.

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109

I. Zm_mMo àH$ma

A) gm_mÝ` Zm_~) {deof Zm_H$) ^mddmMH$ Zm_

A) gm_mÝ` Zm_ - EH$mM g_yhmcm qH$dm dJm©cm Oo gd©gm_mÝ` Zmd {Xco OmVo. Ë`mcm "gm_mÝ` Zm_' åhUVmV.

CXm. … njr, PmS>o, _wco, Ka, Jmd, ZXr, Xoe B.

~) {deofZm_ - Á`m Zm_mZo {d{eï> ì`{º$ àmUr ñWi dm dñVy `m§Mm ~moY hmoVmo Ë`mZm {deofZm_o åhUVmV. R>odcoë`m Zmdmcm {deofZm_ åhUVmV.

CXm. … ^maV, J§Jm, {h_mc`, AWd©, Z_©Xm, lrc§H$m, {X„r B.

H$) ^mddmMH$ Zm_ - àmUr, ì`{º$, dñVy, ñWi, AWdm nXmW© `m§Mo JwUY_© qH$dm ^mdZm `mZm ^mddmMH$Zm_ åhUVmV.

CXm. … Y¡`©, amJ, cmo^, ào_, hþemar, MmVw`© B.

Zm_mZm… nU, nUm, {Jar, , Ëd, B© m gmaIo àË`` cmdyZ mddmMH$ Zm_o ~Z{dVm oVmV.

II. gd©Zm_mMo àH$ma

gd©Zm_mMo àH$ma ghm AmhoV.

1) nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_ - _r, Amåhr, Vy, Vwåhr, ñdV… AmnU.2) Xe©H$ gd©Zm_ - Vmo, Vr, Vo, hm, hr, ho.3) g§~§Yr gd©Zm_ - Omo, Oo, Or, Á`m.4) àíZmW©H$ gd©Zm_ - H$moU? H$m`? H$moUmg?5) AZpíMV gd©Zm_ - H$moU, H$Yr, Ho$ìhm, H$m`.6) AmË_dmMH$ gd©Zm_ - _r (ñdV…) Vmo (AmnU).

III. {deofU

{deofUmMo _w»` àH$ma VrZ AmhoV.A) JwU {deofU ~) g§»`m {dfofU H$) gmd©Z{_H$ {deofU

A) JwU {deofU - Zm_mMm JwU XmI{dUmam eãX CXm. hþema (_wcr), JmoS> (\$io), Jar~ (_mUyg), H$mio (_m§Oa)

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~) g§»`m {deofU - Zm_mÀ`m g§»`oMm qH$dm H«$_mMm ~moY hmoUmam eãX CXm. AH$am (IoimSy>), H$mhr (\w$co), Mma (\$moS>r), XþßnQ> (AmH$ma), AYu (^mH$a), nmMdm (H«$_)

IV. {H«$`mnXmMo àH$ma -

{H«$`mnXmMo _w»` àH$ma XmoZ AmhoV.

1) gH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX 2) AH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX

1) gH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - Á`m {H«$`mnXmMm AW© nyam hmoÊ`mg H$_m©Mr Oê$ar cmJVo Ë`mg gH$_©H$ Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. … 1) Jdir Yma H$mT>Vmo. 2) ~m~m§Zr Amåhmcm {MÌnQ> XmI{dcm.

darc XmoZ dmŠ`mV "H$mT>Vmo' d "XmI{dcm' `m {H«$`mnXm§Mm AW© AZwH«$_o "Yma' d "{MÌnQ>' `m H$_m©{edm` nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

2) AH$_©H$ {H«$`mnX - dmŠ`mVrc {H«$`mnXm§Mm AW© Ooìhm H$_m©{edm` nyU© hmoVmo Voìhm Vo {H«$`mnX AH$_©H$ AgVo.

CXm. 1) _r añË`mV nS>cmo. 2) amOy Amcm.

darc dmŠ`m§Mm AW© nyU© hmoÊ`mg H$_m©Mr JaO Zmhr.

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{dam_ {MÝhoAmnU ~mocV AgVmZm _YyZ _YyZ Wm§~Vmo; H$Yr dmŠ` nyU© Pmco åhUyZ H$Yr AnyU©

AgVmZm, H$Yr CX²Jma H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Va H$Yr àíZ {dMmamd`mMm åhUyZ AmnU H$_r A{YH$ doi Wm§~Vmo. `m Wm§~Ê`mcm "{dam_' åhUVmV. Amnco ho ~mocUo {chÿZ XmIdmd`mMo Agoc Va ho {dam_ doJdoJù`m {MÝhm§Zr XmIdmdo cmJVmV `m {MÝhm§Zm "{dam_ {MÝho' åhUVmV. {dam_{MÝho XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV.

1) {dam_ qH$dm Wm§~Ê`mMm H$mi XmI{dUmar ({dam_ Xe©H$) 2) AW© ñnï> H$aUmar (AW©Xe©H$)

Amnë`m _amR>r ^mfoVrc _hÎdmMr {dam_{MÝho Imcrc à_mUo.

H«$. {MÝhmMo Zmd {MÝh Ho$ìhm dmnaVmV? CXmhaU

1. nyU© {dam_ . 1)

2)

{dYmZ qH$dm dmŠ` nyU© Pmco ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>reãXm§Mm g§jonXmI{dÊ`mgmR>r AmÚmjamnwT>o

1) Vmo Kar Jocm.

2) Vm.H$. = VmOm H$c_

2. AY© {dam_ ; XmoZ N>moQ>r dmŠ`o C^`mÝd`r Aì``mZr OmoS>cr AgVmZm

T>J Iyn JO©V hmoVo; nU nmD$g nS>cm Zmhr.

3. ñdën {dam_ , 1)

2)

EH$mM OmVrMo eãX cmJmonmR> Amë`mg

g§~moYZ Xe©{dVmZm

1) hþfma, Aä`mgy, IoiH$a d AmZ§Xr _wco gdmªZm AmdS>VmV.

2) _Yy, BH$S>o `o.

4. àíZ {MÝh ? àíZmW©H$ dmŠ`mÀ`m eodQ>r Vy Ho$ìhm Amcmg?

5. CX²JmadmMH$ {MÝh

! ^mdZm ì`º$ H$aVmZm Vr XmI{dUmè`m eãXmÀ`m eodQ>r

Aaoao! Vmo Zmnmg Pmcm. em~mg! N>mZ Ioicmg.

6. AdVaU {MÝh ""...''".....'

(Xþhoar) ~mocUmè`mÀ`m Vm|S>Mo eãX XmI{dÊ`mH$[aVm(EHo$ar) EImÚm eãXmda Omoa Úmd`mMm AgVm * nwñVH$mMo Zmd dJ¡ao

Vmo åhUmcm, ""_r oB©Z.''

{edmOr gmd§V `m§Mr "N>mdm' H$mX§~ar à{gÕ Amho.

`m n¡H$s n{hcr VrZ {MÝho hr {dam_ Xe©H$ AmhoV. Ë`mnwT>rc VrZ {MÝho AW©Xe©H$ AmhoV.

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qcJ {dMmaZm_mÀ`m ê$nmdê$Z EImXr dñVy dmñV{dH$ AJa H$mën{ZH$ nwéf OmVrMr Amho, H$s ór

OmVrMr Amho, H$s XmoÝhrn¡H$s H$moUË`mM OmVrMr Zmhr Ago Á`mdê$Z H$iVo Ë`mcm Ë`m dñVyMo qcJ Ago åhUVmV.

_amR>rV VrZ qcJo _mZVmV.

qcJ

1) nwq„J 2) órqcJ 3) Znw§gH$qcJ

_moR>m AmH$ma, eº$s, H$R>moanUm, amH$Q>nUm `m gmaIo nwéf àmÊ`m§Mo gd©gm_mÝ` JwUY_© Agcoë`m {ZOud dñVy nwq„Jr _mZVmV. Va chmZ AmH$ma, H$mo_cnUm, XoIUonUm, gm¡å`nUm, Mm§Më` `m gmaIo ór àmÊ`mV AmT>iUmao gd©gm_mÝ` JwUY_© AgUmè`m {ZOud dñVy órqcJ _mZVmV.

CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ cmoQ>m cmoQ>r dmam PwiyH$ d¥j doc

`m {Z`_mcm / AndmX H$mhr AmhoV

CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ Xmoam Xmoar AmoT>m ZXr

_amR>rV EH$mM AWm©Mo eãX VrZ doJdoJù`m qcJmV AmT>iVmV.

CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ Znw§gH$qcJ J«§W nmoWr nwñVH$ Xoh H$m`m eara

_amR>rV qcJ ì`dñWm A{Z`{_V Amho. {Z`_ Agcm Var Ë`mcm AndmXM OmñV AgVmV. EImXm eãX nwq„Jr qH$dm órqcJr H$m? ho gm§JUo H${R>U Amho. ê$T>r qH$dm na§nam hoM Ë`mMo CÎma hmo`. ^mfm EoH$Ê`mZo d ~mocÊ`mZoM qcJ ì`dñWm g_OyZ KoVm `oB©c.

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qcJ ^oXm_wio Zm_mÀ`m ê$nmV hmoUmao ~Xc cjmV KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_ nwT>rc à_mUo -

1) Am-H$mam§V nwq„Jr àmUrdmMH$ Zm_m§Mo órqcJr ê$n B©-H$mam§V d Znw§gH$qcJr ê$n E-H$mam§V hmoVo.CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ Znw§gH$qcJ _wcJm _wcJr _wcJo nmoaJm nmoaJr nmoaJo KmoS>m KmoS>r KmoS>o

2) H$mhr àmUrdmMH$ nwq„Jr eãXmg "B©U' àË`` cmdë`mg Ë`m eãXmMo órqcJr ê$n {_iVo.

CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ gwVma gwVmarU nmQ>rc nmQ>crU dmK dmKrU _mir _mirU

3) H$mhr àmUrdmMH$ A-H$mam§V nwq„Jr Zm_mMr órqcJr ê$no B©-H$mam§V hmoVmV.

CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ h§g h§gr ~oSy>H$ ~oS>H$s Jmon Jmonr VéU VéUr

4) H$mhr Am-H$mam§V nwq„Jr nXmW©dmMH$ Zm_mMr órqcJr ê$no B©-H$mamÝV AgVmV. Vr chmZ AmH$ma gwM{dVmV.CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ cmoQ>m cmoQ>r JmS>m JmS>r Xm§S>m Xm§S>r

5) H$mhr eãXmMr órqcJr ê$no ñdV§Ì arVrZo hmoVmV.CXm. … nwq„J órqcJ ~mn AmB©

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amOm amUr ^mD$ ~hrU Zdam ~m`H$mo aoS>m åh¡g ~¡c Jm` ~moH$m ^mQ>r

6) H$mhr eãX doJdoJù`m qcJmV dmnaco OmVmV.

CXm. … doi (nw.ór) harU (nw.Z.) nmoa (nw.ór.Z.) ZoÌ (nw.Z.)

7) gm_m{gH$ eãXmMo qcJ eodQ>À`m eãXmÀ`m qcJmà_mUo AgVo.CXm. gmIa ^mV (nw.) _rR> ^mH$ar (ór) XodKa (Z.) ^mOrnmcm (nw.) ^mD$~hrU (ór)

8) na^mfoVyZ Amcoë`m eãXmMo qcJ Ë`mM AWm©À`m _amR>r eãXmÀ`m qcJmdê$Z gm_mÝ`V… R>a{dVmV.CXm. ~yQ> (OmoS>m) (nw.) H§$nZr (§_§S>ir) (ór) ~wH$ (nwñVH$) (Z)

9) _mgm, JéS>, nmonQ>, gmn `m gma»`m nwq„Jr d órqcJr AgUmè`m àmÊ`m§Mm C„oI \$º$ nwq„JrM H$aVmV; Va Kma, gwga, Kyg, D$ gma»`m nwq„Jr d órqcJr AgUmè`m àmÊ`m§Mm C„oI Ho$di órqcJrM H$aVmV.

