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Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Feet Ring Road,

Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru- 85

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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in

producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which inturn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooksare prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the mediaof instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS,mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namelymathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

• Connecting knowledge to life activities

• Learning to shift from rote methods

• Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

• Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

• Making examinations flexible and integrating them withclassroom experiences

• Caring concerns within the democratic policy of thecountry.

• Make education relevant to the present and future needs.

• Softening the subject boundaries, integrated knowledgeand the joy of learning.

• The child is the constructor of knowledge.

The new books are produced based on three fundamentalapproaches namely -

Constructive approach, Spiral approach and Integratedapproach.

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities,master skills and competencies. The materials presented inthese books are integrated with values. The new books are notexamination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they

iii

G. S. MudambadithayaCoordinator

Curriculum Revision andTextbook Preparation

Karnataka Textbook Society®Bengaluru, Karnataka

Nagendra KumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook Society®Bengaluru, Karnataka

help the learner in the total development of his/her personality,thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthysociety and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language arelistening, speaking, reading, writing and reference work. Theseskills have been given a lot of importance in all the languagetextbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills,fundamental grammar, opportunities for learners to appreciatebeauty and imbibe universal life values have been integrated inlanguage textbooks. When learners master these competencies,they would stop studying textbooks for the sake of passingexaminations. In order to help learners master thesecompetencies, a number of paired and group activities,assignments and project work have been included in thetextbooks. It is expected that these activities would help learnermaster communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected thatstudents master the art of learning to learn and make use ofthese competencies in real life.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to thechairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs andCTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers inhelping the Text Book Society in producing these text books. Afew works of some writers and poets have been included inthese textbooks. The textbook society is extremely grateful tothem for giving their consent for the inclusion of these piecesin the textbooks.

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AÜ`j:S>m°. E_. {d_bm, àmo\o$ga Ed§ AÜ`jm, {h§Xr {d^mJ, ~|Jbya {díd{dÚmb`, ~|Jbyé-560 056

gXñ` :S>m°. ~r. Eg. gwã~bú_r, {h§Xr àdŠVm (AdH$me àmá) 558, 7 "E' _w»` amñVm, "E'goŠQ>a, `bh§H$m Ý y Q>mD$Z, ~|Jbyé - 560 064.S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>,H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24S>m°. gm¡å`m OQ>bm, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m, H«$mB©ñQ> Oy{Z`a H$m°boO, ~|Jbyé - 560 029.lr. e{eYa qgh, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, {haoh{ëb H$moßnbw, hmoboZagrnwa (Vm),hmgZ ({Obm) 573211.lr_Vr gr. EZ. gwYm, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, hw>{bH§w$Q>o, Xmo‹S²>S>~ëbmnwa (Vm) ~|Jbyé J«m_m§Va ({Obm)lr. Or. EM. _§OwZmW, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, H$mobJr, {eH$marnwam (Vm) {ed_mo½Jm ({Obm)

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|JbyéS>m°. JUoe ndma, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma Ho$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.

H$m ©H«$_ g§ moOH$ :lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²> nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V

x

AZwH«$_{UH$mH«$.g§. nmR boIH$ n¥. g§

goVw~§Y 11. O`-O` maV _mVm (H${dVm) _¡{WbreaU Jwá 52. Jwbm~ qgh (H$hmZr) gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ 93. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X (OrdZr) S>m°. OJXre M§Ð 194. AZwemgZ hr emgZ h¡ (H${dVm) S>m°. a_oe {_bZ 275. _m¡gr (H$hmZr) ^rî_ gmhZr 326. Moamny±Or go Am`m h±ÿ (`mÌm d¥ÎmmÝV) àXrn n§V 407. n`m©daU ~MmAmo (H${dVm) naewam_ ewŠb 528. ^r_ Am¡a amjg (EH$m§H$s) {dîUw à^mH$a 579. Zµ\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| (bmoH$H$Wm) g§H${bV 7110. MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡ (H${dVm) {ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z' 8211. Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo ({Z~§Y) g§H${bV 8712. g‹S>H$ H$s ajm-g~H$s gwajm g§H${bV 95

(H$hmZr)13. gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm (H${dVm) gm{ha bw{Y`mZdr 10614. gm¡a D$Om© (boI) g§H${bV 11315. dram§JZm MoÞå_m (ì`{ŠV n[aM`) g§H${bV 12216. nydm©ja H$m nydm©J«h (ì §½` aMZm) nr.Eg. am_mZwO_ 13117. ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho (_Ü`H$mbrZ H${dVm) ahr_ 141

1

goVw~§Y

I. gX¡d EH$dMZ _| à wº$ hmoZo dmbo H$moB© nm±M eãX {b{IE&

II. n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ {h§Xr _| {b{IE:1. ¥ÁjªÁ¼À 2. UÀÄ§âaÑ 3. ºÀzÀÄÝ 4. PÉÆÃ½ 5. PÁUÉ

III. g§km Ho$ oX ~VmBE&

IV. gd©Zm_ H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE:1. do gwI-Xþ…I H$m AZw d Zht H$a gH$Vo&

2. _¢ ñHy$b OmVm h±ÿ&

3. CÝhm|Zo H$m°a IarXr&

4. Vw_ Š`m| amo ahr hmo?

5. Omo H$m_ H$aVm h¡ gmo \$b nmVm h¡&

V. XÿY go ~ZZodmbo nm±M ImÚ nXmWm] H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

VI. AbJ-AbJ AW© XoZodmbo dmŠ` {b{IE:

1. hma -hma -

2. na -na -

3. OmZ -OmZ -

2

VII. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE:

1. H$aZm

2. CR>Zm

3. MbZm

4. ~ZZm

5. {bIZm

VIII. $g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE:

1. A{¾ -

2. CÎma -

3. H$ZH$-

4. IJ -

5. Jwé -

6. Vmam -

IX. {XZ Am¡a _hrZm| H$m Zm_ {h§Xr _| {b{IE &

X. AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE:1. gmV - gmW

2. _mVm - _mWm

3. ~mby - ^mby

4. {XZ - XrZ

5. H$b - H$mb

3

XI. _whmdam| H$m AW© {b{IE:1. AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm -2. Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm -3. amB© H$m nhm‹S> ~ZmZm -

4. Am_ H$m Am_ JwR>br H$m Xm_ -

5. Am±Io§ {XImZm -

XII. ñnï> H$maU ~VmVo hþE AnZo AÜ`mnH$ Ho$ Zm_ EH$ Nw>Å>r nÌ{b{IE&

XIII.{h§Xr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:1. £Á£ÀÄ ªÀiÁgÀÄPÀmÉÖUÉ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÉÛÃ£É.

2. CªÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁqÀ£ÀÄß ºÁqÀÄªÀ¼ÀÄ.

3. jÃ£Á ±Á ÉUÉ ºÉÆÃzÀ¼ÀÄ.

4. ªÀÄPÀÌ¼ÀÄ ªÉÄÊzÁ£ÀzÀ°è DlªÁqÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ.

5. vÀAzÉ-vÁ¬ÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ UËgÀ« À ÉÃPÀÄ.

XIV. g§dmX H$mo nyam H$s{OE:

1. drUm S>m°ŠQ>a ~ZZm MmhVr h¡ Am¡a _rZy AÜ`m{nH$m ~ZZm MmhVr h¡&XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM `h g§dmX hmo ahm h¡:

_rZy - hm` drUm ! H¡$gr hmo?

drUm - _¢ R>rH$ h±ÿ, Vw_ ~VmAmo&

_rZy - gwZm h¡ {XZ-amV {H$Vm~m| Ho$ nrN>o hmW YmoH$a n‹S>r ahVr hmo&

4

drUm - H$hm± n‹T> ahr h±ÿ? {nVmOr H$hVo h¢ _oam n‹T>Zm H$m\$s Zht h¡, Eogo _| _¢ Hw$N> Zht ~Z nmD±$Jr?

_rZy - {nVmOr Eogm Š`m| H$hVo h¢?

drUm - Š`m|{H$ _wPo S>m°ŠQ>a ~ZZo H$s BÀN>m h¡& Vw_ Š`m ~ZZmMmhVr hmo?

_rZy -

drUm -

_rZy -

drUm -

XV. {d{hV Am¡a AmH$me XmoZm| aob H$s `mÌm H$a aho h¢& XmoZm| Ho$n[admam| H$m n[aM` XoZodmbm g§dmX {b{IE&

5

_¡{WbreaU Jwá -

1. O`-O` maV _mVm

Ame` :

H${d Bg H${dVm _| maV _mVm H$m JwUJmZ H$a aho h¢Ÿ& H${d àmW©Zm H$aaho h¢ {H$ Bg Xoe Ho$ nmdZ Am±JZ _| A°§Yoam hQ>o Am¡a kmZ {_boŸ& g~ bmoJ{_bOwb H$a ^maV _mVm Ho$ è H$s JmWm JmE±Ÿ&

O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&D±$Mm {h`m {h_mb` VoamCg_| {H$VZm ñZoh âm{Xb _| AnZo AmJ X~mH$aaIVm h_H$mo ham-âm,gm¡-gm¡ gmoVm| go ~h-~hH$ah¡ nmZr \y$Q>m AmVm,O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&

H$_b {Ibo Voao nmZr _|YaVr na h¢ Am_ \$bo,Bg YmZr Am±Mb _| XoImo{H$VZo gw§Xa ^md nbo,^mB©-^mB© {_b ah| gXm hrQy>Q>o H$^r Z ZmVm,O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&

6

Voar bmb {Xem _| hr _m±M§Ð-gy © {MaH$mb ah|,Voao nmdZ Am±JZ _|A§YH$ma hQ>o Am¡a kmZ {_bo,{_bOwb H$a hr h_ g~ JmE±Voao `e H$s JmWm,O`-O` ^maV _mVmŸ&

***** H${d-n[aM`

amï´>H${d _¡{WbreaU Jwá Or (1886-1964) H$m OÝ_ {MaJm±d, Pm±gr{Obm, CÎma àXoe _| hþAmŸ& BZHo$ {nVm lr goR> am_MaU ^r ~«O^mfm Ho$ H${dWoŸ& AmMm © _hmdraàgmX {X²ddoXr Or AmnHo$ gm{hpË`H$ Jwé WoŸ& AmnZo à~§YH$mì`m| VWm I§S> H$mì`m| H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ {dH$mg _| Jwá Or H$m`moJXmZ AZÝ`V_ h¡Ÿ& gm{hpË`H$ godm Ho$ gå_mZmW© gZ²> 1961 B©. _| CÝh|"nX²_ yfU' Cnm{Y {_brŸWr& "gmHo$V' _hmH$mì` na AmnH$mo "J§Jm àgmXnm[aVmo{fH$' {_bmŸWm& Amn amÁ`g^m Ho$ _ZmoZrV gXñ` aho&

n§MdQ>r, O`ÐW dY, a§J _| §J, ^maV-^maVr, AZK, Zhþf Am{X AmnH$s _hËdnyU© H¥${V`m± h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s ^mfm gab-gag Am¡a e¡br amoMH$ h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :{h`m - öX` , N>mVr - djñWb, grZm ; gmoV - òmoV, _yb ; Am±Mb

- Xm_Z, nëbm, N>moa ; ZmVm - g§~§Y, [aíVm ; `e - H$s{V© ; JmWm -H$Wm, YmZr - hëH$m ham a§J, _ZmoZrV - MwZm hþAm, Zm_m§{H$V&

Aä`mgI. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) "O`-O` ^maV _mVm' H${dVm Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢ ?2) Jwá Or H$mo H$m¡Z-gr Cnm{Y {_br h¡ ?3) H${d {H$g Xodr H$s d§XZm H$a aho h¢ ?

7

4) {h_mb` ê$nr öX` _| Š`m âm h¡ ?5) nmZr H¡$go \y$Q>m AmVm h¡ ?6) nmZr _| Š`m {Ibo h¢ ?7) gw§Xa ^md H$hm± nbo h¢ ?

II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1) {h_mb` Ho$ ~mao _| H${d H$s ^mdZm Š`m h¡ ?2) ""{Xb _| AmJ X~mH$a'' H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡ ?3) H${d D±$Mm {h`m Š`m| H$hVo h¢ ?4) h_| {_bOwbH$a H$m¡Z-gm JrV JmZm Mm{hE ?

III. Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :1) ^maV H$m {h`m h¡Ÿ&2) {Xb _| X~mH$a aIVm h_H$mo &3) {MaH$mb ah|Ÿ&

IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãX {b{IE:CXm : ñZoh-âm - ham-âm1) AmVm -2) nbo -3) ZmVm -

V. H${dVm _| "~h-~hH$a nmZr AmVm' H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& CgràH$ma {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyU©H$s{OE:({Ja-{JaH$a, {_Q>-{_Q>H$a, gwZ-gwZH$a, XoI-XoIH$a)1) ~mbH$ grIVm h¡&2) ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡&

8

3) _oK ~agVo h¢&4) ~ÀMm MbVm h¡&

VI. Bg H${dVm H$s àW_ AmR> n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE&VII. AZwê$nVm:

1) gmJa : {demb :: {h_mb` : 2) A§YH$ma : A§Yoam :: n{dÌ : 3) Am_ : YaVr :: H$_b : 4) gy`© : gyaO :: M§Ð :

nmR> go AmJo-

1) Xoe-^{ŠV go Ow‹S>r {H$Ýht Xmo H${dVmAm| H$mo gw§Xa Ajam| _| MmQ>© na{b{IE& Cgo AnZr H$jm _| bJmBE Am¡a JmBE &

2) "dra µOmam' {gZo_m H$m `h JrV {_bH$a H$jm _| JmBE &

YaVr gwZhar, A§~a Zrbm, ha _m¡g_ a§Jrbm Eogm Xoe h¡ _oam&~mobo nnrhm, H$mo b JmE, gmdZ {Ka AmE Eogm Xoe h¡ _oam&^mobo-^mobo ~ÀMo h¢ O¡go JwS²>S>o Jw{‹S>`m {OÝho§ amoµO gwZmE± XmXr-ZmZr EH$n[a`m| H$s H$hmZr ........ Eogm Xoe h¡ _oam&&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :{h_mb` nd©V ^maV _mVm H$s MmoQ>r na h¡Ÿ& dh h_mar nhaoXmar

H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H${dVm H$mo n‹T>mVo g_` {h_mb` nd©V H$s OmZH$marAdí` X|Ÿ&

9

2. Jwbm~ qgh

Ame` :

Bg H$hmZr Ho$ X²dmam Xoe^{ŠV, Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ, ^mB©-~hZ H$m ào_,àOm H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m±, H$V©ì` Am{X H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg nmR> _|"P§S>m' ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ g§Ho$V Ho$ ê$n _| {XIm`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

{XZ Am¡a VmarI H$s µOê$aV ZhtŸ& O~ h_ A_a A§V H$s H$hmZrH$hZodmbo h¢ V~ EH$ {XZ Am¡a EH$ VmarI H$mo nH$‹S>H$a Š`m| Mb|?

CgHo$ Ka _| {nVm Wo, _m± Wr Am¡a EH$ Jw{‹S> m-gr ~hZ WrŸ& Jwbm~ qghgmao Ka H$m Xwbmam WmŸ&

gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ -

EH$ {XZ H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ& dh ~r_ma n‹S>mŸ& _m± Zo CgH$m ImZm {~ëHw$b ~§XH$a {X`m WmŸ& na CgH$m ~ma-~ma Hw$N> ImZo H$mo _m±JZm, N>moQ>r ~hZ go Zghm J`mŸ& dh MwnHo$ go Jw‹S> Am¡a MZo Mwam bmB© Am¡a {Ibm {XE AnZo ¡ m

10

H$moŸ& CgHo$ ~mX ¡ m H$m ~wIma ~‹T> J`m na dh Vmo {Ibm hr MwH$s WrŸ&AnZo ^mB© Ho$ g§Vmof Ho$ {bE dh _m±-~mn H$m Jwñgm ^r ghZo H$mo V¡ ma WrŸ&na ^mB© Zo Jw‹S>-MZo H$s ~mV {H$gr H$mo Z ~VmB©Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao amoJ CVa J`m na^mB© Ho$ _Z na ~hZ Ho$ ào_ H$s N>mn n‹S> JB©Ÿ&

Eogr EH$ Zht, AZoH$ ~mV| − ~hZ H$s, _m± H$s, {nVm H$s, CgHo$ _Zna N>nt WtŸ& dh H$^r CZgo b‹S>Vm-PJ‹S>Vm ^r, na Am±Im| Ho$ Am±gy Am¡a _ZHo$ a§J, CgHo$ _Z na N>nr BZ Vñdram| H$mo Ymo Z gHo$Ÿ&

EH$ {XZ Eogr hdm ~hr {H$ _waPmE hþE {Xbm| _| ZB© OmZ Am JB©Ÿ& `hhdm C_§Jm| H$s hdm WrŸ& ~‹S>m ^mar Owbyg {ZH$bZm WmŸ& na ~mXemh H$mhþŠ_ Wm {H$ Owbyg Z {ZH$boŸ& eha _| AmV§H$ N>m J`mŸ&

""~‹S>m Am`m ~mXemh ! Š`m| Z {ZH$bo Owbyg? Š`m| Z {ZH$bo h_mamP§S>m !'' ^mB© Zo ~hZ go H$hmŸ&

~hZ ~mobr, ""H$m¡Z h¡ `h ~mXemh ?''

¡ m Zo H$hm, ""D±$h, hmoJm H$moB© !''

~hZ Zo nyN>m, ""Š`m| Z {ZH$bo Owbyg? Š`m| Z {ZH$bo P§S>m?''

^mB© H$Qw> ñda _| ~mobm, ""h_mam Xoe ~mXemh H$m Jwbm_ Omo h¡Ÿ&''

CÎma Wm − V~ Vmo µOê$a {ZH$bo Owbyg! h_ µOê$a \$hamE±Jo AnZmP§S>m! XoIVo h¢ H$m¡Z amoH$Vm h¡ h_| !

P§S>o H$s V¡`mar hmoZo bJrŸ& ~hZ Zo AnZr nwamZr Amo‹T>Zr \$m‹S>H$a P§S>m~Zm {b`mŸ& bmb-ham a§J ^r M‹T> J`mŸ& ^mB© Zo Cgo AnZo IobZo Ho$ S>§S>o go~m±Y {b`mŸ& P§S>m V¡ ma WmŸ&

11

A~ ^mB© P§S>m boH$a MbmŸ& ""Aao ^mB© ! OmVo H$hm± hmo ? h_ ^r gmWMb|Jo,'' ~hZ AmJ«h go ~mobrŸ&

""na ~hZ, ~‹S>r Xya OmZm h¡Ÿ& Vw_ WH$ OmAmoJrŸ&''""Zht ¡ m !''""Zht ~hZ !''""Owbyg H$m¡Z ~ZmEJm? Vw_ P§S>m CR>mZm, h_ Owbyg ~ZmH$a Mb|Jo

nrN>o-nrN>oŸ&''""Zht amZr, Vw_ Owbyg Zht..., Vw_ EH$ H$m_ H$amoŸ& h_| amobr H$m

{VbH$ bJmH$a {dXm H$amo O¡go amOHw$_mar AnZo ^mB© amOHw$_ma H$mo {dXmH$aVr h¡Ÿ&''

~hZ Zo Iwer H$s {H$bH$mar Ho$ gmW Vmbr ~OmB© Am¡a Xm¡‹S>H$a, Wmo‹S>r-gr amobr, Wmo‹S>o-go Mmdb gOm bmB©Ÿ& Wmbr _| EH$ Xr`m ^r Ob ahm WmŸ&^mB© H$s AmaVr CVmaZr WrŸ& _w±h Ho$ Mmam| Vaµ\$ Ky_Vr Wmbr EH$ Am^m_§S>b~ZmZo bJrŸ& CgZo Xodr-XodVmAm| Ho$ {MÌm| _| ^r d¡gm hr Am^m_§S>b XoImWmŸ& ^mB© Ho$ Mmam| Vaµ\$ d¡gm hr Am^m_§S>b XoIH$a dh ~hþV Iwe hþB©Ÿ&

~hZ Zo ^mB© Ho$ _mWo na {VbH$ bJm`m, Mmdb {~IamEŸ& V~ ^mB© Zo ~hZHo$ n¡a Nw>E Am¡a {dXm brŸ& ~hZ Zo ^mB© Ho$ {ga na hmW \o$am Am¡a ~b¡ m± btŸ&

12

A~ dh P§S>m boH$a MbmŸ& ~hZ XadmµOo na I‹S>r XoIVr ah JB©Ÿ&H$hm{Z`m| H$s amOHw$_mar Bgr Vah {dXm XoVr h¡Ÿ& dh P§S>o H$mo bhamVo hþE boOmVo ^mB© H$mo Xya VH$ XoIVr ahrŸ&

Hw$N> Xya OmZo na ~mXemh Ho$ {gnm{h`m| Zo P§S>odmbo H$mo amoH$mŸ& dh ZéH$mŸ& ~mXemh Ho$ {gnm{h`m| Zo Jmobr Mbm XrŸ& dh {JamŸ& P§S>m Z {JamŸ& dhCgHo$ hmW _| WmŸ& Jmobr MbVo XoI H$moB© CgHo$ nmg Z Am`mŸ& ~hZ Zo ^mB©H$mo {JaVo XoIm, dh Xm¡‹S> n‹S>rŸ& ^mB© IyZ go bWnW n‹S>m WmŸ& dh nwH$maVrahr, "" ¡ m ! ¡ m !''

^mB© Ho$ àmU _mZmo `h A_¥VdmUr gwZH$a bm¡Q> n‹S>oŸ& dh ~mobm, ""Vy AmJB©, `h P§S>m boŸ&''

~hZ Zo P§S>m Wm_ {b`mŸ& ^mB© Mbm J`mŸ& ~hþV amoB©, na P§S>m hmW _|CR>mE ahrŸ& ~mXemh Ho$ {gnmhr _mZm| J‹T> OrVH$a Mbo JEŸ& bmoJ ^mJo AmEŸ&CÝhm|Zo ^mB© H$s Xoh CR>mB©Ÿ& AmJo-AmJo P§S>m {bE ~hZ MbZo bJrŸ&

~mXemh H$m hþŠ_ Wm − "Owbyg Zht {ZH$boJm'Ÿ& Owbyg {ZH$bmŸ& "P§S>mZht {ZH$boJm'Ÿ& P§S>m {ZH$bm Am¡a ~‹S>r emZ go {ZH$bmŸ&

`h ~mbH$ Wm − Jwbm~ qgh Omo AnZr gwJ§Y {~IoaH$a Mbm J`mŸ&

*****

bo{IH$m n[aM`gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ (1904-1948) H$m OÝ_ à`mJ, y.nr. _| hþAm

WmŸ& ~më`H$mb go gm{hË` _| BZH$s {deof é{M WrŸ& àW_ H$mì` aMZm 15df© H$s Am w _| hr H$s WrŸ& amï´>r` Am§XmobZ _| Amn ^mJ boVr ahtŸ& Amn H$B©~ma Oob J`r WtŸ& gm{hË` Am¡a amOZr{VH$ OrdZ _| g_mZ ê$n go ^mJ boH$a, OrdZ Ho$ A§V VH$ Xoe H$s godm H$aVr ahtŸ&

Amn H$s aMZmAm| _| Xoe-ào_, ^maVr` B{Vhmg VWm g§ñH¥${V H$s N>mnXoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& ""Pm±gr H$s amZr'' BZH$s à{gÕ H${dVm h¡Ÿ& H${dVmAm| Ho$g§H$bZ ""{ÌYmam' d "_wHw$b' Zm_ go àH$m{eV hþE h¢Ÿ&

13

Amn H$s H$hm{Z`m± gab e¡br, _YwaV_ ^mdZmAm|, AmXe© Am¡a `WmW©Ho$ __©ñneu g§Kfm] na AmYm[aV h¢Ÿ& Amn H$s H$hm{Z`m| na qhXr gm{hË`gå_obZ H$s Amoa go Xmo ~ma "goŠg[a`m nwañH$ma' {_bm WmŸ& AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m|Ho$ g§J«hm| Ho$ Zm_ h¢ - "{~Iao _moVr' VWm "CÝ_m{XZr'Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

N>mn − Aga, à^md ; Xwbmam − bm‹S>bm , ~wIma − Áda , Vñdra − {MÌ ,Owbyg − OZ`mÌm , ~mXemh − amOm , hþŠ_ − AmXoe, Amkm ; amobr −{VbH$ bJmZo H$s bmb ~wH$Zr, MyU©; Am^m_§S>b − H$m§{V H$m Koam , ~b¡`mboZm - {H$gr Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s H$m_Zm H$aZm, {~IoaZm − BYa-CYa \¡$bmZm ,bWnW − rJm hþAm, gZm hþAm ; Wm_ − nH$‹S> , emZ − R>mQ>-~mQ> , à{Vð>m;gwJ§Y − gwdmg, Iwe~y>&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {H$g H$maU go ~mbH$ H$m ImZm ~§X H$a {X`m J`m ?

2. ~hZ Zo ^mB© H$mo Š`m {Ibm {X`m ?

3. eha _| Š`m| AmV§H$ N>m J`m ?

4. Wmbr _| Š`m Ob ahm Wm ?

5 P§‹S>m {H$ggo ~Zm ?

6. ~hZ Zo Š`m Wm_ {b`m ?

II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. ^mB© H$mo ~hZ H¡$go {dXm H$aVr h¡ ?

2. ^mB© H$mo {JaVo XoIH$a ~hZ Zo Š`m {H$`m ?

14

III. Omo{‹S>E :1. ~mbH$ gmao Ka H$m Vw_ WH$ OmAmoJrŸ&2. ^mB© IyZ go Xwbmam WmŸ&3. ~‹S>r Xya OmZm h¡ bWnW n‹S>m WmŸ&

IV. dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :Owbyg, Am^m_§‹S>b, AmV§H$, hþŠ_

V. g§km, gd©Zm_ eãXmo§ H$mo AbJ-AbJ {b{IE:Oybyg, dh, _m±, ~mXemh, Jwbm~qgh~hZ, Cgo, ¡ m, AnZo, BZ, P§S>m{gnmhr, bmoJ, CÝhm|Zo, Jmobr, IyZ

VI. {deofU eãX N>m±Q>H$a AbJ {b{IE:1. H$mbm Hw$Îmm ^m¢H$ ahm h¡& 2. VmoVm hao a§J H$m h¡& 3. dh nrbm nnrVm Im ahm h¡& 4. gw§Xa b‹S>H$s Iy~ JmVr h¡&

VII. AZwê$nVm :1. {ÌYmam : H${dVm :: {~Iao_moVr : 2. amZr : amOm :: ~oJ_ : 3. A§Jya : \$b :: Jwbm~ : 4. Xr`m : Xrn :: nVmH$m :

VIII. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE:1. ~mXemh -2. amOm -3. {nVm -

15

4. boIH$ -5. Xodr -6. ~hZ -

IX. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:1. P§‹S>m -2. XadmOm -3. Amo‹T>Zr -4. H$hmZr -4. S>§S>m -5. Wmbr -

X. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

1. g_rn

2. IyZ

3. P§S>m

4. g§Vmof

16

XI. C{MV eãX go Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :1. ~‹S>m ^mar Owbyg Wm& ({ZH$mbZm, {ZH$bZm)2. dh gmao Ka H$m Xþbmam & (Wm, Wr)3. P§S>o H$s V¡ mar hmoZo & (bJm, bJr)4. bmoJ ^mJo & (Am`m, AmE)

XII. Imbr OJh ^[aE :1. {_bZm {_bmZm2. XoIZm {XIdmZm3. ImZm {IbdmZm4. {~R>mZm5. Ky_Zm Kw_mZm

XIII. Z o eãX ~ZmH$a {b{IE:AZ~ogw

Bgr àH$ma "AZ', "~o', "gw' H$mo Omo‹S>H$a AÝ` nm±M-nm±M Z o eãX {b{IE:CXm : AZmJ[aH$

1.2.3.4.5.

OmZ

17

^mfm kmZ

H$maH$ :g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ Cg ê$n H$mo "H$maH$' H$hVo h¢, {Oggo CgH$m g§~§Y

dmŠ` Ho$ AÝ` eãXm|, {deofV… {H«$`m Ho$ gmW àH$Q> hmoVm h¡& dmñVd _|"H$maH$' {d^{ŠV {Mh²Zm| go wŠV g§km `m gd©Zm_ hmoVo h¢&

{d^{ŠV`m± ({Mh²Z) H$maH$1. Zo H$Vm© H$maH$2. H$mo H$_© H$maH$3. go, Ho$ gmW, Ho$ Ûmam H$aU H$maH$4. H$mo, Ho$ {bE g§àXmZ H$maH$5. go, (AbJ hmoZm) AnmXmZ H$maH$6. H$m, Ho$, H$s g§~§Y H$maH$7. _o§, na A{YH$aU H$maH$8. ho! Aao! g§~moYZ H$maH$

g§km eãX H$m H$maH$ ê$n : eãX {d^{ŠV àË`` H$maH$ eãX H$maH$ H$m Zm_

1. Jwbm~ qgh Zo Jwbm~ qgh Zo H$Vm© H$maH$2. Jwbm~ qgh H$mo Jwbm~ qgh H$mo H$_© H$maH$3. Jwbm~ qgh go, Ho$ X²dmam Jwbm~ qgh go H$aU H$maH$4. Jwbm~ qgh H$mo, Ho$ {bE Jwbm~ qgh Ho$ {bE g§àXmZ H$maH$5. Jwbm~ qgh go Jwbm~ qgh Ho$ Ûmam AnmXmZ H$maH$6. Jwbm~ qgh H$m/Ho$/H$s Jwbm~ qgh H$m

Jwbm~ qgh Ho$ g§~§YH$maH$Jwbm~ qgh H$s

18

7. Jwbm~ qgh _|/na Jwbm~ qgh _| A{YH$aU H$maH$Jwbm~ qgh na

8. Jwbm~ qgh ho!/Aao! ho Jwbm~ qgh! g§~moYZ H$maH$

gd©Zm_ eãX H$m H$maH$ ê$n :eãX + {d^{ŠV àË`` = H$maH$ eãX H$maH$ H$m Zm_

1. h_ + Zo = h_Zo - H$Vm© H$maH$2. h_ + H$mo = h_H$mo - H$_© H$maH$3. h_ + go Ho$ Ûmam = h_go / h_mao X²dmam - H$aU H$maH$4. h_ + H$mo/Ho$ {bE = h_H$mo/h_mao {bE - g§àXmZ H$maH$5. h_ + go = h_go - AnmXmZ H$maH$6. h_ + H$m/Ho$/H$s = h_mam/h_mao/h_mar - g§~§Y H$maH$7. h_ + _|/na = h__|/h_ na - A{YH$aU H$maH$

I. Imbr OJh ^[aE :

CXm: 1. ~hZ + Zo = ~hZ Zo H$Vm© H$maH$2. + H$s = ~hZ H$s3. h_ + = h_mao {bE4. h_ + H$m = 5. + H$m = Vwåhmam6. Vw_ + go =

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V : N>mÌm| H$mo ^maV Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ehrX hþEXoe^ŠVm| H$m n[aM` H$amE±&

19

3. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§XS>m°. OJXre M§Ð -

Ame` :

^maV Xoe _| OÝ_o AZoH$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| Zo ^maV H$s H$s{V© {dXoem| _| \¡$bm`r& Eogo ì`{ŠV`m| _| go EH$ h¡§ ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X& Bg nmR> _| CZH$s _hmZVm Ho$ n[aM` Ho$ gmW Xoeào_ H$s àoaUm ^r àmá $H$a gH$Vo h¢&

^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X H$m Zm_ A_a h¡& Bg dragÝ`mgr Zo Xoe-{dXoe _| «_U H$a ^maVr` Y_© Am¡a Xe©Z H$m àgma {H$`mVWm g_mO-godm H$m Z`m _mJ© {XIm`m&

ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ 12 OZdar 1863 H$mo H$bH$Îmo Ho$ EH$H$m`ñW KamZo _| hþAm Wm& CZHo$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ Za|Ð Xod Wm& CZHo$ {nVmlr {dídZmW XÎm EH$ à{V{ð>V dH$sb Wo& CZH$s _mVm lr_Vr wdZoídar XodrY_©nam`U _{hbm Wt&

~mbH$ Za|Ð H$m eara ñdñW, gw‹S>m¡b Am¡a gw§Xa Wm& Hw$íVr b‹S>Zo, Xm¡‹S>bJmZo, Kw‹S>gdmar H$aZo Am¡a V¡aZo _| CÝh| ~‹S>m AmZ§X {_bVm Wm& do g§JrV Ed§Iob-Hy$X H$s à{V`mo{JVmAm| _| ^r ^mJ {b`m H$aVo Wo&

Za|Ð Ama§ go hr n‹T>mB©-{bImB© _| ~‹S>o VoO Wo& do AnZo ñHy$b _|gd©àW_ ahm H$aVo Wo& EÝQ´>Ýg narjm _| ^r do àW_ loUr _o CÎmrU© hþE Wo&~r.E. H$s narjm nmg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo H$mZyZ H$m AÜ``Z àma§ {H$`m&Bgr ~rM _| CZHo$ {nVm H$m Xohm§V hmo J`m&

AÜ``Z H$mb _| CZH$s é{M ì`m»`mZ XoZo Am¡a {dMmam| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aZo _| Wr& Bgr H$maU CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$m°boO _| EH$ ì`m»`mZ-g{_{V~ZmB© Wr Am¡a H$B© à{V`mo{JVmAm| H$m Am`moOZ r {H$`m Wm& nmíMmË` {dkmZ

20

VWm Xe©Z H$m ^r CÝhm|Zo AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm& {H$emoamdñWm go hr Za|ÐXme©{ZH$ Ed§ Ym{_©H$ {dMmam| _| V„rZ ahVo Wo& EH$ {XZ Za|Ð am_H¥$îUna_h§g Ho$ nmg nhþ±Mo Am¡a AnZr {Okmgm CÝh| H$h gwZmB©& am_H¥$îU na_h§gZo Za|Ð H$mo AnZm {eî` ñdrH$ma {H$`m&

ñdm_r na_h§gHo$ OrdZ-Xe©Z go{dd oH $ mZ § X BVZ oà^m{dV hþE Wo {H$CÝhm|Zo AnZo Jwé Ho$g§Xoe H$m àgma H$aZmMmhm& OZVm H$mogË` H$s amh {XImZoHo$ {bE {gV§~a gZ²1893 H$mo do g§ wŠVamÁ` A_arH$m J o& Cg g_` dhm± {eH$mJmo ZJa _| gd©Y_© gå_obZ hmo ahmWm& Bg _hmg^m _| {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ^maVr` Y_© Am¡a VËdkmZ na ^mfU {X`m&CZH$m ^mfU ~‹S>m J§ ra Ed§ öX`ñneu Wm& CZH$s dmUr gwZH$a lmoVmJU_w½Y hmo J o& Hw$N> g_` VH$ do A_arH$m _| hr aho Am¡a AnZo ^mfUm| X²dmambmoJm| H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a g§`_ H$m nmR> n‹T>m`m& BgHo$ ~mX do B§½b¢S> Am¡apñdQ²>Oab¢S> ^r J o Am¡a dhm± CÝhm|Zo gË` Am¡a Y_© H$m àgma H$a ^maV Ho$Jm¡ad H$mo ~‹T>m`m& AZoH$ {dXoer ñdm_rOr Ho$ {eî` ~Z J o& CZ_| go Hw$_mar_mJ© aoQ> E{bµO~oW H$m Zm_ CëboIZr` h¡, Omo ñdm_rOr H$s AZw m{`Zr ~ZH$a{gñQ>a {Zdo{XVm Ho$ Zm_ go g§gma _| à{gX²Y hþB©&

ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ^maV _| ^r ^«_U H$aHo$ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${VAm¡a gä`Vm H$m gXþnXoe {X`m& CÝhm|Zo A§Y{dídmgm| VWm ê${‹T>`m| H$mo hQ>mH$aY_© H$m dmñV{dH$ __© g_Pm`m& gmYw-gÝ`mgr dJ© H$mo ^r CÝhm|Zo em§{Vàmá H$aZo H$m Z`m _mJ© OVm`m& dh Wm XrZ-XþIr OZm| H$s godm Am¡aghm`Vm H$m _mJ©&

21

ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo g_mO godm H$mo na_mË_m H$s gÀMr godm ~Vbm`m&do ñd § ^r g_mO godm _| bJ OmVo Wo& gZ² 1897 _| ßboJ Am¡a AH$mb gonr{‹S>V ^maVdm{g`m| H$s CÝhm|oZo ~‹S>r VÝ_`Vm go godm H$s Wr& g_W© bmoJm| H$moCÝhm|Zo Jar~m| H$s Xem gwYmaZo H$m g§Xoe {X`m& Bgr Ü o go CÝhm|Zo H$bH$Îmo_| "am_H¥$îU {_eZ' H$s ñWmnZm H$s&

ñdm_rOr Zo AkmZ, A{ejm,{dXoer AZwH$aU, Xmñ` _Zmo^mdAm{X Ho$ ~wao à^mdm| H$m ~moY H$am`m&CÝhm|Zo AnZo ^mfUm| X²dmam OZVmHo$ _Z go hrZVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo Xÿa^JmZo H$m àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ {H$`m&AnZo EH$ ^mfU _| CÝhm|Zo H$hmWm- "ß`mao Xoedm{g`mo! dra ~ZmoAm¡a bbH$ma H$a H$hmo {H$ _¢ maVr`h±ÿ& AZn‹T> maVr`, {ZY©Z maVr`,D±$Mr Om{V H$m ^maVr`, ZrM Om{V H$m ^maVr`-g~ _oao ^mB© h¢& CZH$sà{Vð>m _oar à{Vð>m h¡& CZH$m Jm¡ad _oam Jm¡ad h¡&''

4 OwbmB© gZ² 1902 H$mo ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X nabmoH$ {gYmao& bo{H$Z AmO^r CZHo$ H$m © Am¡a g§Xoe A_a h¢&

***** boIH$ n[aM`

Bg nmR> Ho$ boIH$ S>m°. OJXre M§Ð h¢& BÝhm|Zo ^maV Ho$ {H$emoa ~mbH$-~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ g_j AmXe© àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ _hmnwéfm| H$sOrd{Z`m± {bIr h¢&eãXmW© :KamZm-Hw$b, «_U H$aZm - Ky_Zm, à{V{ð>V -à{gX²Y, Y_© nam`U - Y_©H$m nmbZ H$aZodmbm, gw‹S>m¡b - gw§Xa AmH$madmbm, é{M - Amg{ŠV ,ì`m»`mZ - ^mfU, AmXmZ-àXmZ - boZm-XoZm , {Okmgm-OmZZo H$s BÀN>m,

22

VËdkmZ-~«÷kmZ, lmoVmJU-gwZZodmbm| H$m g_yh, _w½Y -_mo{hV, __©- oX,ahñ`; OVmZm-~VmZm, bbH$ma-MwZm¡Vr, M¡b|O; nabmoH$ {gYmaZm-_aZm,Xohm§V hmoZm&

Aä`mg


1. {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

2. {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ H$~ hþAm Wm?

