i archaeological investigation, the glenmore hotel, 96-98...

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Q994.41

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Archaeological Investigation, the Glenmore Hotel, 96-98 Cumberland Street, the Rocks, Sydney

E.C.J .Lydon 1993

Sydney Cove Authority

Q994,41

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Location plan: The Glenmore Hotel, 96-98 Cumberland Street,-the Rocks - - - --

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LIBRARY

CONTENTS

PAGE

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

2.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.1 Reason for Investigation 2.2 Study Area 2.3 PreVIous Studies

3.0 HISTORY 4

4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 5 4.1 Research Design 4.2 Methodology 4.3 Excavation 4.4 Artefacts

5.0 DISCUSSION 8

6.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 9

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 10

8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS 11

9.0 REFERENCES 12

10.0 APPENDICES 13 10.1 APPUCATIONFOREXCAVATIONPERMIT 10.2 FIELD NOTES 15 10.3 SANDS SYDNEY NSW DIRECTORY 16

The cover photograph shows the installation of fire stairs in the northern courtyard of the Glenmore Hotel, taken from across Cumberland Street, looking east.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, THE GLENMORE HOTEL 1

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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents the results of an archaeolo~cal monitoring P,rogram carried out for the Sydney Cove Authoricyd wh1ch owns and administers the Rocks, Sydney. The_program accompanie works to the Glenmore Hotel, between Gloucester WalK: and Cumberland Street.

Four pits were excavated by workmen in the northern courtyard of the hotel for piers to support a firestair. Bedrock was reached at an average depth of 60cm below tlie current ground level. No evidence of structures or pliases earlier than the hotel were exposed, with the exception of a section of the former Gloucester Street roadway and kerb. This was exposed in the eastern-most pier hole. It was destroyed for the firestair, out it is presumed that further segments survive to north and south.

The site's significance lies chiefly in the following:

1. It contributes to the Cumberland Streetscape. 2. It represents the post-plague rebuilding era in the Rocks. 3. It is a well-preserved and still functiomng examP.le of a small one room bar. 4. It embodies changing drinking habits in tlle arcHitectural fabric of the building. 5. Witfi the Longs Lane comQlex and the Australian Hotel it represents one of the few surviving remnants ol the pre-1930 period.

The site has very little archaeological significance due to the substantial modification of the site during constructiOn of the extant building.

In view of the results of the project it is recommended that future disturbance of the site's fabric should be monitored by an archaeologist. It is unlikely, however, that significant features remain.


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2.0 INTRODUCTION

Monitoring of excavation for a firestair was carried out on the 2nd-3rd February 1993 in the northern courtyard of the Glenrnore Hotel. The site is owned and manased by the Sydney Cove Authority, which sponsored the work as part of general conservation works.

2.1 Reason for Investigation The Sydne:y Cove Authonty is committed to ~rotection and investigation of the Rocks' archaeological resource, recognizing the areas great archaeological significance. Its Mission Statement pledges: "To conserve the heritage of the Rocks for the bene/it of all Australians and to promote it as a leading visitor destination in a manner which is commerically, financially and environmentally responsible. " Archaeological management has been incorporated into the area's planning process.

The followin~ works were planned for the area: . 1. The mstallation of electrical conduits and Eits to enable the supply of electricity

from the Immigration Building substation (?-94 Cumberland Street), to the Argyle Centre. This required the location of a pit and excavation for four conduits in the courtyard. Excavation of part of Gloucester Walk was also necessary.

2. The excavation of footings for a firestair in the courtyard.

The Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point recommended a monitorin~ brief for the site (inventor:y 51). Any necessary archaeological investigation was to be earned out concurrently, if requued.

2.2 Study Area The site of the Glenrnore Hotel is on the north side of the Argyle Cut, bisecting the ridge between Millers Point and the Rocks. Slo{ling very steeply to the east, it consists of ?four levels (including a roof barbecue area), wtth cellars cut to the level of Gloucester Street. It occupies the triangular area formed by the intersection of Gloucester Walk and Cumberland Street. Work was limited to the small Gloucester Walk level courtyard along its northern boundary.

2.3 Previous Studies Sydney Cove Authority Building Data Sheet BH\02 served as the basic account of the site's development. A conservation J>fan for the building was produced by Robertson and Hindnlarsh Pty Ltd 1992 The Glenmore Hotel. An Investigation of the significance of the Glenmore Hotel 96-98 Cumberland Street, The Rocks Sydney Cove Autlionty.