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dMZ {dMmaZm_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr g§»`m gwM{dÊ`mMm EH$ JwUY_© AgVmo Ë`mg dMZ Ago åhUVmV.dMZ åhUOo ~mocUo. Zm_mdê$Z Ogo qcJ g_OVo, Vgo g§»òdê$Z dMZ g_OVo._amR>rV dMZmMo àH$ma XmoZ AmhoV.

1) EH$ dMZ 2) AZoH$ dMZ (~hþdMZ)

1) EH$ dMZ - Zm_mÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z Ooìhm EH$mM dñVyMm ~moY hmoVmo Voìhm Ë`mg EH$dMZ åhUVmV.

2) AZoH$ dMZ - Ooìhm Zm_mÀ`m qH$dm Vem àH$maÀ`m eãXm§À`m ê$nmdê$Z EH$m nojm A{YH$ g§»òMm ~moY hmoVmo Voìhm Ë`mg AZoH$ dMZ åhUVmV.

CXm. … JmB©, dmgao, PmS>o, ehao, Jmdo, {Oëho, nwñVHo$ B. dMZ ôXm_wio Zm_mÀ`m ê$nmV hmoUmam \$aH$.

Zm_mMo Oo _yi ê$n AgVo VoM Ë`mMo EH$ dMZ AgVo. Zm_mMr AZoH$ dMZo hmoVmZm Zm_mZm H$mhr àË`` cmJVmV. H$mhr AZoH$ê$nr dMZo EH$ dMZmgmaIrM amhVmV.

nwq„J Zm_mMr AZoH$ dMZr ê$no -

Hw$Ìm - Hw$Ìr Xod - Xodggm - ggo C§Xra - C§XraAm§~m - Am§~o H$dr - H$drañVm - añVo eÌy - eÌyKmoS>m - KmoS>o cmSy> - cmSy>cm§S>Jm - cm§S>Jo Vocr - Vocr_mgm - _mgo Jhÿ - Jhÿ \$moQ>mo - \$moQ>mo

{óqcJr Zm_mMr AZoH$ dMZr ê$no -

doi - doim VmarI - VmaImdrQ> - {dQ>m {dhra - {d{harMyH$ - MwH$m åh¡g - åh¡erHo$i - Ho$ir gyZ - gyZm

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q^V - q^Vr gmo` - gmo`r (gmoB©)Jm` - Jm`r (JmB©)^mfm - ^mfm Amkm - Amkm{Xem - {Xem g^m - g^mnyOm - nyOm {dÚm - {dÚm Xmgr - Xmgr ZXr - ZÚmÑï>r - Ñï>r H$mR>r - H$mR>çm~r - {~`m ^mH$ar - ^mH$è`m / ^mH$arór - {ó`m coIUr - coIÊ`mgmgy - gmgdm {ngy - {ngdmOmD$ - Omdm

ZnwgH$qcJr Zm_mMr AZoH$ dMZr ê$no -

Ka - Kao \y$c - \y$coXma - Xmao eoV - eoVonmIê$ - nmIao KS>çmi - KS>çmioPmS> - PmS>o _moVr - _moVo (_moË`o) {_ar - {_ao ({_è`o)

AndmX

nmUr, cmoUr, Xhr, AñWr, JwidUr.

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H$midmŠ`mV {Xcoë`m {H«$`mnXmdê$Z Ogm {H«$`oMm ~moY hmoVmo, VgmM Vr {H«$`m H$moUË`m doir

Pmcr Amho `mMm ~moY hmoVmo. Ë`mg "H$mi' Ago åhUVmV.

_w»` H$mi VrZ AmhoV.

1) dV©_mZ H$mi 2) ^yVH$mi 3) ^{dî`H$mi

1) dV©_mZ H$mi - {H«$`mnXmÀ`m énmdê$Z {H«$`m "AmVm' KS>Vo Amho Ago O|ìhm g_OVo Voìhm Vmo dV©_mZ H$mi AgVmo

CXm. _r Aä`mg H$aVmo.

2) ^yVH$mi - {H«$`m "nydu' KS>cr Amho Ago Ooìhm H$iVo Voìhm Vmo ^yVH$mi hmoVmo. CXm. _r Aä`mg Ho$cm.

3) ^{dî`H$mi - {H«$`m "nwT>o' KS>oc Ago Ooìhm H$iVo Voìhm Vmo ^{dî`H$mi hmoVmo. CXm. _r Aä`mg H$aoZ.

H$mimMo nwT>rc Mma nmoQ> àH$ma ~ZVmV.1) gmYm 2) AnyU© 3) nyU© 4) arVr

àH$ma dV©_mZ H$mi

gmYm _r {Z~§Y {c{hVmo.

AnyU© _r {Z~§Y {chrV Amho.

nyU© _r {Z~§Y {c{hcm Amho.

arVr _r {Z~§Y {chrV AgVmo.

àH$ma ^yVH$mi

gmYm _r {Z~§Y {c{hcm.

AnyU© _r {Z~§Y {c{hV hmoVmo.

nyU© _r {Z~§Y {c{hcm hmoVm.

arVr _r {Z~§Y {chrVAgo.

àH$ma ^{dî`H$mi

gmYm _r {Z~§Y {chrZ.

AnyU© _r {Z~§Y {chrV AgoZ

nyU© _r {Z~§Y {c{hcm AgoZ

arVr _r {Z~§Y {chrV OmB©Z.

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{déÕmWu> eãX

g_mZmWu eãX

AH$maU × gH$maU

AË`mdí`H$ × AZmdí`H$

AZwê$n × {dén

AmH$cZr` × AZmH$cZr`

Amgº$s × AZmgº$s/ {daº$s

amJrQ> × ào_i

_mZ × An_mZ

Am¡ag × AZm¡ag

d¥Õ × VéU

gËnmÌ × AnmÌ

O`O`H$ma × {Y…H$ma

gËH$_© × XþîH$_©

gX` × {ZX©`

Xmof × JyU

nyU© × AnyU©

ñVwVr × qZXm

gw`moJ × Hw$`moJ

g§nyU© × AnyU©

j` × Aj`

gmo` × J¡agmo`

gy`m}X` × gw`m©ñV

godH$ × _mcH$

gmja × {Zaja

ZrQ> × Aì`dpñWV

nwT>o × _mJo

Z_« × CÕQ>

AW© - n¡gmXoD$i - _§{Xa, amD$i, Xodmc`Ka - {Zdmg, gXZ, J«h, Ym_Z¥n - amOm, ^ynVr, ^ynmc, Z¥nVrnmD$g - nO©Ý`, dfm©, OcYmamCndZ - ~JrMm, ~mJ, CÚmZAmkm - hþHy$_, AmXoeCÝ_mX - H¡$\$, qPJ, Yw§Xr{nVm - dS>rc, OZH$, ~m, {nVmlr, OÝ_XmVmnm[aVmo{fH$ - ~jrg, nwañH$ma, BZm_nwÌ - gwV, VZ`, Z§XZ, Xþ{hVnwÌr - H$Ý`m, gwVm, Xþ{hVm, VZwOm, coH$nmonQ> - amKy, ewH$, H$sa, amdmn¥Ïdr - B©cm, dgw§Yam, j_m, YaVr, Y[aÌr, dgwYm.{H$aU - H$a, A§ew, aí_r.Jê$S> - IJ|Ð, d¡ZVo`, {ÛOamOamjg - Agwa, XmZdaå` - Mmê$, N>mZ, gw§Xa

[admO - nÕV, Mmc, ê$T>rMm§XUo - H$m¡_wXr, Á`moËñZm, M§{ÐH$maí_rdó - dgZ, A§~a, H$nS>mPam - {ZP©a, àdmh, Amohi, AmoT>m{dñ_` - Zdc, AmíM`©, AM§~meÌy - Aar, [any, d¡ard§XZ - X§S>dV, Z_Z, Z_ñH$ma, àUm_ M§Ð - eer, Mm§Xmo~m, aOZrZmW, B§Xÿ, eem§H$, gmo_, {dYy, gwYm§ey, gwYmH$aN>§X - ZmX, chaqgh - dZamO, emB©c, Ho$gar, _¥J|ÐñZoh - _¡Ì, {_ÌVm, {_ÌËdg§hma - Zme, {dZme, {dÜd§g, Z§JmZmMW§S> - erVc, JmaXþX£dr - A^mJr, X¡dhrZ, ^m½`hrZhmV - hñV, H$a, ^wOm, ~mhÿ, nm{U

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AZoH$ eãXm§~Ôc EH$ eãXaUm§JUmda cT>VmZm Amcoco _aU ..................................dra_aUH$V©ì` nma nmS>Ê`mV Zoh_r OmJê$H$ amhUmam ......................H$V©ì`XjH${dVm H$aUmar ....................................................H$d{`Ìr{H$ëë`mÀ`m g^modVrMr q^V .......................................VQ>Ho$coco CnH$ma OmUUmam ...........................................H¥$VkIyn _moR>m {dñVma Agcocm .........................................{dpñVU©ñdV…~Ôc A{^_mZ AgUmam ......................................ñdm{^_mZrñdJm©Vrc B§ÐmMr gw§Xa ~mJ ........................................Z§XZdZO_rZ d nmUr Aem XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr amhUmao .......................C^`MaÁ`mcm H$moUrhr eÌy Zmhr Agm ....................................AOmV eÌyWmoS>çmda g§Vwï> AgUmam ...........................................Aëng§Vwï>XaamoO R>acocm H$m`©H«$_ ............................................{XZH«$_, {XZM`m©Xþgè`mda Adc§~yZ Agcocm ........................................namdc§~rXodmnwT>o gVV OiUmam {Xdm .......................................Z§XmXrnXodimVrc _yVuOdiMm AmVrc ^mJ ...............................Jm^mam, J^©J¥hñdV…Mm \$m`Xm Z nmhUmam ........................................{Z…ñdmWuñdV…Mr dñVy H$moUmcmhr ghO XoUmam .............................CXma, {XcXmahÎmrcm H$m~yV R>odUmam ............................................._mhÿVhaUmgmaIo S>moio AgUmar ..........................................haUmjr, _¥Jmjr, _¥JZ`Zm{h_mc`mnmgyZ H$Ý`mHw$_marn`ªV ..................................AmgoVw{h_mMcnm`mnmgyZ S>moŠ`mn`ªV ............................................AmnmX_ñVH$nmhÊ`mgmR>r Amcoco cmoH$ ..........................................àojH$nhmQ>o nyduMr doi ..................................................Cf…H$mcàmÊ`m§À`m nmR>rda Kmcm`Mo ZjrXma H$mnS> ........................PwcjUH$mc {Q>H$Umao ..................................................jU^§Jya~mocm`cm d EoH$m`cm Z `oUmam ...................................._yH$-~Yra\w$H$Q> OodU {_iÊ`mMo {R>H$mU .....................................AÞN>Ì^mfU H$aUmam .....................................................dŠVm^mfU EoH$Umam ....................................................lmoVmnydu H$Yrhr KS>co Zmhr Ago .......................................A^wVnyd©, Anyd©Zmd Mmc{dUmam ...................................................ZmdmS>r, ZmIdmZXrVrc nmÊ`mMm C§Mmdê$Z nS>Umam àdmh ........................Y~Y~m, ànmVÁ`mMm Vi (Wm§J) cmJV Zmhr Agm ..............................AWm§JCn`wº$ _Zmoa§OH$ {chUmam ........................................gm{hË`rH$ amOmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xcocm .............................................amO_mÝ`_memgmaIo S>moio AgUmar .........................................._rZmjr

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g§YrAmnU ~mocVmZm AZoH$ eãX EH$m nwT>o EH$ Ago CƒmaVmo. Ë`mdoir EH$_oH$meoOmar òUmao

XmoZ dU© EH$_oH$mV {_giVmV d Ë`m§Mm OmoS>eãX V`ma hmoVmo. Ë`mg g§Yr Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. "gy`© CX` Pmcm' Ago Z åhUVm "gy`m}X` Pmcm' Ago åhUVmo. dmH²$_` Ago Z åhUVm dmL>²_` åhUVmo. Aem àH$maMo OmoS> eãX V`ma H$aVmZm n{hë`m eãXmVrc eodQ>Mm dU© d Xþgè`m eãXmVrc n{hcm dU© ho EH$_oH$mV {_giVmV d Ë`m Xmohmo~Ôc EH$ dU© V`ma hmoVmo. dUm©À`m Aem EH$Ì òÊ`mg g§Yr Ago åhUVmV. g§Yr åhUOo gm§YUo qH$dm OmoS>Uo hmo`.

g§YrMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV.g§Yr

1) ñdag§Yr 2) ì`§OZ g§Yr 3) {dgJ© g§Yr

ñda g§Yr - g§Yr hmoVmZm Odi òUmao dU© ñda AgVrc Va Ë`mg ñdag§Yr åhUVmV.

