i -ancient greece and its legacy
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I -Ancient Greece and its Legacy. Greek city-state ( polis ) central to political, social, religious, economic & military life. Agora (marketplace) = where people would assemble to participate in “free speech” (birthplace of democracy .). Greek Society. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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I-Ancient Greece and its Legacy
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• Greek city-state (polis) central to political, social, religious, economic & military life.
• Agora (marketplace) = where people would assemble to participate in “free speech” (birthplace of democracy.)
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Greek Society
• People had common identity & goals. Strong sense of loyalty (patriotism) combined rights with responsibilities.
A. Adult males = citizens with political rights.
B. Women & children = citizens with no political rights.
C. Foreign residents & slaves = non-citizens.
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Evolution of political power in some polis, such as Athens:
– Oligarchy supported & ruled by aristocrats– Tyrants seized power by force. Supported by rich
traders & poor peasants, not by aristocrats.– Democratic government for, of and by all adult male
citizens.
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Check for understanding
• Who had all the rights in Ancient Greek Society?
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*Sparta was a “military state.”
• Males were trained under spartan conditions. Age 7 boys sent to military school, fed “black broth.” Age 20mandatory military service. Age 30 had right to vote & live at home with wife, but remained in army. Age 60 retired from military.
• Infants with physical disabilities killed (infanticide.)
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Women• Females had similar physical training but
stayed home to prepare to be strong mothers who would tell their sons “come home from battle either carrying your shield… or on it!”
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Spartan oligarchy
• had two kings & a council of elders (28 citizens age 60+)
• Closed society = xenophobic (feared & hated foreigners & their customs.)
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Athens
• had a powerful navy & was center of the golden age of Greek culture.
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Reform of Government• Economic crisis led to reform-
minded aristocrats (i.e. leaders who were willing to make changes.)
• Solon canceled land debts & freed farmers from slavery. Many still did not own land & couldn’t vote.
• Cleisthenes reformed assembly to a Council of 500, elected by ALL male citizens.
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Golden Age Athens = 461-429 B.C.
• (Pericles was leader.) Many citizens served in public office, art & architectureprospered, education important
• (academics & philosophy “school of Greece.”)
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Check for understanding
• White Board:– List 2 changes brought b Pericles
• Discuss with partner how Athenian and Greek society were different
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“Big Three” philosophers (S.P.A. = Socrates, Plato & Aristotle)
• 1. Socrates = worked to improve human understanding. “Socratic method” = question/answer discussion that
• asks “Why?” Socrates known as the “gadfly,” questioned authority & was sentenced to death!
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2. Plato• Founded “The Academy”
school of philosophy & was a student of Socrates.
• He wrote The Republicdescribing an “ideal state” of 3 groups: –1. Philosopher-kings 2.
Warriors 3. Common men & women.
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3. Aristotle• 3. Aristotle = Student of
Plato. Developed “scientific method” of observation and investigation (i.e. research.)
• “Renaissance Man” of the ancient world. Wrote on many topics, including Politics that concluded aconstitutional government was best.
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LEGACY of Greeks on Western Civilization:
• a. Government = democracy, equal rights & responsibilities of male citizens & critical of “idiotes”– (self-centered, apathetic, non-contributors to
society.)
• b. Philosophy = individualism, reasoning, wisdom, ethics.
• c. Science = rational research based on observations & investigations.
• d. Arts = sculpture, architecture, music, poetry, literature, architecture (outdoor amphitheaters staged dramas.)
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Check for understanding
• White board :– List one way we see Greek influence I our society
• Discuss:– One thing Each guy in SPA contributed.
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“Rulers & Gods”
• early civilizations believed leaders appointed by God(s) or were deities themselves, who ruled with “divine assistance.”
• Greeks consulted oracles (priestesses who spoke for the gods.)
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“Young People In Ancient Greece”• Spartan boys subjected to
harsh discipline in military barracks (clothing = only one
robe per year, slept on beds of rushes, rarely bathed, had to steal to eat & severely beaten.
• Spartan girls received discipline & physical training to develop strong mothers, but allowed to stay home.
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Athenian Children
• Athenian children nurtured by mothers. Boys were well-rounded individuals educated in P.E. and in academics, philosophy & music.
• At 18 boys officially became citizens of Athens.
• girls remained at home to learn domestic skills– in wealthy families were taught other subjects.
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Check for Understanding
• How were Athenian Children treated Different than Spartan Children
• (Discuss with partner)
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Alexander The Great becomes Emperor 330 BC controlled all Greece
• Ended Greek Democracy • Did Spread Greek ideas around the
World – Philosophy, buildings, and gov system
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Alexander The Great’s Empire
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II ROME
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Roman Republic – leader not a monarch, some citizens had right to vote, lasted 5 centuries
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Roman Society• Patricians = large landowners, ruling
class• Plebeians = small landholders,
craftspeople & businesspeople• Chief officers:
– consuls (ran govt. & led army)– Praetors (judges of civil law for citizens
& non-citizens)
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Roman Government
• Senate = 300 landowning advisors served for life & gave critical advice to officers (had force of law.)