3. Za|Ð n‹T>Zo _| H¡$go Wo?

4. {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ Jwé H$m¡Z Wo?

5. {ddoH$mZ§X A_arH$m H$~ J o?

6. {ddoH$mZ§X H$s AZw m{`Zr H$m¡Z Wr?

7. {ddoH$mZ§X H$m Xohm§V H$~ hþAm?

II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo H$m¡Z-gm d«V {b`m?

2. {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

3. {ddoH$mZ§X H$s é{M {H$Z-{H$Z {df`m| _| Wr?

4. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ^maVdm{g`m| H$mo Š`m CnXoe {X`m?

5. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo {H$Z-{H$Z Xoem| H$s `mÌm H$s?

6. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo OZVm H$mo bbH$ma H$a Š`m H$hZo H$mo H$hm?

23

III. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:1. ê$‹T>r -

2. ì`m»`m -

3. godm -

4. Amkm -

5. Cnm{Y -

6. emIm -

IV. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:1. _mVm -2. Kmo‹S>m -3. ñdm_r -4. AZw`m`r -5. ~mbH$ -6. {eî` -

V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE:1. Jm¡ad x

2. XþI x

3. gË` x

4. Y_© x

5. ñdXoe x

6. g_W© x

7. g~b x

8. kmZ x

24

VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:1. wdZoídar Xodr Y_© H$m __© g_Pm`m&

2. am_H¥$îU {_eZ H$s ñWmnZm Y_©nam`U _{hbm Wt&3. {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo H$s&

4. A§Y{dídmg H$mo hQ>mH$a H$bH$Îmo _| hþAm&

VII. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE:1. Kw‹S>gdmar 2. öX`ñneu3. A§Y{dídmg 4. AH$mb5. {Okmgm

VIII.dmŠ` ewÕ H$s{OE:1. {ddoH$mZ§X Zo à`ËZerb ahr&

2. CZH$s ^mfU J§ ra Wr&3. ñdm_rOr H$mo{ee {H$&

4. Hw$_mar _mJ© aoQ> ñdm_rOr H$m AZw m`r ~Z J`m&

5. CÝhm|Zo Jar~m| Ho$ Xem gwYmaZo Ho$ g§Xoe {X`m&

IX. Vm{bH$m Ho$ AmYma na nm±M dmŠ` ~ZmBE:

`h _hoe H$m JwéOr h¡&o Ho$ ^mB©

H$s ~hZ h¢&_H$mZ

CXm : `h _hoe H$m ^mB© h¡&

25

X. [aŠV ñWmZ ^aH$a gmW©H$ eãX ~ZmBE:CXm :

XI. {X o J o eãXm| _| {Z{hV Mma Z o eãX T>±‹yT>H$a {b{IE:CXm : Y_©nam`U Y_© am` nU Yam

1. Kw‹S>gdmar

2. na_h§g

3. A§Y{dídmg

4. ^maVdmgr

5. {ddoH$mZ§X

XII. ghr H$maH$ {Mh²Zm| go [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:1. ZXr VQ> na Am_ H$m no‹S> h¡& (H$s/Ho$)

2. aobJm‹S>r B§OZ go Yw±Am {ZH$bVm h¡& (Ho$/H$m)

3. OmZdam| X`m H$aZr Mm{hE& ( _|/na)

4. OdmZ Am¡a ~y‹T>m| A§Va hmoVm h¡& (go/_|)

5. Yyn nÎmo gyI J o& (H$mo/go)

{dg am

H$

{dg am

H$

CA a

{Y

gA V

{V

Amà Z

Z

YmH$m H$

H$

^m{Z V

V

do

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

26

XIII. AZwê$nVm:1. am_H¥$îU na_h§g : emaXmXodr :: {dídZmW XÎm : 2. 1863 : {ddoH$mZ§X H$m OÝ_ :: 1893 : 3. {ddoH$mZ§X : Za|Ð :: {gñQ>a {Zdo{XVm : 4. {eH$mJmo : A_arH$m :: H$bH$Îmm :

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :h_mao Xoe Ho$ Hw$N> _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| H$m n[aM` àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm|

go H$h| VWm CZHo$ AmXem] H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {bE CÝh| àmoËgm{hV H$a|& O¡goS>m°.~r.Ama. Aå~oS>H$a, _hmË_m Jm±Yr, ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ Am{X&

27

4. AZwemgZ hr emgZ h¡ S>m°. a_oe {_bZ-

Ame` :""bmb, har, nrbr ~Îmr, o Q>¡{\$H$ Ho$ g§Ho$V - Mbmohar na, éH$mo bmb na, nrbr H$ao gMoV, g‹S>H$nma µOr~am H«$mqgJ na&'' Bg nÚ Ho$ Ûmam {dÚm{W© m|H$mo g‹S>H$ nma H$aVo g_` Ü`mZ aIZo H$s ~mV| {gIm`rOm gH$Vr h¡&

MbVr ~g _| M‹T>mo Zht Vw_, Am¡a H$^r _V Hy$XmoH$^r g‹S>H$ na OmH$a ~ÀMmo, Zht IobZo bJZmgmB{H$b na hmo `m hmo n¡Xb, H$^r Z ~o‹T>~ MbZm....Z OmZo Š`m| hob_oQ> {~Z, g_PXma o MbVo{ga Vmo Am{Ia AnZm hr h¡, BVZm Zht g_PVoKa na OmohVo ~mQ>, Z Xmo CZH$mo J_ H$s gm¡JmV .....XþK©Q>Zm hmo Om` g‹S>H$ na, H$^r Z Am±I MwamAmoH$amo _XX Km`b H$s, \$m¡aZ AñnVmb nhþ±MmAmoOrdZ h¡ AZ_mob, H$moB© Z hmoZo nm o AZmW ......OJh-OJh na Mm¡amhm| na, Omo g§Ho$V {XE h¢CZH$m nmbZ H$aZo dmbo, g~Ho$ {à` aho h¢OrAmo Am¡a OrZo Xmo H$m, do nmb aho {gÕmÝV&

*****

S>m°. a_oe {_bZ {h§Xr Ho$ gwà{gÕ ~mb gm{hË`H$ma h¢& CZH$m OÝ_ 7 OwbmB©1946 H$mo J«m_ _m±M‹S>, {Obm ~wb§Xeha, CÎma àXoe _| hþAm& CÝhm|Zo {h§Xr Ed§amOZr{V emó _| E_.E. {H$`m h¡& CZH$s hmñ`-ì §½` Zm{Q>H$m "~mV BVZrgr h¡' H$m XÿaXe©Z _| Ymamdm{hH$ Ho$ ê$n _| àgmaU hþAm h¡& CZH$m H${dVmg§J«h "gmoZo H$s _N>br' EZ.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r. Ûmam nwañH¥$V h¡& CZH$s AÝ`

H${d n[aM`

28

à_wI aMZmE± h¢ _ohZV H$s _hH$, {WaH$Vo n§H$ (H$hm{Z`m±), gag JrV {dkmZHo$ (kmZ), EH$ M_Z Ho$ \y$b (CnÝ`mg) Am{X& àñVwV H${dVm CZHo$ H${dVm- g§J«h "H$mo{H$b H§$R> gbmoZo JrV' go br JB© h¡&

eãXmW© :~o‹T>~-A§Ym Yw§Y, ~mQ> OmohZm - àVrjm H$aZm, J_-XþI, emoH$;

gm¡JmV - Vmoh\$m, Cnhma, ^|Q> ; Am±I MwamZm - gm_Zo Z AmZm,\$m¡aZ-Vwa§V, OëXr ; AZ_mob - A_yë`, Mm¡amh - Ohm± Mma amñVo {_bVo hmo§&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. ~ÀMm| H$mo g‹S>H$ na OmH$a Š`m Zht H$aZm h¡?2. hob_oQ> Ho$ {~Zm H$m¡Z MbVo h¢?3. ~mQ> OmohZo dmbm| H$mo Š`m Zht XooZm Mm{hE?4. Km`b H$mo \$m¡aZ H$hm± nhþ±MmZm Mm{hE?5. Š`m AZ_mob h¡?6. Mm¡amhm| na Š`m {XE JE h¢?

II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. Mm¡amhm| na {XE JE g§Ho$Vm| H$mo {dñVma go ~VmBE&

2. XþK©Q>Zm go ~MZo Ho$ H$moB© Xmo Cnm` {b{IE&

III. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:1. g‹S>H$ - 4. XþK©Q>ZmE± -2. gmB{H$b - 5. Mm¡amh| -3. ~ÀMm - 6. {gÕm§V -

29

IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:

1. Iob - IobZm

2. bJ -

3. Mb -

4. éH$ -

5. Mwam -

6. nhþ±M -

V. g‹S>H$ na MbVo g_` g~H$mo AZoH$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vmh¡& Bgr Vah Ho$ {H$Ýht nm±M Eogo {Z`_m| H$mo {b{IE {OÝh| AmnAnZo ñHy$b _| nmbZ H$aVo h¢&

O¡go : g_` na ñHy$b nh±þMZm&

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VI. AZwê$nVm:

1. MbVr ~g _| : M‹T>mo Zht Vw_ :: g‹S>H$ na OmH$a :

2. H$amo _XX : Km`b H$s :: nmbZ H$amo :

30

3. bmba§J : éH$Zm :: ham a§J :

4. Mma nW : MVwînW :: Mma amh :

VII. ghr ( ) Am¡a JbV ( ) {Mh²Z bJmBE:

1. g‹S>H$ na MbVo g_` IobZm h¡¡& ( )

2. g_PXma hob_oQ> nhZH$a dmhZ MbmVo h¢& ( )

3. Ka na BÝVµOma H$aZo dmbm| H$mo J_ H$m gm¡JmV XoZm h¡& ( )

4. XþK©Q>Zm hmoZo na Z Am±I MwamZm h¡& ( )

5. Km`b H$s _XX Zht H$aZr Mm{hE& ( )

6. h_o§ MbVr ~g _| M‹T>Zm Zht Mm{hE& ( )

VIII.CÎma {bIH$a C{MV a§J ^[aE:

1. bmb ~Îmr ObZo na Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?2. nrbr ~Îmr Š`m ~VmVr h¡?3. har ~Îmr XoIZo na Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?4. g‹S>H$ H$m a§J H$m¡Z-gm hmoVm h¡?

1

2

3

4

éH$Zm

bmb

a§J ^

aZm

31

IX. Zmam| H$s ñnYm© :CXm : 1. gwajm OrdZ H$m

AW© h¡,gwajm Ho$ {~Zg~ ì`W© h¡&

2. _V H$amo BVZr _ñVr,{OÝXJr Zht h¡ gñVr&

CXmhaUm| Ho$ AZwgma VrZ Zmao {bIH$a H$jm _| àñVwV H$s{OE&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :1. H$mS>© ~moS>© na g‹S>H$ H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a {d{^Þ g§Ho$Vm| H$m àXe©Z

H$admE±&2. Q´> ¡{\$H$ nw{bg H$s ^y{_H$m _| `mVm`mV g§~§Yr {Z`_mo§ H$m _yH$

A{^Z` H$admE±&

32

5. _m¡gr ^rî_ gmhZr-(g§H${bV A§e)

Ame` :àñVwV nmR> _| _m¡gr Ho$ {Z…ñdmW© godm _Zmo md H$m {MÌU h¡& Bg H$hmZr go~ÀMm| H$mo namonH$ma, ~‹S>o-~wOwJm] Ho$ à{V AmXa Am¡a Aghm`H$m| H$s _XX H$aZoH$s àoaUm {_bVr h¡&

Cg Am¡aV H$mo g^r _m¡gr H$hH$anwH$maVo Wo, ~ÀMo ^r Am¡a ~‹S>r C_« Ho$bmoJ ^r& _m¡gr g~H$mo _m± Ho$ O¡goß`mar ~Zr Wr& g~Ho$ gwI-Xþ…I Ho$g_` _| gmW XoVr Wr& ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bEVmo dh godm H$s _y{V© ~Zr Wr&

à{V{XZ Xmonha hmoVo-hmoVo _m¡grñHy$b Ho$ \$mQ>H$ na nhþ±M OmVr Wr&O¡go hr Nw>Å>r H$s K§Q>r ~OVr d¡go hr ~ÀMo mJVo hþE ~mha {ZH$bVo Am¡a _m¡grHo$ H§$Ym| na AnZo-AnZo ~ñVo S>mb XoVo& _mohëbo Ho$ g^r ~ÀMo Cgo KoaoahVo Wo&

Xmonha T>bZo na _m¡gr Zr_ Ho$ no‹S> Vbo Om nhþ±MVr, Ohm± g^r ~ÀMo IobmH$aVo Wo& _m¡gr H$mo ~ÀMm| Ho$ gmW IobZm, CÝh| H$hm{Z`m±, MwQ>Hw$bo Am¡a nho{b`m±gwZmZm ~hþV ng§X Wm& dh VmoVm-VmoVr H$s H$hmZr, H$mR> Ho$ Kmo‹S>o H$s H$hmZr,dramo{MV H$hmZr Am{X gwZmVr Wr&

_m¡gr ~ÀMm| H$mo {IbmZo Ho$ {bE AnZo nmg MZo, {Q>{H$`m, _y±J-\$br Am{X Hw$N> Z Hw$N> aIVr Wr& dh ~ÀMm| go AnZo ~oQ>o-~o{Q>`m| O¡go ß`maH$aVr Wr&

33

EH$ {XZ O~ ñHy$b H$s Nw>Å>r hþB©, ~ÀMo ~ñVo CR>mH$a ~mha {ZH$bo Vmo_m¡gr \$mQ>H$ na Zht {_br& em_ H$mo ~ÀMo IobZo Ho$ {bE {ZH$bo, Vmo _m¡grno‹S> Ho$ ZrMo ^r Zht Wr& {H$gr H$mo ^r _mby_ Zht Wm {H$ _m¡gr H$hm± JB© h¡?

H$B© {XZ ~rV JE, na _m¡gr H$m Hw$N> nVm Zht Mbm& CgHo$ {~Zm gmam_mohëbm gyZm-gyZm bJVm Wm& EH$ {XZ ~ÀMo _m¡gr H$s ImoO _| Ky_ aho Wo&V^r EH$ _H$mZ Ho$ A§Xa go D±$Mr-D±$Mr AmdmµO gwZmB© Xr, "h_Zo R>oH$m VmoZht bo aIm h¡ _m¡gr! ~rg {XZ go Vw_ `hm± hmo& A~ Vw_ {H$gr Xÿgao Ho$ KaMbr OmAmo&''

_m¡gr H$m Zm_ gwZH$a ~ÀMo {R>R>H$H$a I‹S>o hmo JE& ~ÝX XadmµOo H$sXama _| go Pm§H$H$a XoIm Vmo _m¡gr EH$ ImQ> na boQ>r Wr& CgHo$ ~mb CbPohþE Am¡a Moham gyIm hþAm Wm& _m¡gr H$mo Eogr pñW{V _| XoIH$a ~ÀMm| H$mo~hþV Xþ…I hþAm Am¡a Jwñgm Am`m&

Xÿgao {XZ ~ÀMo hm°H$s _¡MIobH$a bm¡Q> aho Wo, Vmo amñVo _| nwbHo$ nmg _m¡gr ~¡R>r ZµOa AmB©& CgHo$nmg EH$ N>moQ>r-gr JR>ar Am¡a bmR>r^r Wr& _m¡gr H$mo XoIH$a g~ CgoKoaH$a àíZ nyN>Zo bJo&

""Vy BVZo {XZ H$hm± Wr _m¡gr? `hm± Š`m| ~¡R>r hmo?'' EH$ Zo nyN>m& ""_¢`hm± go Om ahr h±ÿ ~oQ>m&'' H$hVo hþE _m¡gr H$s Am±I| ^a AmBª, ""Vy Vmo ~r_maWr _m¡gr? V~r`V H¡$gr h¡?'' ~bXod Zo nyN>m& ""~oQ>m, _¢ R>rH$ hmo J`r h±ÿ&AnZm Jm±d Om ahr h±ÿ&'' ""h_ VwPo H$ht Zht OmZo X|Jo _m¡gr'', g~Zo EH$ñda _| H$hm& _m¡gr H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy N>bH$ CR>o&

34

XþH$mZ Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ ImQ>{~N>r Wr& Xmo-VrZ b‹S>Ho$ ^mJH$aImQ> CR>m bo AmE& Cg na _m¡grH$mo µO~aXñVr ~¡R>m {X`m& ImQ>H$mo grYo Zr_ Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo boAmE& H$Ýh¡ m ^mJH$a AnZo Ka goXar Am¡a V{H$`m bm`m& Cfm Wmbr_| Xmo amo{Q>`m± bm`t& `moJamO EH$H$Q>moao _| XÿY bm`m& Jmonmb Ka go

b¢n CR>m bm`m& _wÞr nrZo Ho$ {bE nmZr bm`r& ~bXod Ho$ {nVm S>m°ŠQ>a Wo&dh AnZo {nVm H$mo {Šb{ZH$ go ItM bm`m ""_m¡gr ~r_ma h¡& Amn OëXrMbH$a Xo{IE&''

~ÀMo gmoMZo bJo {H$ _m¡gr H$mo H$hm± R>ham`m Om`& CÝhm|Zo {ZU© {b`m{H$ do ~mar-~mar go Cgo AnZo Ka _| aI|Jo& ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo hoS>_mñQ>a Or go{~ZVr H$s {H$ _m¡gr H$mo ñHy$b _| H$m_ {X`m Om`& hoS>_mñQ>aOr Zo _mZ {b`mAm¡a _m¡gr H$mo ahZo Ho$ {bE ñHy$b _| EH$ H$moR>ar ^r Xo Xr&

_m¡gr {\$a go ñHy$b Ho$ Am±JZ _|AmZo bJr& ~ÀMo Cgo Koao ahVo Am¡adh CÝh| H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr& H$^r-H$^r bmR>r Q>oH$Vr hþB© _mohëbo H$mMŠH$a H$mQ>Vr, g^r Kam| _| Pm±H$CZH$m Hw$eb-jo_ nyN>Vr& gm°§P T>boAnZr H$moR>ar _| Mbr AmVr Am¡a M¡ZH$s gm±g boVr&

Bg Vah ~ÀMm| Ho$ ào_ d ñZoh ^md go _m¡gr Ho$ OrdZ _| Iwer Ho$ {XZbm¡Q> Am`o&

*****

35

boIH$ n[aM`^rî_ gmhZr : gZ² 1915 AJñV 7 H$mo amdbqnS>r _| ^rî_ gmhZr H$m OÝ_hþAm& E_.E., nrEM.S>r. VH$ BÝhm|Zo {ejm nmB© h¢& gmhZr Or qhXr, A§J«oµOr,g§ñH¥$V, ê$gr, n§Om~r Am{X ^mfmAm| Ho$ kmVm h¢, BZ ^mfmAm| H$s BZH$s AZoH$aMZmE± àH$Q> hþB© h¢& {deofH$a Am_ AmX_r H$m OrdZ BZH$s aMZmAm| _| A§{H$VhþAm h¡& PamoIo, H${‹S> m±, V_g, ~g§Vr Am{X BZHo$ CnÝ`mg h¢& m½`aoIm, Q>H$VramI, dmL²>My, emo m-`mÌm Am{X H$hmZr g§J«h h¢& ^rî_ gmhZr Or Zo Ord{Z`m±^r {bIr h¢ `Wm ^mB© ~bamO, AnZr ~mV& H$~ram I‹S>m ~mµOma _|, _mYdr,_wAmdµOo Am{X ZmQ>H$ h¢& gmhZr Or {eamo_{U nwañH$ma, gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma,gmo{d`V b¢S> Zohé nwañH$ma BË`m{X go emo{^V h¢&eãXmW© :

_m¡gr-_mVm H$s ~hZ, C_«-d`, Am w; gmW XoZm-ghm`Vm H$aZm, \$mQ>H$-_w»` Ûma ; H§$Ym- wOm, ~ñVm-W¡bm, _moh„m - eha m H$ñ~o H$m EH$ mJ,KoaZm-{H$grH$mo Mmam| Amoa go ~m±YZm, ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀjAiÀÄÄªÀÅzÀÄ; Xmonha-_Ü`mh²Z, T>bZm- ~rVZm, Zr_ H$m no‹S>, ÉÃ«£ÀªÀÄgÀ ; Vbo-ZrMo, MwQ>Hw$bm - _OoXma ~mV,bVm\$m, £ÀUÉºÀ¤, nho{b`m± - {H$gr ~mV H$mo Kw_m-{\$amH$a H$hZm, MUÀlÄUÀ¼ÀÄ;_mby_ - OmZH$mar, gyZm-Imbr, ImoOZm - T>±y‹T>>Zm, _H$mZ-Ka, R>oH$m-R>haZo H$sOJh, {R>R>H$H$a-ghgm éH$ OmZm, nwb-goVw, Am§°I| ^a AmZm-Xþ…Ir hmoZm,~r_ma-amoJr, V~r`V-ñdmñÏ`, ImQ>-MmanmB©, Xar-{~N>mdZ, H$Q>moam-ß`mbm,{~ZVr-àmW©Zm, H$moR>ar-N>moQ>m H$_am, MŠH$a H$mQ>Zm-Ky_Zm&


1. _m± Ho$ O¡go ß`mar H$m¡Z Wr?2. _m¡gr g^r H$mo {H$g g_` _| gmW XoVr Wr?3. Xmonha hmoZo na _m¡gr H$hm± nhþ±M OmVr Wr?4. _m¡gr ~ÀMm| H$mo Š`m-Š`m {IbmVr Wr?5. _m¡gr Ho$ {~Zm gmam _mohëbm H¡$gm bJVm Wm?

36

6. b‹S>Ho$ ^mJH$a Š`m CR>m bo AmE?7. ~ÀMm| Zo hoS>_mñQ>a go Š`m {~ZVr H$s?8. _m¡gr H$o OrdZ _| H¡$go {XZ bm¡Q> AmE?

II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. _m¡gr ~ÀMm| H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr Wr?2. ~ÀMo _m¡gr H$mo H$hm± - H$hm± Ty>‹±T>Vo h¢?3. _H$mZ Ho$ A§Xa go ~ÀMm| H$mo H¡$gr AmdmµO| gwZm`r Xr§?4. ~ÀMm| H$mo Š`m| Jwñgm Am`m?

III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:1. _m¡gr Am¡a ~ÀMm| Ho$ ~rM _| Š`m ~mVMrV hþB©?2. ~ÀMm| Zo {_bH$a _m¡gr H$s godm {H$g àH$ma H$s?3. _m¡gr Ho$ Iwer OrdZ H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&

IV. [aíVm Om{ZE Am¡a {b{IE:1. {nVm Ho$ {nVm : XmXm :: _mVm Ho$ {nVm : 2. {nVm H$s ~hZ : ~wAm :: _mVm H$s ~hZ : 3. n{V/nËZr Ho$ {nVm : ggwa :: n{V/nËZr H$s _mVm:

4. ~oQ>o H$s nËZr : ~hÿ :: ~oQ>r H$m n{V :

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:CXm : H$hmZr - H$hm{Z`m± _mbm - _mbmE± ~mV - ~mV|

1. b‹S>H$s - _mVm- Am±I-2. H$moR>ar- {Xem- Xama-3. nhobr - KQ>Zm- XþH$mZ-

37

VI. {dbmo_ eãXm| Ho$ Omo‹S>r ~ZmBE :CXm : ~mha x A§XaJbV, gwI, N>moQ>m, Iwer, Q>o‹T>m,~hþV, amV, AnZm, Xþ…I, ghr,~‹S>m, D$na, J_, {XZ, nam`m,ZrMo, grYm, H$_

VII. n`m© dmMr eãX {b{IE:1. no‹S> - , 2. Kmo‹S>m - , 3. XÿY - , 4. nmZr - , 5. Ka - , 6. Am¡aV - ,

VIII. gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE:1. g~H$mo O¡go _m¡gr ß`mar _m± Wr Ho$&2. dramo{MV gwZmVr _m¡gr Wr H$hm{Z`m±&3. {XZ Xÿgao _¡M hm°H$s bm¡Q> IobH$a aho Wo&4. nrZo nmZr Ho$ {bE _wÞr bm`r&

IX. H$ÞS>> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:1. ~ÀMo Zr_ no‹S> Ho$ Vbo IobVo Wo&2. Cgo g~ _m¡gr H$hH$a nwH$maVo Wo&3. ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE Vmo dh godm H$s _y{V© Wr&4. g~ Ho$ Kam| _| Pm±H$ Hw$eb-jo_ nyN>Vr Wr&

1. x 2. x 3. x 4. x 5. x 6. x 7. x 8. x

9. x

38

X. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:

CXm : XÿY _bmB©, _mIZ, Kr, {_R>mB©1. no‹S> , , , 2. gmoZm> , , , 3. \y$b> , , , 4. H$mJµO , , ,

XI. nmR>embm _| Am¡a Ka _| AmnH$mo Š`m-Š`m H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hmOmVm h¡ Am¡a Š`m H$aZo Ho$ {bE _Zm {H$`m OmVm h¡& Vm{bH$m _|{b{IE:

Š`m H$aZm h¡ Š`m Zht H$aZm h¡1. 1.2. 2.3. 3.