* {Z`_ 1 - èhñd qH$dm XrK© ñdamnwT>o VmoM ñda èhñd qH$dm XrK© Amë`mg Ë`m Xmohmo~Ôc Ë`mM OmVrMm XrK© ñda òVmo.

CXm. … gy`©+AñV = A+A = Am = gy`m©ñV {dÚm+AWu = Am+A = Am = {dÚmWu _w{Z+BÀN>m = B+B = B© = _wZrÀN>m _hr+B©e = B©+B© = B© = _hre Jwé$+CnXoe = C+C = D$ = JwénXoe

* {Z`_ 2 - A qH$dm Am `m ñdamnwT>o B qH$dm B© Amë`mg Ë`m Xmohmo EodOr "E' òVmo C qH$dm D$ Amë`mg Ë`mEodOr Amo òVmo d F$ Amë`mg Ë`m EodOr "Aa' òVmo d g§Yr hmoVo.

CXm. … B©ída+BÀN>m = A+B = E = B©ídaoÀN>m C_m+B©e = Am+B© = E = C_oe M§Ð+CX` = A+C = Amo = M§ÐmoX` _hm+CËgd = Am+C = Amo = _hmoËgd Xod+F$fr = A+F$ = Aa² = Xodfu _hm+F$fr = Am+F$ = Aa² = _hfu

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* {Z`_ 3 - A qH$dm Am `m§À`mnwT>o E qH$dm Eo ho ñda Amë`mg Ë`m Xmohmo~Ôc Eo òVmo, Amo qH$dm Am¡ Amë`mg Ë`m~Ôc Am¡ òD$Z g§Yr hmoVmo. CXm. … EH$+EH$ = A+E = Eo = EH¡$H$ _V+EoŠ` = A+Eo = Eo = _V¡Š` gXm+Ed = Am+E = Eo = gX¡d Oc+AmoK = A+Amo = Am¡ = Ocm¡K J§Jm+AmoK = Am+Amo = Am¡ = J§Jm¡K d¥j+Am¡Xm`© = A+Am¡ = Am¡ = d¥jm¡Xm`©

* {Z`_ 4 - B C F$ `m§À`mnwT>o {dOmVr` ñda Amë`mg "B B©' ~Ôc "`'; C D$ ~Ôc "d' Am{U F$ ~Ôc "a' ho dU© òVmV d g§Yr hmoVmo. CXm. àr{V+AW© = B+A=`+A=` = àrË`W© B{V+AmXr = B+Am=`+Am=`m = BË`mXr A{V+CÎm_ = B+C=`+C=`w = AË`wÎm_ à{V+EH$ = B+E=`+E=ò = àËòH$ _Zw+A§Va = C+A=d+A=d = _Ýd§Va {nV¥+Amkm = F$+Am=a+Am=am = {nÌmkm

* {Z`_ 5 - E Eo Amo Am¡ `m ñdam§nwT>o H$moUVmhr ñda Amë`mg Ë`m ~Ôc "A`², Am`², Ad, Amd Agm AmXoe hmoD$Z g§Yr hmoVmo. CXm. Zo+AZ = E+A=A`+A=A` = Z`Z J¡+AZ = Eo+A=Am`²+Am=Am` = Jm`Z Jm¡+B©ída = Amo+B©=Ad²+B©=Adr = Jdrœa Zm¡+BH$ = Am¡+B=Amd²+B=Am{d = Zm{dH$

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ì`§OZ g§Yrg§Yr hmoVmZm Odi òUmam n{hcm dU© ì`§OZ d Xþgam dU© ñda qH$dm ì`§OZ Agoc Va Ë`mg

ì`§OZg§Yr åhUVmV.

* {Z`_ 1 - n{hë`m nmM dJm©n¡H$s (H$ nmgyZ n n`ªV) H$moUË`mhr ì`§OZmnwT>o H$R>moa ì`§OZ Amco AgVm Ë`m n{hë`m ì`§OZmÀ`m OmJr Ë`mM dJm©Vrc ì`§OZ òD$Z g§Yr hmoVmo.

CXm. … dmJ²+n{V = J²+n² = H²$+n = Šn = dmŠnVr {dnX²+H$mc = X²+H²$ = V²+H$ = ËH$ = {dnËH$mc fS²>+emó = S>+e = Q>+e = Q>e = fQ²>emó jwY+{nnmgm = Y+n = V+n = Ën = jwpËnnmgm

* {Z`_ 2 - n{hë`m nmM dJm© n¡H$s AZwZm{gH$m{edm` H$moUË`mhr ì`§OZmnwT>o ñda qH$dm _¥Xÿ ì`§OZ Amë`mg Ë`mÀ`m OmJr Ë`mM dJm©Vrc {Vgao ì`§OZ òD$Z g§Yr hmoVmo.

CXm. … dmH²$+{dhma = H²$+d² = J²+d = ...... = dmp½dhma gV²+AmMma = V²+Am = X²+Am = Xm = gXmMma fQ²>+[any = Q²>+a = S>+a = S´> = f{S´>ny AM²+AmXr = M+Am = O+Am =Om = AmOmXr An²+O = n²+O = ~+O = ãO = AãO

* {Z`_ 3 - n{hë`m nmMdJm©n¡H$s H$moUË`mhr ì`§OZmnwT>o AZwZm{gH$ Amë`mg n{hë`m ì`§OZm~Ôc Ë`mM dJm©Vrc AZwZm{gH$ òD$Z ì`§OZ g§Yr hmoVmo.

CXm. … dmH²$+{ZíM` = H²$+Z² = L>+Z = dmL²>{ZíM` fQ²>+_mg = Q²>+_² = U+_ = fÊ_mg gV²+_Vr = V+_² = Z+_ = gÝ_Vr

* {Z`_ 4 - V² `m ì`§OZmnwT>o M² N²> Amë`mg V² Mm M² hmoVmo. V² `m ì`§OZmnwT>o O² P² Amë`mg V² Mm O² hmoVmo. V `m ì`§OZmnwT>o Q²> R²> Amë`mg V² Mm Q²> hmoVmo. V `m ì`§OZmnwT>o c² Amë`mg V² Mm c² hmoVmo. V `m ì`§OZmnwT>o e Amë`mg V² Mm M hmoVmo. "e' Mm "N>' hmoVmo.

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CXm. … gV²+M[aÌ = V²+M² = M²+M = gƒ[aÌ gV²+OZ = V²+O² = O²+O² = g‚mZ VV²+Q>rH$m = V²+Q>² = V²+Q²> = VÅ>rH$m CV²+c§KZ = V²+c² = c²+c² = C„§KZ gV²+{eî` = V²+e² = M²+N²> = gpÀN>î` gV²+N>oX = V²+N>² = M²+N> = CÀN>oX

{dgJ© g§Yrg§Yr hmoVmZm Odi òUmam n{hcm dU© {dgJ© d Xþgam dU© ñda qH$dm ì`§OZ Agoc Va Ë`mg {dgJ© g§Yr åhUVmV.

* {Z`_ 1 - {dgJm©À`m _mJo A hm ñda AgyZ nwT>o _¥Xÿ ì`§OZ Amë`mg {dgJm©Mm "C' hmoVmo Am{U Vmo _mJrc A _Üò {_giyZ Ë`mMm Amo hmoVmo.

CXm. … è…+YZ = è+C+YZ = èmoYZ _Z…+aW = _Z+C+aW = _ZmoaW AY…+dXZ = AY+C+dXZ = AYmodXZ VoO…+{ZYr = VoO+C+{ZYr = VoOmo{ZYr

* {Z`_ 2 - {dgJm©À`m _mJo A Am IoarO H$moUVmhr ñda òD$Z nwT>o _¥Xÿ ì`§OZ Amë`mg {dgJm©Mm E hmoVmo d g§Yr hmoVmo.

CXm. … {Z…+A§Va = {Z+a²+A§ = {Za§Va Xþ…+OZ = Xþ+a²+A = XþO©Z ~{h…+a§J = ~{h+a+A§J = ~{ha§J

* {Z`_ 3 - nXmÀ`m eodQ>r a² òD$Z Ë`mnwT>o H$R>moa ì §OZ Amë`mg a Mm {dgJ© hmoVmo.

CXm. … A§Va+H$aU = A§V…H$aU MVwa+gyÌr = MVw…gyÌr

* {Z`_ 4 - nXmÀ`m eodQ>r g Aja òD$Z Ë`mnwT>o H$moUVohr ì`§OZ Amë`mg g Mm {dgJ© hmoVmo.

CXm. … _Zg+nQ>c = _Z…nQ>c VoOg+H$U = VoO…H$U

* {Z`_ 5 - {dgJm©À`m _mJo A hm ñda AgyZ nwT>o H²$ I² n² `m n¡H$s EImXo ì`§OZ Amco Va

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{dgJ© H$m`_ amhVmo _mÌ nwT>o AÝ` ñda Amcm Va {dgJ© cmon nmdVmo.

CXm. … àmV…+H$mc = àmV…H$mc VoO…+nw§O = VoO…nw§O AV…+Ed = AVEd

* {Z`_ 6 - {dgJm©À`m _mJo B qH$dm C AgyZ nwT>o H$² I² n² \$ `mn¡H$s H$moUVohr ì`§OZ Amë`mg {dgJm©Mm "f' hmoVmo.

CXm. … {Z…+H$f© = {ZîH$f© Xþ…+H$sVu = XþîH$sVu MVw…H$moZ = MVwîH$moZ Am`w…+H«$_ = Am`wîH«$_ ~{h…+H¥$V = ~{hîH¥$V

* {Z`_ 7 - {dgJm©À`m nwT>o e² g² Amë`mg {dgJ© H$m`_ amhVmo qH$dm cmon nmdVmo.

CXm. … MVw…+e¥§Jr = MVw…e¥§Jr nwa…+ga = nwa…ga àmV…+ñ_aU = àmV…ñ_aU A§V…ñW = A§VñW

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Ac§H$ma"Ac§H$ma' `m eãXmMm AW© Xm{JZm. Xm{JZo KmVco H$s _Zwî`mÀ`m earamcm emo^m òVo. VgoM

Zoh_rnojm doJio d AW©nyU© eãX dmnaco H$s ^mfoMohr gm¢X`© IwcVo.

H${dà{V^m {Z{_©V, _Zmcm AmZ§X XoUmè`m, M_ËH¥$Vr`wº$, ^mfocm emo^m XoUmè`m eãX aMZocm ^mfoMo Ac§H$ma åhUVmV.