• Centuriate assembly (important people’s assembly, dominated by rich) = elected chief officials
• Council of the plebs (plebeians only) = represented rights of majority of citizens vs. patricians.
• Tribunes became officials who had power to protect plebeians.
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• Who were the two main officers in Charge?• List the two organizations that worked under
this Group?
• Discuss What American Government body this looks similar too.
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Rome 287 B.C. • all male citizens equal in theory, but
wealthy patricians & plebs dominated.
• Roman law evolved from Twelve Tables (basic agrarian laws), to laws for rural & urban citizens, to Law of Nations, including non citizens (universal law based upon reason.)
• Standards of justice = innocent until proven guilty, right of defense against accusations, judges to be impartial.
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Roman Empire • – ruled over entire Mediterranean region, led by powerful emperor.• Caesar Augustus = victorious over rivals, created the empire, ordered
a census be taken
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• How is an Empire Different than a Republic?
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A.D. 14 – A.D. 180 = Pax Romana (order & protection of law, trade flourished, roads expanded)
• Efficient administrators over one of largest, ancient empires
• Extended citizenship to non Romans (integrated cultures)
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Spreading Roman Culture
• City planning, architecture, engineering throughout Empire
• Latin language = basis of FIVE Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian)
• Romans grafted their culture onto the intellectual heritage of Greeks (Greco-Roman tradition)– (see chart of Greek and
Roman Gods, p. 150)• Empire spread new religion of
Christianity.
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• List Three ways Rome Spread its culture and Influence
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III Spread of Christianity and Islam
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Christianity• Jesus = Jewish teacher & preacher
– (eg. Golden Rule “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you”.) Love fulfills expectations of the Law & Prophets (transformation of the inner person.)
• Jesus’ claims to be Messiah/Christ was controversial to Jewish leaders & viewed as a potentialrevolutionary threat to Roman powers.– Roman leader Pontius Pilate ordered
crucifixion at request of some Hebrew authorities.
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• Followers of Jesus claimed his death was fulfillment of prophecy, – die for sins of all people & rose
from the dead (resurrection.)• Early Christians were Jewish, but
Gentiles were converted through missions of Paul (Saul)
• Romans tolerated other religions if didn’t threaten public order.
• Romans expected to honor Roman gods & worship emperor, – Christians refused = punishable by
death (cruel deaths of martyrs)
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• What Religion did Christianity Come from?• What key point separates it from its original
religion?
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Emperor Nero, ruled from A.D. 54-68, began persecution of Christians (blamed for great Rome fire)
• Periods of persecution but numbers of Christians grew
• Roman religion was impersonal for good of state
• Christianity was a personal faith that promised eternal life. Everyone was equal before God.
• Christian communities formed to worship God, care for others & have a sense of belonging.
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Constantine became the first Christian Emperor of Rome.
• Constantine A.D. 313 “Edict of Milan” issued = legalized Christianity.
• Theodosius the Great made Christianity the official state religion of Rome (other religions = illegal!)
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476 A.D. Roman Empire collapsed
• Western Roman Empire: Collapsed but left its Church “Roman Catholic Church”
• Eastern Roman Empire Continued:– It would be called the Byzantine Empire
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2 Churches• Roman Catholic Church headquarters are in
Rome (the Vatican) and head is pope (Western Europe)
• Eastern Orthodox Church headquarters in Constantinople (Istanbul) & head is patriarch (East. Europe)
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• Which Emperor hated the Christians and which Became a Christian himself?
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Islam = submission to Allah (one true God.)
• Muhammad (the Prophet), born in Mecca (Makkah) in Arabian Peninsula.
• Quran (Koran) teachings of Muhammad.• Muslims believe in teachings of Hebrew Bible,
along with Jews & Christians
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• A.D. 622 Muhammad escaped from angry polytheists by fleeing from Mecca to Medina (Madina) = starting event of Muslim calendar (lunar calendar, crescent moon symbol)
• Five Pillars of Islam: (belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage)
• Ramadan, 9th month, holy month of fasting & prayer to commemorate Muhammad receiving words of the Quran from Allah.
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• What are the five pillars of Islam
• Which can be seen in our society?
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Spread Of Islam• Islam spread quickly, united Arabia, spread
through South Asia & North Africa through holy wars (jihads.)
• Arab Empire, internal divisions, conquered by the Mongols in A.D. 1258.
• Western civilization evolved into democratic governments with freedom of religion and separation of church & state.
• Islamic civilization traditionally has been theocratic = Islam & government closely connected (not separated as in the “West.”)
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IV Middle Ages (Medieval Period) of Europe (circa, 5th-14th centuries A.D.)
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Crusades • During Middle Ages, European crusaders sent
to fight Muslims for control of “Holy Land”(Palestine)
• Martyrs = people persecuted for their faith.
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A.D. 800 coronation of King Charlemagne by Pope Leo III.