^mfm-kmZ{H«$`m-{deofU Aì``

{H«$`m H$s {deofVm ~VmZodmbo eãXm| H$mo {H«$`m-{deofU H$hVo h¢&CXm : Kmo‹S>m VoµO Xm¡‹S>Vm h¡&

~y‹T>o bmoJ Yrao-Yrao MbVo h¢&{H«$`m {deofU Ho$ Mma àH$ma h¢ :

1) ar{VdmMH$ {H«$`m {deofUCXm: do Ü`mZnyd©H$ gwZ aho Wo&

2) H$mbdmMH$ {H«$`m-{deofUCXm: _¢ Vwåhmao Ka H$b AmD±$Jm&

39

3) ñWmZdmMH$ {H«$`m-{deofUCXm: aOZr ~mha ~¡R>r h¡&

4) n[a_mUdmMH$ {H«$`m-{deofUCXm: gmhZr Or Zo {H$Vm~| ~hþV {bIr h¢&

I. {ZåZ dmŠ`m| _| {H«$`m-{deofU N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE:1. _ram AÀN>m JmVr h¡&2. `moJamO H$Q>moao ^a XÿY bm`m&3. _m¡gr Yrao go ~mobVr h¡&4. amOYmZr EŠgàog Jm‹S>r A^r Am`r h¡&5. ~ÀMo no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo Iob aho h¢&

n[a`moOZm :* h_mao Xoe _| Iobo OmZodmbo Iobm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE& {H$Ýht Xmo Iobm| H$m {MÌ

g{hV dU©Z H$s{OE&* AnZo Ka Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V-* N>mÌm| H$mo {deofU Am¡a {H«$`m-{deofU H$m A§Va g_PmE±&* D±$Mr-D±$Mr, gyZm-gyZm O¡go {Ûé{ŠV eãXm| H$s OmZH$mar {XbmE±&

40

àXrn n§V-

Ame` :`mÌm go àmXo{eH$ kmZ àmá hmoVm h¡& bmoJm| Ho$ ahZ-ghZ, àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m|

H$m gm¢X © Am{X H$m àË`j AZw d {_bVm h¡& Bg nmR> Ûmam N>mÌ Moamn±yOrH$m n[aM` àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢&

_oKmb` - `mZr ~mXbm| H$m Ka&

Am¡a _oKmb` H$s amOYmZr {eb§J, EH$ ham-^am nd©Vr` ZJa, Ohm± hadŠV ~mXb C_‹S>Vo Kw_‹S>Vo ahVo h¢& BVZm ~‹S>m, ñdÀN>, gw§Xa nd©Vr` ZJaCÎma ^maV _| H$ht Zht h¡& Eogm har{V_m ^r em`X hr H$ht XoIZo H$mo {_bo&{eb§J go Moamny±Or H$s Amoa OmVm _mJ© XmoZm| Amoa nhm‹S>m| Am¡a Xa»Vm| go nQ>mn‹S>m h¡& `h D±$Mm-ZrMm gnm©H$ma amñVm& amñVo H$mo nma H$aVo hþE {XImB© n‹S>Voh¢ ~mXb, ~hVr h¡ gwhmZr hdm Am¡a H$^r-H$^r hmo OmVr h¡ ~y±Xm~m°§Xr&

h_mar Orn {eb§J go 53 {H$bmo_rQ>a Xya Moamny±Or H$s Amoa ~‹T> ahr h¡&_oao gmW amÁ` Ho$ EH$ A{YH$mar lr g§J_m Am¡a CZHo$ Xmo XmoñV ~¡R>o h¢& _¢ OrnH$s {I‹S>H$s ~§X H$aVo hþE g§J_m go nyN>Vm hÿ±ÿ, ""Š`m gmb-^a `hm± dfm© hmoVrahVr h¡?'' "Or hm±&'' g§J_m H$hVo h¢ - ""AmnH$mo OmZH$a VmÁOw~ hmoJm {H$_oKmb` _| InV go Á`mXm nZ{~Obr H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡& h_ A{V[aŠV{~Obr AÝ` amÁ`m| H$mo Xo XoVo h¢& "Eogm?'' _¢ gM_wM AmíM © go nyN>Vm h±ÿ&g§J_m H$hVo h¢ -""d¡go `{X `hm± g^r Jm±d {~Obr go OJ_Jm CR>|, Vmo ^rA{V[aŠV {~Obr H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm ahoJm&''

h_ nhm‹S>m| H$mo {ZhmaVo hþE AmJo ~‹T> aho h¢& g‹S>H$ Ho$ Cg nma nhm‹S>rHw$hao go {Kar hþB© h¡& VrZ nd©Vr` A§Mbm| _| ~±Q>m hþAm h¡ _oKmb`- Imgr

6. Moamny±Or go Am`m h±ÿ

41

nd©V, Jmamo nd©V Am¡a O §{V`m nd©V& Am¡a BÝht VrZ nd©Vr` A§Mbm| go ~Zoh¢ nm±M {Obo& ha A§Mb H$s AnZr AbJ g§ñH¥${V h¡, ar{V-[admµO, nd©-CËgd h¢, bo{H$Z ha H$ht nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm _mV¥gÎmmË_H$ h¡ - y{_, YZ,g§n{Îm g~ _m± go ~oQ>r H$mo {_bVr h¢&

ór H$m `hm± dM©ñd h¡, `h Ahgmg JwdmhmQ>r go _oKmb` H$s gr_m _|KwgZo Ho$ gmW hr hmoZo bJVm h¡& V_m_ XþH$mZm| na pó`m± gm¡Xm ~oMVr Am¡a~o{hMH$ ~{V`mVr {XImB© XoVr h¢& {eb§J _| ^r CÝh| XþH$mZm| na ~¡R>o XoIm OmgH$Vm h¡& em`X `h pñW{V nydm}Îma Ho$ AÝ` amÁ`m| _| ^r h¡, ^bo hr dhm±_mV¥gÎmmË_H$ n[adma ì`dñWm Z hmo& Hw$N> gmb nhbo _{Unwa H$s amOYmZrBå\$mb _| ^r `hr g~ XoIm Wm& {ó`m| H$m nyam H$m nyam ~mµOma hr h¡ dhm±,{Ogo "_mBVr ~mµOma' H$hVo h¢ - `mZr _m± H$m ~mµOma& {XZ â gm_mZ H$s{~H«$s H$a em_ H$mo AnZo-AnZo Ka bm¡Q>Vr h¢& {H$gr àH$ma H$m dJ©- oX Zht&`mZr A_ra Kam| H$s {ó`m± ^r Bg "_mBVr ~mµOma' _| {_b OmE±Jr Am¡a Jar~Kam| H$s {ó`m± ^r& V^r EH$ _mo‹S> {ZH$bZo na Moamny±Or H$m N>moQ>m-gm ~mµOma{XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡& Am¡a Bg ~mµOma _| ^r XþH$mZm| na ~¡R>r h¢ _{hbmE±-{\$a MmhoXþH$mZ \$b-gpãO`m| H$s hmo `m Mm` H$s& h_ AmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¢&

Hw$N> AmJo ~‹T>H$a g§J_m Zo Orn éH$dm Xr & h_ g^r ZrMo CVa JE&gm_Zo {XImB© n‹S> ahm h¡ Zmohe§J{W`m§J ànmV Omo "_m°g_mB©' ànmV Ho$ Zm_go bmoH${à` h¡& D±$Mo nhm‹S> go g¢H$‹S>m| \w$Q> ZrMo nmZr bJmVma, ~oamoH$Q>moH$ {Jaahm h¡& ""dh Xo{IE, gm_Zo ahm ~m±½bmXoe&'' g§J_m Ho$ gm{W`m| _| go EH$H$hVm h¡& A^r-A^r, O~ Orn go CVao Wo, hëH$s Yyn Wr Am¡a A^r jU-â ~mX hr, ~mXb {Kao Am¡a hëH$s-hëH$s dfm© hmoZo bJr& _¢ g§J_m Ho$ AmJoAnZm nwamZm gdmb XþhamVm h±ÿ, ""Š`m gmb-â `hm± dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡?''g§J_m h§°gVo hþE H$hVo h¢, ""n§V gmh~, `h Moamny±Or h¡&''

hm±, I`mb Am`m, `h Moamny±°Or h¡ - g_wÐ H$s gVh go H$moB© Voah gm¡_rQ>a D$na, Omo {díd _| g~go A{YH$ dfm© dmbo ñWmZ Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡& h_bmoJ H$^r H$bH$b-N>bN>b H$aVo ànmV H$mo {Zhma aho h¢, H$^r nmZr go {Kao~m±½bmXoe Ho$ y mJ H$mo&

42

dfm© {\$a ~ÝX hmo JB© h¡& Yyn {\$a {Ib AmB© h¡&

Bgr Vah dfm©, Yyn, H$mohao H$s bwH$m-{N>nr H$m Iob MbVm ahVm h¡ `hm±&

h_ bmoJ A~ Orn _| ~¡R>H$a bm¡Q>aho h¢& g§J_m amñVo _| Imgr, O §{V`mAm¡a Jmamo nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ ~mao _|~VmZo bJVo h¢& do H$hVo h¢ ""Im{g`m|H$mo `hm± gå_mZ H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmVmh¡& H$ar~ N>… bmI Jmamo bmoJm| H$s_mV¥ y{_ h¡ Jmamo nd©V_mbmE±& h _mZmOmVm h¡ {H$ Jmamo g_yh ~moS>mo Om{V H$mA§J h¡& Zm|JH«o$_ Im{g`m| H$m à_wI Z¥Ë` h¡& O §{V`m nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$ CËgd H$mZm_ h¡ ~ohS>oZIbm_&''

AmJo MbH$a EH$ ñWmZ na Orn éH$Vr h¡& h_ CVaVo h¢& ~Jb _| EH$JmobmH$ma {demb nËWa h¡& g§J_m ~VmVo h¢, ""`h àmH¥${VH$ {edqbJ h¡&gM_wM `h àH¥${V H$m AmíM © h¡&''Am¡a AmíM © Vmo _m°g_mB© Jm±d H$s Jw\$mE±^r h¢& h_m[a Orn BZ Jw\$mAm| Ho$ nmg éH$Vr h¡& ""Jw\$mE± BVZr A±Yoar h¢¡ {H$_emb `m Q>m°M© ObmE {~Zm CZ_| àdoe Zht H$a gH$Vo&'' - g§J_m H$m EH$gmWr H$hVm h¡& h_Zo _emb| Obm br h¢ Am¡a h_ Jw\$mAm| Ho$ A§Xa AmJo ~‹T> ahoh¢& AJb-~Jb, D$na-ZrMo nËWa! g{X`m| go o Jw\$mE± Bgr Vah h¢ Am¡a Xÿa,~hþV Xÿa VH$ Mbr JB© h¢& h_ bmoJ Hw$N> Xÿa OmH$a bm¡Q> n‹S>Vo h¢ O¡goAmíM`©bmoH$ go bm¡Q> aho h¢&

***** boIH$ n[aM`

àXrn n§V Or H$m OÝ_ bIZD$ Ho$ hbÛmZr, CÎmamI§S> _| 24 Aà¡b 1941 H$mohþAm& n§V Or Ho$ A~ VH$ N>… CnÝ`mg àH$m{eV hþE h¢& n§V Or H$s H$ÞS> _|AZy{XV H$hm{Z`m| H$m g§H$bZ "Ý`m`m _Îmw BVa H$WoJbw' erf©H$ go àH$m{eV h¡&n§V Or Ho$ Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ `mÌm-g§ñ_aUm| Ho$ Mma g§H$bZ h¢&

43

n§§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ na CËH¥$ï> boIZ Ho$ {bE n§V Or H$mo "OZ©{bñQ²>gdob\o$`a \$mD§$S>oeZ' H$m yamon- «_U nwañH$ma, CÎmaàXoe qhXr g§ñWmZ H$m"ào_M§X AZwe§gm nwañH$ma', qhXr AH$mX_r Ûmam Xmo ~ma "gm{hpË`H$ H¥${VnwañH$ma' àmá h¢& "gm{hË`H$ma gå_mZ' Am¡a CËH¥$ï> ì §½` boIZ Ho$ {bE qhXr^dZ, ZB© {X„r H$m "ì §½`lr gå_mZ' ^r àmá hþE h¢&

eãXmW© : C_‹S>-Kw_‹S> - Mmam| Amoa go {KaZm, EH${ÌV hmoZm, N>mZm ;har{V_m-h[a`mbr, hamnZ ; Xa»V - no‹S>, d¥j; nQ>m-^am, ~±yXm~m±Xr -dfm©, ~mXbm| go {JaZodmbr Ob H$s ~y±X>|; InV-_mb H$s {~H«$s; nZ{~Obr-Ob{dX² wV; {ZhmaZm - Ü`mZnyd©H$ XoIZm, Hw$ham-Yw§Y, H$moham; A§Mb -àm§V, gr_m H$m g_rndVu ^mJ; dM©ñd-Am{YnË`, àm~ë`; KwgZm-àdoeH$aZm, ^rVa OmZm; V_m_-gmam, g_ñV; gm¡Xm-H«$`-{dH«$` H$s dñVw `m_mb, ~o{hMH$ - {Zñg§H$moM, _mo‹S>-amñVo Am{X H$m Kw_mdXma ñWmZ, ànmV -D±$Mo ñWmZ go {JaZo dmbr ObYmam, ~oamoH$Q>moH$-{~Zm {H$gr éH$mdQ> Ho$;bwH$m-{N>nr - Am±I-{_Mm¡br, hide and seek, PÀuÁÚªÀÄÄZÁÑ É; gVh-{H$gr dñVwH$m D$nar ^mJ, _emb-EH$ àH$ma H$s _moQ>r ~Îmr Omo bH$‹S>r na H$n‹S>mbnoQ>H$a A{YH$ àH$me Ho$ {bE ObmB© OmVr h¡&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. {H$g amÁ` H$mo ~mXbm| H$m Ka H$hVo h¢?2. Orn _| boIH$ Ho$ gmW Am¡a H$m¡Z ~¡R>o h¢?3. _oKmb` Ho$ VrZ nd©Vr` A§Mbm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE&4. _oKmb` _| ha H$ht H$m¡Z-gr nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm h¡?5. Zmohe§J{W`m§J ànmV {H$g Zm_ go bmoH${à` h¡?7. Jmamo g_yh H$mo {H$g Om{V H$m A§J _mZm OmVm h¡?

44

II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. {~Obr CËnmXZ Ho$ ~mao _| g§J_m Zo Š`m H$hm?2. "_mBVr ~mµOma' Ho$ ~mao _| VrZ dmŠ` {b{IE&3. Moamny±Or H$s {deofVm Š`m h¡?4. _m°g_mB© Jm±d H$s Jw\$mE± H¡$gr h¢?

III. {ÛËd eãXm| H$mo nmR> _| go MwZH$a {b{IE:

CXm : C_‹S>Vo - Kw_‹S>Vo1. D±$Mm -2. ar{V -3. H$b-H$b -4. AJb -5. D$na -

IV. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:1. _oKmb` H$s amOYmZr h¡ &2. Moamn±yOr {eb§J go {H$._r. H$s Xÿar na h¡&3. _oKmb` _| ha H$ht nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm h¡&4. Moamny±Or g_wÐ H$s gVh go H$moB© _rQ>a D$na h¡&5. Im{g`m| H$mo g_mO _| H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmVm h¡&

V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:

1. Moamny±Or H$s g‹S>Ho$§ {ó`m± gm¡Xm ~oMVr h¢&

2. V_m_ XwH$mZm| na Imgr bmoJm| H$m à_wI Z¥Ë` h¡&

45

3. Moamny±Or _| O §{V`m nhm{‹S>`m| H$m CËgd h¡&

4. Zm|JH«o$_ Hw$hao go {Kar hþB© h¢&

5. ~ohS>oZIbm_ gmb ^a dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡&

VI. "~o' CngJ© Omo‹S>H$a {dbmo_ eãX ~ZmBE:

CXm : {hMH$ x ~o{hMH$

1. amoH$Q>moH$ x 6. d\$m x

2. B‚mV$ x 7. eH$$ x

3. ah_ x 8. VmO$ x

4. B©_mZ x 9. ghmam$ x

5. H$gya$ x 10. H$m~y$ x

VII. A~ AmnH$mo {H$gr `mÌm na OmZm h¡& gmoM-g_PH$a Amn BZdmŠ`m| H$mo EH$ H«$_ go {b{IE:

1. hmoQ>b go g§nH©$ H$a H$_am {ZYm©[aV H$aZm&

2. Nw>Q²>Q>r boZm&

3. H$n‹S>o, gm_mZ ~m±Y boZm&

4. `mÌm ñWb H$mo MwZZm&

5. ~g `m aob _| AmajU H$s ì`dñWm H$a boZm&

VIII. Moamny±Or _| gmb ^a dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡& "dfm©' àH¥${V H$s AZwn_|oQ> h¡& Bgr àH$ma àH¥${V H$o$ Hw$N> AÝ` bm^m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :

46

IX. g§Ho$V-q~XþAm| Ho$ AmYma na AnZr {H$gr `mÌm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE:

1. H$hm± J o Wo?

2. {H$gHo$ gmW J o Wo?

3. H$~ J o Wo?

4. H¡$go J o Wo?

5. Cg ñWmZ _| Š`m-Š`m XoIm?

6. H$moB© {deof AZw d (EH$/Xmo dmŠ`)

X. Moamn±yOr _| gmb-^a dfm© hmoVr ahVr h¡& Bgo "A{Vd¥{ï>' H$hVo h¢&Bgr àH$ma H$ht-H$ht na dfm© F$Vw _| ^r dfm© Zht hmoVr& Bgo"AZmd¥{ï'> H$hVo h¢&H$jm _| MMm© H$aHo$ BZ XmoZm| go hmoZodmbr hm{Z`m| H$mo {b{IE:

A{Vd¥{ï> AZmd¥{ï>

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

XI. MwQ>Hw$bm :

EH$ AmX_r g‹S>H$ na Om ahm Wm& V^r dfm© hmoZo bJr& éH$Zo Ho$~Om` Ka OëXr nh±þMZo H$s Amem _| dh MbVm hr ahm& Hw$N> Xÿa MbZona n¡a {\$gb OmZo Ho$ H$maU {Ja J`m& Cgr g_` AmH$me _| {~ObrM_H$s&

47

dh AmX_r ~‹S>~‹S>m`m ""ho JdmZ! Vw_ r AÀN>m _µOmH$ H$a boVohmo& nhbo Vmo _wPo H$sM‹S> _| {Jam {X`m Am¡a {\$a D$na go \$moQ>mo ^r ItM{b`m&''

Bgr àH$ma "dfm©' go g§~§{YV Am¡a Hw$N> MwQ>Hw$bo§ g§J«{hV H$s{OE&

XII. AZwê$nVm:

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ : ~|Jbyé :: _oKmb` :

2. amOñWmZ : aoV H$m àXoe :: _oKmb` :

3. _{Unwa : Bå\$mb :: ~m±½bmXoe :

4. Zm|JHo«$_ : Z¥Ë` :: ~ohS>oZIbm_ :

^mfm kmZ

g§{Y : Xmo dUm] Ho$ _ob go CZHo$ _yb ê$n _| Omo n[adV©Z `m {dH$ma Am OmVm h¡, dh "g§{Y' H$hbmVm h¡&

g§{Y Ho$ VrZ oX

ñda g§{Y ì §OZ g§{Y {dgJ© g§{Y

ñda g§{Y : Xmo ñdam| Ho$ _ob go hmoZodmbo n[adV©Z H$mo "ñda g§{Y' H$hVo h¢&

48

ñda g§{Y Ho$ nm±M ôX

XrK© g§{Y JwU g§{Y d¥{Õ g§{Y Ù² g§{Y A`m{X g§{Y1. XrK© g§{Y : O~ Xmo gdU© ñda {_bH$a Cgr dU© H$m XrK© ñda ~ZVm

h¡, Cgo XrK© g§{Y H$hVo h¢&O¡go-A+A=Am g_` + A^md = g_`m^mdA+Am=Am {h_ + Amb` = {h_mbÀm+A=Am `Wm + AW© = `WmW©Am+Am=Am {dX²`m + Amb` = {dX²`mb`B+B=B© H${d + B§Ð = H$dtÐB+B©=B© n[a + B©jm = narjmB©+B=B© _hr + B§Ð = _htÐB©+B©=B© aOZr + B©e = aOZreC+C=D$ bKw + CÎma = bKyÎmaD$+C=D y + D$Üd© = yÜd©

2. JwU g§{Y : O~ "A', "Am' Ho$ gm_Zo "B, B©', "C, D$' Am¡a "F$' AmVoh¢ V~ H«$_e… "E', Amo' Am¡a "Aa²' ~ZVo h¢, `h JwU g§{Y h¡&A+B=E dra + B§Ð = dra|ÐAm+B=E _hm + B§Ð = _h|ÐA+B©=E JU + B©e = JUoeAm+B©=E b§H$m + B©e = b§Ho$eA+C=Amo {hV + CnXoe = {hVmonXoeAm+C=Amo _hm + CÞV = _hmoÞVA+D$=Amo öX` + D${_© = öX`mo{_©

49

Am+D$=Amo _hm + D${_© = _hmo{_©A+F$=Aa gá + F¥${f = gá{f©Am+F¥$=Ama amOm + F¥${f = amO{f©

3. d¥{X²Y g§{Y : O~ "A', "Am' H$o$ gm_Zo "E' "Eo', "Amo', Am¡' AmVo h¢Vmo H«$_e… "Eo' Am¡a "Am¡' ~ZVo h¢&A+E=Eo EH$ + EH$ = EH¡$H$Am+E=Eo gXm + Ed = gX¡dA+Eo=Eo YZ + Eoíd © = YZ¡íd ©Am+Eo=Eo _hm + Eoíd © = _h¡íd ©A+Amo=Am¡ na_ + AmofY = na_m¡fYAm+Amo=Am¡ _hm + AmofY = _hm¡fYA+Am¡=Am¡ dZ + A¡fY = dZm¡fYAm+Am¡=Am¡ _hm + Am¡Xm © = _hm¡Xm ©

4. `U² g§{Y : O~ "B' "B©', "C' "D$' Am¡a "F$' Ho$ gm_Zo gdUm] H$moN>mo‹S>H$a Xÿgao ñda AmVo h¢ Vmo H«$_e… "`', "d' Am¡a "a' ~ZVo h¢&B+A=` `{X + A{n = `X² {nB+Am=` B{V + Am{X = BË`m{XB©+A=` ZXr + An©U = ZX² n©UB©+Am=` Xodr + AmJ_Z = Xoì`mJ_ZC+A=d AZw + A` = AÝd`C+Am=d gw + AmJV = ñdmJVF$+A=a {nV¥ + AZw_{V = {nÌZw_{VF¥$$+Am=a _mV¥ + AmZ§X = _mÌmZ§X

50

5. A`m{X g§{Y : O~ "E', "Eo', "Amo' "Am¡' Ho$ gm_Zo H$moB© {^Þ ñdaAmVo h¢ V~ H«$_e… "A ²' "Am ²', "Ad²' "Amd²' ~ZVo h¢&E+A=A`² Zo + AZ = Z`Z

Eo+A=A`² Z¡ + AH$ = Zm`H$

Amo+A=Ad² ^mo + AZ = ^dZ

Amo+B=Ad² nmo + BÌ = n{dÌ

Am¡+A=Ad² nm¡ + AH$ = nmdH$

Am¡+C=Ad² ^m¡ + CH$ = ^mdwH$

I. g§{Y-{dÀN>oX H$s{OE Am¡a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE:1. Xohm§V =2. ñdoÀN>m =3. AË`{YH$ =4. _hmoÞV =5. dram§JZm =6. Zm{`H$m =

II. g§{Y H$s{OE :1. _V + AZwgma = 2. _w{Z + B§Ð = 3. Jwé + CnXoe = 4. dra + C{MV = 5. bmoH$ + CnH$ma = 6. _hm + CX` =

51

7. _hm + F${f = 8. gXm + Ed = 9. bmoH$ + Eoíd © = 10. eo + AZ =

III. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE:CXm : Xod + Amb` = Xodmb`1. Jmob + = JmobmH$ma2. + AZw y{V = ghmZw y{V3. aOZr + = aOZre4. + AmJV = ñdmJV5. A{V + = AË §V6. AZw + A` = 7. + AZ = ^dZ8. + Amkm = {nÌmkm9. nm¡ + = nmdH$

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* ^maV Ho$ g^r amÁ`, amOYmZr Am¡a CZH$s EH$ {deofVm ~VmZodmbm

EH$ gw§Xa MmQ>© N>mÌmo§ go ~ZdmH$a H$jm _| Q>±JdmE±&* ^maV Ho$ à_wI Z¥Ë`m| H$s gyMr ~ZdmE±&

52

7. n`m©daU ~MmAmo

Ame` : n[aga Ho$ {~Zm _mZd H$m OrdZ Ag§ d h¡& ewX²Yn`m©daU Ord-OJV² Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡& AmOH$b Ob,dm w Am¡a Üd{Z H$m àXÿfU {Za§Va ~‹T>Vo OmZo Ho$ H$maU n[agaH$m g§VwbZ {~J‹S> ahm h¡& Bg{bE n`m©daU H$s ajm H$aZmg~H$m AmX² H$V©ì` h¡& àñVwV H${dVm _| ewŠb Or Zo BgÁdb§V g_ñ`m H$s Amoa h_mam Ü`mZ AmH${f©V {H$`m h¡&

AmO g_` H$s _m±J `hr h¡,n`m©daU ~MmAmo&

V~ VH$ Ord h¡ OJV _|,O~ VH$ OJ _| nmZr&O~ VH$ dm w ewÕ ahVr h¡,gmo§Yr {_Å>r amZr&V~ VH$ _mZd H$m OrdZ h¡,`h g~H$mo g_PmAmo&

Üd{Z, {_Å>r, Obdm w Am{X,Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì g^r&BZH$s ajm H$aZm,A~ H$V©ì` h_mam&emoa Am¡a {_Å>r H$m g§H$Q>,Xÿa H$a|Jo gmam&

S>m°. naewam_ ewŠb-

53

EH$ d¥j `{X H$Q> Om` Vmo,½`mah d¥j bJmAmo&EH$ d¥j h_ {ZV amon|Jo,AmO enW `h ImAmo&AmO g_` H$s _m±J `hr h¡,n`m©daU ~MmAmo&

***** H${d n[aM`

H${d S>m°. naewam_ ewŠb Or H$m OÝ_ OyZ 6, 1947 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$H$mZnwa _| hþAm Wm& Amn à{gÕ ~mb gm{hË`H$ma h¢& "^maVr` dÝ`Ord' H¥${Vna AmnH$mo nwañH$ma àmá hþAm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm g_mO H$ë`mU _§Ìmb`,n`m©daU Ed§ dZ _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr go AmnH$mo gå_m{ZV{H$`m J`m h¡& qhXr AH$mX_r, h¡Xam~mX g{hV AZoH$ g§ñWmAmo§ Ûmam AmnnwañH¥$V h¢&eãXmW© :

_m±J-Mmh, `mMZm, Amdí`H$Vm; gm|Yr {_Q²>Q>r - gwJ§{YV, Iwe~yXma;Obdm w - _m¡g_, Climate ; emoa - H$mobmhb, D±$Mr Am¡a VrIr AmdmµO;amonZm - bJmZm, enW - dmXm, à{Vkm&


1. AmO {H$gH$mo ~MmZo H$s _m±J h¡?2. Ord H$~ VH$ OJV _| ah gH$Vm h¡?3. H${d {H$gH$mo ewÕ aIZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢?4. gm|Yr {_Å>r H$mo Š`m H$hm J`m h¡?5. Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z h¢?6. H${d {H$gH$m g§H$Q> Xÿa H$aZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢?7. H${d EH$ d¥j Ho$ ~Xbo _| {H$VZo d¥j bJmZo H$mo H$hVo h¢?

54

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. n`m©daU H$m _hËd g_PmBE&2. n[aga H$s ajm Ho$ {bE h_| Š`m-Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:1. OJ _| - {ZV amon|Jo2. {_Å>r - ImAmo3. _mZd H$m - _m±J4. EH$ d¥j - OrdZ5. enW - amZr6. g_` H$s - nmZr

IV. ghr eãXm| go [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:

1. AmO g_` H$s `hr h¡ n`m©daU ~MmAmo&2. Am¡a H$m g§H$Q> Xÿa H$a|Jo gmam&3. Üd{Z, {_Å>r, Am{X Ord OJV Ho$ {_Ì g^r&4. EH$ h_ {ZV am|n|Jo&

V. ^mdmW© {b{IE:Üd{Z, {_Q²>Q>r, Obdm w Am{XOrd OJV Ho$ {_Ì g^r&BZH$s ajm H$aZm,A~ H$V©ì` h_mam&emoa Am¡a {_Å>r H$m g§H$Q>,Xÿa H$a|Jo gmam&

55

VI. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ ewÕ ê$n {b{IE:

{Od, dm y, nZr, H$Vd© , _Zd

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VII. new-njr _mZd Ho$ {_Ì h¢& {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m _| 10 nmbVyOmZda VWm 10 n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE:

nmbVy OmZda njr

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6.

7. 7.

8. 8.

9. 9.

10. 10.

56

VIII. {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m _| Hw$N> no‹S>>-nm¡Yo Am¡a \y$bm| Ho$ Zm_ {X`oJE h¡§& CÝho§ AbJ H$aHo$ {b{IE:

IX. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma n`m© dmMr eãX {b{IE:CXm : nmZr Ob Zra CXH$1. dm`w2. OJV

X. AZwê$nVm :1. nmZr : Ob :: dm w : 2. _oam : h_mam :: Voam : 3. 11 : ½`mah :: 17 : 4. gOrd : {ZOud :: OÝ_ :

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* dZ_hmoËgd Ho$ ~mao _| N>moQ>m boI {bIdmE±&* d¥jào_r {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo

ào[aV H$a|&* n`m©daU àXÿfU go g§~§{YV {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ Amb~_ ~ZdmE±&

no‹S>-nm¡Yo \y$b1.2.3.4.5.6.

Vw gy a O _w Ir

gm b Am¡ X§ ~ a

Zr _ gr M _o br

Jw bm ~ nr n b

~ a J X J| Xm

Zm [a ` b M§ nm

57

8. r_ Am¡a amjg{dîUw à^mH$a-

Ame` :`h EH$ nm¡am{UH$ EH$m§H$s h¡& ^r_ Ho$ X²dmam ~H$mgwa H$mdY - Bg EH$m§H$s H$m H$Wm-gma h¡& XmZdVm na _mZdVmH$s OrV Am¡a AÀN>mB© Ho$ gm_Zo ~wamB© H$s hma Bg EH$m§H$sH$m g§Xoe h¡&

nmÌ n[aM` :~«mh²_U - Ka H$m _m{bH$~«mh²_Ur - ~«mh²_U H$s nËZrHw§$Vr - ^r_ H$s _mVm^r_ - Hw§$Vr H$m nwÌ~H$mgwa - amjg

nhbm Ñí`(_§M na EH$ _H$mZ Ho$ Am±JZ H$m Ñí`Ÿ& Jar~ ~«mh²_U H$m Ka h¡Ÿ&

g^r amo aho h¢Ÿ& Mmam| Amoa CXmgr h¡Ÿ& naXm CR>Zo na bmoJ amoVo-amoVo~mV H$a aho h¢Ÿ&)~«mh²_Ur : (amoH$a) _¢ H$hVr hÿ±, Vw_ _wPo OmZo XmoŸ& ~ÀMo Vmo A~

~‹S>o hmo J o h¢Ÿ& CÝh| g§ mbZo _| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht hmoJrŸ&~«mh²_U : Zht, ZhtŸ& Vy H¡$go Om gH$Vr h¡? Vy Mbr OmEJr Vmo

Ka _| Š`m ahoJm? ~ÀMo A^r BVZo ~‹S>o H$hm± h¢ ? {\$a~oQ>r H$m {ddmh ^r H$aZm h¡Ÿ& Zht, _¢ hr OmD±$JmŸ&

~«mh²_Ur : AOr, Vw_ H¡$go OmAmoJo? Vw_ Mbo J o Vmo Ka H$m ghmamhr Mbm OmEJmŸ& Zht, _¢ hr OmD±$JrŸ&

58

b‹S>H$s : _m± ! Z Vw_ OmAmoJr Am¡a Z {nVmOr H$mo OmZo XmoJr, _¢OmD±$JrŸ&

~«mh²_Ur : _oao ahVo _oao ~ÀMo _aZo H$mo OmE±Ÿ& ^JdmZ, _¢Zo Eogm Š`mnmn {H$`m h¡Ÿ? (Omoa go amoVr h¡, g~ amo n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& V^rghgm ~mha go Hw$ÝVr Am¡a ^r_ AmVo h¢Ÿ&)

Hw$ÝVr : Š`m ~mV h¡ ? Vw_ g~ Š`m| amo aho hmo ?

^r_ : H$hm± OmZm h¡ Vwåh| ? Š`m {dnXm Am n‹S>r ?

Hw$ÝVr : Aao ^mB©Ÿ& hþAm Š`m, Hw$N> ~VmAmoŸ& (H$moB© Zht ~mobVm,Cgr Vah amoVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&)

^r_ : hm±, hm±, amoZm ~ÝX H$aHo$ ~mV ~VmAmoŸ&

~«mh²_U : ~mV Š`m h¡, _oam ^m½` \y$Q> J`mŸ& Bggo H$hVm ahm, Mb,Bg EH$MH«$ ZJar H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a H$ht Am¡a Mb|, na `hVmo `ht H$s {_Å>r _| Eogm a_ J`r {H$ OmZo H$m Zm_ ZhtboVrŸ& _oam Vmo ~wbmdm Am J`mŸ&

59

Hw$ÝVr : H$hm± go ~wbmdm Am J`m ? Hw$N> ~VmAmo Vmo, Vwåh| Š`mXw…I h¡ ? h_ Hw$N> Z Hw$N> µOê$a H$a|JoŸ&

~«mh²_U : hm` ~hZ ! Vw_ h_mao A{V{W hmoŸ& A{V{W H$mo AnZo Xw…Igo Xw…Ir Zht H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

Hw$ÝVr : AÀN>m ; Vw_ Z ~VmAmoŸ& _¢ AnZr ~oQ>r go nyN>Vr hÿ±Ÿ& (~oQ>r go)hm±, ~oQ>r ~VmAmo Vmo Š`m ~mV h¡Ÿ?

~«mh²_Ur : AOr, ~Vm Š`m| Zht XoVo? o naXoer h¢, Cg amjg H$sH$hmZr H$m BÝh| Š`m nVm ?

~«mh²_U : hm±, h_ bmoJ Cgo ~H$ H$hVo h¢, d¡go CgH$m nyam Zm_~H$mgwa h¡Ÿ&

^r_ : Amohmo, ~H$mgwaŸ! {\$a dh Š`m H$aVm h¡ ?

~«mh²_U : H$aVm Š`m ? Bg ZJar H$s ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

Hw$ÝVr : amjg ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& ajm H$aVm h¡, Vmo Vw_ amoVo Š`m|hmo? Š`m dh A~ Om ahm h¡ ? `m Vw_go Hw$N> AnamYhmo J`m h¡ ?

~«mh²_U : Zm ~hZ, Hw$N> AnamY Zht hþAmŸ&

^r_ : Vw_ nho{b`m± ~wPm aho hmoŸ& Eogm H$m¡Z amjg h¡ Omo ZJarH$s ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Š`m `hm± H$moB© amOm Zht h¡ ?

~«mh²_U : ~oQ>m, _¢ Vwåh| g~ H$hmZr ~VmVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg ZJar H$m amOm~‹S>m Xw~©b h¡Ÿ& ~g, JÔr na ~¡R>Zm OmZVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$moX~mH$a ~H$ Agbr amOm ~Z ~¡R>m h¡Ÿ& dhr A~ h_marajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

^r_ : {\$a dh Amngo Hw$N> ~Xbo _| _m±JVm hmoJmŸ&

60

~«mh²_U : hm± ~oQ>mŸ& ~H$mgwa h_ g~ bmoJm| H$s aIdmbr H$aVm h¡,Am¡a CgHo$ ~Xbo _| h_go EH$ Jm‹S>r AÝZ, Xmo ¢go Am¡aEH$ _Zwî` boVm h¡Ÿ&

^r_ : amoµO?~«mh²_U : hm± ~oQ>m, amoµO boVm h¡Ÿ& ZJa Ho$ g~ bmoJm| Zo {_bH$a ~mar

~m±Y br h¡Ÿ& O~ {OgH$s ~mar AmVr h¡, V~ dhr `hg~ gm_mZ oOVm h¡Ÿ&

^r_ : Vmo A~ g_P _| Am`mŸ& AmO Vwåhmar ~mar h¡Ÿ& Aao! Vmonhbo hr Š`m| Z ~Vm {X`m Wm?