H$mhr doiocm eãXmVrc Aja aMZo_wio ^mfocm emo^m òVo Va Ho$ìhm `moOcoë`m eãXm_wio AWm©Mo gm¢X`© IwcyZ {XgVo `mdê$Z ^mfoÀ`m Ac§H$mamMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

Ac§H$ma

1) eãXmc§H$ma 2) AWm©c§H$ma

`_H$ AZwàmg ícof

Cn_m CËàojm ê$nH$ AnÝhþ{V ì`{VaoH$ AZÝd` Ñï>m§V B.

Amnë`mcm AmR>drÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV `_H$, AZwàmg, ícof `m eãXmc§H$mamMm d Cn_m CËàojm d ê$nH$ `m Ac§H$mamMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

I. eãXmc§H$ma - eãXmVrc Aja aMZo_wio åhUOoM eãXmÀ`m M_ËH¥$Vr_wio ^mfocm emo^m AmUUmè`m Ac§H$mamcm "eãXmc§H$ma' åhUVmV. 1) `_H$ - hm Ac§H$ma \$º$ nÚmVM AmT>iVmo. nÚmÀ`m EH$m MaUmÀ`m eodQ>Mo

Aja qH$dm H${dVoÀ`m MaUmÀ`m eodQ>r, _Üò qH$dm R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUr EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ Ajao Amë`mg "`_H$' Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm. 1) ZmMy {H$V©ZmMo a§Jr & kmZXrn cmdy OJr && 2) gwg§JVr gXm KS>mo & gwOZ dmŠ` H$mZr nS>mo & H$c§H$ _VrMm PS>mo, {df` gd©Wm ZmdS>mo&&

2) AZwàmg - EImÚm dmŠ`mVrc qH$dm H${dVoÀ`m MaUmVrc R>am{dH$ dUm©Mr, AjamMr nwZamd¥Îmr hmoD$Z Ë`mVrc ZmXm_wio gm¢X`© {Z_m©U hmoVo Voìhm "AZwàmg' hm Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

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CXm. 1) hQ>mVQ>mZo nQ>m a§Jdy{Z OQ>m Y[aer H$m {ear? _R>mMr CR>mR>od H$m H$ar& 2) Xodr X`md{V Xd{S>gr XmgmMr Xþ…I XþX©em Xÿa & 3) nmnmVo ni{dVgo na_ n{dÌo VwÂ`m n`…nya& 4) JmS>r JwS>JwS>r Am{U hmVmV gÎmoMr N>S>r `m§À`mV Vo a_co hmoVo.

3) ícof - EH$M eãX dmŠ`mV XmoZ AWm©Zr dmnaë`m_wio Or eãX M_ËH¥${V {Z_m©U hmoVo Voìhm "ícof' hm Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm. 1) e§H$amg nw{Oco gw_ZmZo gw_Z - _wcrMo Zmd, gw_Z - \y$c, gw-_Z - Mm§Jco _Z. 2) hr JmS>r Omd`mMr Amho. Omd`mMr - OmÊ`mMr, Omd`mMr - _wcrÀ`m Zdè`mMr. 3) lrH¥$îU Zdam _r Zdar & {eewnmc Zdam _r Z-dar Zdar - dYy, Z-dar - daUma Zmhr. 4) KamV _cm Vm|S> CKS>Ê`mMm àg§J \$º$ OodVmZmM H$m` Vmo `oVmo. Vm|S> CKS>Uo - Kmg KoUo, Vm|S> CKS>Uo - ~mocUo.

II. AWm©c§H$ma - dmŠ`mV, H$mì`n§º$sV `moOcoë`m AWm©_wio àmá hmoUmè`m gm¢X`m©cm "AWm©c§H$ma' Ago åhUVmV. `m_Ü`o XmoZ {^Þ dñVyVrc gmå` qH$dm {damoY Xe©{dcocm AgVmo.Cn_m Ac§H$ma {eH$Ê`mnydu Mma {^Þ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$`m.

1) Cn_o` - Á`mMr VwcZm H$am`Mr Vo.2) Cn_mZ - Á`mÀ`mer VwcZm H$am`Mr Vo3) gmYå`© - XmoZ dñVyVrc Agcocm gmaIonUm.4) gmå` XmI{dUmao eãX - gmaIm, Ogm, Oodr, g_, nar, JV B. CXm. … d¡OZmWMo Aja _moË`mgmaIo gw§Xa Amho.Aja-Cn_o`, _moVr-Cn_mZ, gw§Xa-XmoÝhrVrc gmaIonUm gmaIo - gmå` XmI{dUmam eãX.

1) Cn_m (ì`m»`m) - dñVyVrc gmå` M_ËH¥${VnyU© arVrZo OoWo dU©Z Ho$coco AgVo VoWo "Cn_m' Ac§H$ma hmoVmo. {H$d§m XmoZ dñVy§Mr {OWo VwcZm Ho$cr OmVo VoWo "Cn_m' Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

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* Ooìhm dmŠ`mV, nÚn§º$sV Ogo, Vgo, g_, gmaIo, n[a, JV B. gmå` Xe©H$ eãX oVmV Voìhm "Cn_m' Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm. 1) Agoc VoWo dhmV gw§Xa ew^«-Xþ½Y g_ ZXr& Ag{Vc S>mocV {Zir Vm§~S>r H$_io nmÊ`m_Yr & Kao VoWcr gwaoI Ag{Vc M_H$V gmoÝ`mnar & AmV cm{dë`m Ag{Vc a§Jr~oa§Jr Vg{~ar && 2) Am^mimJV _m`m VwPr Amåhmdar amhÿ Xo& 3) {edmOr qghmgmaIm eya hmoVm.

2) CËàojm - Cn_o` ho OUy "Cn_mZM' Amho Ago OoWo dU©Z Ho$coco AgVo VoWo "CËàojm' hm Ac§H$ma hmoVmo. * Ooìhm dmŠ`mV, nÚ n§º$sV OUy, OUy H$mhr, OUy H$m`, H$s, J_o, ^mgo, dmQ>o

`mn¡H$s gmYå`© gyMH$ eãX `oVmo Voìhm "CËàojm' hm Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm. 1) {H$Vr _mPm H$m|~S>m _OoXma& _mZ Ë`mMr {H${VVar ~mH$Xma& {eamo^mJr Vm§~S>m Vwam hmco & OUy Omñd§Xr \y$c C_coco& AY©nm`r nm§T>arer {dOma & J_o {dh§JmVrc ~S>m \$m¡OXma & 2) Vr Jwcm~r Cfm åhUOo na_oídmMo ào_ OUy 3) {edmOr OUy qghM hmoVm.

3) ê$nH$ - Cn_o` d Cn_mZ hr {^Þ ZgyZ EH$ê$n AmhoV. Ago dU©Z OoWo Ho$coco AgVo VoWo "ê$nH$' Ac§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm. 1) nhm nmIao Mamo{Z hmoVr PmS>mda Jmoim & Hw$R>o ~wS>mcm ncrH${S>c Vmo gmoÝ`mMm Jmoim && (gy`©) 2) H$m` ~mB© gm§Jmo & ñdm_rMr Vr Ñï>r& A_¥VmMr d¥ï>r & _O hmo` && 3) {edmOr qghM hmoVm.

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dmŠ`mMo àH$maEH$ nyU© {dMma ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m eãXm§À`m g_yhmcm "dmŠ`' Ago åhUVmV. àËòH$ dmŠ`mV

AmnU H$moUm~Ôc H$mhrVar ~mocVmo åhUOo {dYmZ H$aVmo. Á`mÀ`m {df`r dº$m ~mocVmo Ë`mcm

"CÔoe' Ago åhUVmV d CÔoem{df`r Vmo Oo H$mhr ~mocVmo Ë`mg "{dYo`' Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. àgmX AmO Mm§Jcm Ioicm.

`m _Üò "àgmX AmO' ho CÔoe Am{U "Mm§Jcm Ioicm' ho {dYo` Amho.

dmŠ` n¥W¸$aUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo dmŠ`mMo nwT>rc à_mUo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

I) Ho$dc qH$dm ewÕ dmŠ`

II) {_l dmŠ`

III) g§`wº$ dmŠ`

I. Ho$dc qH$dm ewÕ dmŠ` - Á`m dmŠ`mV EH$M CÔoe d EH$M {dYo` AgVo Ë`mg "Ho$dc

qH$dm ewÕ' dmŠ` åhUVmV.

CXm. 1) AmaVrZo {Z~§Y {c{hcm.

2) VmZmOr cT>Vm cT>Vm _ocm.

3) H¥$îUm ZXr n{dÌ Amho.

II. {_l dmŠ` - EH$ àYmZ dmŠ` d EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ Jm¡U dmŠò Jm¡UËdgyMH$ C^`mÝd`r

Aì``mZr OmoSy>Z Oo EH$ dmŠ` V`ma hmoVo Ë`mg "{_ldmŠ`' Ago åhUVmV.

* dmŠ`mV "åhUOo' "H$s' "åhUyZ' "H$maU' "H$m H$s' "`mñVd' "Oa Va' "Oo Vo ' "Ooìhm

Voìhm' "Va' hr Jm¡UËd Xe©H$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`ò òVmV.

CXm. 1) Oo MH$mH$Vo Vo gmoZo ZgVo.

2) AmH$memV Ooìhm T>J O_VmV Voìhm _moa ZmMy cmJVmo.

3) {ejH$ åhUmco, H$s àËòH$mZo {Z`{_VnUo Aä`mg Ho$cm nm{hOo.

* n{hë`m dmŠ`mV "Oo MH$mH$Vo' ho Ho$dc dmŠ` Amho. "Vo gmoZo ZgVo' ho Xþgao Ho$dc

dmŠ` Amho. `mVrc "Oo MH$mH$Vo' ho AWm©À`mÑï>rZo ñdV§Ì dmŠ` Zmhr. "Vo gmoZo ZgVo'

`m ñdV§Ì dmŠ`mda Adc§~yZ Amho. Oo dmŠ` ñdV§Ì AgVo Ë`mg "àYmZ' qH$dm "_w»`'

dmŠ` åhUVmV d Adc§~yZ amhUmè`m dmŠ`mcm Jm¡U dmŠ` åhUVmV.

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* Xþgè`m dmŠ`mV"AmH$memV Ooìhm T>J O_VmV' ho Jm¡U dmŠ` Amho Vo"Voìhm _moa ZmMy cmJVmV' `m àYmZ dmŠ`mg "Ooìhm' `m Jm¡UËdgyMH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì``mZr OmoS>co Amho.

* {Vgè`m dmŠ`mV "{ejH$ åhUmco' ho _w»` dmŠ` AgyZ "àËòH$mZo {Z`{_V Aä`mg Ho$cm nm{hOo' ho Jm¡U dmŠ` "H$s' `m Jm¡UËdgyMH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì``mZo OmoS>co Amho.

III. g§`wº$ dmŠ` - XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ Ho$dc dmŠò àYmZ-~moYH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì``mZr OmoS>cr AgVm, Oo EH$ OmoS>dmŠ` V`ma hmoVo Ë`mg "g§`wº$ dmŠ`' Ago åhUVmV.

* Aem, dmŠ`mVyZ gm_mÝ`V… "Am{U' "d' "AZ²' "{edm`' "dm' "AWdm' "qH$dm' "nU' na§Vw "nar' `m gmaIr àYmZËd gyMH$ C^`mÝd`r Aì`ò dmnacr OmVmV. CXm. 1) amYoZo Iyn dmQ> nm{hcr na§Vw lrH¥$îU AmcoM ZmhrV. 2) gm`§H$mir _r H«$sS>m§JUmda IoiVmo qH$dm {_Ìm~amo~a {\$amd`mg OmVmo. 3) Vy ò d Ë`mcm ~amo~a KoD$Z ò, AmnU OmD$.

darc dmŠ`mV "amYoZo Iyn dmQ> nm{hcr' "gm`§H$mir _r H«$sS>m§JUmda IoiVmo' "Vy ò' hr dmŠò "na§Vw' "qH$dm' "d' `m C^`mÝd`r Aì``mZr OmoS>cocr AmhoV.