• Holy Roman Empire (pope was Roman, but Charlemagne was German) = new civilizations based upon:
• 1. Legacy of Rome, 2. German traditions, 3. Catholic Church.
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• Where were the Crusaders from?• Who did they attack and why?
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Centralized control weakened after Charlemagne
• feudalism = local control by numerous lords,who gave land to knights & knights protected serfs.
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England = High Middle Ages ( most advanced medieval period, c. A.D.
1000-1300)
• 1066 William of Normandy (France) defeated King Harold (England) & was crowned king in London.
• He ruled w. combination of Anglo-Saxon (English/German) & Norman (Scandinavian/French)
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Power of English monarch expanded even further under Henry II.
• Strengthened royal courts, which gave rise to common law that applied to all English (vs. local laws)– Common law- laws based on tradition
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Magna Carta (Great Charter) 1215
• Lords rebelled vs. a weaker King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• Limited power of the kings in writing (vs. absolute power or divine right of kings) = gave rights to lords,
• eventually interpreted to also include common people.
• Provided right to trial by jury• Principles of common law and
Magna Carta were adopted by American colonies.
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• Under Feudalism what rights did peasants have?
• List 2 key changes brought by the magna Carta
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English Parliament started during reign of Edward I
• Monarch would consult parliament, especially when money was needed.
• Upper House = House of Lords (nobles & church officials)• Lower House = House of Commons (knights & townspeople)• Parliament would vote to approve new taxes, debate politics & pass
laws.• Both monarch & parliament shared power, but parliament became
dominant through victorious battles over the king’s forces.
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Europe in High & Late Middle Ages• High Middle Ages = productive
farming methods, growth of cities, more trade between peoples
• Strong leadership of popes-Gothic cathedrals, intellectual growth & formation of universities.
• Late Middle Ages = European disasters (c. A.D. 1300 to early 1400s.)
• Bubonic Plague (Black Death) killed 1/3 of all Europeans! – Less trade, constant war, unstable
governments, decline of Church.
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• With a partner discuss how the share of power changed from the first kings to the creation of parliament.
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Renaissance • Renaissance = rebirth of
Greek & Roman culture that began in Italy,
• Intellectuals & artists stressed importance of individual – (classic impact on
modern Western Civil.)• Human worth led to a
new spirit of optimism and inspiration for excellence
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Leonardo da Vinci• (“Renaissance man”) = painter, sculptor,
architect, inventor & mathematician.
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Religious Reformation• intellectual revolution = raised
questions about Catholicism• Protestant Reformation = new
branch of Christianity in Europe• Martin Luther = German Catholic
monk, openly questioned many church practices (95 theses)
• 1520 summoned before emperor & church officials in Worms to answer to charges of heresy.
• Defended all of his writings based upon Scripture & upon human reasoning.
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• Protestants were __________________ the ______________ Church.
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Protestant churches
• (Lutheran, Calvinist, etc.) quickly spread throughout Europe
• Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth• Catholic & Protestant forces prepared for
“religious” battle.
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World Religion• Local Religions:
• Australia = Aborigines had no deities.• Ancestor heroes created the work during
“Dreamtime.” Belief in spirits of nature.• • Africa = Various animist • (tribal) religions, south of the Sahara desert.• Belief in spirits and one supreme creator.
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• Japan = Shinto believers worship “kami” (sacred spirits take forms of nature.)
• Worship ancestors and emperor. (Shintoism = found only among Japanese people.)
• • North America = Navajo religion must be
practiced in the geographical area surrounded by the four sacred mountains of the American Southwest.
• Hogans (dwellings) constructed to symbolize their land and religion.
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Buddhism
• Key Beliefs = life is full of suffering, follow Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana
• Locations = India, migrated to East Asia
Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol
Buddhists Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha
Sutras Wheel of Law
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Christianity
• Key Beliefs = monotheism, Jesus = Son of God who died for sins of humanity, resurrection
• Locations = began in Palestine, spread to south Africa, Europe, Australia and Americas
Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol
Christians Jesus Christ Old & New Testaments
Cross
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Confucianism
• Key Beliefs = Spiritual philosophy on ethics & good government, respect for elders & ancestors
• Location = China
Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol
Confucius Analects Water Symbol
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Hinduism
• Key Beliefs = polytheistic religion, 3 mains gods: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver) Siva (destroyer)
• Location = India, Ganges River (sacred)
Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol
Hindus several figures found in the texts
Vedas & Ramayana
Aum
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Islam
• Key Beliefs = monotheism, Muhammad = greatest of the prophets, Five Pillars
• Locations = Middle East, north Africa & Indonesia
Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol
Muslims Muhammad Old Test. & Quran
Crescent Moon
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Judaism
• Key Beliefs = monotheism, follow teachings of Hebrew Bible (Torah.)
• Locations = Israel, United States
Followers Key Persons Sacred Text Symbol
Jews Abraham, Moses
Torah (Old Test.)
Star of David