~«mh²_U : g~ bmoJ AnZr ~mar wJVVo h¢Ÿ& Z wJVo Vmo dh amjggmao ZJa H$mo COm‹S> XoŸ& hµOmam| _Zwî`m| H$mo EH$ gmW ImOmEŸ&

^r_ : Am¡a Omo H$moB© AnZr OJh Xygam AmX_r oO Xo ?~«mh²_U : hm±, oO gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Cgo Vmo AmX_r Mm{hEŸ& ~hþV-go bmoJ

Eogm H$aVo h¢Ÿ&Hw$ÝVr : Vmo Š`m `hm± AmX_r {~H$Vo ^r h¢ ?~«mh²_U : hm± ~hZ, {~H$Vo h¢Ÿ& _oao nmg YZ Zht h¡Ÿ& hmoVm Vmo EH$

AmX_r IarXH$a oO XoVmŸ&^r_ : ~‹S>r AOr~ ZJar h¡ `hŸ! `hm± AmX_r {~H$Vo h¢Ÿ& _mby_

hmoVm h¡, `hm± Ho$ AmX{_`m| _| Amng _| ào_ Am¡a EH$VmZht h¡Ÿ&

Hw$ÝVr : bo{H$Z, Eogo Vw_ H$~ VH$ Cg amjg H$m noQ> ^aVo ahmoJo?~«mh²_U : `h Vmo H$moB© gmoMVm hr ZhtŸ& O~ {OgH$s ~mar AmVr h¡

V^r Cgo Ü`mZ AmVm h¡Ÿ& ~g, amo-nrQ>H$a Hw$N> {XZm| _|dh ^r g~« H$a boVm h¡Ÿ&

61

^r_ : H$~ go Eogm hmoVm Am ahm h¡ ?~«mh²_U : {nN>bo Mmbrg dfm] goŸ&^r_ : (h±gH$a) ~‹S>o ~hmXwa hmo Vw_ bmoJŸ! Aao ! Mmbrg dfm]

_| H$moB© EH$ ^r AmX_r Eogm Zht n¡Xm hþAm, Omo Cg amjgH$mo nmR> n‹T>m gH$Vm hmo ? AJa Vw_ {hå_V H$amo Vmo Cgo_ma gH$Vo hmoŸ&

Hw$ÝVr : gwZmo ^mB©, Vw_ {MÝVm _V H$amoŸ& CR>mo, ImAmo-{nAmoŸ& OmAmo~hZ, Vw_ agmoB© _| OmAmoŸ& Am¡a ~oQ>r, Vw_ AnZm H$m_XoImoŸ& H$b Vw__| go H$moB© Zht OmEJmŸ&

~«mh²_U : Š`m ? Š`m H$hm Vw_Zo ~hZ ? h__| go H$moB© ZhtOmEJm?

Hw$ÝVr : hm±, Vw__| go H$moB© Zht OmEJmŸ&~«mh²_U : Vmo H$m¡Z OmEJm ?Hw$ÝVr : _oam `h ~oQ>mŸ& _oao Vmo nm±M ~oQ>o h¢ Z ?~«mh²_U : (VËH$mb) Zht, ZhtŸ& `h Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& h_mar ~mar

hmo Am¡a Vwåhmam ~oQ>m OmEŸ&Hw$ÝVr : A~ Vw_ Mwn ahmo ..... Š`m| ~oQ>m, Vw_ V¡ ma hmo Z ?^r_ : V¡ ma ? _m±, O~ go ~H$mgwa H$m Zm_ gwZm h¡, _oar wOmE±

\$‹S>H$ ahr h¢Ÿ& _oao ZoÌ Cgo XoIZo H$mo CVmdbo hmo aho h¢Ÿ&dmh _m± ! Ohm± h_ aho dhm± ~H$mgwa {H$gr H$mo gVmgHo$Jm?

Hw$ÝVr : VwPgo `hr Amem Wr ~oQ>mŸ& (~«m÷Ur go) gwZm ~hZ, A~Vw_ amoZm N>mo‹S>H$a Iwer-Iwer H$m_ _| bJ OmAmo&

~«mh²_Ur : Zht, Zht ~hZŸ& `h H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡ ? `h Vmo nmnh¡, Vw_ h_|....

62

Hw$ÝVr : Amohmo.... _oao ~oQ>o H$s ~mV gwZr ? dh ~‹S>m dra h¡, Š`mnVm amjg H$mo _ma S>mbo ?

~«mh²_U : amjg H$mo _ma S>mbo ! ~mV Vmo Vwåhmar ~hZ, {à`bJVr h¡Ÿ&

~«mh²_Ur : Vwåhmam {Xb ~hþV ~‹S>m h¡ ~hZ, ^JdmZ Vwåhmao ~oQ>o H$sajm H$aoJmŸ&

b‹S>H$s : ~wAm, ~wAm, Vw_ {H$VZr AÀN>r hmoŸ&Hw$ÝVr : (h±gVr hþB©) nJbr, Om, agmoB© _| _m± H$s _XX H$aŸ& Am¡a

^r_, Vy Om, H$b H$s V¡ mar H$aŸ&^r_ : Mbmo _m±Ÿ&

(do VrZm| EH$ Amoa AÝXa VWm ^r_ Am¡a Hw$ÝVr Xygar Amoa~mha OmVo h¢Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)

Xygam Ñí`(_§M na O§Jb H$m Ñí`Ÿ& ~H$mgwa H$m _H$mZ {XImB© XoVm h¡, {H$bo

O¡gmŸ& naXm CR>Zo na ^r_ _ñVr _| BYa-CYa Ky_Vo {XImB© Xo & ^r_{Mëbm ahm h¡ Am¡a ~rM-~rM _| AÝZ Ho$ _wQ²>Q>o ^a-^a \$m±H$Vm ahm h¡Ÿ&)

63

^r_ : hmo-hmo-hmo hø`m hmoŸ& (h±gZm) høm hmo, høm hmo, Amo hmo hmohø`m hmo&(Xmo jU ~mX ~H$mgwa _H$mZ go Pm±H$Vm h¡&)

~H$mgwa : hÿ±, Bg AmX_r Zo emoa _Mm`mŸ& ~‹S>m AOr~ AmX_r h¡Ÿ&S>aZo Ho$ ~Om` h±gVm h¡Ÿ& XoIVm hÿ± H$m¡Z h¡ dh .....

^r_ : (AÝZ ImH$a) E hm hm hm hm bmbm bm bm, ImZm Im,JmZm JmŸ&

~H$mgwa : E, E, Vy H$m¡Z h¡ ? (H$moB© Odm~ Zht XoVm, Vmo dh gm_ZoAmVm h¡) Eo JYo, _¢ VwPgo nyN>Vm hÿ±, Vy H$m¡Z h¡ ? (H$moB©CÎma Zht) Aao Xwï>, gwZVm Zht ? (^r_ Cgr Vah{MëbmVm hþAm Ky_Vm ahVm h¡) Aao ~X_me, Š`m VyZo~H$mgwa H$m Zm_ Zht gwZm ?

^r_ : (EH$X_) ~H$mgwaŸ& H$hm± h¡ ~H$mgwa ?~H$mgwa : _¢ hÿ± ~H$mgwaŸ& A~ ~Vm, Vy _oam ^moOZ Š`m| Im ahm h¡ ?^r_ : Vmo Vy h¡ ~H$mgwa ? ~‹S>m PyR>m h¡ ~o Vy, _wPo ~hH$mVm h¡Ÿ&

A~o, Vy Vmo ¢g O¡gm h¡Ÿ&~H$mgwa : µO~mZ g± mbH$a ~mobŸ& Vy ~H$mgwa go ~mV| H$a ahm h¡ ?

_oar ¢go H$hm± h¢?^r_ : EH$ Vmo Vy h¡ hr& EH$ _wPo g_P boŸ&

(AÅ>hmg)~H$mgwa : Amo Xwï>Ÿ& Vy Eogo Zht _mZoJmŸ& _¢ A^r VwPo nmZr {nbmVm hÿ±Ÿ&

gm~yV Z M~m J`m Vmo ~H$mgwa Z H$hZmŸ& Am Vmo .....^r_ : AmZo H$mo Š`m h¡ ? bo .... Am, Hw$íVr b‹S>oJm ? Am b‹S>Ÿ&

(XmoZm| Hw$íVr b‹S>Vo h¢) emoa _V H$aŸ& A~ ~mob, X~mD±$ JbmŸ&(~H$mgwa MrIVm h¡) MrIVm Š`m| h¡ ~o ? Mmbrg gmb go

64

EH$ AmX_r, Xmo ¢go, EH$ Jm‹S>r AÝZ, amoµO Im ahm h¡Ÿ& H$hm±h¢ g~ ? {ZH$mbŸ& (_maVm h¡Ÿ&) A~o, gwZVm h¡ (~H$ MrIVmh¡, ^r_ AÅ>hmg H$aVm h¡Ÿ&) A~o, MrIVm Š`m| h¡Ÿ& Mwn ahŸ&_¢ H$hVm hÿ±, Mwn ahŸ& A~o, gwZVm Zht? (~H$ MrIVm h¡Ÿ&~‹S>m µOmoa bJmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Am±I| \$Q> OmVr h¢Ÿ&) Vmo boŸ&(µOmoa go YaVr na nQ>H$Vm h¡) A^r Voao Xmo Qw>H$‹S>o {H$`o XoVmhÿ±Ÿ& (Mra XoVm h¡, EH$ ^ §H$a MrI Ho$ gmW amjg _a OmVmh¡Ÿ& ^r_ AÅ>hmg H$aVm h¡)hm, hm, hmŸ& _a J`mŸ& MtQ>r H$s Vah _a J`mŸ& dmh,~oQ>m ....(Cgr g_` ~‹S>o Omoa H$m emoa CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& amjg bmoJ Xm¡‹S>H$aAmVo h¢Ÿ& H$m±nVo-H$m±nVo ^r_ H$mo XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)

^r_ : AmoŸ& Vw_ ~H$mgwa Ho$ {gnmhr hmo ? I~aXma, Omo A~eamaV H$sŸ& ahZm hmo Vmo ahmo, na Jm±ddmbm| H$mo V§J ZH$aZm, g_Po ? OmAmo ^mJmo, bo OmAmo Bg bme H$moŸ&({H$gr H$s ~mob Zht {ZH$bVrŸ& g^r ^`mVwa I‹S>o ahVoh¢Ÿ&) A~o, gwZVo Zht ? bme H$mo CR>mH$a ZJar Ho$ XadmµOona aI Xmo, {Ogo g~ Jm±ddmbo XoI b|Ÿ&

EH$ amjg : (hH$bmVo hþE) Or.... Or.... AÀN>m....

65

^r_ : Am¡a AmX{_`m| H$mo _V ImZmŸ&g^r amjg: Or... Or.... ZhtŸ&^r_ : Mbmo, bo Mbmo CR>mH$aŸ&

(do S>aVo-S>aVo bme CR>mH$a OmVo h¢Ÿ& ^r_ AÞ Ho$ \$m±Ho$_maVm hþAm CZHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o OmVm h¡Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)

*****

boIH$ n[aM`

à{gÕ ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$H$ma lr {dîUw à^mH$a (1912-2009) H$m OÝ__ramnwa {Obo Ho$ _wOâ\$aZJa, CÎmaàXoe _| hþAm WmŸ& AmnHo$ à{gÕEH$m§H$s g§J«h h¢ - "àH$me Am¡a naN>mB`m±', "D±$Mm nd©V, Jham gmJa',"_m± H$m ~oQ>m', "BÝgmZ Am¡a AÝ` EH$m§H$s', "AemoH$ VWm AÝ` EH$m§H$s',"_m±-~mn' Am{XŸ& gmo{d`Q> b¡ÊS> nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV AmnZo gmR> go A{YH$nwñVH$m| Ho$ Ed§ AZoH$ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ g§nmXZ _| ^r `moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ&"Amdmam _grhm' AmnH$s à{gÕ OrdZr h¡Ÿ& AmnHo$ CnÝ`mg h¢ - AY©Zmarída,(H|$Ð gm{hË` AH$mX_r Ûmam nwañH¥$V) VQ> Ho$ ~§YZ, {Z{eH$m§V, ñdßZ_`rd XmXm H$s H$MharŸ& H$hmZr-g§J«h h¢−YaVr A~ ^r Ky_ ahr h¡, _oar{à` H$hm{Z`m±, g§Kf© Ho$ ~mX, Am{X Am¡a A§VŸ&

eãXmW© :{dnXm-_wgr~V, a_ OmZm-_½Z hmoZm, {Xb ~hbmZm; nho{b`m±

~wPmZm-Kw_md-{\$amd H$s ~mV H$aZm, aIdmbr - nhaoXmar, {h\$mµOV ;~mar - H«$_dma pñW{V, wJVZm - PobZm, COm‹S>Zm - ~a~mX H$aZm, AOr~- {d{MÌ, {dbjU; g~«-ghZerbVm, YraO ; CVmdbm -OëX~m‹Or >>\$m±H$Zm-_w±h _| S>mbZm, ~hH$mZm-MH$_m XoZm, YmoIm XoZm; µO~mZ g± mbZm - ~mobZo_| C{MV - AZw{MV H$m {dMma H$aZm, gm~yV - g~, g_yMm; eamaV -Xþï>Vm, e¡VmZr; V§J H$aZm-naoemZ H$aZm, bme-ed, hH$bmZm-éH$ éH$H$a~mobZm&

66

_whmdao :1. nmZr {nbmZm - g~µH$ {gImZmŸ2. {hå_V Z hmaZm - AQ>b ahZm3. ^m½` \y$Q>Zm - ~wam hmoZmŸ4. AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm - H«$mo{YV hmoZmŸ5. amo-nrQ>Zm - XþI go g_` H$mQ>Zm

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. ~H$mgwa H$hm± ahVm Wm ?2. ^r_ H$m¡Z Wm ?3. amjg H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?4. ^r_ Zo ~H$mgwa H$s bme H$mo H$hm± aIZo Ho$ {bE H$hm ?5. Hw§$Vr Ho$ {H$VZo ~oQ>o Wo ?6. "^r_ Am¡a amjg' EH$m§H$s Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢ ?

II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. ~«m÷U Ho$ Ka _| g~ bmoJ Š`m| amo aho Wo ?2. ~H$mgwa Š`m H$m_ H$aVm Wm Am¡a CgHo$ ~Xbo _| dh Š`m

boVm Wm?

III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :1. ""Vw_ Mbo J`o Vmo Ka H$m hr Mbm OmEJm&''2. ""Vw_ ~wPm aho hmo&''

3. "" H$mo AnZo XþI go XþIr Zht H$aZm Mm{hE&''

67

4. ""_¢ A^r VwPo {nbmVm h±ÿ&''

5. ""A^r Voao Xmo {H$ o XoVm h±ÿ&''

IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :amoZm, AnamY, ^jH$, nmg, ewÕ, dra

V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

A Am

1. ~H$ b‹S>Zm

2. ^r_ H$m Ka

3. wÕ Hw§$Vr H$m nwÌ

4. ~«m÷U amjg

VI. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE :~«m÷U, ~oQ>m, AHo$bm, nwVbm

VII. "^r_' nm±M nm§S>dm| _| go EH$ h¡& ~mH$s Mma nm§S>dm| Ho$ Zm_{b{IE:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Bgr àH$ma Om{Z o:

nm±M VËd - n¥Ïdr, Ob, dm w, A{½Z, AmH$me

nm±M B§{Ð` - Am±I, H$mZ, ZmH$, Or^, ËdMm (ñne©)

nm±M A_¥V - XÿY, Xhr, Kr, eŠH$a, ehX

68

VIII. BZ dmŠ`m§em| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE:CXm: 1. Omo ~bhrZ hmo - Xþ~©b

2. {OgHo$ AmZo H$s H$moB© {V{W Z hmo - 3. Omo ajm H$aVm hmo - 4. {OgHo$ _Z _| X`m Z hmo - 5. Omo emoH$ Z H$aVm hmo - 6. Omo ^maV _| ahVm hmo - 7. JmoX {b`m hþAm -

IX. H$Þ‹S> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:1. CgH$m nyam Zm_ ~H$mgwa h¡&2. Bg ZJar H$m amOm ~‹S>m Xþ~©b h¡&3. ^JdmZ Vwåhmao ~oQ>o H$s ajm H$aoJm!4. ~‹S>m AOr~ AmX_r h¡&

X. AZwê$nVm :1. ghXod : _m{Ð H$m ~oQ>m :: ^r_ : 2. ^r_ : _mZd :: ~H$mgwa : 3. AY©Zmarída : CnÝ`mg :: Amdmam _grhm : 4. ^m½` \y$Q>Zm : ~wam hmoZm :: nmR> n‹T>mZm :

^mfm kmZg§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` :

_H$mZ Ho$ nmg Hw$N> ~moao n‹S>o h¢&MtQ>r H$s Vah _a J`m&Cn w©ŠV dmŠ`m| _| Ho$ nmg Am¡a H$s Vah eãX _H$mZ Ed§ MtQ>r

eãXm| H$m dmŠ` Ho$ AÝ` eãXm| Ho$ gmW g§~ÝY gy{MV H$a aho h¢&

69

Omo eãX g§km `m gd©Zm_ eãXm| Ho$ gmW AmH$a CZH$m g§~§Y dmŠ`Ho$ Xÿgao eãXm| Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vo h¢, do "g§~§Y~moYH$' H$hbmVo h¢&g§~§Y~moYH$ Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV Xg oX h¢:1. g_VmdmMH$ - H$s ^m±{V, Ho$ ~am~a, Ho$ g_mZ, H$s Vah Am{X2. {damoYdmMH$ - Ho$ {dnarV, Ho$ {déÕ, Ho$ {Ibm\$ Am{X3. ñWmZdmMH$ - Ho$ nmg, go Xÿa, Ho$ ZrMo, Ho$ ^rVa Am{X4. {XemdmMH$ - H$s Amoa, Ho$ Amg-nmg, Ho$ gm_Zo Am{X5. VwbZmdmMH$ - H$s Vah, H$s Anojm Am{X6. hoVwdmMH$ - Ho$ H$maU, Ho$ {bE, H$s Im{Va Am{X7. H$mbdmMH$ - go nhbo, Ho$ ~mX, Ho$ níMmV² Am{X8. n¥WH²$dmMH$ - go AbJ, go Xÿa, go hQ>H$a Am{X9. gmYZdmMH$ - Ho$ Ûmam, Ho$ _mÜ`_, Ho$ ghmao Am{X10. g§JdmMH$ - Ho$ gmW, Ho$ g§J, g_oV Am{X

I. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| go g§~§Y~moYH$ eãX N>±mQ>H$a {b{IE:1. _wPo A§Jya H$s Anojm IOya ng§X h¡& 2. n‹S>mogr Ho$ Ka Ho$ ~mha ^r‹S> bJr h¡& 3. ZXr Ho$ nmg gmYw H$s Hw${Q>`m Wr& 4. Jm`m| Ho$ g§J H¥$îU dZ _| OmVo Wo& 5. AÝ`m` Ho$ {dê$Õ OZVm Zo Am§XmobZ {H$`m&

II. [aŠV ñWmZm| _| C{MV g§~§Y~moYH$ ^[aE:CXm: añgr Ho$ D$na H$n‹S>o gyI aho h¢&

1. n¡gm| {^Imar Vag ahm Wm&2. Hw$E± _|‹T>H$ CN>b ahm h¡&

70

3. _wHo$e H$moB© Mbm Am ahm h¡&

4. Mmoa, nw{bg nH$‹S>m J`m&

5. no‹S> \$b n‹S>m h¡&

III. {ZåZ{b{IV g§~§Y~moYH$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ dmŠ`m| _| H$s{OE:1. H$s Vah -

2. go Xÿa -3. Ho$ H$maU -

4. Ho$ g_mZ -

5. Ho$ gmW -

IV. BZ dmŠ`m| H$mo n‹T>H$a g§~§Y~moYH$ eãXm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$a ^oXm|Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE:1. amYm AnZo {nVm Ho$ g§J Mb ahr Wr&2. {M{‹S>`m no‹S> Ho$ D$na ~¡R>r h¡&

3. AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ h_| b‹S>Zm h¡&

4. _wPo _m± Ho$ Im{Va ImZm n‹S>oJm&

5. {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_| kmZ ~m±Q>Zm h¡&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* ^r_ Am¡a ~H$mgwa Ho$ g§dmX H$mo nmÌm{^Z` Ho$ Ûmam àñVwV H$admE±&* "^r_ Am¡a amjg' EH$m§H$s H$mo H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n _| {bIdmE±&* _hm^maV Ho$ à_wI nmÌm| Ho$ Zm_ go N>mÌm| H$mo n[a{MV H$amE±&

71

9. Zµ\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _|

g§H${bV -

Ame` :AmX_r AnZr _ohZV go Omo àmá H$aVm h¡, dhr CgHo$ hmW bJVm h¡& {~Zmn[al_ {H$E {H$gr ^r dñVw H$mo nmZo H$s BÀN>m H$aZm bmbM H$hbmVr h¡&Bg H$hmZr _| Z\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| n‹S>o EH$ ì`{ŠV H$s Xem H$m dU©Z AË §V_Zmo{dZmoX ê$n _| d{U©V h¡&

EH$ {XZ ~m~y ^mB© H$mo Zm[a`b ImZo H$m _Z hþAm& CgHo$ ~mao _| gmoMVohr ~m~y ^mB© Zo AnZo hmoR>m| H$mo MQ>H$mam, ""dmh Š`m _rR>m-_rR>m-gm ñdmXhmoJm!''

bo{H$Z EH$ N>moQ>r - gr g_ñ`m Wr& Ka _| Vmo EH$ r Zm[a`b Zht Wm&""Amohmo! A~ _wPo ~mµOma OmZm n‹S>oJm Am¡a n¡go ^r IM© H$aZo n‹S>|Jo&'' OyVonhZH$a, N>‹S>r CR>mH$a, ~m~y ^mB© {ZH$b n‹S>o&

~mµOma _| bmoJ AnZo-AnZo H$m_m| _| bJo Wo& XoIVo-nyN>Vo, do Zm[a`bdmboHo$ nmg nhþ±M JE&

""Eo Zm[a`bdmbo, Zm[a`b {H$VZo _| XmoJo?'' ~m~y ^mB© Zo nyN>m&Zm[a`bdmbo Zo H$hm, ""~g, Xmo énE _| H$mH$m'', ~m~y ^mB© Zo Am±I|

\¡$bmH$a H$hm, ""~hþV µÁ`mXm h¡& EH$ énE _| Xo Xmo!''Zm[a`bdmbo Zo H$hm, ""Zm Or Zm& Xmo énE, ghr Xm_& bo bmo m N>mo‹S> Xmo,''""R>rH$ h¡! R>rH$ h¡!''~m~y ^mB© ~‹S>~‹S>mE& ""AÀN>m Vmo ~VmAmo, EH$

énE _| H$hm± {_boJm?''Zm[a`bdmbo Zo H$hm, ""`hm± go Wmo‹S>r Xÿa Omo _§S>r h¡, dhm± em`X$

{_b OmE&''

72

~m~y ^mB© Cgr Vaµ\$ Mb n‹S>o&

_§S>r _| H$mobmhb \¡$bm hþAm Wm&ì`mnm[a`m| H$s D±$Mr-D±$Mr AmdmµO| Jy±Oahr Wt&

Zm[a`bdmbo H$mo XoIH$a ~m~y^mB© Zo nyN>m, ""Aao mB©, EH$ Zm[a`b{H$VZo _| XmoJo?''

""{gµ\©$ EH$ én`m, H$mH$m,'' Zm[a`bdmbo Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Omo Mmhmobo OmAmo& OëXr&''

~m~y ^mB© Zo H$hm, ""`h Š`m? _¢ BVZr Xÿa go Am`m h±ÿ Am¡a Vw_ nyamEH$ én`m _m±J aho hmo& nMmg n¡go H$mµ\$s h¢& _¢ Bg Zm[a`b H$mo boVm h±ÿ Am¡aVw_, `h bmo, nH$‹S>mo, nMmg n¡go&''

Zm[a`bdmbo Zo PQ> ~m~y ^mB© Ho$ hmW go Zm[a`b H$mo N>rZ {b`m Am¡a~mobm, ""_mµ\$ H$amo, H$mH$m& EH$ én`m `m {\$a Hw$N> Zht&'' bo{H$Z ~m~y ^mB©H$m {Zame Moham XoIH$a ~mobm, ""~§XaJmh na Mbo OmAmo, hmo gH$Vm h¡ dhm±Vwåh| nMmg n¡go _| {_b OmE&''

~m~y ^mB© AnZr N>‹S>r go Q>oH$ bJmH$a gmoMZo bJo, ""Am{Ia nMmg n¡goVmo nyao nMmg n¡go h¢& d¡go ^r _oar Q>m±Jm| _| A^r ^r X_ h¡&''

n¡am| H$mo KgrQ>Vo hþE, ~m~y ^mB© MbZo bJo& gmJa Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$Zmddmbm ~¡R>m Wm& CgHo$ gm_Zo Xmo-Mma Zm[a`b n‹S>o Wo& "Aao ^mB©, EH$Zm[a`b {H$VZo _| XmoJo?'' ~m~y ^mB© Zo nyN>m Am¡a H$hm, "" o Vmo H$mµ\$s AÀN>o{XIVo h¢&''

73

""H$mH$m, `h H$moB© nyN>Zo dmbr ~mV h¡? Ho$db nMmg n¡go'' ZmddmboZo H$hm&

""nMmg n¡go! ~m~y ^mB© hŠHo$-~ŠHo$ hmo JE& BVZr Xÿa go n¡Xb Am`mh±ÿ& BVZm WH$ J`m h±ÿ Am¡a Vw_ H$hVo hmo nMmg n¡go? _oar _ohZV ~oH$ma hmoJB©& Zm ^mB© Zm! nMmg n¡go ~hþV µÁ`mXm h¢& _¢ Vwåh| nÀMrg n¡go Xÿ±Jm& `hbmo, aI bmo&'' Eogm H$hVo hþE, ~m~y ^mB© PwH$H$a Zm[a`b CR>mZo hr dmboWo...

Zmddmbo Zo H$hm, ""ZrMo aI Xmo& _oao gmW H$moB© gm¡Xm-dm¡Xm Zhr§& gñVo_| Mm{hE? Zm[a`b Ho$ ~JrMo _| Mbo OmAmo& dhm± T>oa gmao {_b OmE±Jo,_Zng§X Xm_ _|&''

~m~y ^mB© Zo {\$a AnZo Amn H$mo g_Pm`m, ""BVZr Xÿa Am`m h±ÿ& A~~JrMo VH$ OmZo _| hO© hr Š`m h¡?'' gM ~mV Vmo `h Wr {H$ do H$mµ\$s WH$MwHo$ Wo, _Ja nÀMrg n¡go ~MmZo Ho$ »`mb go hr CZ_| \w$Vu Am JB©&

~m~y ^mB© Zm[a`b Ho$ ~JrMo _| nhþ±M JE& dhm± Ho$ _mbr H$mo XoIH$aCggo nyN>m, ""`h Zm[a`b {H$VZo _| ~oMmoJo?''

_mbr Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Omo ng§X AmE bo OmAmo, H$mH$m, ~g, nÀMrgn¡go H$m EH$&''

""ho ^JdmZ! nÀMrg n¡go! nyam amñVm n¡Xb AmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r! _oar ~mV_mZmo, EH$ Zm[a`b _wµâV _| hr Xo Xmo, hm±& XoImo, _¢ {H$VZm WH$ J`m h±y&''

~m~y ^mB© H$s ~mV gwZH$a _mbr Zo H$hm, ""Aao, H$mH$m! _wµâV _| Mm{hEZ? no‹S> na M‹T> OmAmo Am¡a {OVZo Mmhmo Vmo‹S> bmo&

""gM? {OVZm Mmh±ÿ bo b±y?'' ~m~y ^mB© Vmo Iwer go \y$bo Z g_mE&

CÝhm|Zo OëXr-OëXr no‹S> na M‹T>Zm ewê$ H$a {X`m&

74

no‹S> na M‹T>Vo-M‹T>Vo ~m~y ^mB© Zo gmoMm ""~hþV AÀN>o! _oar Vmo {H$ñ_VIwb JB©& {OVZo Zm[a`b Mmho Vmo‹S> b±y Am¡a n¡go ^r Z X±ÿ& Š`m ~mV h¡!''

~m~y ^mB© D$na nhþ±M JE Am¡a XmoZm| hmWm| H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo bJo g~go ~‹S>oZm[a`b H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE& µÁµÁµÁH$! n¡a {\$gb JE& ~m~y ^mB© Zo EH$X_ goZm[a`b H$mo nH$‹S> {b`m& CZHo$ XmoZm| n¡a hdm _| PybVo ah JE&

~m~y ^mB© {MëbmZo bJo, ""Aao ^mB©! _XX H$amo!'' CÝhm|Zo ZrMo I‹S>o_mbr go {dZVr H$s&

_mbr Zo H$hm, ""dmo _oam H$m_ Zht, H$mH$m, _¢Zo {gµ\©$ Zm[a`b boZo H$s~mV H$s Wr& ~mH$s g~ Vwåhmao Am¡a Vwåhmao Zm[a`b Ho$ ~rM H$m _m_bm h¡&''

V^r D±$Q> na gdma EH$ AmX_r dhm± go JwµOam&""Aao Amo!'' ~m~y ^mB© µOmoa-µOmoa go ~wbmZo bJo, ""Amo D±$Q>dmbo! _oao n¡a

dmng no‹S> na {Q>H$m Xmo Z! ~‹S>r _oha~mZr hmoJr&''D±$Q>dmbo Zo gmoMm, ""Mbmo, _XX H$a XoVm h±ÿ& _oam Š`m OmVm h¡&''D±$Q> H$s nrR> na I‹S>o hmoH$a CgZo ~m~y ^mB©

Ho$ n¡am| H$mo nH$‹S> {b`m& R>rH$ Cgr g_` D±$Q> H$mohao-hao nÎmo ZµOa AmE& nÎmo ImZo Ho$ bmbM _|D±$Q> Zo JX©Z PwH$mB© Am¡a AnZr OJh go hQ> J`m&

~g, dh AmX_r D±$Q> H$s nrR> go {\$gbJ`m! AnZr OmZ ~MmZo Ho$ {bE CgZo ~m~y ^mB©Ho$ n¡am| H$mo H$gH$a nH$‹S> {b`m& BVZo _| EH$Kw‹S>gdma Am`m&

Kw‹S>gdma H$mo XoIH$a ~m~y ^mB© Zo XþhmB© Xr,""Amo _oao ^mB©, _wPo no‹S> na dmng nhþ±Mm Xmo&''

75

""håå_& EH$ {_ZQ> ^r Zht bJoJm& _¢ Kmo‹S>o H$s nrR> na M‹T>H$a BZH$s_XX H$a XoVm h±ÿ'' `h gmoMH$a Kw‹S>gdma Kmo‹S>o na CR> I‹S>m hþAm&

Kmg Ho$ MŠH$a _| Kmo‹S>m µOam AmJo ~‹T>m Am¡a N>mo‹S> Mbm AnZo _m{bH$ H$moD±$Q>dmbo Ho$ n¡am| go bQ>H$Vo hþE&

EH$, Xmo Am¡a A~ VrZm| Ho$ VrZm| - PybVo aho Zm[a`b Ho$ no‹S> go&""H$mH$m! H$mH$m! H$gHo$ nH$‹S>o ahZm, hm±'', Kw‹S>gdma Zo ngrZm-ngrZm

hmoVo hþE H$hm, ""O~ VH$ H$moB© ~MmZo dmbm Z AmE, H$ht N>mo‹S> Z XoZm& _¢AmnH$mo gm¡ énE X±ÿJm&''

""H$mH$m! H$mH$m!'' A~ D±$Q>dmbo H$s ~mar Wr& ""_¢ AmnH$mo Xmo gm¡ énEXÿ±Jm, bo{H$Z Zm[a`b H$mo N>mo‹S>Zm Zht&''

""gm¡ Am¡a Xmo gm¡! ~mn ao ~mn, VrZ gm¡ énE!'' ~m~y ^mB© H$m {gaMH$am J`m& ""BVZm gmam n¡gm!'' Iwer go CÝhm|Zo AnZr XmoZm| ~mhm| H$mo\¡$bm`m... Am¡a Zm[a`b J`m hmW go Ny>Q>&

Y‹S>m_ go VrZm| µO_rZ na {Jao& ~m~y ^mB© AnZo Amn H$mo g± mb hr ahoWo {H$ EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m Zm[a`b CZHo$ {ga na Am \y$Q>m&

*****eãXmW© :

Z\o$ H$m MŠH$a - bm^ Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZm, Zm[a`b - J¼À¤ÃgÀÄ, Tender

Coconut ; N>‹S>r - grYr nVbr bH$S>r m bmR>r, Xm_-H$s_V, _yë` ; em`X-g§ dV…, ~§XaJmh-g_wÐ H$m VQ> Ohm± OhmO éH$Vo-R>haVo h¢, (Port) ; Q>m±J- n¡a, nm±d; X_ - e{ŠV, KgrQ>Zm-µO_rZ go aJ‹S>Vo hþE ItMZm, hŠH$m -~ŠH$m hmoZm-M{H$V hmoZm, ~oH$ma-ì`W©, gm¡Xm-ì`mnma, hO©-hm{Z, ZwH$gmZ;\w$Vu -CËgmh, _wâV - {Z…ewëH$, \y$bo Z g_mZm-A{YH$ àgÞ hmoZm, PybZm-bQ>H$Zm, _m_bm - {df`, ì`dhma ; _oha~mZr-H¥$nm, H$gH$a - _O~yVrgo, ngrZm-ngrZm hmoZm - ^`^rV hmoZm, MH$amZm-Ky_ OmZm&

76


1. {H$gH$mo Zm[a`b ImZo H$m _Z hþAm?2. ~mµOma _| bmoJ Š`m H$a aho Wo?3. ~mµOma _| Zm[a`bdmbo Zo ~m~y ^mB© H$mo H$hm± OmZo H$mo H$hm?4. nMmg n¡go _| Zm[a`b H$hm± {_bZodmbo Wo?5. {H$VZo n¡go ~MmZo H$s gmoM _| ~m~y ^mB© _| µ\w$Vu Am J`r?6. ~m~y ^mB© Zo _wµâV _| Zm[a`b {H$ggo _m±Jm?7. Kw‹S>>gdma Zo {H$VZo énE XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr?8. D±$Q> gdma Zo {H$VZo énE XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:1. Zm[a`b H$mo PQ> go N>rZH$a ~m~y ^mB© goo Zm[a`bdmbo Zo Š`m

H$hm?2. ~m~y ^mB© _Z-hr-_Z Š`m gmoMZo bJo?3. Zmddmbo go ~m~y ^mB© Zo Zm[a`b H$mo nÀMrg n¡go _| XoZo Ho$

{bE {H$g Vah AmJ«h {H$`m?4. ~m~y ^mB© Zo {H$Z-{H$Z-go _XX _m±Jr?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:1. ~m~y ^mB© Xmo gm¡ én o2. _mbr gm¡ én o3. ho ^JdmZ! ~JrMm4. D±$Q>dmbm Zm[a`b5. Kw‹S>gdma nÀMrg n¡go!

ngrZm

77

IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. {XZ x

2. _rR>m x

3. N>moQ>r x

4. ~hþV x

5. ghr x

6. AÀN>m x

7. Xÿa x

8. Odm~ x

9. gm_Zo x

10. ng§X x

11. IarXZm x

V. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:

1. Ka -

2. OyVm -

3. én`m -

4. n¡gm -

5. AmdmµO -

78

6. ~mV -

7. no‹S> -

8. ZµOa -

9. Kmo‹S>m -

VI. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE :

1. ^mB© -

2. H$mH$m -

3. _mbr -

4. Kmo‹S>m -

5. D±$Q> -

6. AmX_r -

7. ~mn -

VII. nmR> _| "dmbm' nagJ© H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& O¡go - Zm[a`bdmbm,Zmddmbm, D±$Q>dmbm Am{X&"dmbm' nagJ© Omo‹S>H$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

CXm: D±$Q>dmbm BYa hr Am ahm h¡& (D±$Q>) - (nw{ëb§J ê$n)

1. AmO H$m_ na Zht Am`r& (H$m_) (órqbJ ê$n)

2. AmO JrV ~hþV hmo J o& (JmZo) (~hþdMZ ê$n)

3. Jhar ZtX OëXr OmJVo Zht& (gmoZo) (~hþdMZ ê$n)

79

4. AÀN>m n[aUm_ n[al_ H$aVm h¡& (MmhZo) (EH$dMZ ê$n)

5. g§Vw{bV Amhma ñdñW ahVm h¡& (ImZo) (EH$dMZ ê$n)

VIII. ~m~y ^mB© Ho$ Zm[a`b IarXZo H$m gm¡Xm {H$VZo énE go boH$aH$hm± VH$ Am nhþ±Mm?{ZåZ{b{IV CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma Vm{bH$m _| {b{IE:

1. nhbr ~mar ~mµOma _| Zm[a`bdmbo go Xmo énE

2.