* g§`wº$ dmŠ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V nwT>rc Jmoï>r cjmV R>odmì`mV. 1) Ë`mV XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ Ho$dc dmŠ` AgVmV. 2) Ë`mV EH$ Ho$di Am{U EH$ {_l dmŠ`hr Agy eHo$c. 3) Ë`mV XmoZ {_l dmŠòhr òD$ eH$VmV.

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d¥Îm {dMmaAmnë`m _ZmV òUmao {dMma AmnU ^mfoÛmao ì`º$ H$aVmo. hr {dMma ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr

XmoZ àH$maMr Amho.

Amnco {dMma AmnU OgoÀ`m Vgo ì`º$ H$aVmo. ~mocyZ XmI{dVmo. Ë`m ñdm^m{dH$ ~mocÊ`mcm JÚ Ago åhUVmV.

CXm. _mÂ`m _ZmV Zmd {dUrVo J. ho dmŠ` JÚ Amho. hoM {dMma R>am{dH$ H«$_mZo {chÿZ gwamda åhUVm òVrc. Aem nÕVrZo aMZm Ho$cr Va Ë`mcm nÚ åhUVmV. darc Amoi nÚmV Aer hmoB©c CXm. - _mÂ`m _ZmV {dUrVo Zmd J! Aer hmoB©c.

JÚ dmMVm òVo Va nÚ gwamda åhUVmV. Voìhm gma»`m A§VamZo Q>mir dmOdmdr dmQ>Vo, `mcmM c` åhUVmV. Aer nÚmMr {d{eï> c`~Õ eãXaMZm H$aVmV Ë`mcm "d¥Îm' qH$dm "N>§X' åhUVmV.

Aem d¥Îm aMZoV H${dVm {c{hÊ`mMr nÕV AgVo. Ë`mV àËòH$ AmoirV R>am{dH$ Ajao AgVmV Am{U Ë`mVrc àËòH$ eãXmMm èhñd XrK© H«$_hr R>am{dH$ AgVmo Iao Va Aer aMZm H$aUo d AW©dmhr H${dVm {c{hUo H$R>rU H$m_ Amho. nU Amnco n§S>rV H$dr ho ì`mH$aU OmUUmao hmoVo. Ë`m_wio nyduMr Ho$H$mdcr, h[ad§e hr H$mìò loð> R>acr. d¥ÎmmMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

1) AjaJU d¥Îm 2) _mÌmd¥Îm

1) èhñd AjamZm cKw Ago åhUVmV.

2) XrK© AjamZm Jwê$ Ago åhUVmV.

3) cKw AjamMr IyU ∪ Aer AY©M§ÐmH¥$Vr AgVo Va Jwê$ Ajam§Mr IyU - Aer AmS>dr aofm AgVo.

nÚmÀ`m AmoirV VrZ Ajam§Mo JQ> H$aVmV d Ë`m§Zm cKw Jwê$ H«$_ XoVmV `mcm JU nmS>Uo åhUVmV. Vo Ago

∪ cKw Zwgma

1) AmÚ cKw ` _m Vm ` JU

∪ - -2) _Ü` cKw am O ^m a JU

- ∪ -3) A§Ë` cKw Vm am n V JU

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- - ∪4) gd© cKw Z _ Z Z JU

∪ ∪ ∪

- Jwê$ Zwgma

1) AmÚ Jwê$ ^m ñH$ a ^ JU

- ∪ ∪2) _Ü` Jwê$ O Zm g O JU

∪ - ∪3) A§Ë` Jwê$ g _ am g JU

∪ ∪ -4) gd© Jwê$ _m Zm dm _ JU

- - -

darc CXmhaUmdê$Z cjmV òVo H$s èhñd Ajam§Zm cKw åhUVmV d XrK© Ajam§Zm Jwê$

åhUVmV. VgoM AZwñdma Agoc Va Vo Aja Jwê$ åhUVmV. VgoM {dgJm©À`m AJmoXaMo Aja,

a\$maÀ`m AJmoXaMo Aja, Omoa nS>Umao Aja, H${dVoVrc eodQ>Mo Aja Jwê$ _mZÊ`mMr nÕV

Amho.

`Vr - H${dVoMo MaU åhUVmZm AmnU _ÜòM H$mhr Ajamda Wm§~Vmo, Ë`m Wm§~Ê`mÀ`m

OmJocm "`Vr' Ago åhUVmV. `VrÀ`m OmJr eãX nwam ìhmdm.

H${dVoVrc AmoirMo/ MaUmMo VrZ-VrZ AjamMo JQ> nmS>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m MaUmÀ`m eodQ>r

XmoZ Ajao C>acr Vr EH$ cKw EH$ Jwé Agoc Va c J d XmoÝhr Ajao Jwê$ AgVrc Va J J

Ago {chmdo.

AjamÀ`m g§»òdê$Z Vo d¥Îm R>a{dco OmVo.

1) ^wO§Jà`mV - `m AjaJU d¥ÎmmV 12 Ajao AgyZ `Vr 6ì`m Ajamda AgVmo d JU

"`, `, `, `, ' Ago nS>VmV.

_Zm loð> Ymarï> Ordr Yamdo &

_Zm ~mocUo {ZË` gmoerV Omdo &

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ñdò gd©Wm Z_« dmMo dXmdo & _Zm gd© cmoH$m{g ao Zrddmdo &&

_ Zm lo ð> Ym ar ï Or dr Y am do

∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - -` ` ` `

hmoB© dg§V{VcH$m VÔmOJmJr, ^wO§J à`mVr "`' ho Mmar òVr.

2) dg§V{VcH$m - `m AjaJU d¥ÎmmV 14 Ajao AgyZ `Vr 8ì`m Ajamda AgVmo d JU "V, ^, O, O, J, J' Ago nS>VmV.

Amaº$ hmo` \w$cyZr àU`r ncme \o$H$s agmi Véhr _YwJ§Ynme EoHy$ Z ò VwO {nH$ñdao _§Owio H$m? d¥Îmr dg§V{VcH$m Z VwPr Iwco H$m?

d¥ Îmr d g§ V {V c H$m Z Vw Pr Iw co H$m

- - ∪ - ∪ ∪ ∪ - ∪ ∪ - ∪ - -V ^ O O J J

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ewÕ coIZmMo {Z`_I AZwñdma

{Z`_ 1 … * ñnï>moƒm[aV AZwZm{gH$m~Ôc erf© q~Xÿ Úmdm. CXm. … JwcH§$X, {Z~§Y, Am§~m, V§Q>m. * VËg_ (g§ñH¥$VmVyZ _amR>rV OgoÀ`m Vgo Amcoco eãX) eãXmVrc AZwZm{gH$m~Ôc {dH$ënZmZo na-gdU© {c{hÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. CXm. … A§VJ©V²-AÝVJ©V, n§{S>V-npÊS>V. * AW©ôX H$aÊ`mgmR>r na gdU©M {chmdoV. CXm. … doXm§V-doXmÝV, Xohm§V-XohmÝV.{Z`_ 2 … * `² a² c² d² f² g² h² `m§À`m nydu òUmè`m AZwñdmam~Ôc Ho$di erf©q~Xÿ Úmdm. CXm. … qgh, g§`_, _m§g.{Z`_ 3 … * Zm_m§À`m d gd©Zm_m§À`m AZoH$dMZr gm_mÝ`énmda {d^º$s àË`` d eãX`moJr Aì`` cmdVmZm AZwñdma Úmdm. CXm. … cmoH$m§Zm, Vwåhm§g, Kam§nwT>o, cmoH$m§g_moa. * AmXamWu ~hþdMZmÀ`m doir hr Agm AZwñdma {Xcm nm{hOo. CXm. … _w»`_§Í`m§Mm Xm¡am, Vwåhm§cm, AmnUm§g.{Z`_ 4 … * darc {Z`_m ì`{V[aº$ H$moUË`mhr H$maUmgmR>r ì`wËnVrZo {gÕ hmoUmao qH$dm Z hmoUmao AZwñdma XoD$ ZòV. CXm. … nmM, Zmd, Voìhm Kao, H$aUo, ~mocUo `m gma»`m eãXmV AZwñdma XoÊ`mMr AmVm JaO Zmhr.

II èhñd-XrK©{Z`_ 5 … * _amR>rVrc VËg_ BH$mamÝV d CH$mamÝV eãX XrKm©ÝV {chmdo. CXm. … H$dr, _Vr, Jwé, JVr. * eãXm§À`m A§Vr òUmam BH$ma, CH$ma, XrK© {chmdm. CXm. … nmQ>r, Omdy, {dZ§Vr. AndmX - Am{U, {Z. * VËg_ Aì`ò èhñdmÝV {chmdr. CXm. … na§Vw, `Wm_{V, VWm{n.

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* gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Vhr èhñd BH$mamÝV d CH$mamÝV eãX nyd© nX AgVmZm

èhñdmÝVM {chmdo.

CXm. … H${d_Z, ~w{Õd¡^d, J{Verc.

* ì`{º$Zm_o, J«§WZm_o, erf©Ho$ d gwQ>o èhñdmÝV VËg_ eãX _amR>rV XrKm©ÝV

{chmdo.

CXm. … har, _Zwñ_¥Vr, H¥$fr, Hw$cJwê$.

* gm_m{gH$ eãXm§_Ü`o VËg_ eãX èhñdmÝV {chmdo.

CXm. … AZweº$s, {d{Y{ZfoY, H¥${Vg{_Vr.

* gm{YV eãXm§Zmhr hmM {Z`_ cmdmdm.

CXm. … J{V_mZ, _¥XþVa, e{º$_mZ.

* {dÚmWu, àmUr, ñdm_r `m gmaIo eãX g_mgmV nyd©nXr Amco AgVm

èhñdmÝVM {chmdoV.

CXm. … Jw{UOZ, {dÚm{W©_§S>i, ñdm{_{Zð>m.

{Z`_ 6 … * BH$mamV d CH$mamÝV eãXmVrc CnmÝË` BH$ma d CH$ma èhñd {chmdo.

CXm. … J[a~r, _m{hVr, hþVwVy, gwê$.

AndmX … ZrVr, arVr, H$sVu, àrVr, Xrár.

* VËg_ eãXmZm hm {Z`_ cmJy Zmhr.

CXm. narjm, nyOm, D$Om©.

* hm {Z`_ EH$mamÝV d AmoH$mamÝV eãXm§Zmhr cmJy Amho.

CXm. nm{hco, {_i{dVmo.

{Z`_ 7 … * AH$mamÝV eãXm§Mo CnmÝË` BH$ma, CH$ma XrK© {chmdo.

CXm. … Jar~, dH$sc, gyZ, dgyc, \y$c, \$H$sa, nya, R>ard.

AndmX … èhñdmonmÝË` AH$mam§V VËg_ eãX.

CXm. JwU, {df, _Ywa, àMwa.

AndmX åhUyZ VËg_ eãX _mÌ èhñdmÝV {chmd`mMo AmhoV.

CXm. … emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$, gm{hË` C{MV.

* _amR>r eãXmVrc AZwñdma, {dgJ©, OmoS>mja `m§À`m nyduMo BH$ma, CH$ma

gm_mÝ`V… èhñd AgVmV.

CXm. … q^J, gw§R>, Iw§Q>r, {N>…, Ww…, {dñVd, {Z…njnmVr.

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{Z`_ 8 … * CnmÝË` XrK© B©-D$ Agcoë`m eãXm§Mm CnmÝË` B© H$ma - D$H$ma C^`dMZr gm_mÝ` ê$nmÀ`mdoir èhñd {chmdm. CXm. … J[a~m§g, d{H$cm§Zm, gwZocm, ZmJnwamg. AndmX … XrKm}nmÝË` VÎg_ eãX. CXm. … earamg, Ordmg, JrVoV.

III èhñd-XrK© * eãXm§Mo CnmÝË` Aja "B©' qH$dm "D$' Agoc Va gm_mÝ` ê$nmV "B©' À`m OmJr "`' d "D$' À`m OmJr "d' `oVmo. CXm.… \$mB©c-\$m`crV, XoD$i-XodimV, nmD$g-nmdgmV. * nw„tJr eãXm§À`m eodQ>r "gm' Agë`mg gm_mÝ` ê$nmÀ`mdoir "em' hmoVmo. CXm. … n¡gm-n¡emÀ`m, ggm-gemcm, Kgm-Kemcm. * nw„tJr eãXm§À`m eodQ>r "Om' gm_mÝ` ê$nmV VgmM amhVmo. CXm. … _m§Om-_m§OmZo, gm§Om-gm§OmMr. * _Yë`m AjamVrc "H$' qH$dm "n' Mo {ÛËd gm_mÝ` énmÀ`m doir {ZKyZ OmVo. CXm. … a¸$_-aH$_oMm, {VßnQ>-{VnQ>rZ.o * "D$' H$mam§V {deof Zm_mMo gm_mÝ`ê$n hmoV Zmhr. CXm. … JUy-JUyg, eHy$-eHy$g. * YmVycm "D$' qH$dm "D$Z' àË`` cmdVmZm YmVyÀ`m eodQ>r "d' Agoc Va "dy' qH$dm "dyZ' hmoB©c. CXm. … Mmd-Mmdy-MmdyZ, Ood-Oody-OodyZ.

IV {H$aH$moi{Z`_ 9 … * "nya' hm J«m_dmMH$ eãX H$moUË`mhr J«m_ Zm_mg cmdVmZm XrKm}nmÝË` {chmdm. H$moëhmnya, ZmJnya, gmocmnya, Vmamnya, VwiOmnya.{Z`_ 10 … * H$moUVm, EImXm hr ê$no {chmdr H$moUmMm, EH$mXm hr ê$no {chÿ Z`oV.{Z`_ 11 … * hiyhiy, _wiy_wiy, `m eãXmVrc Xþgam d Mm¡Wm ñda XrK© {chmdm. nwZéº$ eãX ZmXmZwH$mar AgVrc Va Vo Cƒmamà_mUo èhñd {chmdo.

iivivivii

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dmH²$àMma d AW© dmH²$àMma AW©1) AmH$me nmVi EH$ H$aUo = Iyn AmaS>m AmoaS> H$aUo.2) AmZ§X JJZmV Z _mdUo = A{Ve` AmZ§X hmoUo.3) CIi nm§T>ao hmoUo = Iyn n¡gm {_iUo.4) CngJ© hmoUo = Ìmg hmoUo.5) AR>am {dído Xm[aÐ` AgUo = A{Ve` Jar~r AgUo.6) AmhþVr XoUo = àmU An©U H$aUo.7) B{Vlr hmoUo = eodQ> hmoUo.8) A§JmMm {VinmnS> hmoUo = ^`§H$a amJ òUo.9) H$UrH$ qV~Uo = Iyn _ma XoUo.10) H$M ImUo = _mKma KoUo.11) H$éUm ^mH$Uo = XòMr `mMZm H$aUo.12) S>moù`mda H$mVS>o AmoT>Uo = Xþc©j H$aUo.13) N>mVr \w$Q>Uo = Y¸$m ~gUo.14) Jù`mVcm VmB©V ~ZUo = A{Ve` AmdS>Vm AgUo.15) nmR>rV I§Ora IwngUo = {dœmgKmV H$aUo.16) "J' Mr ~mYm hmoUo = Jd© MT>Uo.17) nmoQ>mda nm` XoUo = CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ Zï> H$aUo.18) ImB©V Q>mH$Uo = g§H$Q>mV Q>mH$Uo, ÌmgmV Q>mH$Uo.19) {OdmMo amZ H$aUo = Iyn H$ï> H$aUo, _ohZV H$aUo.20) Vm|S>mda òUo = AJXr Odi òUo, g_rn òUo.21) nmcZ nmofU H$aUo = g§JmonZ H$aUo.22) \$Îmo hmoUo = {dO` {_i{dUo, H$m_{JarV è {_iUo.23) IwUJmR> ~m§YUo = {ZíM` H$aUo.24) nmcÏ`m KmJarda nmUr = {Zî\$i l_.25) Z ^yVmo Z ^{dî`Vr hmoUo = nydu Z Pmcocr d nwT>o Z hmoUmar Jmoï> KS>Uo.

dmŠàMma … eãXe… hmoUmè`m AWm©nojm doJù`m {d{eï> AWm©Zo ê$T> hmoD$Z ~gcoë`m eãX g_yhmcm "dmŠàMma' Ago åhUVmV. `mcmM H$moUr "dmŠ`g§àXm`' hr åhUVmV.

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åhUr Am{U Ë`m§Mm AW© åhUr AW©

1) AgVrc {eVo Va O_Vrc ^wVo = Omon`ªV Amnë`m Odi n¡gm Amho Vmon`ªV Amnë`m^modVr _mUgo O_VmV.

2) Am`Ë`m {~imV ZmJmo~m = ñdV… H$ï> Z H$aVm \$m`ÚmMr Jmoï> nXamV nmS>yZ KoUo

3) Ag§Jmer g§J àmUmer JmR> = Xþï>mer g§JV \$ma _moR>m KmV H$ê$ eH$Vo.

4) CWi nmÊ`mcm IiIimQ> \$ma = WmoS>ogo kmZ Agcocm _Zwî` Ë`mMm JmOmdmOm \$ma H$aVmo.

5) CMccr Or^ cmdcr Q>mù`mcm = eŠ`meŠ`VoMm {dMma Z H$aVm ~mocUo.

6) D$g JmoS> cmJcm åhUyZ _wimgH$Q> = CnH$maH$Ë`m©cm \$ma Ìmg XoD$ Zò. Ë`m_wio

ImD$ Zò AmncoM ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

7) EH$ Kmd XmoZ VwH$S>o = Ëd[aV {ZU©` KoUo.

8) H$amdo Vgo âmdo = AmnU Ogo H¥$Ë` H$aVmo Vgo Ë`mMo \$i {_iVo.

9) Hw$èhmS>rMm Xm§S>m JmoVmg H$mi = AmncmM ZmVodmB©H$ Amnco ZwH$gmZ H$aVmo.

10) Ka Zm Xma Xodir Zm {~èhmS> = gXm\$Q>tJ AgUo, Û§J AgUo

11) KamoKar _mVrÀ`m Mwcr = gJirH$S>o gd© gmYmaU EH$M n[apñWVr AgVo.

12) Ho$irda Zmair Am{U Ka M§Ð_m¡ir = AË`§V Jar~ n[apñWVr AgUo.

13) Q>mH$sMo Kmd gmogë`m{edm` XodnU = H$ï> KoVë`m{edm` _moR>onUm {_iV Zmhr. òV Zmhr.

14) XþîH$mimV Voamdm _{hZm = g§H$Q>mV AmUIr g§H$Q>mMr â

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15) Mma {Xdg gmgyMo Mma {Xdg gwZoMo = àËòH$mÀ`m Am`wî`mV Ho$ìhmVar Mm§Jco {Xdg òVmV.

16) S>m|Ja nmoIê$Z C§Xra H$mT>Uo = H$ï>mÀ`m _mZmZo AJXr Aën _mo~Xcm {_iUo.

17) S>moi`mV Ho$a H$mZmV \w§$H$a = amoJ EH$ CnMma Xþgam.

18) gmao _wgi Ho$amV = Ho$coë`m gd© Jmoï>r dm`m OmUo.

19) hm gy`© hm O`ÐW = àË`j nwamdm XmIdyZ EImXr Jmoï> {gÕ H$aUo.

20) hmVMo gmoSy>Z niË`mÀ`m nmR>rg = ghO {_iUmar Jmoï> nXamV nmSy>Z ¿`mdr,

cmJy Zò Z {_iUmè`m Jmoï>rÀ`m _mJo cmJy Zò.

21) nr hiX hmo Jmoar = \$ma CVmdri hmoUo

22) à`ËZm§Vr na_oída = XrK© à`ËZmZo Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>r gmÜ` hmoVmV.

23) nmMm _wIr na_oída = nwîH$i cmoH$ Oo ~mocVmV Vo Iao

24) hOra Vmo dOra = Omo doiocm hOa AgVmo Ë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.

åhU …- gdmªÀ`m ~mocÊ`mV gVV oUmao {M_wH$co, MQ>H$Xma, ~moYàX d gd©gm_mÝ` dMZ åhUOo åhU hmo`. åhUtZm "Vm|S>Mo dmL²>_` qH$dm AZw^dmÀ`m ImUr' Agohr åhUVmV.

AZoH$m§Zm òUmam AZw^d EH$OU Amnë`m ehmUnUmZo N>moQ>çm {gÕm§V ñdê$nr gwÌ_` dmŠ`mV _m§Sy>Z XmI{dVmo.

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{Z~§Y coIZ{Z~§Y `mMm AW© ({Z+~§Y) ~m§YUo, Jw§\$Uo, Owi{dUo Agm Amho.`mV AmnU Amnë`mcm

gwMUmè`m {dMmam§Mr Jw§\$U H$aVmo. Amnë`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m {dMmamn¡H$r `mo½` {dMma EH$Ì

H$ê$Z EImÚm \w$cmè`mÀ`m Hw$ecVoZo gw§Xa {dMmam§Mr \w$co EH$Ì H$ê$Z hma V`ma H$aVmo. åhUOo

{Z~§YmV AmH$f©H$, `mo½` {dMmam§Mr \w$co {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Mr Jw§\$U _hÎdmMr AgVo. Á`mMo AZw^d{dœ

g§nÞ, Á`mMo dmMZ Mm§Jco, Á`mZo d¥ÎmnÌo dmMcr AmhoV AWm©V Ë`mMm {Z~§Y Mm§Jcm hmoUma ho

{ZpíMV.

gmYmaU 8dr, 9dr d 10dr À`m àíZn{ÌHo$V {Z~§Y hm {df` 5 JwUm§Mm AgVmo `mV {Z~§Y

{c{hVmZm Imcrc Jmoï>r Ü`mZmV R>odmì`mV.

1) {Z~§YmMr ^mfm gmonr Agmdr, _wÔogyX {chmdo.

2) ñdV…Mo {dMma AgmdoV.

3) Amdí`H$ VoWo gw^m{fVo, dMZo ÚmdrV.

4) `mo½` n[aUm_ H$maH$ n[aÀN>oX {chÿZ eodQ> H$amdm.

AmVm {Z~§YmMo àH$ma nmhÿ.

1) dU©ZmË_H$ {Z~§Y

2) d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Y

3) AmË_d¥ÎmmË_H$ {Z~§Y

4) H$ënZmàYmZ {Z~§Y

5) MMm©Ë_H$ {Z~§Y

6) ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ {Z~§Y

7) g§ñ_aUmË_H$ {Z~§Y

8) qMVZmË_H$ {Z~§Y

9) d¡km{ZH$ {Z~§Y

10) eãX {MÌ

11) c{cV {Z~§Y

`mdfu Amnë`mcm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m {ejU ImË`mÀ`m YmoaUmZwgma Imcrc {df`

{Z~§YmgmR>r AmhoV.