3.

4.

5.

IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:

1. Ka _| Vmo EH$ ^r Zm[a`b Zht Wm&

2. `hm± go Wmo‹S>r Xÿa Omo _§S>r h¡ dhm± em`X {_b OmE&

3. BVZr Xÿa go n¡Xb Am`m h±ÿ&

4. ~m~y ^mB© Zo OëXr-OëXr no‹S> na M‹T>Zm ewê$ {H$`m&

5. ~m~y ^mB© Zoo Zm[a`b H$mo nH$‹S> {b`m&

80

X. nmR> _| "Zm Or Zm' eãX H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& `h ZH$mamË_H$ ^mdH$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& d¡go hr "hm± Or hm±' eãX gH$mamË_H$ ^mdH$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m _| Hw$N> dmŠ` {X o J oh¢, CZHo$ gm_Zo gmoMH$a BZ eãXm| H$mo {b{IE:

H«$.g§. dmŠ` Amn Š`m H$hVo h¡&CXm: 1. _¢ nwñVH$ n‹T>Zm MmhVm h±ÿ & hm± Or hm±

2. _¢ Xÿgam| H$s qZXm H$aVm h±ÿ &3. n`m©daU H$s ajm H$aZm Mm{hE&4. no‹S> h_mao {_Ì h¢&5. narjm _| ZH$b H$aZm h¡&6. _mVm-{nVm H$s ~mV _mZZr h¡&7. JwéOZm| H$m AmXa H$aZm h¡&

XI. AZwê$nVm :

1. Xmo-Mma : eãX w½_ :: AnZo-AnZo :

2. H$mH$m : H$mH$s :: MmMm :

3. _mµ\$ : ZwŠVm eãX :: _§S>r :

4. ho ^JdmZ ! : {dñ_`~moYH$ :: H$m¡Z? :

{Q>ßnUr : "Zµ\o$ Ho$ M $a _|', JwOamVr bmoH$H$Wm h¡& JwOamV _| "^mB©'Am¡a "~oZ' AmXa gyMH$ eãX h¢& nwéf Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ gmW "^mB©' Am¡a Am¡aVHo$ Zm_ Ho$ gmW "~oZ' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡& O¡go H$ÞS> _| "adao'`m "`dao', VobwJw _| "Jmé' Am¡a qhXr _| "Or' eãX H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&

81

^mfm kmZ{X²dËd eãX - EH$ gmW w½_ ê$n _| à wŠV eãX {ÛËd eãX H$hbmVo h¢& {ÛËd eãX

I. nmR> _| go {X²dËd eãXm| H$mo T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE:CXm: 1. _rR>m-_rR>m 6.

2. XoIVo-nyN>Vo 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* N>mÌ XþH$mZ OmVo h¢, Vmo XþH$mZXma Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM H$m g§dmX H¡$gm

ahoJm? {bIdmE±&* H$jm _| ñWmZr` bmoH$H$Wm H$mo gwZdmE±&

nwZé[ŠV `m {X²dé{ŠV

EH$ hr AW© XoZodmboEH$ O¡go eãX

AÀN>o-AÀN>o, Xg-Xg,Yrao-Yrao, H$^r-H$^r,amo-amo, Im-Im Am{X&

eãX- w½_/Omo‹S>r eãX

{dbmo_mW©H$, gmW©H$-{ZaW©H$, AÝ`qbJ

AmO-H$b, gw~h-em_, N>moQ>m-~‹‹S>m Am{X,_ma-nrQ>, Pm‹S>-\y±$H$, S>m±Q>-S>nQ> Am{X,Mm`-dm`, _oµO-doµO, n¡gm-d¡gm Am{X,

_m±-~mn, ^mB©-~hZ, b‹‹S>H$m-b‹‹S>H$s, Am{X&

82

10. MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡

Ame` :~ÀMo Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam `h grIVo h¢ {H$ OrdZ Ho$ g\$a _| AZoH$ éH$mdQ>|AmVr h¢ Am¡a CZH$m gm_Zm H$aVo hþE bú`-àm{á VH$ H$X_ ~‹T>mZodmbmì`{ŠV AmXaUr` hmoVm h¡&

J{V à~b n¡am| _| ^ar{\$a Š`m| ahÿ± Xa Xa I‹SmO~ AmO _oao gm_Zoh¡ amñVm BVZm n‹S>mO~ VH$ Z _§{Ob nm gHy±$,V~ VH$ _wPo Z {dam_ h¡,MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&

_¢ nyU©Vm H$s ImoO _|Xa-Xa ^Q>H$Vm hr ahmàË oH$ nJ na Hw$N> Z Hw$N>amo‹S>m AQ>H$Vm hr ahmna hmo {Zamem Š`m| _wPo?OrdZ Bgr H$m Zm_ h¡,MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&

Hw$N> gmW _| MbVo ahoHw$N> ~rM hr go {\$a JE,na J{V Z OrdZ H$s éH$sOmo {Ja JE gmo {Ja JEOmo aho ha X_,Cgr H$s g\$bVm A{^am_ h¡,MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&

*****

{ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z'-

83

H${d n[aM`

{ed_§Jb qgh "gw_Z' Or H$m OÝ_ 5 AJñV gZ² 1915 H$mo CÎmaàXoe amÁ` Ho$ CÞmd {Obo Ho$ PJanwa Jm±d _| hþAm& ~Zmag qhXÿ {díd{dÚmb` go BÝhmo§Zo ñZmVH$moÎma Ed§ nrEM.S>r H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s&^mJbnwa {díd{dÚmb` go BÝhmo§Zo S>r. {bQ²> H$s Cnm{Y ^r àmá H$s& Bgrdf© CZH$mo "nX²_lr' nwañH$ma ^r àmá hþAm& "gw_Z' Or "nX²_ yfU',Xod nwañH$ma, gmo{d`V b¢S> Zohê$ nwañH$ma, {eIa gå_mZ, ^maV-^maVrAm{X nwañH$mam| go gwemo{^V h¢ & Eogo loð> gm{hË`H$ma H$m {ZYZ 27 Zd|~a2002 _| öX`J{V éH$ OmZo Ho$ H$maU hþAm&

à_wI aMZmE± - wJ H$m _mob, àb` g¥OZ, qdX² m-{h_mb`, dmUr H$sì`Wm, CX² _ Am¡a {dH$mg (Jr{V H$mì`) àH¥${V-nwéf, H$mbrXmg (ZmQ>H$)Am{X h¢& 1974 _| BZH$s H¥${V "{_Q²>Q>r H$s ~mamV' na gm{hË` AH$mX_rH$m nwañH$ma {_bm&

eãXmW© :

J{V-Mmb, J_Z, gm_Ï`©; n¡a-nm±d, Xa-X²dma, amñVm-_mJ©,_§{Ob - bú`, {dam_-{dlm§{V, Amam_; ImoO - emoY, Ty>±‹T>>; nJ-H$X_,amo‹S>m-BªQ> `m nËWa H$m ~‹S>>m T>obm, ~mYmE± ; AQ>H$Vm ahZm - amoH$Zm,CbPmZm; A{^am_ - gwÝXa, _Zmoha&


1. n¡am| _| H¡$gr J{V ^ar h¡?2. H${d Ho$ AZwgma H$~ VH$ {dam_ Zhr§ h¡?3. h_mam H$m_ Š`m h¡?4. H${d {H$gH$s ImoO _| ^Q>H$ aho h¢?5. àË oH$ nJ na Š`m AQ>H$Vm ahm h¡?

84

6. {H$gH$s J{V éH$s Zhr§ h¡?7. "MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡' Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:1. "AmO _oao gm_Zo h¡ amñVm BVZm n‹S>>m' n§{ŠV H$m Ame`

Š`m h¡?2. H${dVm H$s A§{V_ n§{ŠV`m| _| H${d Zo Š`m g§Xoe {X`m h¡?

III. VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE:1. I‹S>>m2. {dam_3. H$m_4. A{^amm_

IV. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{ŠV`m| H$mo ghr eãXm| go ^[aE:1. {\$a Š`m| ah±ÿ I‹S>m2. V~ VH$ h¡3. Hw$N> go {\$a JE4. Omo {Ja JE JE

V. C{MV {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE:1. {dam_ x2. nyU©Vm x3. {Zamem x4. g\$bVm x5. gm_Zo x6. OÝ_ x

Amam_, AnyU©Vm, {dZme,A{dam_, Ag\$bVm, AbgVm,_aU, AmJo, nrN>o, Amem,OdmZ, gå_mZ

85

VI. {deofU eãXmo Ho$ gmW "Vm' àË`` Ow‹S>Zo go ^mddmMH$ g§kmE±~ZVr h¢& H${dVm _| "nyU©Vm' "g\$bVm' eãXm| _| "Vm' àË``Ow‹S>m h¡, Eogo "Vm' àË`` go Ow‹S>>o 5 eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :CXm : gw§Xa + Vm = gw§XaVm

1 + Vm =

2 + Vm =

3 + Vm =

4 + Vm =

5 + Vm =

VII. Bg H${dVm H$s àW_ gmV n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &VIII. ^mdmW© {b{IE:

_¢ nyU©Vm H$s ImoO _|Xa-Xa ^Q>H$Vm hr ahmàË oH$ nJ na Hw$N> Z Hw$N>amo‹S>m AQ>H$Vm hr ahm{Zamem Š`m| _wPo?OrdZ Bgr H$m Zm_ h¡,MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡&

IX. AZwê$nVm :1. OÝ_ : _aU :: ~hþV : 2. MbZm : MbmZm :: {JaZm : 3. n¡a : nm§°d :: g‹S>H$ : 4. amo‹S>m : g§km eãX :: ^Q>H$Zm :

86

H${dVm go AmJo-

* Bg H${dVm H$m erf©H$ "MbZm h_mam H$m_ h¡' Ho$ ~Xbo Am¡a Š`m hmogH$Vm h¡ gmoMH$a C{MV erf©H$ H$m M`Z H$a|&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V:

* ZrMo Hw$N> eãX {X o J o h¢ & CZH$s ghm`Vm go ~ÀMm| go EH$N>moQ>r H${dVm {bIdmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a| `m ñd § H${dVm {bIH$aN>mÌm| go dmMZ H$admE±&

Zm_ _mZ OhmZ _hmZ emZ

ß`mam Ý`mam H$R>moa R>moH$a gmam

_{V j{V J{V CÞ{V àJ{V

* OrdZ _yë`m| go g§~§{YV 10 JwUm| H$s gyMr ~ÀMm| go ~ZdmH$a H$jm_| Q>±JdmE± &

87

11. Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo

Ame` :

OrdZ _| ñdmñÏ` H$m _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& gohV H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE H$B©bmoJ ~hþV n¡go IM© H$aVo h¢Ÿ& n¡go IM© {H$ o {~Zm hr AnZo OrdZ H$mo ñdñW aIZoHo$ {bE ""Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo'' - Bg gyÌ H$mo AnZmE±Ÿ&

Iobm| H$s Xw{Z`m _| gXm AmZ§X Am¡a Cëbmg H$mdmVmdaU ahVm h¡Ÿ& CËgmh H$m erVb g_ra ~hVmahVm h¡Ÿ& Iob go VZ-_Z ñdñW hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _Zmoa§OZ^r {_bVm h¡Ÿ&

Iob H$B© Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& gmYmaUV`m CZHo$Xmo oX {H$ o OmVo h¢ - emar[aH$ Iob Am¡a _mZ{gH$IobŸ& {OZ Iobm| _| emar[aH$ l_ A{YH$ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, CÝh| emar[aH$ IobH$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE H$~S²>S>r, hm°H$s, JwëbrS>§S>m, {H«$Ho$Q>, Hw$íVr,\w$Q>~mb, ~¡S>q_Q>Z, V¡aZm, Xm¡‹S>Zm Am{XŸ& BgHo$ {dnarV {OZ Iobm| _| _mZ{gH$l_ A{YH$ hmoVm h¡, CÝh| _mZ{gH$ Iob H$hVo h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE eVa§O,Ho$a_, nmgm, ~H$ar-~mK Iob Am{XŸ&

g§H${bV-

88

Bgr àH$ma d¡ {ŠVH$ Iob Am¡a gm_y{hH$ Iob Ho$ ê$n _| ^r oX {H$ o OmgH$Vo h¢Ÿ& ì`{ŠVJV$ Iobm| _| V¡aZm, Xm¡‹S>Zm, E`amo{~Šg, Vra MbmZm, {~{b`S©²>g,eyqQ>J, Zmd MbmZm, N>bm§J _maZm Am{XŸ& gm_y{hH$ Iobm| _| dm°{b~m°b,{H«$Ho$Q>, \w$Q>~m°b, H$~S²>S>r, ~¡S>q_Q>Z Am{XŸ&

Bgr àH$ma Iobm| H$m Am¡a EH$ oX ^rh¡Ÿ& H$~S²>S>r, {H«$Ho$Q>, hm°H$s, dm°{b~m°b Am{X_¡XmZr (Outdoor) Iob h¢Ÿ& eVa§O, Ho$a_,nmgm Am{X Kaoby Iob (Indoor) h¢Ÿ&

AmOH$b h_mao Xoe _| hm°H$s, {H«$Ho$Q>,~¡S>q_Q>>Z, eVa§O, Hw$íVr Am{X Iob H$m\$sbmoH${à` hmo aho h¢Ÿ&

amÁ` Am¡a amï´> Ho$ ñVa na {Ibm{‹S>`m|H$mo nwañH$ma {XE OmVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go AOw©Z,EH$bì`, ÐmoUmMm`©, Ü`mZM§X, amOrdIobaËZ Am{XŸ& nwañH$ma Ho$ gmW YZamer^r Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ& AÀN>o-AÀN>o {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo Am¡a nwañH$ma àmá {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo^r amÁ` gaH$ma, H|$Ð gaH$ma, ~¢H$ Am¡a H$B© H§$n{Z`m| _| Zm¡H$ar Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ&nwañH$ma àmá {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo Zm¡H$[a`m| H$s ^Vu _| AmajU H$s gw{dYm ^rahVr h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht aob, hdmB©OhmµO Am{X _| gµ\$a H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r{deof ê$n go AmajU H$s gw{dYm Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ& H$B© H§$n{Z`m± {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$moAnZo à{V{Z{Y ~Zm boVr h¢Ÿ&

OrdZ _| Iobm| H$m ñWmZ ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ& Iob N>mÌ OrdZ H$m_hËdnyU© A§J h¡& N>mÌm| Ho$ {bE n‹T>mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW IobZm ^r µOê$ar h¡Ÿ& Iobm|X²dmam ~ÀMm| _| Y¡ ©, bJZ, n[al_, CËgmh VWm nañna gh`moJ Am{X JwUm| H$m{dH$mg hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

89

Ohm± {dX² mb` _| N>mÌ {ejm X²dmam AZoH${df`m| H$m kmZ àmá H$aVo h¢, dht Iobm| X²dmamOrdZ H$m AZw d àmá H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

Zohê$ Or Ho$ AZwgma Iob H$mo Iob H$s^mdZm go hr IobZm Mm{hEŸ& Zohê$ Or Ho$g_mZ hr Jm§YrOr ^r ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE ì`m`m_H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVo WoŸ& Iob ^r ì`m`m_ H$mhr EH$ A§J h¡Ÿ& IobZo go h_mao A§Jm| H$s H$gaVhmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a h_ öï>-nwï> ~ZVo h¢Ÿ& AV…AÀN>o ñdmñÏ` Ho$ {bE IobZm µOê$ar h¡Ÿ&

90

Iobm| X²dmam h_ Zm_ Ho$ gmW-gmW YZ r H$_m gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& AmOH$b Iobm|H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo Ho$ {bE {dX² mb`m| _| ^r "Iob-{Xdg' H$m Am`moOZ {H$`mOmVm h¡Ÿ& OrVZodmbo ~ÀMm| H$mo nwañH$ma {XE OmVo h¢Ÿ& g^r ~ÀMm| H$mo Iobm| _|^mJ boZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ do ñdñW ~Z|Ÿ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ ""ñdñW eara _| hrñdñW _pñVîH$ H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡Ÿ&''

AV… VZ-_Z XmoZm| H$mo ñdñW ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE IobZm AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

*****eãXmW© :

N>mÌ − {dX² mWr© , µOê$ar − Amdí`H$ , erVb − R>§S>m , g_ra −hdm, dm w ; {dH$mg − àJ{V, CÝZ{V ; Vbme − Ty>±‹T>, ImoO; MmoQ> − Kmd,{hñgm − ^mJ, ñdmñÏ` − V§XwéñVr, gohV ; H$gaV − ì`m`m_, gh`moJ −ghH$ma, qMVm − naoemZr, Imbr − [aŠV, AmajU − Reservation, öï>-nwï>− VJ‹S>m, hQ²>Q>m-H$Q²>Q>mŸ&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. Iobm| H$s Xw{Z`m H¡$gr h¡ ?2. ì`{ŠVJV Iobm| Ho$ CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&3. h_ öï>-nwï> H¡$go ~Z gH$Vo h¢ ?

II. Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :1. Iobm| Ho$ àH$ma {bIVo hþE Hw$N> CXmhaU Xr{OE&2. Iobm| go Š`m bm^ h¢ ?3. amÁ` Am¡a amï´> ñVa na {Ibm{‹S>`m| H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡¡Z-go nwañH$ma {X o

OmVo h¢?

91

III. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :Amdí`H$, kmZ, CÝZ{V, ñdñW

IV. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :Xw{Z`m, dra, ñnYm©, nwañH$ma, {dÚmWu

V. Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :1. Iob go ñdñW hmoVm h¡&2. Iob OrdZ H$m _hËdnyU© A§J h¡Ÿ&3. Iob ^r H$m hr EH$ A§J h¡&

4. ñdñW eara _| ñdñW H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡&

VI. dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :CËgmh, nwañH$ma, _mZ{gH$ l_, Am`moOZ

VII. H$Þ‹S> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :1$. Iob H$B© Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&2. OrdZ _| Iobm| H$m ñWmZ ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ&

VIII.CnH$aUm| H$mo XoIH$a Iobm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE:1$) 2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

92

IX. Š`m AmnZo gVmo{b`m (bJmoar) Iobm h¡? Cg Iob Ho$$ {Z`_m| H$mo{b{IE:

X. ~MnZ _| AmnZo {Jëbr-S>§S>m, nV§J C‹S>mZm, H$m§°Mo, gVmo{b`m,bQ²>Qy>, Imo-Imo Am¡a Nw>ßnm-Nw>ßnr Iobm hmoJm& {H$gr EH$ Iob Ho$~mao _| nm±M dmŠ` {b{IE&

XI. AZwê$nVm :1$. eVa§O : _mZ{gH$ Iob :: ~¡S>{_§Q>Z : 2. {H«$Ho$Q> : _¡XmZr Iob :: Ho$a_ : 3. V|Sy>ëH$a : {H«$Ho$Q> :: Ü`mZM§X : 4. V¡aZm : ì`{ŠVJV Iob :: H$~S²>S>r :

^mfm kmZ"g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì``'

* IobZo go h_mao A§Jm| H$s H$gaV hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a h_ öï>-nwï> ~ZVo h¢&* _¢ Ka OëXr J`m {H$§Vw gmo Zht nm`m&* IobZo go emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ ~b ~‹T>Vm h¡&

Cn ©wŠV dmŠ`m| _| aoIm§{H$V eãX g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì`` h¢&Xmo eãXm|, CndmŠ`m| Am¡a dmŠ`m| H$mo Omo‹S>Zo `m AbJ H$aZodmbo eãXm|H$mo "g_wÀM`~moYH$' H$hVo h¢&

CXmhaU : {H$, bo{H$Z, qH$Vw, na§Vw, Š`m|{H$, VWm, Ed§, AWdm, _Ja Am{X&

93

g_wÀM`~moYH$ Ho$ Xmo oX h¢ -1. g_mZm{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$ - Xmo AWdm Xmo go A{YH$ g_mZ

nXm|, CndmŠ`m| `m dmŠ`m| H$mo Amng _| Omo‹S>Zodmbo eãXm| H$mo g_mZm{YH$aUg_wÀM`~moYH$ H$hVo h¢& O¡go - `m, d, ~pëH$, Bg{bE, Am¡a, VWm Am{X&* déU Zo AnZm J¥hH$m © {H$`m Am¡a IobZo Mbm J`m&* _XZ d Z§XZ gmo aho h¢&* _¢Zo H$mo{ee H$s, bo{H$Z H$m_ Zht ~Zm&

2. ì`{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$ - EH$ AWdm EH$ go A{YH$ Am{lVCndmŠ`m| H$mo Amng _| Omo‹S>Zodmbo eãX ì`{YH$aU g_wÀM`~moYH$H$hbmVo h¢& O¡go - VWm{n, `X² {n, {H$, Š`m|{H$, Vm{H$ Am{X&* _m± Zo H$hm {H$ Vwa§V V¡`ma hmo OmAmo&* _¢ Ka Mbm Am`m Š`m|{H$ n¡go IË_ hmo J o&* A^r narjm H$s V¡ mar H$amo Vm{H$ AÀN>o A§H$ nm gH$mo&

I. {ZåZ{b{IV CndmŠ`m| H$mo g_wÀM`~moYH$ go Omo{‹S>E :

(Bg{bE, bo{H$Z, Vm{H$, AV…, {H$, Am¡a, `m)

1$. Vwåhmar V~r`V Iam~ h¡& XdmB© Vmo ImZr n‹S>oJr&

2. OëXr AmAmo& g_` na nhþ±M gH$mo&

3. {dH$mg Zo g_Pm`m& ~mV _V ~‹T>mAmo&

4. am_m`U _hmH$mì` h¡& _hm^maV ^r _hmH$mì` h¡&

5. am_ Ka Am`m& í`m_ Ka Am`m?

6. Š`m Vw_ H$m°\$s nrAmoJo& Š`m Vw_ Mm` nrAmoJo ?

7. AmO BVdma h¡& AmO g^r XþH$mZ| ~ÝX h¢&

8. _¢ OëXr J`m Wm& H$m_ Zht ~Zm&

94

II. [aŠV ñWmZm| _| C{MV g_wÀM`~moYH$ ^[aE:

(Š`m|{H$, Bg{bE, `m, ~{ëH$)

1$. Cgo Ira Zht, hbdm ImZr h¡&

2. Bg g_` ~mha _V {ZH$bmo, _m¡g_ Iam~ h¡&

3. bVm Vw_ gmoZm MmhVr hmo, IobZm MmhVr hmo?

4. AmO _¢ Wmo‹S>r Xoa go CR>m, ñHy$b g_` na Zhtnhþ±M gH$m&

III. {ZåZ{b{IV g_wÀM`~moYH$m| H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE dmŠ` ~ZmBE:

1$. bo{H$Z -

2. Š`m|{H$ -

3. Vm{H$ -

4. `m -

5. ~pëH$ -

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V : * {H$gr EH$ à{gÕ {Ibm‹S>r H$m OrdZ-n[aM`, |Q>dmVm©, AmË_-H$WZ Am{X g§J«h H$aHo$ {MÌm| X²dmam ~ÀMm| H$mo g_PmE±&

* N>mÌm| H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Hw$N> _ehÿa {Ibm{‹S>> m| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$admE±&

95

12. g‹S>H$ H$s ajm - g~H$s gwajm

Ame` :AÀN>o ZmJ[aH$ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo ha EH$ H$mo AnZo H$V©ì`m| H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE{Oggo Xÿgam| H$mo h_mao H$maU H$moB© H$ï> Z CR>mZm n‹S>o& Bg nmR> _| g‹S>H$ H$sgwajm, g\$mB© Am{X na àH$me S>mbVo hþE ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ à_wI H$V©ì` Ho$ à{VN>mÌm| H$moo$ gMoV {H$`m J`m h¡&

{d w Zm¡dt H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm& Cgo gm‹T>o Zm¡ ~Oo VH$ ñHy$b nhþ±MZmWm& CgH$s gmB{H$b Iam~ hmo J`r Wr& Bg{bE dh g‹S>H$ na OëXr-OëXrXm¡‹S>Vm hþAm Om ahm Wm& g‹S>H$ na {H$grZo Ho$bo H$m {N>bH$m \|$H$ {X`m Wm&h_oem g~H$mo g\$mB© H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE, _Ja Hw$N> bmoJ Eogm Zht H$aVo&H$^r-H$^r do AnZo ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì` H$mo yb OmVo h¢& {d w H$m nm±d {N>bHo$na nS>Vo hr dh {\$gbH$a {Ja n‹S>m& MmoQ> bJr, H$n‹S>o J§Xo hmo J o Vmo dhCXmg hmo J`m&

"CR>mo ~oQ>m, CXmg _V hmoAmo'- H$ht go AmdmµO Am`r& CgZo$ AmJo-nrN>oXoIm& Amg-nmg H$moB© {XImB© Zht {X`m& Xÿa-Xÿa VH$ H$moB© Zht Wm& {d wMm¢H$ J`m& BVZo _| g‹S>H$ {\$a go ~mobr-""~oQ>m, _¢ g‹S>H$ ~mob ahr h±ÿ& MmoQ>Vwåh| hr Zht, _wPo ^r bJr h¡& _wPo Vmo h_oem MmoQ> bJVr ahVr h¡& AmX_r,Vm±Jo, OmZda, _moQ>a Jm{‹S>`m± Mm¡~rgm| K§Q>o _oao D$na MbVo ahVo h¢& bmoJ ‹T>oa-gmam Hy$‹S>m-H$Mam S>mbVo ahVo h¢& do ~‹S>r {Z_©_Vm go _wPo H$mQ> ^r XoVo h¢ Am¡a_hrZm|-_hrZm| _oao Kmd Zht ^aVo&'' g‹S>H$ O~ `h g~ ~mob ahr Wr V~ amoahr Wr&

g§H${bV-

96

{d w H$mo O¡go gm±n gy±K J`m& BYa-CYa XoIm& Xmo-VrZ OJhm| _| g‹S>H$H$mo Ama-nma H$mQ>m J`m Wm& _mo‹S> na ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nËWa {Jam o J o Wo& "Ob ny{V©{d^mJ' Zo Am¡a Z o-Z o _H$mZ ~ZmZodmbm| Zo g‹S>H$ H$mo H$mQ>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$`mWm& "gmd©O{ZH$ H$m © {d^mJ' Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m © Ho$ H$maU g‹S>H$ Ho$ EH$-{VhmB©^mJ na nËWa {Jao Wo, ~rM-~rM _| {d w Zo H$B© JS²>T>o r XoIo& CgZo gmoMm {H$g‹S>H$ H$mo gaH$mar {d^mJm| H$s gwajm Mm{hE& ZJanm{bH$m go g\$mB© Ed§ XoIaoI^r Mm{hE&

{d w g‹S>H$ H$s ì`Wm H$mo AZw d H$a XþIr hmo J`m& CgH$mo bJm {H$ g‹S>H${H$VZm ghVr h¡, {\$a r g~H$mo Omo‹S>Zo H$s CXmaVm {XImVr h¡& H$ht H$ÀMr h¡,H$ht S>m_admbr h¡ Vmo H$ht H§$H«$sQ> H$s ~Zr hþB© h¡& g‹S>H$ H$mo H$^r AnZo ê$nH$s qMVm Zht ~pëH$ bmoJm| H$s gw{dYm H$s qMVm h¡& _Ja bmoJm| H$mo g‹S>H$ H$sµOam-gr ^r nadmh Zht&

{d w Zo g‹S>H$ H$mo gm§ËdZm XoVo hþE H$hm - ""_V amo _m±! Vwåhmar Iwer Ho${bE h_ Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢? H$moB© Cnm` ~VmAmo&'' g‹S>H$ dmËgë` ^md go~mobr-""~oQ>m, _¢ MmhVr h±ÿ {H$ bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm H$m ^md hmo& _oar gyaVZ {~Jm‹S>|& g\$mB© H$m Ü`mZ aI| VWm `mVm`mV Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$a|&''

{d w H$mo bJm {H$ bmoJm| Ho$ AË`mMma go g‹S>H$ H$mo _w{ŠV {XbmZrMm{hE& g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm, g\$mB© Ed§ XoI^mb Ho$ à{V bmoJm| _| OmJ¥{V bmZrMm{hE& g‹S>H$ Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` H$aZodmbm| na H$ma©dmB© hmoZr Mm{hE, Vm{H$ doAnZo ZmJ[aH$ H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V gMoV aho& bmoJm| H$mo `h gmoMZo Ho$ {bE _O~yaH$aZm Mm{hE {H$ g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm _| gaH$mar {d^mJm| Ho$ gmW CZH$m ^rgh`moJ aho& BgHo$ gmW-gmW g‹S>H$ H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo, H$mQ>Zo VWm J§Xm H$aZodmbm| H$moEhgmg {XbmZm Mm{hE {H$ CZHo$ H$maU g‹S>H$ H$mo {H$VZm H$ï> hmoVm h¡&

{d w Zo V` {H$`m {H$ dh AnZo gm{W`m| go MMm© H$aHo$, AnZo AÜ`mnH$Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| Bg {Xem _| Hw$N> à`mg Adí` H$aoJm& Bg àH$ma gmoMVo-gmoMVo dh ñHy$b H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>m, ^bo hr MbZo _| Cgo Wmo‹S>r-gr Xoa hmoJ`r Wr&

*****

97

eãXmW© :MmoQ>-Kmd, nr‹S>m; CXmg-{IÝZ, XþIr; Mm¢H$Zm - M{H$V hmoZm, Hy$‹S>m-

H$Mam, aX²Xr; JS²>T>m - Jhar µO_rZ, JV©, ºÀ¼Àî; XoIaoI-nadmh, aIaImd; H$ÀMr - An[anŠd, AnyU©, H$_µOmoa; S>m_a - VmaH$mob, Tar; H§$H«$sQ>- Concrete, aoV+MyZm+H§$H$‹S> H$m {_lU, (H§$H$‹S> nËWa Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>oQw>H$‹S>o); gw{dYm-Amam_, nadmh-qMVm, {\$H«$, ào_; gm§ËdZm-Vgëbr, AmídmgZ;gyaV - _wI, ê$n; XoI^mb-XoIaoI, H$ma©dmB©-H$m ©, {d{Y gå_V H$m ©;gMoV-OmJ¥V, gOJ; _O~ya-{dde, Aghm`; Ehgmg-AZw y{V, _hgyg; V`H$aZm-{ZíM` H$aZm, {ZU© H$aZm; à`mg - à`ËZ, H$mo{ee; gyaV{~Jm‹S>Zm - Hw$ê$n ~ZmZm&

_whmdao :1. Kmd ^aZm - JS²>T>m| H$mo ^aZm, eara na hþAm Kmd R>rH$ hmoZm2. gm±n gy±K OmZm - {ZpîH«$` hmo OmZm, ~oX_ hmo OmZm

{deof gyMZm :1. Ob ny{V© {d^mJ - Water Supply Department

2. gmd©O{ZH$ H$m © {d^mJ - PWD - Public Works Department


1. {d w H$m¡Z-gr H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm?2. g‹S>H$ na {H$grZo Š`m \|$H$ {X`m Wm?3. g‹S>H$ Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| {d w Zo Š`m XoIm?4. g‹S>H$ H$mo {H$gH$s qMVm Zht h¡?5. g‹S>H$ Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` H$aZodmbm| na Š`m hmoZr Mm{hE?6. {d w Zo {H$gHo$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| à`mg H$aZo H$s ~mV gmoMr?

98

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:

1. {d w Š`m| Xm¡‹S>Vm hþAm ñHy$b Om ahm Wm?

2. {d w Š`m| Mm¢H$ J`m?

3. bmoJ g‹S>H$ Ho$ à{V AnZr {Z_©_Vm H¡$go àH$Q> H$aVo h¢?

4. g‹S>H$ H$mo H$mQ>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$gZo {H$`m Wm?

5. {d w Zo g‹S>H$ H$mo gm§ËdZm XoVo hþE Š`m H$hm?

6. {d w Zo A§V _| Š`m V` {H$`m?

III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

1. {d w H$mo ~Oo VH$ ñHy$b nhþ±MZm Wm&

2. dh na Xm¡‹S>Vm hþAm Om ahm Wm&

3. g‹S>H$ H$mo Vmo h_oem bJVr ahVr h¡&

4. bmoJ _hrZm|-_hrZm| g‹S>H$ Ho$ Zht ^aVo&

5. bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s H$m ^md hmo&

6. bmoJ H$m Ü`mZ aI|&

IV. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:CXm: 1. Ho$bm-Ho$bo 1. bmoJ-bmoJ 1. AmdmµO-AmdmµO|

2. {N>bH$m- 2. nm±d- 2. g‹S>H$ -3. Vm±Jm- 3. OmZda- 3. MmoQ> -4. _hrZm - 4. Kmd - 4. gyaV -5. K§Q>m - 5. Cnm` - 5. OJh -

99

V. `mVm`mV-gmYZm| H$o$ Zm_ {b{IE:g‹S>H$ na nQ>ar na nmZr na Amg_mZ _|MbZodmbo

VI. Xmo-Xmo n`m©`dmMr eãX T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE:(amñVm, ewÕ, _mZd, Zra, g§Vmof, Moham, XmoñV, {dX² mb`, {_Ì, _wI, nmR>embm, AmZ§X, Ob, _Zwî`, ñdÀN>, amh)O¡go : g‹S>H$ - amñVm , amh

1. gm\$ - ,

2. Iwer - ,

3. ñHy$b - ,

4. gmWr - ,

5. gyaV - ,

6. AmX_r - ,

7. nmZr - ,

100

VII. {H$Z-{H$Z \$bm| H$mo {N>bHo$ Ho$ gmW Im gH$Vo h¢? {H$ZH$moZht? EH$ gyMr ~ZmBE :

{N>bHo$ Ho$ gmW {N>bH$m {ZH$mbH$a

O¡go : 1. go~ 1. Ho$bm

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

{ZX}e : {N>bH$m {ZH$mbZo Ho$ ~mX {N>bHo$ H$mo Hy$‹S>oXmZr _| hr S>mbo&

VIII.gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE:

1. nhþ±MZm Wm Cgo VH$ ~Oo gm‹T>o Zm¡ ñHy$b&

2. OmVo ZmJ[aH$ H$V©ì` h¢ AnZo yb do&

3. ~‹S>o-~‹S>o {Jam o nËWa na J o _mo‹S> Wo&

4. nadmh _Ja H$s g‹S>H$ µOam-gr ^r Zht H$mo bmoJm|&

5. ~mobr ^md g‹S>H$ dmËgë` go&

IX. nmR> _| go {X²dËd eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE:O¡go: 1. OëXr - OëXr

2. H$^r - H$^r3.4.

5.

101

6.7.

8.

X. dJ© nhobr go `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| Ho$ Zm_ MwZH$a {b{IE:

~ ao b Jm ‹S>r am

g {d ñHy$ Q> a Ho$

Q´> _m O hm O Q>

H$ Z H$m° a Am° Q>mo

XI. g‹S>H$ Zo AnZo ~mao _| {d w H$mo ~Vm`m& A~ Amn AmnZo~mao _| {b{IE:

1. AmnH$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

2. AmnH$s C_« {H$VZr h¡?

3. H$m¡Z-gr H$jm _| n‹T>Vo h¢?

4. ñHy$b H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

5. AmnH$mo ñHy$b {H$VZo ~Oo nhþ±MZm h¡?

6. AmnHo$ {H$VZo {_Ì h¢?

7. Š`m do H$^r AmnH$s ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢?

8. AnZo {H$gr EH$ {_Ì H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

102

XII. A§H$m| H$mo qhXr eãXm| _| {b{IE:

CXm : - EH$ {VhmB©

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

6. -

XIII. AZwê$nVm :

1. gmB{H$b : Xmo n{h`m :: H$m°a :

2. H$^r-H$^r : {Ûé{ŠV :: Ama-nma :

3. aobJm‹S>>r : nQ>ar :: gmB{H$b :

4. {Z_©_Vm : ao\$ eãX :: àH$ma :

^mfm kmZ

dmŠ` VWm dmŠ` Ho$ àH$manyU© ^md àH$Q> H$aZodmbm eãX g_yh "dmŠ`' H$hbmVm h¡& àË oH$dmŠ` _| H$_ go H$_ Xmo eãXm| H$m hmoZm A{Zdm © h¡& O¡go -1. gyaO {ZH$bm& 2. dh Am`m&

103

H$_© Am¡a {H«$`m gog§~§{YV hmoVm h¡&

CX²Xoí` {dYo`

dmŠ` Ho$ Xmo A§J

H$Vm© go g§~§{YVhmoVm h¡&

H${dVm JmVr h¡& CÔoí` {dYo

1. {dYmZmW©H$ dmŠ`2. àíZmW©H$ dmŠ`3. {ZfoYmW©H$ dmŠ`4. AmkmW©H$ dmŠ`5. BÀN>mW©H$ dmŠ`6. g§XohmW©H$ dmŠ`7. g§Ho$VmW©H$ dmŠ`8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ dmŠ`

g§aMZm Ho$ AZwgma AW© Ho$ AZwgma

dmŠ` Ho$ àH$ma

1. gmYmaU dmŠ`/gab dmŠ`2. {_l dmŠ`3. g§ wŠV dmŠ`

I. g§aMZm Ho$ AZwgma :1. gmYmaU dmŠ` / gab dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| Ho$db EH$ CX²Xoí`

Am¡a EH$ hr {dYo hmoVm h¡ Cgo gab dmŠ` H$hVo h¢& `h EH$ hr{H«$`m Ho$ gmW ~ZZodmbm ñdV§Ì dmŠ` hmoVm h¡&CXm : gb_mZ ñHy$b OmVm h¡&

CXm:

104

2. {_l dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| EH$ àYmZ dmŠ` Am¡a EH$ `m EH$go A{YH$ Am{lV dmŠ` hmoVo h¢&CXm : g‹S>H$ Zo H$hm {H$ bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm H$m ^md hmo&g‹S>H$ Zo H$hm - àYmZ dmŠ` h¡& bmoJm| _| g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm H$m^md hmo - Am{lV dmŠ` h¡&{deof gyMZm : Am{lV dmŠ` go nyd© {H$, Omo, Š`m|{H$, O~,`X² {n Am{X g§ moOH$ AmVo h¢&

3. g§ wŠV dmŠ` : {Og dmŠ` _| Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ gmYmaU dmŠÀWdm {_ldmŠ` hmoVo h¢, Cgo g§ wŠV dmŠ` H$hVo h¢&CXm : bmoJ ~‹S>r {Z_©_Vm go _wPo H$mQ> XoVo h¢ Am¡a do _hrZm|- _hrZm| _oao Kmd Zht§ âVo&bmoJ ~‹S>r {Z_©_Vm go _wPo H$mQ> XoVo h¢& - gmYmaU dmŠ` (1)

do _hrZm|-_hrZm| _oao Kmd Zht âVo& - gmYmaU dmŠ` (2)

{deof gyMZm : Am¡a, VWm, ~{ëH$, AWdm, Zht Vmo, Bg{bEAm{X g§ moOH$m| H$m à`moJ gm_mÝ`V: g§ wŠV dmŠ`m| _| hmoVm h¡&

II. AW© Ho$ AZwgma :1. {dYmZmW©H$ dmŠ` (H$moB© ^r H$WZ):

CXm : 1. {d w H$mo gm‹T>o Zm¡ ~Oo VH$ ñHy$b nhþ±MZm Wm& 2. Am§XmobZ _| Zm[a`m± ^r nrN>o Zht aht&

2. àíZmW©H$ dmŠ` :CXm : Vwåhmar Iwer Ho$ {bE h_ Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢?

3. {ZfoYmW©H$ dmŠ` :CXm : 1. _V amo _m±& 2. _wPgo `h H$m_ Zht hmo gH$Vm&

4. AmkmW©H$ dmŠ` :CXm : 1. OmAmo, nmZr bo AmAmo& 2. `h H$m_ nyam H$amo&

105

5. BÀNmW©H$ dmŠ` :CXm : 1. g_mO _| ^mB©-Mmao H$s ^mdZm hmoZr Mm{hE&

2. _wPo gm¡ én o Mm{hE&6. g§XohmW©H$ dmŠ` :

CXm : 1. H$b em`X Nw>Å>r hmoJr&2. hmo gH$Vm h¡ nmZr ~ago&

7. g§Ho$VmW©H$ dmŠ` :CXm : 1. `{X n[al_ H$amoJo Vmo \$b nmAmoJo&

2. `{X {~Obr H$Q>oJr Vmo n‹T>Zm _wpíH$b h¡&

8. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ dmŠ` :CXm : 1. AÀN>m ! Vw_ OëXr Am J o!

2. dmh! {H$VZm gw§Xa \y$b h¡!I. gab, {_l Am¡a g§ wŠV dmŠ`m| H$mo nhMm{ZE :1. {d w Zm¡dt H$jm _| n‹T> ahm Wm&2. ZJanm{bH$m go g\$mB© Ed§ XoIaoI ^r Mm{hE&3. g‹S>H$ H$mo H$^r AnZo ê$n H$s qMVm Zht ~pëH$ bmoJm| H$s gw{dYm

H$s qMVm h¡&4. g‹S>H$ O~ `h g~ ~mob ahr Wr V~ amo ahr Wr&5. {d w Zo g‹S>H$ Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| H$B© JS²>‹T>o ^r XoIo&6. {d w XþIr hmo J`m&7. {d w Zo gmoMm Am¡a g‹S>H$ H$mo gm§ËdZm Xr&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :g‹S>H$ H$s gwajm ha ZmJ[aH$ H$m H$V©ì` h¡& Bgr àH$ma Ho$ AÝ`ZmJ[aH$-H$V©ì`m| H$s EH$ gyMr N>mÌm| go ~ZdmE± Am¡a CZ_| OmJ¥{V n¡Xm H$a|&

106

13. gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm

Ame` :EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ahZo go _wpíH$b H$m_ ^r AmgmZ hmo OmVm h¡& Z o-Z o _mJ© IwbZo bJVo h¢& Bg H${dVm _| {_bOwbH$a ahZo go àmá hmoZodmbon[aUm_m| Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡&

gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&EH$ AHo$bm WH$ OmEJm, {_bH$a ~moP CR>mZm&gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&h_ _ohZVdmbm| Zo O~ ^r, {_bH$a H$X_ ~‹T>m`m,gmJa Zo amñVm N>mo‹S>m, na~V Zo grg PwH$m`m,µ\$m¡bmXr h¢ grZo AnZo, µ\$m¡bmXr h¢ ~m±h|,h_ Mmh| Vmo MÅ>mZm| _| n¡Xm H$a X| amh|,gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&_ohZV AnZo boI H$s aoIm, _ohZV go Š`m S>aZm,H$b J¡am| H$s Im{Va H$s, AmO AnZr Im{Va H$aZm,AnZm XþI ^r EH$ h¡ gmWr, AnZm gwI ^r EH$,AnZr _§{µOb gM H$s _§{µOb, AnZm amñVm ZoH$,gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo H$Vam, ~Z OmVm h¡ X[a`m,EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo µOam©, ~Z OmVm h¡ goham,EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo amB©, ~Z gH$Vr h¡ na~V,EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo B§gm±, ~g _| H$a bo {H$ñ_V,gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&

*****

gm{ha bw{Y`mZdr-

107

H${d n[aM`

gm{ha bw{Y`mZdr H$m Agbr Zm_ AãXþb hWr gm{ha h¡& CZH$m OÝ_8 _mM© 1921 _| bw{Y`mZm (^maV) Ho$ EH$ OmJraXma KamZo _| hþAm Wm& doo~hþV ~‹S>o H${d VWm JrVH$ma Wo& ~§~B© (dV©_mZ _w§~B©) _| do EH$ CXÿ© n{ÌH$mHo$ g§nmXH$ aho& CÝhm|Zo H$B© {\$ë_m| Ho$ {bE JrV {bIo& 59 df© H$s Am w _| 25AŠVy~a 1980 H$mo {Xb H$m Xm¡am n‹S>Zo go CZH$m Xohm§V hmo J`m& 1964 Am¡a1977 _| CÝh| Xmo ~ma {\$ë_\o$`a gd©loð> JrVH$ma nwañH$ma {_bm Wm&

eãXmW©:

~moP-^ma, H$X_ ~‹T>mZm- AmJo-AmJo MbZm, \$m¡bmXr-bmohm, _O~yV;grZm-N>mVr, AnZm boI-IwX {bIo hþE Aja, {bImdQ> ; J¡a-nam`m, Im{Va- Ho$ {bE, H$maU, _§{µOb-bú`, J§Vì`, _wH$m_, ZoH$-AÀN>m, CÎm_; H$Vam -{H$gr Vab nXmW© H$s ~y±X, X[a`m - ZXr, µOam© - JOam, \y$bm| H$s N>moQ>r _mbm;goham - \y$bm| go ~Zr _mbm Omo Xÿëho Ho$ {ga na ~m±Yr OmVr h¡, amB©-EH$ àH$maH$s N>moQ>r gagm|, B§gm±-BZgmZ, AmX_r&

_whmdao :

1. hmW ~‹T>mZm - gh`moJ XoZm, _XX H$aZm

2. ~moP CR>mZm - {Oå_oXmar boZm

3. grg PwH$mZm - {dZ_« hmoZm, ZV_ñVH$ hmoZm

4. amh| n¡Xm H$aZm - Z o _mJ© Ty>±‹T>Zm

5. amB© {_bH$a na~V ~ZZm - N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~mVm| go ~‹S>m n[aUm_ {ZH$bZm(amB© H$m nhm‹S> ~ZZm)

108

Aä`mg


1. H${d {H$ggo hmW ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$h aho h¢?

2. ~moP H¡$go CR>mZm Mm{hE?

3. gmJa Zo amñVm H$~ N>mo‹S>m?

4. h_ AJa Mmh| Vmo H$hm± amh| n¡Xm H$a gH$Vo h¢?

5. AnZr _§{µOb H¡$gr _§{µOb h¡?

6. amB© EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo Š`m ~Z gH$Vr h¡?

7. {H$ñ_V H$mo H¡$go AnZo ~g _| H$a gH$Vo h¢?


1. _ohZV H$aZodmbo {_bH$a H$X_ ~‹T>mVo h¢ Vmo Š`m-Š`m hmogH$Vm h¡?

2. EH$ go EH$ {_bZo H$m n[aUm_ Š`m hmoJm? ({H$Ýht Xmo)

III. BZ n§{ŠV`m| H$mo nyam H$s{OE:

1. EH$ WH$ OmEJm, {_bH$a CR>mZm&

2. gmWr, hmW &

3. _ohZV AnZo H$s aoIm, goŠ`m S>aZm&

4. AnZr gM H$s _§{µOb, AnZm ZoH$&

5. EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo , ~g _| H$a bo &

109

IV. VwH$dmbo eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE:

O¡go : ~‹T>m`m - PwH$m`m

1. ~m±h| -

2. S>aZm -

3. EH$ -

4. na~V -

V. ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE :

EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo amB©, ~Z gH$Vr h¡ na~V,

EH$ go EH$ {_bo Vmo B§gm±, ~g _| H$a bo {H$ñ_V,

gmWr, hmW ~‹T>mZm&

VI. AnZo gmWr Ho$ ~mao _| Wmo‹S>r-gr OmZH$mar Xr{OE:

1. AmnHo$ {H$VZo gmWr h¢?

2. AnZo nm±M gm{W`m| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE&

3. AmnH$m ~hþV AÀN>m, Jham XmoñV H$m¡Z h¡?

4. {H$VZo gmbm| H$s XmoñVr h¡?

5. XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM H$^r PJ‹S>m hþAm h¡?

6. {H$g ~mV na PJ‹S>m hþAm?

7. H¡$go gwbPm`m?

110

VII. Bg H${dVm _| AnZo gmWr go hmW ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$hm J`mh¡& {_bH$a ~moP CR>mZo H$s ~mV ~Vm`r J`r h¡& `h ~mVn[adma _| ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ `m Zht?A~ {b{IE -1. AmnHo$ n[adma _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z ahVo h¢?2. Ka _| Hw$b {H$VZo bmoJ h¢?3. CZHo$ Zm_ Š`m h¢?4. CZH$s Am`w {H$VZr h¡?5. do Š`m H$m_ H$aVo h¢?

Zm_ Am w H$m_

CXm: 1. nmnm/{nVmOr-gwaoe 42 S>m°ŠQ>a

2. _m±

VIII. n[adma Ho$ Am¡a ^r H$B© gXñ` hmoVo h¢& O¡go XmXm, XmXr Am{X&{nVm Ho$ {nVm ({nVmOr) H$mo XmXm H$hm OmVm h¡&A~ {b{IE [aíVm| H$m Zm_ :

(~wAm, ZmZm, XmXr, VmD$, ZmZr, _m_m, MmMm, _m¡gr)1. {nVmOr H$s _m± 2. {nVmOr Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© 3. {nVmOr H$s ~hZ 4. {nVmOr Ho$ N>moQ>o ^mB©

111

5. _m± Ho$ {nVmOr 6. _m± H$s _m± 7. _m± Ho$ ^mB© 8. _m± H$s ~hZ

IX. Vwåhmao {dMma go {H$gH$s Š`m-Š`m {Oå_oXm[a`m± h¢?1. {nVmOr H$s

2. _mVmOr H$s 3. XmXmOr H$s

4. XmoñV H$s

5. Vwåhmar

X. ghr {_bmZ H$s{OE :1. hmW ~‹T>mZm - Z`o _mJ© Ty>±‹T>Zm2. ~moP CR>mZm - AmJo {ZH$bZm3. H$X_ ~‹T>mZm - gh`moJ XoZm/_XX H$aZm4. amh| n¡Xm H$aZm - N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r ~mVmo§ go ~‹S>m n[aUm_

{ZH$bZm5. amB© H$m nhm‹S>/ - {Oå_oXmar boZm

na~V ~ZZmXI. AZwê$nVm:

1. ~‹T>Zm : ~‹T>mZm :: CR>Zm : 2. na~V : nhm‹S> :: {H$ñ_V : 3. EH$ EH$ H$Vam : X[a`m :: EH$ EH$ amB© : 4. AnZm : nam`m :: S>a : >

112

^mfm kmZ_whmdam

{nN>br H$jm _| Amn "_whmdao' H$m _Vb~ g_P J o h¢& gmYmaUAW© Ho$ ~Xbo {deof AW© àH$Q> H$aZodmbo dmŠ`m§e "_whmdao' H$hbmVo h¢&_whmdao ñdV§Ì dmŠ`m§e Zht hmoVo& BZHo$ à`moJ go ^mfm gag Ed§geŠV hmo OmVr h¡& ^mdm{^ì`{ŠV _| M_ËH$ma Am OmVm h¡& Hw$N>_whmdmao >

1. Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm - Jm`~ hmoZm2. _w±h go \y$b P‹S>Zm - _rR>m / {à` dMZ ~mobZm3. hdm go ~mV| H$aZm - ~hþV VoO Xm¡‹S>Zm4. {_Q²>Q>r _| {_b OmZm - Zï> hmo OmZm5. CÞrg ~rg H$m A§Va hmoZm - ~hþV H$_ A§Va hmoZm

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* Bg H${dVm H$mo N>mÌm| go gm_y{hH$ ê$n _| J±dmE±&* _whmdam| H$m AW© g{hV MmQ>© ~ZdmH$a H$jm _| Q>±JdmE±&

113

14. gm¡a D$Om©

Ame` :AmO Ho$ wJ _| ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$s AË`{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm h¡& gm¡a D$Om©^r ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© h¡& Bg nmR> Ho$ X²dmam D$Om© H$s _hÎmm Ho$ ~mao _|OmZH$mar àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

hOmam| gmbm| go h_ gy © H$s D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo Am aho h¢; bo{H$Zhm±! {~Obr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE CgH$m Cn`moJ hmb hr _| ewê$ hþAm h¡& gy © n¥Ïdrgo h¡ bJ^J 15 H$amo‹S> {H$._r. H$s Xÿar na, {H$ÝVw ~mn ao! h¡ {H$VZme{ŠVembr& CgH$s D$Om© Ho$ EH$ {hñgo _mÌ go h_mar D$Om© g§~§Yr gmarAmdí`H$VmE± nyU© hmo gH$Vr h¢&

gm¡a D$Om© H$m AW© h¡ "gy ©-e{ŠV'& Bgo A§J«oµOr _| "Solar Energy'H$hVo h¢& Š`m Iy~! AmOH$b Bgr D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ {~Obr Ho$ CËnmXZ _|hmoVm h¡& gy © go h_| Vmn ^r {_bVm h¡, àH$me ^r& O¡go-O¡go {~Obr H$mCn`moJ VWm _m±J ~‹T>Zo bJr, d¡go-d¡go {~Obr CËnmXZ Ho$ AbJ-AbJ òmoVm|H$mo _Zwî` Ty>±‹T>Zo bJm& V~ àma§ hþAm gy © go ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$mCËnmXZ& ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$m CËnmXZ _w»`V… Ob, dm w VWm gy ©BZ VrZ VËdm| go hmo gH$Vm h¡& Bgo Ob D$Om©, dm w D$Om© Am¡a gm¡a D$Om© H$hmOmVm h¡&

dmh! Š`m ~mV h¡& {nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] go "gm¡a D$Om©' CËnmXZ H$sVH$ZrH$ _| VoOr go d¥{X²Y hþB© h¡& gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ à_wIê$n go Xmo VH$ZrH|$ CnbãY h¢& EH$ h¡ "\$moQ>modmoëQ>mBH$' Am¡a Xÿgam h¡"H$m°Ýg|Q´>oqQ>J'&

g§H${bV-

114

Or hm±! BZ XmoZm| VH$ZrH$m| _| gm¡a D$Om© H$mo grYo {~Obr _| ~Xbm OmgH$Vm h¡&gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ H$hm±-H$hm± hmoVm h¡, AmBE XoI|&

1. gm¡a D$Om© : `h {dX² wV D$Om© Ho$ ~Xbo _| Cn wŠV hmoVr h¡& `hD$Om© grYo gy © go àmá hmoVr h¡¡& Š`m Iy~! Bggo Kam|_| {~Obr {_bVr h¡& nmZr ^r Ja_m`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

2. gmobma Hw$H$a : ImZm nH$mZo Ho$ {bE BªYZ Ho$ ~Xbo gm¡a D$Om© H$m(gm¡a Myëhm nmMH$) Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡& Or hm±! gmobma Hw$H$a H$mo ~mha

aIH$a ImZm nH$m`m Om gH$Vm h¡&3. gm¡a bmbQ>oZ : `h hëH$m hmoVm h¡& Aao! Bgo ObmZo Ho$ {bE {_Q²>Q>r

H$m Vob, noQ´>mob `m J¡g H$s Oê$aV hr Zht n‹S>Vr&

4. gm¡a nW-Xrn : dmh! gm¡a nW-Xrn go hmoVr h¡ {~Obr H$s ~MV&Ohm± {dX² wV bmBZ Zht bJm gH$Vo, Eogo àXoem| _|`h A{YH$ Cn`moJr h¡&

Bgr àH$ma H¥${f joÌ _| qgMmB© _| Ob {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE gm¡a n§n H$mCn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡¡& `mVm`mV Ho$ joÌ _| gm¡a D$Om© Ho$ H$maU BªYZ H$s~MV hmo ahr h¡& Am¡X² mo{JH$ joÌ _| ^r `h A{YH$-go-A{YH$ bm^Xm`H${gX²Y hþAm h¡& gm¡a D$Om© X²dmam n`m©daU àXÿfU H$mo amoH$m Om gH$Vm h¡& `h{~Obr go µÁ`mXm gwa{jV h¡& {Zñg§e` gm¡a-D$Om© AË`ÝV Cn`moJr h¡&

*****

115

eãXmW©:D$Om©-g§MbZ H$s j_Vm XoZodmbr e{ŠV, hmb hr _| - dV©_mZ _|, at

present ; {hñgm-A§e, mJ; Vmn-Ja_r, CîUVm, heat ; òmoV - {H$gr dñVw`m VËd H$m CËn{Îm ñWmZ, VH$ZrH$-à{d{Y, {H$gr {deof H$bm H$m kmZ;ZdrH$aUr` - Ad{Y g_mßV hmoZo na nwZ… Cn`moJ _| bm`m OmZodmbm,Renewable; BªYZ - dmhZm| Am{X _| Cn wŠV S>rµOb, noQ´>mob Am{X nXmW©,Fuel; qgMmB© - {H$gr ObòmoV go IoV _| Ob nhþ±MmZm, hëH$m - H$_dOZdmbm, ma _| H$_ ; mVm`mV - AmdmJ_Z, Transportation ; Am¡X² mo{JH$- CX² moJ g§~§Yr, Industrial.

{deof gyMZm :* H$moMr (Cochin) hdmB© AS²>S>o _| gm¡ à{VeV gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m

Om ahm h¡&* 1. \$moQ>modmoëQ>mBH$ - Photovoltaic

2. H$m°Ýg|Q´>oqQ>J - Concentrating

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. gy © n¥Ïdr go bJ^J {H$VZo {H$._r H$s Xÿar na h¡?2. gm¡a D$Om© H$m AW© Š`m h¡?3. gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ _w»`V… {H$VZr

VH$ZrH|$ h¢?•4. Kam| _| gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ H¡$go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡?5. gmobma Hw$H$a H$mo qhXr _| Š`m H$hVo h¢?6. gm¡a nW-Xrn go {H$gH$s ~MV hmoVr h¡?

gm¡a D$Om© go{~Obr CËnmXZHo$ Xmo VH$ZrH$

116

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:1. gy © {H$VZm e{ŠVembr h¡? Cggo {~Obr ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ H$~go

ewê$ hþAm h¡?2. gy © go h_| Š`m-Š`m {_bVm h¡?3. ZdrH$aUr` `mo½` D$Om© H$m CËnmXZ _w»`V… {H$Z VËdm| go hmo

gH$Vm h¡?4. VrZ D$Om©Am| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE&5. gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnbãY VH$ZrH|$ H$m¡Z-

gr h¢?6. gm¡a bmbQ>oZ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

III. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:1. gy © n¥Ïdr go h¡ ~hþV Xÿa, {H$ÝVw h¡ ~hþV &2. gm¡a D$Om© CËnmXZ H$s VH$ZrH$ _| go d¥{Õ

hþB© h¡&3. gm¡a D$Om© H$mo grYo _| ~Xbm Om gH$Vm h¡&4. H¥${f joÌ _| Ob {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE H$m Cn`moJ

{H$`m OmVm h¡&

IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :1. `mVm`mV Ho$ joÌ _| gm¡a Myëhm nmMH$&2. Am¡X² mo{JH$ joÌ _| n`m©daU àXÿfU Zht hmoVm&3. gm¡a D$Om© go {~Obr go Á`mXm gwa{jV h¡&4. gm¡a D$Om© A{YH$ bm^Xm`H$ {gX²Y hþAm h¡&

5. gmobma Hw$H$a BªYZ H$s ~MV hmoVr h¡&

117

V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE:

1. nyU© x 6. hëH$m x

2. àH$me x 7. A{YH$ x

3. ~‹T>Zm x 8. bm^ x

4. à_wI x 9. Cn`moJr x

5. Ja_ x 10. gwa{jV x

VI. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Ob D$Om© go {~Obr CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$ H$B© joÌ h¢&CZH$m n[aM` àmá H$s{OE:

CXm : 1. Joégmoßno ObànmV - qbJZ_ŠH$s ~m±Y - {ed_mo½Jm {Obm

2. JJZMwŠH$s-^aMwŠH$s ObànmV - _hmË_mJm°§Yr {dX² wVCËnmXZ-_§S²>`m {Obm H|$Ð

VII. H$b, AmO Am¡a H$b (gm¡a D$Om© VH$ H$s g\$a):

H$b : {_Q²>Q>r Vob H$m Cn`moJ - bmbQ>oZ dJ¡ah go amoeZr

AmO : Ob D$Om© go {~Obr - ~ë~, Q²> y~bmB©Q> dJ¡ah go amoeZr

AmO : dm w D$Om© go {~Obr - à_wI ê$n go H¥${f joÌm| _|AmOAm¡a : gm¡a D$Om© H$m Cn`moJ - ha {H$gr joÌ _|

H$b

(H$b-¤£Éß, AmO-EAzÀÄ, H$b-£Á¼É)

118

A~ Amn Bgr àH$ma H$b Am¡a AmO H$m A§Va ñnï> H$s{OE:

H$b AmOO¡go : 1. n¡Xb `mÌm {d{^Þ gdmar

2.3.4.5.

VIII. Hw$N> Eogo àM{bV A§J«oµOr eãX h¢ Omo AnZr ^mfm _| Kwb-{_bJ o h¡§& BZHo$ {bE AnZr ^mfm _| eãX h¢, {\$a ^r h_ CZH$mà`moJ grYm-grYm d¡go hr H$aVo h¢&

CXm: 1. Solar gmobma gm¡a (AnZr ^mfm _|)2. Doctor S>m°ŠQ>a {M{H$ËgH$, d¡X²3. Jail Oob ~§XrImZm4. Police Station nw{bg ñQ>oeZ AmajH$ R>mZm5. Internet B§Q>aZoQ> A§VOm©b

Eogo eãXm| H$m à`moJ Amn ^r H$aVo hm|Jo& H$moB© 10 eãXm| H$sgyMr ~ZmBE&

IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:1. "gm¡a D$Om©' H$m AW© h¡ ""gm¡a-e{ŠV''&2. gy © go h_| Vmn ^r {_bVm h¡, àH$me ^r&3. gm¡a D$Om© go nmZr ^r Ja_m`m Om gH$Vm h¡&4. dmh! gm¡a nW-Xrn go hmoVr h¡ {~Obr H$s ~MV&5. gm¡a D$Om© {~Obr go Á`mXm gwa{jV h¡&

119

X. dJ© nhobr _| {~Obr go MbZodmbr Hw$N> MrµOm| Ho$ Zm_ h¢&CÝh| MwZH$a {b{IE:

CXm : ~ë~1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

XI. `mX H$aHo$ {b{IE {H$ {H$Z-{H$Z OJhm| _| gm¡a D$Om© H$mCn`moJ hmo ahm h¡&

XII. AZwê$nVm :1. amV : Mm±X :: {XZ : 2. Mm±X : Mm±XZr :: gy`© : 3. AeŠV : CngJ© eãX :: e{ŠVhrZ : 4. Obe{ŠV : ObD$Om© :: gy ©e{ŠV :

^mfm kmZ{dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì`` = "{dñ_`+Am{X+~moYH$'

dmŠ` _| Omo Aì`` {dñ_`, hf©, K¥Um, emoH$, ^`, H«$moY Am{X_Zmo mdm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢, do "{dñ_`m{X~moYH$ Aì``' H$hbmVo h¢&bo{H$Z BZ Aì``m| H$m g§~§Y dmŠ` _| {H$gr ^r eãX go Zht hmoVm&

O¡go : hm`! A~ dh Zht ahm&dmh! Bem {H$VZr gw§Xa b‹S>H$s h¡&

A ~ ë~ _o Yw à

ao Vm Amo Q>mo bm er{S> n d ao B© V`mo H$ Z b § H$g§ J U H$ Ì n§Xÿ a X e© Z Im

120

dmŠ` _| {ZåZ{b{IV àH$ma Ho$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$m| H$m à`moJ {H$`mOmVm h¡ -

1. {dñ_`/AmíM © ~moYH$ - Aao!, Amohmo!, Amoh!, ~mn ao ! Am{X

2. emoH$gyMH$ - Amh!, Amoh!, D$h!, hm`!, ho ^JdmZ! Am{X

3. hf©~moYH$ - Amh!, dmh!, YÝ`-YÝ`!, Š`m Iy~!, ~hþV AÀN>m! Am{X

4. àmoËgmhZ gyMH$ - em~me!, gmYw-gmYw!, YÝ`! Am{X

5. ^`gyMH$ - ~MmAmo!, ~mn ao!, Aao ao! Am{X

6. H«$moYgyMH$ - A~o!, YV²!, Mwn! Am{X

7. K¥UmgyMH$ - {YH²$!, {YŠH$ma!, hQ>!, {N>… {N>…! Am{X

8. AZw_moXH$ - R>rH$!, hm±-hm±!, Or hm±!, AÀN>m! Am{X

9. g§~moYZgyMH$ - ao!, Aar!, ho! Am{X

10. MoVmdZr - hmo{e`ma!, I~aXma! Am{X

I. Bg nmR> _| à wŠV {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ eãXm| H$mo nhMm{ZE&CZH$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE EH$-EH$ dmŠ` {b{IE&

121

II. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ "!' & `h {dam_ {Mh²Zm| _| goEH$ h¡& {ZåZ{b{IV {Mh²Zm| H$mo nhMmZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:(nyU© {dam_, AY©{dam_, Aën{dam_, {ddaU {Mh²Z, àíZ gyMH$,`moOH$, CX²YaU {Mh²Z, H$moð>H$)

CXm: 1. "" ''2. &3. ,4. :5. ?6. ( )7. ;8. -

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :

Ob D$Om© go {~Obr CËnmXZ H$aZodmbo H|$Ðm| _| OmH$a CgH$sOmZH$mar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$a|&

122

15. dram§JZm MoÞå_m

18 dt eVmãXr _| gÎmmbmobwn A§J«oµOm| H$mo ZmH$m| MZo M~mZodmbr gd©àW_^maVr` dram§JZm MoÞå_m Wr& MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ H$mH$Vr` d§e _| gZ² 1778_| hþAm Wm& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Yybßnm XogmB© Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ nÙmdVrWm& EH$ Vmo BH$bm¡Vr, {\$a ê$ndVr Am¡a ñdñW& MoÞå_m eãX H$m AW© hr h¡gwÝXa _{hbm & CZH$s {ejm-Xrjm amOHw$b Ho$ AZwê$n hr hþB©& Kw‹S>gdmar,eómóm| H$m Aä`mg, AmIoQ> Am{X wÕ H$bmE± CÝh| AnZo dra {nVm go àmßVhþB©& AnZo O§J_Jwé Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| CÝhm|Zo CXÿ©, _amR>r Am¡a g§ñH¥$V mfmAm| H$mAÜ``Z {H$`m&