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1) àXÿfU - EH$ g_ñ`m2) A§YlÕm - EH$ emn

{Z~§Y coIZmgmR>r _hÎdmMo _wÔo -

1) àXÿfU - EH$ g_ñ`m

n`m©daU åhUOo H$m`? ..... àXÿfUmMr H$maUo ÜdZr, dm`y, nmUr àXÿ{fV ~Zco Amho ...... d¥jVmoS> ..... cmoH$g§»`m dmT> ...... ßc°pñQ>H$Mm dmna. amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm OmñV dmna .... Cnm` .... PmS>o dmT>dm. ZÚm, Hy$nZ{cH$m ^modVrMm n[aga ñdÀN> Agmdm .... cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§{ÌV R>odÊ`mMo Cnm` ... gwOcm_ gw\$cm_ dgw§YaoMo ñdßZ gmH$ma H$aUo Amnë`m hmVr. 5 OyZ hm {Xdg dgw§Yam {Xdg åhUyZ Iè`m AWm©Zo gmOam ìhmdm.

2) A§YlÕm - EH$ emn

A§YlÕoMm AW© ..... CXmhaUo - g_mOmcm cmJcocr H$rS> .... XodXmgr g_ñ`m ..... AKmoar Cnm` MoQy>H$, ^mZm_Vr, ~wdm ~mOr ..... `m_wio \$gdUyH$ ..... g_mO nwÝhm 18ì`m eVH$mH$S>o.... Cnm`... d¡km{ZH$ OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUo.... H$m`Xo H$aUo ... XodXmgr-A§YlÕm {Z_y©cZ gma»`m g§ñWm§À`m emIm ñWmnZ H$aUo. {dkmZ{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~miJUo.

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A§YlÕmEH$Xm EH$m _§{XamÀ`m nmcIrMm gmohim gwê$ hmoVm. _§{XamV gwdm{gZr EH$m hmVmV

AmaVrMo VmQ> d Xþgè`m hmVmV Z¡doÚmMo VmQ> KoD$Z nmcIrMr dmQ> nmhV Cä`m hmoË`m. nmcIr ~arM cm§~ hmoVr. VodT>çmV Ë`mVrc EH$m órÀ`m nmR>rV ImO gwQ>cr, åhUyZ {VZo Amnë`m hmVmVrc VmQ> Imcr Z R>odVmM _§{XamVrc EH$m Im§ã`mcm Amncr nmR> Kmgcr. Xþgè`m órZo Vo nm{hco XodmMm Agm EImXm [admO, nÕV Agmdr Ago dmQy>Z {VZohr Amncr nmR> Ë`mM Im§~mcm VemM nÕVrZo Kmgcr. Vo nmhÿZ ~mH$sÀ`m {ó`m§Zrhr VmoM {H$Îmm {Ja{dcm.

H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>rMr ImVaO_m Z H$aVm EImÚm Jmoï>rMo AZwH$aU H$aUo `mcm A§YlÕm Ago åhUVmV. AmOÀ`m {dkmZ `wJmV "OJ M§Ðmda Va nm§Sy> S>m|Jamda' Aer Amåhm ^maVr`mMr pñWVr Amho. A§JmV Xod òUo, ^mZm_Vr, ^yV~mYm hmoUo, Ho$gmV OQ> Amcr åhUyZ _wcrcm Xodmcm gmoS>Uo (XodXmgràWm), XodmnwT>o H$m|~S>o, ~H$ar ~ir (ney~ir) XoUo Aem AZoH$ A§YlÕm g_mOmV gw{e{jV cmoH$hr _mZV AmhoV. d Ë`m na§naoZo cmoH$ OnVhr AmhoV. ~wdm~mOr dmT>cr Amho.

H$moUË`mhr H$m`m©cm àma§^ H$aVmZm ew^ _whÿV©, ew^{Xdg nmhVmo. Iao nmhVm Mm§Jco H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ jU hm ew^_whÿV©M Amho. åhUyZ "ew^ñ` erK«§' Ago åhQ>co. eHy$Z Am{U AneHy$Z `m§Mo AmoPo gVV ~miJë`m_wio AmnU Amnë`m OrdZmVrc A_yë` Aem g§Yr dm`m KmcdV AgVmo. Aem KmVH$ A§Y…lÕm§da Amnë`m _ZJQ>mVrc VmH$XrÀ`m ~imda _mV Ho$cr nm{hOo.

AmnUM Amnë`mcm A{Zï> ê$T>rÀ`m ~§YZmVyZ _wº$ Ho$co nm{hOo. Á`m ê$T>rZm Hw$R>ohr AmYma Zmhr, Mma cmoH$ H$aVmV åhUyZ AmnU Z H$aVm gË`mgË` nS>Vmico nm{hOo. ney~ir Z XoVm Ë`mZmhr AmnU "OJm d OJy Úm' `m {Z`_mà_mUo OJy {Xco nm{hOo. cmoH$m§Zm XodXmgr àWonmgyZ Xÿa R>odco nm{hOo. ^mZm_Vr, A§JmV Xod òUo, ^yV~mYm hmoUo `mda {dídmg R>ody Zò. hmoirÀ`m {XdgmV cmHy$S> OmiÊ`mEodOr `m OwÝ`m dmB©Q> ê$T>rZm Zï> H$ê$Z Ë`m OmiyZ Q>mHy$Z Ho$edgwVm§Mr "OwZo OmD$ Úm _aUmcmJyZr OmiyZ qH$dm nwê$Z Q>mH$m' hr Cº$s gmW© Ho$cr nm{hOo.

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nÌ coIZnÌcoIZ åhUOo coIr {Zamon hmo`. gÜ`m Q>ocr\$moZ, ^«_U ÜdZr `m§À`m àgmam_wio nÌ

coIZmMo _hÎd H$_r hmoV Amho. nÌ coIZ hr EH$ H$cm AgyZ Ë`mMo V§Ìhr {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho.

nÌmV nmM _hÎdmMr A§Jo gm§^mimdr cmJVmV. Vr R>am{dH$ V§ÌmZwgma {chmdr cmJVmV.

1) nÌ {c{hUmè`mMm nÎmm d Ë`m {XdgmMr VmarI 2) _m`Zm qH$dm g§~moYZ3) _OHy$a/nÌmVrc {df` _m§S>Ur4) g_mamon/eodQ>5) Á`mcm nÌ {c{hco Amho Ë`mMm nÎmm

nÌ coIZmV XmoZ _hÎdmMo àH$ma AmhoV.

1) H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nÌo 2) gm_m{OH$ / ì`mdgm{`H$ nÌo

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nÌmMo {df` d gm_m{OH$ nÌmMo {df` doJio AgVmV. {df`mZwén nÌmMm _OHy$a H$_r OmñV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. nÌ AmQ>monera nU {df`mMm nyU© Iwcmgm H$aUmao Agmdo. {dam_ {MÝho `mo½` arVrZo ÚmdrV. nÌ nmR>{dUmè`mÀ`m Zmdmda "àofH$' Va ñdrH$maUmè`mÀ`m nÎ`mda "à{V' Ago {chÿZ Zmd {chmdo.

nÌ {chÿZ Pmë`mda nÌ {c{hUmè`mÀ`m cjmV `oVo H$s EImXr _hÎdmMr Jmoï>M {chm`Mr am{hcr Amho Vr nÌ {_iUmè`mer AJXr OdiMr, {ZJS>rV Amho. Vr {chm`cmM hdr. _J Amnë`m AIoaÀ`m COì`m H$monè`mVrc ZmdmÀ`m Imcr S>mì`m ~mOycm Vm.H$. åhUOo "VmOm H$c_' Ago {chÿZ AmR>dcocm _OHy$a {c{hVmV.

ZmVodmB©H$m§À`m nÌmVrc ^mfm KaJwVr, _Z_moH$ir d IoiH$a Agmdr. Á`mcm nÌ {c{hVmo Ë`mÀ`mer Iwë`m {XcmZo ~mVMrV H$aVmo Amho Ago dmQ>mdo. nÌ dmMVmZm OUy Vr ì`º$s Amnë`mer ~mocVo Amho Ago dmQ>mdo/Agm ^mg Pmcm nm{hOo.

{_Ìmcm nÌ {c{hVmZm ^mfm WmoS>r gcJrMr Agmdr. Ì`ñW ì`pŠVg {chmd`mMo Agoc Va ^mfm WmoS>r amoI-R>moH$ Mmcy eH$Vo.

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H$mhr nÌm§Mo nydm©nma MmcV Amcoco _m`Zo d eodQ>

A.Z§. ì`º$s/H$moUmg _m`Zm eodQ>

1. AmB© Vr.gm¡. AmB©g, gm.Z.{d.{d. (dS>rc Zgë`mg gm¡. {chÿ Z`o)

VwPm/VwPr AmkmYmaH$,nwÌ/_wcJr/H$Ý`m,

2. dS>rc Vr. ~m~m§Zm,/Vr d{S>cm§Mo godoer, H¥$. gm.Z.{d.{d.

Amncm/Amncr AmkmYmaH$,nwÌ/_wcJr/H$Ý`m,

3. MwcVo Vr. ñd. H$mH$m/VmË`m `m§Zm, Vw_Mm nwVÊ`m/nwVUr,

4. _moR>m ^mD$ Vr. ñd. XmXm/AmÊUm `mg,gm.Z.{d.{d.

VwPm ^mD$/~hrU,

5. chmZ ^mD$ {M. `mg, AZoH$ ew^merdm©X

VwPm XmXm/AmÊUm/VmB©,

6. {_Ì/_¡ÌrU {à` {_Ì/_¡ÌrU,`mg/hrg gào_ Z_ñH$ma

VwPm {_Ì/VwPr _¡ÌrU,

7. JwéOr/{ejH$ _m. Jwéd`© `m§Zm,gm.Z.{d.{d.

Amncm/Amncr Z_«,

8. _moR>r ~hrU Vr. ñd. gm¡. VmB©g,gm.Z.{d.{d.(A{ddm{hV Agë`mg gm¡.À`m OmJr Hw$. {chmdo)

VwPm ^mD$/VwPr ~hrU,

9. chmZ ~hrU {M. hrg,AZoH$ ew^merdm©X

VwPm ^mD$/XmXm/AmÊUm,VwPr VmB©/Am¸$m,

10. ì`dgm`m {Z{_Îm g§~§Y `oUmar_mZZr` Wmoa ì`º$s

_mZZr` lr `m§Zm,gm.Z.{d.{d.

Amncm {dœmgy,Amncr {dœmgy

H$mhr Ajao d Ë`m§Mm Iwcmgm

1) Vr. - VrW©ê$n 2) Vr. ñd. = VrW© ñdê$n 3) gm¡. gm¡^m½`dVr 4) gm.Z.{d.{d. gmï>m§J Z_ñH$ma {dZ§Vr 5) g. gào_ 6) lr. = lr`wV, lr_Vr 7) Vm.H$. = VmOm H$c_

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{Z`{_V Aä`mgmMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r YmH$Q>çm ^mdmcm nÌ {chm -

&& lr &&

àofH$ -

àgmX Eg. nmQ>rc,

lr g_W© {dÚmc`,

{dÚmWu dg{VJ¥h, VioJmd.

{nZ H$moS> 411002.

VmarI -

{M. d¡OZmW `mg,

AZoH$ Amerdm©X

H$mcM XmXmMo nÌ {_imco. Ë`mV VwÂ`m narjoMm {ZH$mc dmMyZ A{Ve` dmB©Q> dmQ>co.

d¡Oy, Vwcm gd© {df`mV H$_r JwU {_imco AmhoV ~K, Am{U B§J«Or d J{UV `m {df`mV Va Vy ZmnmgM Pmcm Amhog.