Ame` :N>mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s dra _{hbm M¡Þå_m H$s Xoe^{ŠV H$m n[aM` àmá H$aVo h¢¡&

A§J«oµOm| H$s AZoH$ H$mo{eem| Ho$ ~mX r {H$Îmya H$mo MoÝZå_m Zo ~Mm`m& bo{H$Z MoÝZå_mHo$ ~§Xr ~Z OmZo Ho$ H$maU {H$Îmya A§J«oµOm| Ho$ de _| J`m& MoÝZå_m O¡gr dra _{hbmHo$ H$maU H$Zm©Q>H$ Jd© H$m AZw d H$aVm h¡&

g§H${bV-

123

{H$Îmyé H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ CÎmar ~obJmdr {Obo _| h¡& CZ {XZm| {H$ÎmyaH$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ ì`mnma H$m à{gÕ Ho$ÝÐ ^r Wm& Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ ì`mnmar dhm±Ho$ ~mµOmam| _| hrao-OdmhamV| IarXZo Ho$ {bE Am`m H$aVo Wo& Eogo g_¥Õ amÁ`Ho$ àOmdËgb amOm _ëbgO© Wo& MoÞå_m Ho$ _mVm-{nVm Zo ~‹S>o hm¡gbo go CZH$m{ddmh amOm _ëbgO© Ho$ gmW H$a {X`m&

amZr MoÞå_m {H$Îmyé Ho$ amO_hb _| gwI go ahZo bJr& CZH$s H$moI go EH$nwÌ aËZ H$m OÝ_ hþAm, {OgH$m Zm_ Wm {ed~gdamO& bo{H$Z ~MnZ _| hrCgH$s _¥Ë w hþB©& amOm _ëbgO© H$s nhbr nËZr Wr éÐå_m& nyZm Ho$ nQ>dX©Z Zo_ëbgO© H$mo MmbmH$s go ~ÝXr ~Zm {b`m& dht CZH$s _¥Ë w hmo JB©& _ëbgO©H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX MoÞå_m Zo éÐå_m Ho$ nwÌ {edqbJ éÐgO© H$mo JÔr na {~R>m`m&{edqbJ éÐgO© Zo MoÞå_m H$s gbmh H$mo hdm _| C‹S>mH$a MmQw>H$mam| go Jhar{_ÌVm H$a br, {Oggo {H$Îmya H$m nVZ ewê$ hþAm&

amOm {edqbJ éÐgO© H$s _¥Ë w 11 {gV§~a 1824 H$mo hþB©& Bgo A§J«oµOm| Zo{H$Îmyé amÁ` H$mo h‹S>nZo H$m ~‹S>m AÀN>m Adga g_Pm& amOm {Z…gÝVmZ _amWm& CgZo AnZo EH$ g§~Yr JwéqbJ _ëbgO© H$mo JmoX {b`m Wm& bo{H$Z A§J«oµOJmoX {bE nwÌ H$mo CÎmam{YH$mar Zht _mZVo Wo& Cg g_` S>mbhm¡gr JdaZa-OZab Wo& Eogo Adga na amZr MoÞå_m Zo {H$Îmyé amÁ` H$mo g± mbH$a ajm H$aZoH$s H$g_ ImB©&

{H$Îmyé amÁ` _| A§J«oµOr g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ àdoe go amZr MoÞå_m H$m aŠV Im¡bCR>m, bo{H$Z Cg g_` do Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$s¨& A§Jo«µOm| go bmohm boZo Ho$ {bECÝhm|Zo ^rVa hr ^rVa V¡`mar Ama§^ H$a Xr& A§J«oµOr à{V{ZYr W¡H$ao Zo amZrMoÞå_m H$mo ^m§°{V-^m°§{V Ho$ gÝXoe oOo& _Ja amZr AnZr ñdmYrZVm H$m gm¡XmH$aZo na amµOr Z hþB©& Bgr g_` W¡H$ao H$mo {H$Îmyé amÁ` Ho$ oëbßneoÅ>r Am¡ad|H$Q>amd Zm_H$ XoeÐmohr {_b J o& do {H$Îmyé H$m Z_H$ ImH$a {H$Îmyé H$s O‹S>

124

ImoXZo _| bJo hþE Wo& W¡H$ao Zo CÝh| {H$Îmyé H$m AmYm-AmYm amÁ` gm¢n XoZo H$sbmbM {XIm`r& ~Xbo _| do {H$Îmyé Ho$ g^r oX ImobZo Am¡a ^agH$ ghm`VmH$aZo H$mo V¡ ma hmo J o& XmoZm| Zo {H$Îmyé H$m emgZ^ma g§° mbZo H$m nadmZmboH$a MoÞå_m H$mo {X`m& Cgo n‹T>Vo hr MoÞå_m Zo W¡H$ao H$m nÌ Qw>H$‹S>o-Qw>H$‹S>o H$aVohþE H$hm ""h_Zo JmoX boH$a A§J«oµOm| Ho$ {déÕ H$moB© fS²> §Ì Zht aMm h¡& JmoX boZmh_mam A{YH$ma h¡, Bgo W¡H$ao Zht amoH$ gH$Vm& h_mao Kaoby _m_bm| _| ~mobZodmbmdh h¡ hr H$m¡Z? {H$Îmya ñdV§Ì> amÁ` h¡ Am¡a V~ VH$ ahoJm O~ VH$ _oao eara _|n«mU h¢&'' `h \$Q>H$ma gwZVo hr XmoZm| XoeÐmohr AnZm-gm _w±h boH$a Mbo J o&{H$Îmyé _| Jwé{gÕßnm O¡go Hw$eb XrdmZ Am¡a ~mbÊUm, am`ÊUm, JOdra Am¡aMoÞ~gßnm O¡go dra moÕm r Wo, {OZHo$ ahVo {H$Îmyé Ho$ {bE H$moB© IVam Z Wm&

{H$Îmyé H$s OZVm A§J«oµOm| H$s Mmb go ^br-^m§°{V n[a{MV Wr& W¡H$ao ñd §~‹S>r goZm boH$a {H$Îmyé Am nhþ±Mm& qH$Vw amZr Cggo Zht S>at& W¡H$ao Zo 500{gnm{h`m| Ho$ gmW {H$Îmyé Ho$ {H$bo na M‹T>mB© H$aZo H$s Amkm Xo Xr& amZr Zo drag¡{ZH$m| H$mo wÕ Ho$ {bE bbH$maVo hþE H$hm -""_mV¥ y{_ Ho$ gnyVmo! AnZo àmUm|H$s ~mOr bJmH$a h_ AnZr _mV¥ y{_ H$s ajm H$aVo h¢& A§J«oµO Bgo h_go~bnyd©H$ N>rZZm MmhVo h¢, bo{H$Z Bgo h_ H¡$go N>mo‹S> gH$Vo h¢? `h h_| AnZonyd©Om| go {_br h¡&''

CYa W¡H$ao Zo K_H$s Xr {H$, ""~rg {_ZQ> _| AmË_g_n©U H$a{X`m Om`, Zht Vmo {H$bm Vhg-Zhg H$a {X`m OmEJm&'' Hw$N> g_` ~mX_Xm©Zr doe _| amZr MoÞå_m eoaZr H$s m§°{V A§J«oµOm| H$r goZm na Qy>Q> n‹S>r& CZHo$nrN>o Xmo hµOma moÕm Wo& `mZH$ wÕ hþAm& A§J«oµOm| H$s goZm Bg àdmh H$mo ghZ gH$s& dh ^mJ I‹S>r hþB© Am¡a W¡H$ao _mam J`m & XoeÐmo{h`m| H$m H$m_ V_m_H$a {X`m J`m& ~§Xr Jmoao A§J«oµO A\$gam| Ho$ gmW CXmaVm H$m ì`dhma {H$`mJ`m Am¡a CÝh| N>mo‹S> {X`m J`m& bo{H$Z `h {dO` ~hþV {XZm| VH$ Z ahr&

125

Hw$N> hr g_` Ho$ ~mX A§Jo«µOm| Zo {H$Îmyé amÁ` na {\$a AmH«$_U {H$`m& A~A§Jo«µOr goZm A{YH$ Wr& bo{H$Z {H$Îmyé Ho$ dra g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ gå_wI Cgo Xþ~mam hma_mZZr n‹S>r& {\$a EH$ ~ma A§J«oµOm| Zo gmar e{ŠV bJmH$a Koam S>mbm& Bg wÕ_| aUMÊS>r MoÞå_m ~§Xr ~Zm br JBª& A§J«oµOm| Zo {H$Îmyé H$mo byQ>m& dhm± Hw$N> rZ ~Mm& MoÞå_m H$mo ~¡bhm|Jbm Ho$ XþJ© _| H$mamJma _| S>mb {X`m J`m& ~§XrJ¥h_| hr 2 \$adar 1829 H$mo MoÞå_m H$s OrdZ Á`mo{V gXm Ho$ {bE ~wP JB©&

`h H$Zm©Q>H$ OZVm Ho$ {bE Jd© H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ H$Zm©Q>H$> H$s dram§JZmMoÞå_m Zo nhbr ~ma ñdV§ÌVm H$s Omo {MZJmar S>mbr Wr, ~mX _| dh gmao^maV _| \¡$b JB©&

*****

eãXmW© :

gÎmm-A{YH$ma, bmobwn-bmo r, bmbMr; BH$bm¡Vr-EH$_mÌ, AmIoQ>-{eH$ma, OdmhamV-aËZ, _{U Am{X; hm¡gbm-CËgmh, gmhg; H$moI-J ©,nQ>dX©Z-EH$ amOm H$m Zm_, JX²Xr-qghmgZ, MmQw>H$ma - PyR>r àe§gmH$aZodmbo, nVZ-{dZme, h‹S>nZm-N>rZ boZm, AZw{MV ê$n go bo boZm;Adga-_m¡H$m, JmoX boZm - XÎmH$ ê$n _| ñdrH$maZm, gm¡Xm H$aZm-boZ-XoZH$m ì`mnma, O‹S> ImoXZm-hm[Z nhw±MmZm, gm¢nZm-de _| XoZm, oX-ahñ`,^agH$-bJmVma, {Za§Va; nadmZm-Amkm nÌ, \$Q>H$ma-S>m±Q>, IVam-Anm`,{dnÎmr; Mmb-AmMaU, MbZ; bbH$maZm- wÕ Ho$ {bE Amh²dmZ, gnyV-gwnwÌ, Y_H$s XoZm - ^` {XImZm, Vhg-Zhg H$aZm-Myya Mya H$aZm, _Xm©Zrdoe - nwéf doe, `moÕm-g¡{ZH$, Koam-AmH«$_U, gå_wI-gm_Zo, Xþ~mam-Xÿgar~ma, {MZJmar - AmJ H$m H$U/Qw>H$‹S>m&

126

_whmdao:1. ZmH$m| MZo M~mZm - ~hþV hr h¡amZ H$aZm2. aŠV Im¡bZm - AË`{YH$ H«$mo{YV hmoZm3. bmohm boZm - ~Xbm boZm4. AnZm-gm _w±h boH$a Mbo OmZm - An_m{ZV hmo OmZm5. àmUm| H$s ~mOr bJmZm - OmZ na IobZm6. Qy>Q> n‹S>Zm - AmH«$_U H$aZm7. H$m_ V_m_ H$aZm - IË_ H$aZm, _ma S>mbZm8. OrdZ Á`mo{V ~wP OmZm - Xohm§V hmoZm, _a OmZm

Aä`mg


1. MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ {H$g d§e _| hþAm Wm?

2. MoÞå_m eãX H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

3. {H$Îmya H$hm± h¡?

4. MoÞå_m H$m {ddmh {H$gHo$ gmW hþAm?

5. {edqbJ éÐgO© Zo {H$gH$mo JmoX {b`m Wm?

6. MoÞå_m H$mo A§J«oµOm| Zo H$hm± ~§Xr ~Zm`m Wm?


1. MoÞå_m Ho$ _mVm Am¡a {nVm H$m Zm_ {b{IE&

2. MoÞå_m H$mo CZHo$ {nVm go H$m¡Z-gr H$bmE± àmßV hþB© Wt?

127

3. {H$Îmya amÁ` H$s g_¥{Õ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

4. {H$Îmya H$m nVZ ewê$ hmoZo H$m H$maU Š`m Wm?

5. òëbßneoÅ>r Am¡a d|H$Q>amd {H$Îmya Ho$ ôX ImobZo Š`m| V¡`mahmo Jò?

6. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s OZVm Ho$ {bE Jd© H$s ~mV Š`m h¡?

III. BZ eãXm| H$m {dbmo_ eãX nmR> _| go Ty>±T>H$a {b{IE:

1. AñdñW x

2. Hw$ê$n x

3. Xoe x

4. eÌwVm x

5. ~mha x

6. Xoe^ŠV x

7. H$mà x

8. namO` x

IV. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE:1. {nVm - 2. amZr -3. nwÌr -4. ~mn -5. XmXm -6. eoaZr -

128

V. Omo‹S>r {_bmBE:1. MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ 1. gZ² 18292. MoÞå_m H$s ImoH$ go OÝ_m nwÌ 2. JdaZa-OZab3. {edqbJ éÐgO© H$s _¥Ë w 3. gZ² 17784. S>mbhm¡gr 4. gZ² 18245. MoÞå_m H$s OrdZ Á`mo{V ~wPr 5. {ed~gdamO

VI. AZoH$ eãX Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE:O¡go : EH$ go µÁ`mXm ^mfm OmZZodmbm - ~hþ mfr1. gm_mZ IarXZm Ed§ ~oMZm -2. PyR>r àe§gm H$aZodmbo -3. {OZH$m H$moB© g§VmZ Z hmo -4. Xoe Ho$ à{V Ðmoh H$aZodmbm -5. Omo n[a{MV Z hmo -6. ñd § H$mo g_{n©V H$aZm -

VII. nwamZo g_` _| wX²Y H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vbdma, ^mbo, Vra-H$_mZAm{X eómóm| H$m Cn`moJ hmoVm Wm&A~ Amn VrZ dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE {H$ AJa AmOH$b wÕ hmoVmh¡ Vmo {H$g àH$ma H$s MrµOm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡?

129

VIII. {H$Îmya amZr MoÞå_m Ho$ Omo ^r g§dmX Bg nmR> _| Am`oh¢, CZH$m A{^Z` H$jm _| H$aHo$ {XImBE&

IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. {H$Îmya H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ CÎmar ~obJmdr {Obo _| h¡&

2. A§J«oµO JmoX {b`o nwÌ H$mo CÎmam{YH$mar Zht _mZVo Wo&

3. MoÞå_m Zo ^rVa hr ^rVa V¡ mar Ama§ H$a Xr&

4. {H$Îmya ñdV§Ì amÁ` h¡&

5. MoÞå_m Ho$ nrN>o Xmo hµOma `moX²Ym Wo&

6. A§J«oµOm| H$mo Xþ~mam hma _mZZr n‹S>r&

X. dram§JZm MoÞå_m O¡gr AZoH$ _{hbmAm| H$m OÝ_ ^maV Xoe _| hþAmWm& "AmoZHo$ (_ygb) Amo~ìdm' H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s hr Wr& CZH$s H$hmZrn‹T>H$a H$jm _| gwZmBE Am¡a XmoZm| _{hbmAm| H$s VwbZm H$s{OE&

XI. Bg nmR> _| Am o hþE g^r nmÌm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a CZHo$~mao _| EH$-EH$ dmŠ` {b{IE:

O¡go : 1. MoÞå_m - H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s EH$ dram§JZm Wr&

2. Yybßnm XogmB© -

3.4.5.6.

130

XII. ^maV Xoe H$mo A§J«o µOm| go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE {OZ Xoe^ŠVm| Zo{XZ-amV n[al_ {H$`m, CZH$m {MÌ BH$Q²>R>m H$s{OE Am¡a CZHo$~mao _| Xmo-VrZ dmŠ` {b{IE&

XIII. AZwê$nVm:

1. MoÞå_m Ho$ {nVm : Yybßnm XogmB© :: MoÞå_m H$s _mVm :

2. MoÞå_m Ho$ n{V : _ëbgO© :: MoÞå_m H$m nwÌ :

3. Jwé{gX²Xßnm : Hw$eb XrdmZ :: MoÞ~gßnm :

4. 1778 : MoÞå_m H$m OÝ_ :: 1829

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* H$jm _| Xoe^ŠVm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| Amew mfU ñnYm© H$m Am`moOZ H$a|&

* Xoe-{dXoe H$s dra _{hbmAm| H$s gmhg JmWm H$jm _| gwZmE±&

131

nr.Eg. am_mZwO_²-

16. nydm©ja H$m nydm©J«h

Ame` :Bg ì`§½` aMZm _| boIH$ Zo A§J«oµOr ^mfm-_moh Ho$ à^md H$m VrúU ì`§½`

{H$`m h¡& h_mao nR>Z-boIZ go boH$a Jm±d-eham| Ho$ Zm_, amOm-_hmamOmAm| Ho$Zm_ Am¡a hm± VH$ {H$ JdmZm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$m r g§{járH$aU H$aZo go hmoZodmbrAg_§OgVm Ho$ ~mao _| àH$me S>mbZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& N>mÌm| H$mo BgaMZm X²dmam gwPmd {X`m J`m h¡ {H$ do AnZo Zm_ Am¡a OÝ_ñWmZm| H$s nhMmZ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE nydm©ja H$m nydm©J«h N>mo‹S> X|&

AmOH$b eham| Ho$ Zm_ nydm©jam| _| `mZo A§J«oOrHo$ B{Z{e`bm| _| {g_Q> aho h¢& `h ~‹S>o IoX H$s ~mVh¡& BZ B{Z{e`bm| Ho$ _mao h_mao H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ eham|Ho$ Zm_ AnZm H$Þ‹S>nZ, AnZr nhMmZ, AnZmApñVËd Imo aho h¢&

EH$ µO_mZm Wm O~ Ho$db AmX{_`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$nhbo B{Z{e`b bJVm Wm& AmO h_ o nydm©jaeham| Ho$ Zm_m| H$mo ^r ~m±Q> aho h¢& g_P _| ZhtAmVm BgHo$ nrN>o XrK© H$m bKw ~ZmZo H$s _mZd-ghO àd¥{Îm h¡ `m `h H$moB© Z`m \¡$eZ h¡& AWdm`h ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ bmoH$mon`moJr {d^mJ dmbm|Zo Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_ {bIZo Ho$ {bE N>moQ>o \$bH$ ~ZmEhm|, {\$a CZHo$ AmH$mamZwgma Zm_m| H$mo ^r H$mQ>N>m±Q>H$a N>moQ>m ~Zm`m J`m hmo&

Bg g§H$moM-à{H«$`m H$s ~{b ~Zo hþE Hw$N> Jm±dm|Ho$ Zm_m| H$m n[aerbZ H$aZm R>rH$ ahoJm& gw§Xa"{Vé_Hy$S>bw Zagrnwa' A~ "Q>r Zagrnwa' ~Z J`mh¡& AmJo AmZo dmbo g§emoYH$m| H$mo nW^«ï> H$aZo H$mH$m_ h¡ `h& AmJo MbH$a H$^r X¡ddemV², h_mao Xoego A§J«oµOr ^mfm Ho$ hQ> OmZo H$m gm¡ m½` AJa àmá hþAm, Vmo BZB{Z{e`bm| H$m AW© Ty>±‹T>Zm _wpíH$b hmo OmEJm& AZoH$ ImoO| H$s

132

OmE±Jr Am¡a {d{MÌ n[aUm_ àmá hm|Jo& g§emoYH$ em`X Bg {ZU© nanhþ±M|Jo {H$ "Q>r Zagrnwa' Zm_ àm`e… Zagrnwa _| Q>r (Mm`) Ho$ ~mJmZhmoZo Ho$ H$maU Am`m hmoJm&

dh Vmo {\$a ^r AÀN>m hr h¡& g_P br{OE {H$ "H$arXmoÈ>Z nmë`'Zm_H$ EH$ Jm±d h¡& `h "Ho$.S>r. nmë`m'~Z OmEJm& H«$_e… dh "Ho$S>rnmë`' _| ê$nm§V[aV hmo OmEJm Am¡a Jm±d H$mo ~XZm_ H$a XoJm& AmJo MbH$aEH$$ {XZ g§emoYH$ {ZU© b|Jo {H$ Bg Jm±d _| "Ho$S>r`m§o' (Jw§S>o) Ho$ hmoZogo `h Zm_ Am`m hmoJm& Am¡a Bg Vah Cg Jm±d H$s {ZîH$b§H$ H$s{V© _|XmJ bJ OmEJm& A§Jo«µOr Ho$ nydm©jam| go hmoZodmbr hm{Z XoIr Z AmnZo?

A~ "hmobo Zagrnwa' H$s H$hmZr gw{ZE& _Zmoha, _§Owb {ZZmX H$aVrho_mdVr ZXr Am¡a Zaqgh H$m dh ^ì` _§{Xa, dh hmobo Zagrnwa AmOEM.EZ. nwam ~Z J`m h¡& H«$_e… BgH$m ho{ÀMnwa (\$mbVy ZJa) AWdm"EÀM_nwa' _| H$ÝZ‹S>rH$aU hmo OmEJm, BgHo$ BX©-{JX© X§VH$WmE± \¡$bOmE±Jr& Hw$N> ^r H${hE ZXr, Zaqgh, g~ A§J«oµOr Ho$ AmX² mjam| _|Sy>~H$a, CZH$s g§wXaVm bmoH$mon`moJr {d^mJ Ho$ nËWam| _| nËWa ~Z JB©h¡& `h hmobo Zagrnwadmbm| H$m, ho_mdVr ZXr H$m Am¡a Zaqgh H$m ^r~XZgr~ hr h¡&

"{MŠH$Zm`H$Z hëbr' H$mo hr br{OE, AmO dh "gr.EZ. hëbr',~Z J`m h¡& AmJo MbH$a dh "gr`Zhëbr' ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡& d¡go hr"MÞam`nÅ>U' "gr.Ama. nQ²>Q>U' ~Z J`m h¡& "ho½JS>XodZH$moQ>o' "EM.S>r.H$moQ>o' ~Zm h¡& BZ àXoem| na {OZ-{OZ Zm`H$m| Zo, amOmAm| Zo, XodVmAm|Zo amO {H$`m Wm, CZ g~H$mo nydm©jam| _|§ {N>nm XoZm ~‹S>m hr XX©ZmH${df` h¡&

"H$mb_wÔZ XmoÈ>r' AmO "Ho$. E_. XmoÈ>r' H$hbmVm h¡& nVm Zht H$~ldU~obJmob "Eg.~r. Jmobm' ~Z OmEJm, {dO`nwa "{d.nwa' ~Z OmEJm&Xmo-VrZ eãXm| go ~Zo Zm_m| _| nydm©jam| Ho$ à`moJ go õñdrH$aU hmo OmVmh¡& bJVm h¡, AmOH$b b§~o-b§~o Zm_ nwH$maZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| Ho$ nmg g_`

133

Zhr§ h¡& EH$ µO_mZm Wm O~ "{Vé_bo lr{ZdmgdaX a§JZmW Xo{eH$VmVmMma' Am{X Zm_ aIo OmVo Wo& gw~h Zm_ nwH$maZm àma§ H$amo Vmog_mßV hmoVo-hmoVo em_ hmo OmVr Wr& AmO g_`m^md Ho$ H$maU h_ _mohZ,g§Xrn O¡go N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Zm_ aI aho h¢& bo{H$Z eham|-Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$moVmo CZHo$ hmb na hr N>mo‹S> gH$Vo Wo...

em`X A§J«oµOm| Zo ^r AnZo Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_m| H$mo Bg Vah {dH¥$V Zht{H$`m hmoJm& Bg EH$ {df` _| h_ CZgo ^r AmJo ~‹T> JE h¢ Am¡a g~Zm_m| H$mo h_Zo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o \$m°_©ybm| H$s Vah ~Zm S>mbm h¡& Bg Zm__`g§gma _| "PyR>mo h¡ `h OJ' dmbo {gÕm§VmZwgma h_ CZHo$ AmÚ Zm_m| H$mo"AÑí`' ~Zm aho h¢&

_wPo bJVm h¡, ì`dhma _| AmgmZr bmZo Ho$ {bE AmJo MbH$a h_maogmao ì`dhmam| _| Bgr Vah H$s õñd A{^ì`{ŠV H$m ñQ>mBb Mb n‹S>oJm&CXmhaU Ho$ {bE AJa H$moB© H$ho {H$ ""_¢Zo EH$ g§H$ën {H$`m h¡, CgHo${bE Q>r.S>r. OmH$a {d.gr. Ho$ Xe©Z H$a AmD±$Jm Vmo h_| AmíM © _| Zhtn‹S>Zm Mm{hE&'' BgH$m AW© `h hmoJm {H$ {Vén{V Xodmb` OmH$ad|H$Q>mMbn{V Ho$ Xe©Z H$a AmD±$Jm& Cgr Vah AJa H$moB© H$ho {H$ ""E_H$moQ>o OmH$a gr.Ama. ñdm_r go {_bH$a AmD±$Jm'' Vmo h_| CbPZ _| Zhtn‹S>Zm Mm{hE, BgH$m _Vb~ `h h¡ {H$ _obwH$moQ>o OmH$a Mbwdam` ñdm_rgo {_bH$a AmD±$Jm& d¡go hr AJa H$moB© AmpñVH$ _hme` H$ho {H$""{d.Or. ñdm_r H$m A{^foH$ H$amZm h¡'' Vmo g_PZm Mm{hE {H$ doUwJmonmb ñdm_r H$m A{^foH$ {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

h_mam "{~br{J[aa§JZ~oÅ>' Vmo ~r.Ama.{hëg ~ZH$a nyam A§J«oµOr hmo J`mh¡& Cg_| dmñVì` H$aZo dmbm "a§JZmW ñdm_r' ^r Ama.EZ. ñdm_r ~ZJ`m h¡& Amn S>r.Ama. XþJ© OmZVo h¢? dhr AnZm Xodam`Z XþJ©& dhm± Xmoñdm_rOr ahVo h¢, EH$ h¢ dmB©.EZ. ñdm_r Am¡a Xÿgao ~r.EZ. ñdm_r `mZo`moJmZaqgh ñdm_r Am¡a ^moJmZaqgh ñdm_r& Zagrnwa _| Or.EZ. ñdm_rahVo h¢ `mZo Jw§Om Zaqgh ñdm_r&

134

AË §V _Zmoha, gw§Xa d¥§XmdZ JmS>©Ýg dmbm H¥$îUamO gmJa AmO ZragHo$.Ama. gmJa hmo J`m h¡& BgH$m bKwH$aU dht na Zht éH$m h¡, dhHo$.Ama.Eg. ~ZH$a A§J«oµOr dU©_mbm Ho$ VrZ Ajam| _| {g_Q>H$a AnZrnhMmZ hr Imo ~¡R>m h¡& `h ^r h_mam XþX£d h¡ {H$ lra§JnÅ>U Eg.Ama.nÅ>U ~ZH$a a§JZmW ñdm_r AmO Ama.EZ. ñdm_r ~Z J`m h¡&

ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_m| H$m BZ B{Z{e`bm| _| Nw>nZm Vmo R>rH$ h¡, na Jm±dm|Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ {bE BgH$s µOê$aV Zht h¡, `h Vmo gamga AÝ`m` h¡&ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ {bE Bg àH$ma õñdrH$aU Amdí`H$ h¡, Zht VmoH$moB© {H$gr H$mo nwH$ma Zht gHo$Jm& AnZo Zm_ Ho$ nrN>o Hw$b H$m Zm_,Jm±d H$m Zm_, ~mn H$m Zm_ Am{X g~ Hw$N> bJm boZo dmbo H$m BgXoe _| Zm_ boH$a nwH$maZm EH$ _hmgmhg ~Z OmVm h¡& o ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Zm_`mX aIH$a nwH$maVo-nwH$maVo em_ hmo OmVr h¡&

nyar Vah go ì`{ŠVJV hmoZo na ^r Bg g§X © _| EH$ KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mao_| H$hZo H$mo Or MmhVm h¡& _¢ Am ².nr.Eg. CÎmrU© hmoH$a AmJo H$s n‹T>mB©Ho$ {bE _mD§$Q> Am~y H$s {ejm-AH$mX_r _| J`m Wm& nhbo {XZ h_g~H$mo EH$ H$Vma _| I‹S>m H$a EH$ A\$ga h_ g~Ho$ Zm_ {bIZo bJo&h_ H$dm`X _¡XmZ _| hr I‹S>o hmoH$a Zm_ ~VmZo bJo& g~H$mo AnZm-AnZm nyam Zm_ ~VmZm Wm `mZo nydm©jam| H$m {dñVma H$a ~VmZm Wm&Bg Vah Zm_m| H$mo ~VmZm àma§ hþAm& nhbo Zo AnZm Zm_ _h|ÐZmam`Uqgh ~Vm`m, Xÿgao Zo Xodd«V ~§ÚmonmÜ`m`& Eogo hr Mb ahm Wm& _oar~mar AmB©& _¢Zo EH$ hr gm±g _| A~mYJ{V go AnZo nr. Eg. BZ nydm©jam|H$m {dñVma H$a "à{VdmXr ^ §H$a g§nVHw$_mamMm © am_mZwO_²' ~Vm`m& CgA\$ga Zo jU-^a Ho$ {bE _wPo JX©Z CR>mH$a XoIm Am¡a VrúU ñdam| _|Ñ‹T>Vmnyd©H$ H$hm, ""_oao Am°{\$g _| AmH$a Bgo {bIm OmZm'' Am¡a {~ZmHw$N> {bIo do AJbo {ejmWu H$m Zm_ {bIZo bJo& Zm_ AJa BVZm b§~mhmo Vmo ~oMmao Am¡a Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢?

135

I¡[a`V Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ A~ VH$ h_Zo Bg nydm©jam| H$s nÕ{VH$m à`moJ nmR²>`-nwñVH$m| na Zht {H$`m-{deofV… B{Vhmg H$s nmR²>`-nwñVH$na& AJa Eogm Hw$N> hmo OmE Vmo amUm àmVmnqgh Ama.nr. qgh ~Z OmEJm,Am¡a§JOo~ E. Oo~ ~ZoJm Am¡a g_wÐJwá Eg. Jwá hmo OmEJm& M§ÐJwá gr.JwáAm¡a A_mË` amjg E. amjg ~ZoJm, nw{bHo$er nr. Ho$er Am¡a _ ya d_m©E_. d_m© ~ZoJm&

Bg Vah go Zm_m| Ho$ AY© mJ B{Z{e`bm| _| {N>nVo hr Om aho h¢&H$^r-H$^r Vmo nyam H$m nyam Zm_ hr A§J«oµOr dUm] _| {gHw$‹S> OmVm h¡&nmR>embm-H$m°boOm| _| `h Am_ ~mV h¡& g^r AÜ`mnH$ {dÚm{W© m| H$s{Oh²dm na A§J«oµOr Ho$ dU© ~ZH$a gwemo{^V hmoVo h¡&

A§J«oµOr dUm] H$m à^md h_mao Zm_m| na hþAm h¡, Bg_| H$moB© eH$ Zhth¡, `h EH$ Z`m dU© ì`m_moh h¡& BgH$m h_| Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE& H$Þ‹S>Ho$ dUm] H$m à`moJ hr h_mao {bE jo_H$maH$ h¡& H$ÞS> Ho$ CZ gw§Xa Zm_m|H$m g§nyU© ê$n _| à`moJ H$aZm Am¡a ^r AÀN>m h¡& h_mam CÀMmaU ^rewÕ hmoJm Am¡a Zm_ ^r ~M OmE±Jo&

*****

boIH$ n[aM`

nr.Eg. am_mZwO_² H$m OÝ_ 6 AŠVy~a 1941 H$mo Mm_amOZJa Ho$~oS>_yS>bw Jm±d _o§ hþAm& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ à{VdmXr ^ §H$a g§nVHw$_maAmMm © Wm& _mVm H$m Zm_ B§{Xaå_m Wm& àma§{^H$ {ejm Mm_amOZJa Ho$haXZhëbr _| ewê$ hþB©& _¡gyé Ho$ _hmamOm H$m°boO _| ~r.E. _| nm±M ñdU©nXH$ boH$a CÎmrU© hþE& g§ñH¥$V _| BÝhm|Zo nrEM.S>r. Am¡a S>r.{bQ>. H$sCnm{Y àmá H$s&

136

~MnZ go hr H${dVm, H$hmZr {bIZo H$s é{M BZ_| Wr&AmB©. nr.Eg. _| N>Q>m a¢H$ àmá H$aHo$ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ nwÎmyé, H$moS>Jw, H$mobmaAm{X ñWmZmo§ _| E.Eg.nr., Eg.nr., S>r.Or.nr Ho$ nXm| na H$m_ H$aHo${Zd¥Îm hþE& "{~ëbr H$s ^mfm' Am¡a AÝ` boIm| Ho$ g§H$bZ go BZH$mo H$s{V©{_br& 30 go A{YH$ aMZmE± BÝhm|Zo H$s h¢& gm{hË` godm Ho$ {bE gm{hË`AH$mX_r nwañH$ma VWm nw{bg {d^mJ _| `mo½` godm Ho$ {bE BZH$mo amï´>n{VnXH$ ^r àmá hþAm h¡& àñVwV ì §½` aMZm "{~ëbr H$s ^mfm' go MwZmJ`m h¡& BgH$m AZwdmX àmo. Z§{XZr Jw§Sw>amd Or Zo {H$`m h¡&

eãXmW© :

IoX-Xw…I, ì`Wm; Ho$ _mao-Ho$ H$maU, eha-ZJa, nhMmZ-n[aM`,\¡$eZ-emo mMma, ~ZmdQ>; ~m±Q>-{dVaU, Ty>±T>Zm-ImoOZm, _wpíH$b -H$ï>,_wgr~V ; BX©-{JX© - Amg-nmg, nËWa-{ebm, hmb-pñW{V, g§gma-Xþ{Z`m, {díd ; CbPZ-~mYm, AQ>H$md ; H$Vma-n§{ŠV, I¡[a`V-Hw$eb-jo_, ^bmB© ; A{^dmXZ-Z_ñH$ma, àUm_; eH$-g§Xoh, e§H$m&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :1. eham| Ho$ Zm_ {H$g_| {g_Q> aho h¢?