`mdê$Z Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, Vy {Z`{_V Aä`mg H$aV Zmhrg. Aao, {ejUm{edm` `m OJmV H$mhrM VaUmonm` Zmhr. Vy Mm§Jcm Aä`mg H$ê$Z JwU {_i{dcog VaM Vwcm nwT>o \$m`Xm hmoB©c. AmVmM H$ï> KoVco Va nwT>o gwI {_ioc. åhUVmV Zm Q>mH$sMo Kmd gmogë`m{edm` XodnU oV Zmhr.

AgmM Oa Vy Amier ~ZyZ Xþc©j H$aerc Va Vy dm{f©H$ narjoV Zmnmg hmoerc d gd©OU hoQ>miUr H$aVrc. Ë`m_wio KaÀ`m cmoH$m§Zm {H$Vr dmB©Q> dmQ>oc? {dMma H$a. AOyZ narjocm doi Amho Vmon`ªV {Z`{_V Aä`mg H$ê$Z CÎm_ JwU {_idyZ daÀ`m dJm©V Om. Jococr doi nwÝhm `oV Zmhr `mMr OmUrd R>od.

AWd©Mm IQ>çminUm H$_r Pmcm H$s Zmhr? H$mdoar {Z`{_V emiocm `oVo Zm? Kar Vr gm¡. AmB©, H$mHy$, Vr. ~m~m, H$mH$m `mZm {e.gm. Z_ñH$ma.

VwPm XmXm,à{V, àgmX.nÎmm -d¡OZmW Eg. nmQ>rc,"H¥$îU Hw§$O',{ZnmUr, {O. ~oiJmdr. {nZ-591215

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AmH$cZ (gmaJ«hU){dÚmÏ`mªMo ^mfo~ÔcMo kmZ AO_mdyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r H«${_H$ JÚ nÚ g§J«hmÀ`m ~mhoarc

EImXm CVmam XoD$Z Vmo {H$VnV g_Ocm Amho ho nmhÊ`mgmR>>r Ë`m CVmè`mda H$mhr àíZ

{dMmaco OmVmV. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao {dÚmÏ`m©Zr Amnë`m ^mfoV ÚmdrV Aer Anojm AgVo.

Ë`mH$[aVm§ CVmam àW_ EH$Xm XmoZXm dmMmdm d Ë`mVrc CÎmao Amnë`m ^mfoV _m§S>mdrV

H$mhr Z_wÝ`mXmIc CVmao - 1

OmVrZo _Zwî` loð> qH$dm H${Zð> R>aVmo, hm {dMma gd© g§V-_h§VmZr Am{U {dMmad§VmZr

nwgyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm AI§S> à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. g§VmMo {dMma Am{U AmMma g_VoMo ÚmoVH$ AmhoV.

Á`m§À`m _ZmV g_Vm Zmhr Am{U __Vmhr Zmhr, Ë`mcm g§VËdmÀ`m Am{U XodËdmÀ`m Odi

OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$YrM cmÛma Zmhr. VmoM Iam Añn¥í` g_Omdm. hr {demc Am{U gd©

g_mdoeH$ Ñï>r g§VmÀ`m gm{hË`mVyZ àH$Q> Pmcr Amho. "ôXmôX ^«_ A_§Ji' Am{U "Oo Oo ôQ>o

^yV Vo Vo Om{UOo ^Jd§V' hm CXmÎm {dMma VH©$ewÕ Amho. Amnë`m Im§Úmda OmVr` CƒZrMVoMo

Oo {nemƒ eVH$mZweVHo$ R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gco Amho, Vo \o$Hy$Z {Xco nm{hOo. ho AZoH$ g§VmZr JOy©Z

gm§{JVco Amho. namonarZo gm§{JVco Amho. nU _mUgmMm _wXm©S>nUm Acm¡{H$H$ Amho. g§VmÀ`m

H$nmimda Ë`mZo OmVr dUmªMr co~co VËnaVoZo Am{U YyV©nUmZo {MH$Q>{dcr. Iao Va gmYy§MrM

H$m` gd© g_mÝ`mMr OmV _mUygM AgVo. _mUygM Agmdr. _mUgm§Mr OmV dmT>mdr, _mZì`mMr

C§Mr dmT>V Omdr; ho g§VmMo ñdßZ Amho nU ho KS>V Zmhr; åhUyZ g§VmÀ`m dmUrcm AZoH$ doim

hþ§XHo$ \w$Q>coco AmhoV.

S>m°. {Z_©cHw$_ma \$S>Hw$co

àíZo 1) g§V _h§VmZr H$moUVm à`ËZ Ho$cm?

2) g§V gm{hË`mVrc CXmÎm {dMma H$moUVm?

3) g§VdmUrcm AZoH$ hþ§XHo$ H$m \w$Q>co?

4) CVmè`mg `mo½` erf©H$ Úm.

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2

~mJoVrc PmS>mda C_ccoco EImXo Q>nmoao \y$c AgVo. Ë`mMm gm¡å`gm gwJ§Y AmëhmXXm`H$

AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ZmOyH$ nmH$ù`m, gwaoI a§J S>moù`m§Zm gwImdVmV. hm N>moQ>mgm AZw^d KoVmZmhr

Amnco _Z àgÞ hmoD$Z OmVo. Bdë`mem \$m§Xrda dmè`mÀ`m chatZr Sw>cUmao Vo \y$c Ë`mM {Xder

g§Ü`mH$mir H$mo_oOyZ OmVo ho Iao; nU Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo {XdgâmVrc ApñVËd Am{U OmUmè`m-

òUmè`mcm Ë`mZo {Xcocm AmZ§X `m Jmoï>r ImoQ>çm R>aV ZmhrV. AmnUhr Amnco ho N>moQ>ogo OrdZ

Ë`m \w$cmgmaIoM gw§Xa H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m Zmed§V OrdZmcm Ë`mÀ`m ApñVËdH$mcmnwaVo H$m

hmoB©Zm; nU H$mhr AW© àmá H$ê$Z XoD$ eH$Vmo. Vgo H$aÊ`mVM `m OrdZmMo H$mhr gmW©H$ Amho.

`m OrdZmMm àdmg H$arV AgVmZm Amnë`m {ZH$Q> amhÿZ gmo~V H$aUmar, Amgnmg dmdaV

Yra nwadUmar, Amnë`m ~amo~a Mma nmdco nwT>o MmcV amhÿZ àoaUm XoUmar Aer {Za{Zamù`m

H$moQ>rVrc _mUgo Amnë`mcm ôQ>VmV. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s H$mhtÀ`m ghdmgm_Üò {Zam_` AmZ§XmMo jU

cm^VmV. AmUIr H$moUmÀ`m {dMmam_yYZ A§V…H$aUmcm H$mhr {Xcmgm {_iVmo Am{U Agm_mÝ`

{d^yVrZr XmIdyZ {Xcoë`m _mJm©À`m Aënem AZwgaUmVyZ Amnco OrdZ CÞV hmoVo. `m gmè`m

ì`º$s{df`r H¥$VkVoMm ^md R>odUo ho OrdZmVrc EH$ H$V©ì` R>aVo. Ë`m§Mo ñ_aU OmJdUo hm

Ë`m§À`m F$UmVyZ H$mhr à_mUmV CVamB© hmoÊ`mMm EH$ _mJ© Amho.

S>m°. {d.am. H$a§XrH$a

àíZo 1) ~mJoVrc \y$c H$moUVr àoaUm XoVo?

2) OrdZmV H$moUH$moUVr _mUgo ôQ>VmV?

3) Wmoam{df`r H¥$VkVm H$m XmIdm`Mr?

4) CVmè`mg `mo½` erf©H$ Úm.

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^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrZo kmZmda d ào_mda â {Xcm. Ë`mà_mUoM ~imda â {Xcm Amho. ~i

Zgoc Va kmZ d ào_ hr _ZmVë`m _ZmV _ê$Z OmVrc. kmZ-ào_mcm g§gmamV AmUÊ`mgmR>r,

gw§Xa d gwIH$a H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~imMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho. ~cdmZ eara, {Z_©i d gVoO

~wÕr, ào_i na§Vw àg§Jr dO«mà_mUo H$R>moa hmoUmao öX` `m gdmªMr OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmV Oê$ar

Amho; VaM OrdZmcm g_VmocnUm òB©c.

Cn{ZfXmVyZ ~imMm _{h_m JmBcocm Amho. Xþ~©cmcm H$mhr H$aVm òV Zmhr. EH$ ~cdmZ

_Zwî` òVmo d eoH$S>mo cmoH$m§Zm Z_{dVmo. ~i Zgoc Va qhS>Vm-{\$aVm òUma Zmhr, qhS>Vm-

{\$aVm Amco Zmhr Va kmZ {_iUma Zmhr, AZw^d {_iUma Zmhr, Wmoam§À`m JmR>rôQ>r hmoUma

ZmhrV, Jwégodm hmoUma Zmhr. ~i Zgoc Va H$mhr Zmhr. åhUyZ ~imMr CnmgZm H$am, Ago

F$fr gm§JVmV.

àíZo… 1) OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo?

2) àmMrZ H$mirhr ~imcm _hÎd hmoVo ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r JwéOrZr H$moUË`m J«§WmMm

C„oI Ho$cm Amho?

3) ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr H$emH$emda â XoVo?

4) ~c d kmZ `m§Mm g§~§Y H$gm òVmo?

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eãXg§J«hA

Aìdc - àW_ XOm©Mm, CÎm_AZ_mZ - h`J`Ag§Jmerg§J - dmB©Q> _mUgmer g§~§YA{ZÀN>m - BÀN>m ZgVmZmAZwVmn - níMmÎmmnAH$ñ_mV - AMmZH$Anyd© - nydu H$Yr Z nm{hcocoAH¥${Ì_ - Z¡g{J©H$AJm - AaoAqdY - _wgc_mZAÞN>Ì - _mo\$V OodUmMr ì`dñWm

AmAmamIS>m - ZH$mem, énaofmAmWrnmWr - AmXagËH$maAmdmiy - earamda Amcocr Ma~rMr JmR>AmX_mg - A§XmOo

BBemam - gyMZm BR> - BWoBZm_ - ~jrgB§ÐYZwî` - gy`© AgVmZm nmD$g nS>ë`mda AmH$memV {XgUmar gáa§Jr H$_mZ.

CCJmM - {dZmH$maUCÀN>rï> - Cð>oCfm - nhmQ>C^m Ho$cm - àH$Q> Ho$cm.CMcVm Z `oUo - A{YH$ma ZgUo.CXma - _moR>çm _ZmMmCÕma H$aUo - da H$mT>Uo, _wº$sXoUo

AmoAmodio - AewÕ, An{dÌ

A§A§V…Mjy - AmVrc S>moioA§Yemcm - A§Y {dÚmÏ`mªZm Á`m emioV {eH$dco OmVo Vr emim.

H$H$di - KmgH$`d`cr - H$idicrH$X©ZH$mi - `_, _¥Ë`yH$ñVwar - h[aUmÀ`m Zm^rVrc EH$ H$mVS>r JmR>H$adVr - dómMo Ho$coc CXH$ nmÌH${cOm - H$mirO, öX`H$cmd§VrU - JmUo JmD$Z cmoH$m§Mo Zmoa§OZ H$aUmar ór.

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149

H$cmHw$ga - ZmOyH$ ZjrH$m_H$mqcXr - `_wZm ZXrMo ZmdH$m§Vm - nËZr, ~m`H$moH$ma^marU - nËZr, ~m`H$moqH$_V - Xa, ^md, _mZ, à{Vð>mHw$N> - H$mhrVar WmoS>oHw$ê$n - {dÐÿnHy$M H$aUo - OmUo, {ZKUoHw§$O - ~hacocr ~mJHo$VH$s - Ho$dS>mH$moS>o - ahñ`, Jw{nV H¡$ar - H$ƒm Am§~m

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