2. {H$Z Jm±dmo§ Ho$ Zm_m| H$m n[aerbZ H$aZm R>rH$ ahoJm?3. ho_mdVr ZXr H$hm± ~hVr h¡?4. bmoJm| Ho$ nmg {H$gHo$ {bE g_` Zht h¡?

5. {H$g H$maU go AmO h_ Zm_ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o aI aho h¢?6. h_| Š`m Ë`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE?7. Bg nmR> Ho$ boIH$ H$m nyam Zm_ Š`m h¡?

137

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE:1. Q>r. Zagrnwa Ho$ g§{járH$aU Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Ho$ Š`m

{dMma h¢?2. "H$[aXmoS²S>Z nmë`' Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Š`m H$hVo h¢?3. B{Z{e`bm| _| {g_Q>o {H$VZo Jm±dm§o Ho$ Zm_ boIH$ Zo {b`m h¡?

do H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?4. Ho$.Aa.Eg Zm_ AnZr nhMmZ Š`m| Imo ~¡R>r h¡?

III. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:

1. AmJo AmZodmbo g§emoYH$m| H$mo H$aZo H$m H$m_ h¡&2. g~H$mo nydm©jamo§ _| {N>nm XoZm ~‹S>m hr {df` h¡&3. gw~h Zm_ H$aZm àma§^ H$amo Vmo g_mßV

hmoVo-hmoVo hmo OmVr Wr&4. H$^r-H$^r Vmo nyam H$m nyam Zm_ hr _| {gHw$‹S>

OmVm h¡&5. g^r {dX² m{W© m| H$s {Oh²dm na A§J«oµOr Ho$ dU©

~ZH$a gwemo{^V hmoVo h¢&

IV. Omo‹S>r {_bmBE:1. hmobo Zagrnwa 1. {Vén{V Xodmb`2. ~r.Ama. {hëg 2. H¥$îUamO gmJa3. Q>r.S>r 3. _ ya d_m©4. Ho$.Aa.Eg 4. a§JZmW ñdm_r5. E_. d_m© 5. Zaqgh _§{Xa

138

V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE:1. AnZm x

2. ghO x

3. Z`m x

4. gw§Xa x

5. _wpíH$b x

6. AÀN>m x

7. H$s{V© x

8. hm{Z x

9. nmg x

10. gw~h x

VI. {ZåZ{b{IV {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo ghr eãXm| Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:1. AmpñVH$ x AZwÎmrU©2. nVm x ~oeH$3. {XZ x ZmpñVH$4. eH$ x amV5. CÎmrU© x bmnVm

VII. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1. ~mV -

2. àd¥{Îm -

3. Jw§S>m -

4. ZXr -

5. X§VH$Wm -

6. KQ>Zm -

7. nwñVH$ -

8. XodVm -

139

VIII. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:

1. AmX_r -

2. Zm`H$ -

3. amOm -

4. XodVm -

5. ñdm_r -

6. ~mn -

7. AÜ`mnH$ -

IX. H$ÞS> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. {MŠH$Zm`H$Z hëbr gr.EZ. hëbr ~Z J`m h¡&

2. AmO g_`m^md Ho$ H$maU N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Zm_ aI aho h¢&

3. a§JZmW ñdm_r ^r Ama.EZ.ñdm_r ~Z J`m h¡&

4. A§J«oµOr dUm] H$m à^md h_mao Zm_m| na hþAm h¡&

X. AZwê$nVm :

1. H$arXmoÈ>Z nmë`m : Ho$.S>r.nmë`m :: hmobo Zagrnwam :

2. nydm©ja : CngJ© eãX :: H$Þ‹S>nZ :

3. E.Oo~ : Am¡a§JOo~ :: Eg.JwßV :

4. ~r. Ama. {hëg: {~{b{J[a a§JZ~oÅ>m ::S>r.Ama. XþJ©:

140

^mfm kmZ"{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ

"{H$'g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _|&_w»` dmŠ` H$mo Am{lV dmŠ`/CndmŠ` go Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE BgAì`` H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&

CXm: g_P br{OE {H $H$arXmoS²>S>Z nmë` Zm_H$ EH$Jm±d h¡&

"H$s'1. g§~§Y~moYH$ H$maH$ àË`` Ho$ ê$n _| &CXm: (i) XeaW H$s VrZ am{Z`m± Wr§&

(ii) ~JrMo H$s hdm ewÕ hmoVr h¡&2. "H$aZm' {H«$`m Ho$ yVH$mb H$m órqbJ

ê$n h¡&CXm: (i) {gnmhr Zo Xoe H$s ajm H$s&

(ii) Cfm Zo narjm _| ZH$b Zht H$s&3. AÝ` Hw$N> g§~§YgyMH$ Aì``m| Ho$ nyd©

"H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&CXm: H$s Amoa, H$s Va\$, H$s ^m±{V, H$s

~Jb, H$s Anojm Am{X&

I. "H$s' H$s ghm`Vm go dmŠ` nyU© H$s{OE :1. _oar ~oQ>r Zo AmB©.E.Eg narjm br h¡&2. N>mÌm| H$moB© JbVr Zht Wr&3. H$Zm©Q>H$ amOYmZr ~|Jbyé h¡&4. a_oe Zo Mmoar Zht Wr&5. {eënm Zo JbVr Zht &

II. "{H$' g_wÀM`~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ à`moJdmbo nm±M dmŠ` nmR> _|go MwZH$a {b{IE Am¡a AW© g_{PE &

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V : $nmR> _| {X o J o Jm±d-ZJam| Ho$ Zm_m| Ho$ Abmdm AÝ` AZoH$ OJhm|

Ho$ Zm_m| H$m g§{járH$aU hþAm h¡& N>mÌm| go CZH$s EH$ gyMr ~ZdmE±&

141

17. ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho

Ame` : N>mÌ BZ Xmohm| Ho$ X²dmam gÁOZm| VWm _hmZ² bmoJm| H$m ñd^md g_PgH$Vo h¢& Bgr àH$ma N>moQ>o VWm gmYmaU dñVwAm| Ho$ _hËd H$s OmZH$mar àmßVH$a gH$Vo h¢&

1. Véda \$b Zht ImV h¡, gada {n`{h Z nmZ&H${h ahr_ naH$mO{hV, g§n{Îm g±M{h gwOmZ&&

2. Omo ahr_ CÎm_ àH¥${V, H$m H$ar gH$V Hw$g§J&M§XZ {df ì`mnV Zht, {bnQ>o ahV wO§J&&

3. "a{h_Z' XoI ~‹S>oZ H$mo, bKw Z Xr{O o S>m[a&Ohm± H$m_ Amd¡ gwB©, H$hm H$a¡ Vbdm[a&&

4. ~‹S>o ~‹S>mB© Z H$a¡, ~‹S>o Z ~mob| ~mob&"a{h_Z' hram H$~ H$h¡, bmI Q>H$m __ _mob&&

H${d n[aM` : ahr_ H$m OÝ_ 17 {Xg§~a 1556 H$mo bmhm¡a _| hþAm Wm&CZH$m nyam Zm_ AãXþa©hr_ ImZImZm h¡& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ ~¡a_ImZ,_mVm H$m Zm_ gwëVmZm ~oJ_ Wm& ahr_ gVgB©, ~ad¡ Zm{`H$m oX, l¥§JmagmoaR>m Am{X BZH$s à{gÕ aMZmE± h¢& BZHo$ H$mì` _| Zr{V, ^{ŠV, ào_,l¥§Jma H$m gw§Xa g_mdoe hþAm h¡&eãXmW© :

Véda-d¥j, no‹S>; gada-gamoda, nmZ-nmZr, na-Xÿgao bmoJ,H$mO-H$m_, H$m ©; {hV-^bmB©, AÀN>mB© ; g§n{Îm - YZ, g§±M{h - g§J«h,gwOmZ-g‚mZ , àH¥${V - ñd^md, (ì`{ŠVËd) Hw$g§J - ~war g§JV,M§XZ-EH$ gwJ§{YV d¥j, {bnQ>Zm - gQ>o ahZm, wO§J - gm±n, gn© ;

142

bKw - N>moQ>m, S>m[a - S>mb N>mo‹S>Zm, gwB© - ÀÆf, needle; Vbdma - IS²>J,RqÀÎ; ~‹S>mB©-àe§gm, hram-ªÀdæ, Q>H$m - _wÐm, {gŠH$m; __-_oam,_mob-Xm_&

^mdmW© :

1. ahr_ H$hVo h¢ {H$ O¡go no‹S> AnZo \$b IwX Zht ImVo Am¡a gamodaAnZm nmZr IwX Zht nrVo, d¡go hr gÁOZ Xÿgam| Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho${bE g§n{Îm H$m g§J«h H$aVo h¢&

2. ahr_ H$hVo h¢ {H$ Omo ì`{ŠV AÀN>o ñd^md H$m hmoVm h¡, ~war g§JVCgH$m Hw$N> Zht {~Jm‹S> gH$Vm, O¡go M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> go gm±n {bnQ>oahZo na ^r M§XZ _| CgH$m {df ì`má Zht hmoVm&

3. ahr_ H$hVo h¢ {H$ aB©g Am¡a ~‹S>o bmoJm| H$mo XoIH$a N>moQ>o Am¡a gmYmaUbmoJm| H$mo N>mo‹S> _V Xr{OE ({VañH$ma _V H$s{OE); Š`m|{H$ Ohm±gwB© H$m_ AmVr h¡, dhm± Vbdma Š`m H$a gH$Vr h¡?

4. ~‹S>o bmoJ Z µÁ`mXm ~mobVo h¢, Z hr AnZr àe§gm H$aVo h¢& ahr_H$hVo h¢ {H$ hram H$~ H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgH$m _yë` bmI _wÐmE± h¢&

Aä`mg


1. gwOmZ bmoJ g§n{Îm Š`m| g§J«h H$aVo h¢?

2. M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> go H$m¡Z {bnQ>o ahVm h¡?

3. ahr_ {H$gH$m {VañH$ma Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢?

4. H$m¡Z AnZr àe§gm Zht H$aVo h¢?

143


1. ahr_ Zo gÁOZm| Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm h¡? gmoXmhaU g_PmBE&

2. ahr_ Zo wO§J Ho$ CXmhaU go Š`m ~Vm`m h¡?

3. N>moQ>o bmoJm| Ho$ _hËd H$mo ahr_ Zo H¡$go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡?4. hrao Ho$ ~‹S>ßnZ H$mo ahr_ Zo H¡$go ~Vm`m h¡?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:1. Véda bmI Q>H$m __ _mob

2. M§XZ no‹S> bKw Z Xr{O o S>m[a

3. XoI ~‹S>oZ H$mo {bnQ>o ahV wO§J

4. hram \$b Zht ImV h¡

IV. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE:1. Vé : no‹S> :: Vbdma : 2. XÿY : jra :: wO§J :

3. _mob : Xm_ :: ~mob :

4. H$mO : H$m © :: g§n{Îm :

V. BZ eãXm| Ho$ AbJ-AbJ AW© {b{IE:1. da - ,

2. ga - , 3. na - ,

4. OmZ - ,

144

VI. VwH$m§V eãX {b{IE:1. nmZ 2. Hw$g§J 3. S>m[a 4. ~mob

VII. BZ eãXm| H$m CÀMmaU bJ^J g_mZ àVrn hmoVm h¡, qH$Vw AW©{^Þ h¢ BZHo$ AW© ZrMo {XE JE eãXm| _| go MwZH$a {b{IE:

(H§$Oyg, {Xdg, `e, n{dÌ, hdm, Amem, H$Q>ma, aMZm, {VañH$ma, X[aÐ)1. ndZ - 3. Anojm -

nmdZ - Cnojm - 2. {XZ - 4. H¥$nU -

XrZ - H¥$nmU - 5. H$s{V© -

H¥${V -

VIII. Mmam| Xmohm| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OE&

IX. D$na go ZrMo [aŠV ñWmZm| H$mo ^aH$a Xr JB© eãX nhobr H$mhb H$s{OE:(ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE g§Ho$V {MÌ {XE JE h¢)

B ~¡ e

O a a

a Jm

V a Z

145

X. ewÕ ê$n {b{IE:

1. édVa -

2. JO§^w -

3. dmV[ab -

4. à{VH¥$ -

5. H$mV{hOan -

n[a`moOZm :

* {H$Ýht nm±M AË`_yë` YmVwAm| Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M-nm±M dmŠ`{b{IE& CZHo$ a§JrZ {MÌ ~ZmBE&

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :* H$~raXmg Ho$ {H$Ýht Mma Xmohm| H$mo H$jm _| gwZmE±&* H$ÞS> H${d gd©k H$o$ dMZm| H$mo N>mÌm| go dmMZ H$amE±&

147

A. AZwê$nVmI. àW_ Xmo eãXm| go gy{MV g§~§Y Ho$ AZwê$n Vrgao eãX go

g§~§[YV eãX {b{IE:

1. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X : OrdZr :: Jwbm~ qgh :

2. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X : OJXre M§Ð :: Moamn±yOr go Am`m h±y :

3. _m¡gr : H$hmZr :: ^r_ Am¡a amjg :

4. _m¡gr : ^rî_ gmhZr :: ^r_ Am¡a amjg :

5. Iobmo-Hy$Xmo-ñdñW ahmo : {Z~§Y :: Z\o$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| :

6. O` O` ^maV _mVm : _¡{WbreaU Jwá :: MbZm h_mam H$m_h¡ :

7. n`m©daU ~MmAmo : S>m°. naewam_ ewŠbm :: nydm©ja H$mnydm©J«h :

8. ^r_ Am¡a amjg : EH$m§H$s :: g‹S>H$ H$s ajm-g~H$sgwajm :

9. ^r_ : Hw§$Vr :: ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X :

10. Véda \$b : Zhr§ ImV h¡ :: gada :

12. `h _oam : ~oQ>m :: `h _oar :

13. nmR> n‹T>mZm : g~H$ {gImZm :: ^m½` \y$Q>Zm :

14. emar[aH$ Iob : emar[aH$ l_ :: _mZ{gH$ Iob :

148

15. _oKmb` H$s amOYmZr : {eb§J :: _{Unwa H$s amOYmZr:

16. {H«$Ho$Q> : _¡XmZr Iob :: eVa§O :

17. Xm¡‹S>Zm : ì`{ŠVJV Iob :: \w$Q>~mb :

18. Vwåhmam Zm_ Š`m h¡? : àíZmW©H$ dmŠ` ::nmZr bo AmAmo& :

19. gmWr, hmW ~‹T>>mZm : gmhra bw{Y`mZdr :: AZwemgZ hremgZ h¡ :

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149

Am. nÌ boIZi. {nVm Ho$ Zm_ nÌ

godm _|, ñWmZ : ~|Jbyé - 5lr _hoe, {XZm§H$ : 17-11-2017{dX²`mZJa,~obJmdr - 3

nyÁ` {nVmOr,gmXa àUm_&_¢ `hm± gHw$eb hÿ±Ÿ& Amem h¡ {H$ Amn ^r gHw$eb

hm|JoŸ& _oar n‹T>mB© AÀN>r Vah Mb ahr h¡Ÿ& Bg gmb h_mao{dÚmb` _| e¡j{UH$ n ©Q>Z H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&Cg_| _¢ ^r ^mJ boZm MmhVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE Amn _wPo BgH$sAZw_{V XoVo hþE `. 1000 oOZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&

àofH$, AmnH$m {à` nwÌ,~gdamO, ~gdamOZm¡dt H$jm,gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,~|Jbyé - 5

150

ii. Nw>Å>r Ho$ {bE AmdoXZ nÌ

àofH$,amOo§Ð Hw$_ma,Zm¡dt H$jm,ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X {dÚmb`,YmadmS>

godm _|,àYmZmÜ`mnH$,ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X {dÚmb`,YmadmS>

_hmoX`,{df` : Nw>Å>r Ho$ {bE {dZVr

Cn w©ŠV {df`mZwgma Amngo g{dZ` {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ _¢AnZo ^mB© H$s emXr _| em{_b hmoZo Ho$ {bE ~|Jbyé Om ahmhÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE _¢ nm±M {XZ VH$ ñHy$b _| CnpñWV ah Zht nmD±$JmŸ&_wPo 8-12-2017 go 12-12-2017 VH$ nm±M {XZ H$s Nw>Å>r àXmZH$aZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ& YÝ`dmXŸ&

^dXr` xxxxx amOoÝÐ Hw$_maA{^^mdH$ Ho$ hñVmja

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ñWmZ : YmadmS>{XZm§H$ : 7-12-17

151

B. nyaH$ dmMZ

1. {ZåZ{b{IV JÚm§e n‹T>H$a àíZm| H|$ CÎma {b{IE:^maV H$s {OZ Zm[a`m| Zo AnZo ~b~yVo na Xoe H$m _ñVH$ D±$Mm {H$`m,

CZ_| EH$ Am¡a Zm_ Ow‹S> J`m h¡-H$ënZm Mmdbm& ß`ma go Cgo nyam Xoe"A§V[aj-nar' H$hVm h¡& h[a`mUm Ho$ H$aZmb ZJa _| OÝ_r H$ënZm Ho${nVm H$m Zm_ ~Zmagrbmb Mmdbm h¡&

H$ënZm Zo _m°S>b Q>mCZ H$aZmb Ho$ Q>¡Jmoa {dÚmb` go Ama§{^H$ {ejmàmá H$s& dh Ama§ go hr Hw$emJ«-~w{Õ, Ñ‹T> {ZíM`r, à{V^mem{bZr VWm_m¡Zr Wr& CÝhmoZo n§Om~ B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$m°boO, M§S>rJ‹T> go Eamo ñnog _| ~r.B©.H$s {S>J«r àmßV H$s&

H$ënZm AË §V gm¡å` ñd^md H$s _{hbm Wr& ~MnZ go CgH$s EH$hr AmH$m§jm Wr- Mm±X-{gVmam| H$mo Ny>Zm& Bg{bE CÝhmoZo n§Om~ B§Or{Z`[a¨JH$m°boO _| EamoZm{Q>Šg _| àdoe boZo H$s BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$s Vmo dhm± Ho$ EH$àmo\o$ga Zo H$hm {H$ `h joÌ b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ {bE Zht h¡& na§Vw AnZr Ñ‹T>BÀN>m-e{ŠV H$m n[aM` XoVo hþE CÝhmoZo `hr joÌ MwZm& ~mX _| CÝhmoZooA_arH$m Ho$ Q>oŠgmg {díd{dÚmb` go _mñQ>a {S>J«r àmá H$s& gZ² 1988_| CgH$s {Z w{ŠV A_arH$m Ho$ gdm}ÀM A§V[aj - AZwg§YmZ H|$Ð Zmgm_| hþB©& gZ² 1994 _| Cgo A§V[aj-`mÌm Ho$ {bE MwZm J`m& 19 Zd§~a,gZ² 1997 H$mo dh gm¡ m½`embr {XZ Am`m, O~ dh {díd H$s nhbr_{hbm A§V[aj `mÌr Ho$ ê$n _| AmH$me _| C‹S>r& H$ënZm Ho$ AmH$me _|Vmo g^r C‹S>Vo h¢ qH$Vw H$ënZm dmñV{dH$ AmH$me _| C‹S>r& AmJo MbH$aH$ënZm Zo H$mob§{~`m A§V[aj A{^`mZ Ho$ 28d| g\$a _| {_eZ-{deofkHo$ ê$n _| H$m © g± mbm&

\$adar, 2003 H$mo A§V[aj `mZ H$mo A_arH$m H$s YaVr na CVaZmWm& na§Vw Xþ m©½` {ga na _±S>am ahm Wm& `mZ YaVr Ho$ dm w_§S>b _| àdoe

152

H$aZm Mmh ahm Wm {H$ A§V[aj `mZ _| {dñ\$moQ> hmo J`m& Cg_| gdmag^r `mÌr H$mb Ho$ Jmb _| g_m JE& H$ënZm ^r CÝht Ho$ gmW B{Vhmg~Z JB©& Omo bmoJ T>mob-ZJm‹S>m| Ho$ gmW AnZr A§V[aj-nar Ho$ AZw dgwZZo Ho$ {bE ì`J« Wo, do R>Jo-go ah JE& ~g h_mao nmg Am±gy Ho$ {gdm`Hw$N> Z Wm& na§Vw o Am±gy Jm¡ad Ho$ Am±gy Wo, lÕm Ho$ Am±gy Wo& H$ënZmMmdbm _a H$a ^r A_a hmo JB©& CZH$m Zm_ g~Ho$ {bE àoaUm H$m òmoV~Zm ahoJm&

àíZ :1. H$ënZm Mmdbm H$mo ß`ma go Š`m H$hm OmVm Wm?2. H$ënZm H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm Wm?3. H$ënZm H$s ~MnZ H$s Š`m AmH$m§jm Wr?4. gZ² 1988 _| H$ënZm {H$g H|$Ð _| {Z wŠV hþB©?5. H$ënZm Mmdbm H$m Xohm§V H$~ hþAm?6. Bg JX² m§e Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&

("H$ënZm-Mmdbm' erf©H$ Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moB© erf©H$)

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153

2. {ZåZ{b{IV JÚm§e n‹T>H$a àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE :H$B© gmb nhbo Amoqb{nH$ Iobm| Ho$ Xm¡amZ EH$ {deof Xm¡‹S> hmoZo Om

ahr Wr& gm¡ _rQ>a H$s Bg Xm¡‹S> _| EH$ JµO~ H$s KQ>Zm hþB©& Zm¡ à{V^mJrewéAmV H$s aoIm na V¡ ma I‹S>o Wo& CZ g^r H$mo H$moB©-Z-H$moB© emar[aH${dH$bm§JVm Wr&

grQ>r ~Or, g^r Xm¡‹S> n‹S>o& ~hþV VoµO Vmo Zht na CZ_| OrVZo H$shmo‹S> µOê$a VoµO Wr& g^r OrVZo H$s CËgwH$Vm Ho$ gmW AmJo ~‹T>o& V^rEH$ N>moQ>m b‹S>H$m R>moH$a ImH$a b‹S>I‹S>m`m, {Jam Am¡a amo n‹S>m& CgH$sAmdmµO gwZH$a ~mH$s à{V^mJr Xm¡‹S>Zm N>mo‹S> XoIZo bJo {H$ Š`m hþAm?{\$a, EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ do g~ Cg ~ÀMo H$s _XX Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmgAmZo bJo& g~ Ho$ g~ bm¡Q> AmE& Cgo Xmo~mam I‹S>m {H$`m& CgHo$ Am±gynm|N>o, Yyb gm\$ H$s& b‹S>Ho$ H$s Xem XoI EH$ ~ÀMr Zo Cgo AnZo Jbogo bJm {b`m, Am¡a Cgo ß`ma go My_ {b`m, `h H$hVo hþE {H$, "A~R>rH$ hmo OmEJm'&

{\$a Vmo gmao ~ÀMm| Zo EH$-Xÿgao H$m hmW nH$‹S>m Am¡a gmW {_bH$aXm¡‹S> bJmB©& g~ Ho$ g~ A§{V_ aoIm VH$ EH$ gmW nhþ±M JE& Xe©H$_§Ì_w½Y hmoH$a XoIVo aho, Bg gdmb Ho$ gmW {H$ g~ Ho$ g~ EH$ gmW~mOr OrV MwHo$ h¢, BZ_| go {H$gr EH$ H$mo ñdU© nXH$ H¡$go {X`m OmgH$Vm h¡& {ZUm© H$m| Zo ^r g~H$mo ñdU© nXH$ XoH$a g_ñ`m H$m emZXmahb Ty>±‹T> {ZH$mbm& g~ Ho$ g~ EH$ gmW {dO`r Bg{bE hþE {H$ Cg{XZ XmoñVr H$m AZmoIm Ñí` XoI Xe©H$m| H$s Vm{b`m± W_Zo H$m Zm_ Zhtbo ahr Wt&àíZ :

1. N>moQ>m b‹S>H$m Š`m| amo n‹S>m?2. à{V^m{J`m| Zo b‹S>Ho$ H$s _XX H¡$go H$s?3. Xe©H$ H¡$go XoIVo aho?4. {ZUm© H$m| Zo g_ñ`m H$m hb H¡$go T>±y‹T> {ZH$mbm?5. g~Ho$ g~ EH$ gmW {dO`r Š`m| hþE?

154

3. {ZåZ{b{IV H${dVm n‹T>H$a àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE :_¢ Zm_ bo Vwåhmam − H$~ go ~wbm ahm hÿ±AnZr X`m Ho$ Xmo H$U − ~agmAmo Bg dVZ _|Ÿ&

Vw_ hmo H$hm±, `hm± na − Š`m Š`m Z hmo ahm h¡AmAmo ~hmAmo J§Jm − Bg AmJ Ho$ {d{nZ _|Ÿ&

XoImo o yIo- yIo − OrdZ _| _a aho h¢Xmo AÞ {H$gmZm| H$mo − ~g OmAmo BZHo$ _Z _|Ÿ&

`h {dZ` n{V«H$m h¡ − Qy>Q>o hþE {Xbm| H$s,_§Oya H$a Xmo, â Xmo − nr yf {díd OZ _|Ÿ&

Hw$N> Eogr e{ŠV Xo Xmo − ~Z _{ëbH$m, M_obrH$m±Q>m| H$mo My_ by± _¢ − â Xy± gwJ§Y CZ_|Ÿ&

_wPH$mo Xmo ñZoh BVZm nmdZ {H$ C_‹S> H$a _¢â Xy± àH$me ~wPVo − Xrnm| Ho$ VZ _| _Z _|Ÿ&

gmam OJV gwIr hmo − _mVmE± _wñHw$am`|gyaO d Mm±X M_H|$ − àË oH$ Ho$ dXZ _|

ew hmo {Zem d g§Ü`m − ew hmo {Xdg gwIX hmo^JdmZ {dZVr gwZ bmo − g~ hmo nwamoJ_Z _|Ÿ&

àíZ :1) àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d {H$ggo {dZVr H$a aho h¢?2) H${d H$hm± J§Jm ~hmZm MmhVo h¢?3) AmJ ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE B©ída go H${d Š`m _m±JVo h¢?4) H${d ~wPVo Xrnm| Ho$ VZ-_Z _| Š`m âZm MmhVo h¢?5) Bg H${dVm Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&

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155

B©. {Z~§Y

1. M[aÌ-~b {dMma-q~Xþ : * M[aÌ H$m AW© Am¡a _hÎd * M[aÌ-~b

* CXmhaU * M[aÌ-~b H$m à^md

"M[aÌ' H$m AW© h¡ - "Mmb-MbZ' `m ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ JwU& `Ú{n M[aÌ~wam ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a loð> ^r, na§Vw g_mO _| àm`… AÀN>o M[aÌdmbo ì`{ŠVH$mo hr M[aÌdmZ H$hVo h¢& AV… "M[aÌ' eãX ñdV§Ì ê$n _| AÀN>o M[aÌ Ho${bE à wŠV hmoVm h¡& M[aÌdmZ H$m AW© h¡-B©_mZXma, gÀMm, X`mdmZ, H$éUmdmZ,H$_©R>, gmpËdH$, ewÕ Am¡a H$nQ>hrZ ì`{ŠV&

M[aÌ-~b - gÀM[aÌVm _| Anma ~b hmoVm h¡& {Og ì`{ŠV _| ào_,_mZdVm, X`m, H$éUm, {dZ` Am{X JwU g_m OmVo h¢, dh e{ŠV H$m §S>ma ~ZOmVm h¡& Cg_| go Á`mo{V H$s {H$aU| \y$Q>Zo bJVr h¢& O¡go gy © H$m VoO g_ñV{XemAm| H$mo Ambmo{H$V H$a XoVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma M[aÌ-~b OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm|H$mo e{ŠV, CËgmh Am¡a àH$me go ^a XoVm h¡& H$maU ñnï> h¡& B©_mZXmar,gÀMmB©, {ZîH$nQ>Vm, _mZdVm Am{X JwU ñd § _| ~hþV e{ŠVdmZ h¢& `{X og^r e{ŠV Ho$ H$U {H$gr EH$ ì`{ŠV Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd _| n§wOr yV hmo OmE± Vmo {\$a_hme{ŠV H$m {dñ\$moQ> hmo gH$Vm h¡&

CXmhaU - _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$mo b|& CÝhm|Zo {Og _hmZVm H$moA{O©V {H$`m, CgHo$ nrN>o CZHo$ Mm[a{ÌH$ JwU hr Wo& AgË` H$m {damoY,Aqhgm, AÝ`m` H$m g{dZ` ~{hîH$ma, gÀMmB©, _mZdVm Am{X JwUm| Ho$ H$maUhr CÝhm|Zo nyao Xoe _| AnZo ì`{ŠVËd H$s N>mn A§{H$V H$s& Bgr M[aÌ-~b Ho$H$maU hr A§Jo«µO gaH$ma CZgo S>aVr Wr& CÝhm|Zo AnZo M[aÌ-~b go Ho$db ñd §H$mo hr Zht, A{nVw nyao ^maV H$mo Am§Xmo{bV H$a {X`m&

156

M[aÌ-~b H$m à^md AË §V Vrd«Vm go hmoVm h¡& {H$gr M[aÌdmZ ì`{ŠV Ho$gm_Zo I‹S>o hmoZo na h_mar H$_Omo[a`m± Zï> hmoZo bJVr h¢& hr H$maU h¡ {H$ M[aÌ-g§nÞ bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo ì`gZr bmoJ Bg Vah PwH$ OmVo h¢ O¡go gyaO Ho$ {ZH$bZona A±Yoam hma _mZ boVm h¡& B{Vhmg à_mU h¡ {H$ ^JdmZ ~wÕ Ho$ gm_Zo S>mHy$A§Jw{b_mb Zo KwQ>Zo Q>oH$ {XE Wo, H«$m§{VH$mar O`àH$me Zmam`U Ho$ gm_Zo Ag§»`S>mHw$Am| Zo h{W`ma S>mb {XE Wo& BZ g~go hr à_m{UV hmoVm h¡ {H$ M[aÌ-~b_| Anma e{ŠV h¡&

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2. nwñVH$m| H$m _hËd{dMma-q~Xþ : * bm^ * à^md * nwñVH|$ {H$gr Xoe H$s A_a{Z{Y hmoVr h¡§ * nwñVH|$ Aó h¢ * _Zwî` H$m {_Ì

bm^ - nwñVH$mo§ H$m _hÎd VWm _yë` aËZm| go ^r A{YH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$aËZ ~mhar M_H$-X_H$ {XImVo h¢, O~{H$ nwñVH|$ öX` H$mo CÁÁdb H$aVrh¢& AÀN>r nwñVH|$ _Zwî` H$mo new go XodVm ~ZmVr h¢, CgH$s gmpËdH$$d¥{Îm`m| H$mo OmJ¥V H$a Cgo nW «ï> hmoZo go ~MmVr h¢& loð> nwñVH|$ _Zwî`,g_mO VWm amï´> H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVr h¢& nwñVH$m| H$m h_mao _Z-_pñVîH$na ñWm`r à^md n‹S>Vm h¡&

à^md - g§gma Ho$ B{Vhmg na Ñ{ï>nmV H$aZo na XoIVo h¢ {H$ {OVZr^r _hmZ {d y{V`m± hþB© h¢, CZ na {H$gr-Z-{H$gr A§e _| AÀN>r nwñVH$m|H$m à^md Wm& _hmË_m Jm§Yr ^JdX²JrVm, Q>mbñQ>m` VWm A_o[aH$m Ho$ g§VWmoamo Ho$ gm{hË` go AË`{YH$ à^m{dV Wo& bo{ZZ _| H«$m§{V H$s ^mdZm_mŠg© Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo n‹T>H$a OJr Wr&

nwñVH|$ {H$gr Xoe H$s A_a {Z{Y hmoVr h¢ - {H$gr Om{V Ho$ CËH$f©AWdm AnH$f© H$m nVm CgHo$ gm{hË` go MbVm h¡& àmMrZ J«rH$ g§ñH¥${V{H$VZr CÀM Am¡a _hmZ Wr, BgH$m nVm h_| CgHo$ gm{hË` go MbVmh¡& JwßVH$mb ^maV H$m ñd{U©_ wJ H$hm OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Cg H$mb_| gdm}ËH¥$ï> nwñVH$m| H$s aMZm hþB©& H$m{bXmg Bg `wJ Ho$ _hmZgm{hË`H$ma Wo&

nwñVH|$ Aó h¢ - {dMmam| Ho$ wÕ _| nwñVH|$ hr Aó h¢& nwñVH$m|_| {bIo {dMma g§nyU© g_mO H$s H$m`m nbQ> XoVo h¢& g_mO _| O~ ^rH$moB© n[adV©Z AmVm h¡ AWdm H«$m§{V CnpñWV hmoVr h¡, CgHo$ _yb _| H$moB©{dMmaYmam hr hmoVr h¡&

158

_Zwî` H$m {_Ì - EH$ {dÛmZ H$s C{ŠV h¡ - ""gƒo {_Ìm| Ho$ MwZmdHo$ níMmV² gd©àW_ Ed§ àYmZ Amdí`H$Vm h¡- CËH¥$ï> nwñVH$m| H$mMwZmd&'' Omo nwñVH|$ h_| A{YH$ {dMmaZo H$mo ~mÜ` H$aVr h¢, do hr h_marg~go ~‹S>r ghm`H$ h¢& do _Zwî` H$mo gÀMm gwI Am¡a em§{V àXmZ H$aVrh¢& Wm_g E. H|${ng Zo EH$ ~ma H$hm Wm - ""_¢Zo àË oH$ ñWmZ na{dlm_ ImoOm, qH$Vw dh EH$m§V H$moZo _| ~¡R>H$a nwñVH|$ n‹T>Zo Ho$ A{V[aŠVH$ht àmá Z hmo gH$m&'' nwñVH$-ào_r g~go A{YH$ gwIr hmoVm h¡&

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