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan. Inventory page 1

Location details. Inventory 51

L•nd cetegory Allotment of land.

Section

Allotment

Title 246098. 2. Street no

Loceuon Cumberland Street and Gloucester Street.

Suburb The Rocks. Heme Glenmora Hotel.

Above ground archaeological remains. sne cetegory

Orlgln•l u.. Hotel.

o .. crlptlon 1921. Glenmora Hotel.

Rel•rence•

Below ground archaeological remains. Ae .... rn•nt of condRion Mosdy disturbed.

B•••• for ••-•ment Cellars cut to level of Gloucester Street.

Archaeological Investigations. Type of lnve•tlgetlon

R•ference•

Edward Higginbotham, Terry Kass & Meredith Walker. 1991.

~------------------------------------------· Historic sequence of development. Building• by

Hl•torlcel not ..

Reference•

Management plan. Recommend•tlon• Above ground archaeological remains.

An archaeological watching brief or monitoring programme Is recommended.

Below ground archaeological remains. An archaeological watching brief or monitoring programme Is recommended.

Refer to the 'Basemap ',to locate any site included in this Inventory. This plan is included in the Archaeological Management Plan, Volume 1.

A recommendation for an archaeological watching brief or monitoring programme Is made for all streets not Included in the Inventory.

Refer to the Archaeological Management Plan, Volume 1, for: 1. Legal obligations for the protection of archaeological resources (Chapter 6). 2. Circumstances In which archaeological investigations are required (Chapter 7). · 3. The types of archaeological Investigations and the procedures associated with them (Chapter 8). 4. Permits and other approvals (Chapter 9).

The Archaeological Management Plan does not affect, or remove any obligations or requirements that apply by way of legislation to The Rocks and Millers Point. ·

Department of Planning & Sydney Cove Authority.

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3.0 HISfORY

Meehan's 1807 plan (SCA HP 34) shows a schematic shaded area representing buildings, althou~ these are very sparse in the area of the site. Russell's 1835 survey of Section 87, Town of Sydney (SCA HP 74) shows the site occupied by allotment no.12, claimant Andrew COss. No 11, to the north, is claimed by James and Ann Curtis.

In 1864 Sands Directory lists Peter Stanton, Grocer, James Harris, and George Bainbridge, Master Mariner occupying the houses on the site. Dove'splan of 1880 (SC.A HP131) shows three houses, presumably the same ones, at 80-84 Cumberland Street, and occupied that year, accordi_!lg to Sands', by Charles William Heydon, Shipwright (80), (82 is vacant) and John Smith (~ ). -

By 1900 Charles Crichton, Storekeeper and Frank Duncan, Bootmaker, are listed at 80 Cumberland, while 84 is occupied by John ~_ymes (still there in 1910) and Walter L. Whetton in 86 (ditto). The 1901 Darling Harbour Resumption Plan (SCA HP 161) shows block 285 as part of the estate of Francis Smith, Trustees John Powell and Fred.k Smith. At this time the depth of the site at its centreline between Cumberland and Gloucester Streets was only 13metres.

In 1919 rebuilding of the Glenmore Hotel was proposed as the 'old' hotel located at 49 Cumberland Street, north and across the road from the current site, had been condemned, due to the imminent construction of the southern approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Despite objections by Mr O'Dea, Building Inspector to the Housing Board, the site was approved.

In 1919 Tooth and Co. Ltd were granted a 50 year lease on the hotel, provided that not less than 4,000 J>2Unds was spent in erecting the new building. It was completed in July: 1921 by D.M.Mitchell. It is a three storey bric:K building, and onginally had a flat iron roof.

In 1951 extensive renovations were carried out, including repairs to the roof and cracked walls, and the installation of a new water service. During 1952 trade fell off when Cumberland Street was blocked off due to the large cracks appearing in the bridge - similar to those which had appeared in the hotel itself (Robertson and Hindmarsh 1992:6)

In January 1970, the property was vested in the Sydney Cove Authority under the SCRA Act, 1968. In 1975 major structural defects were addressed; a consultin~ engineer concluded that the top comers were "shipping off to the north and south' (SCA Data Sheet BH/02). A concrete collar was built on top of all four walls.

The Hotel Is history has been uneventful, like that of other hotels in the area. A few licenses were lost due to misdemeanors such as trading after hours, and trade declined during the Depression (Robertson and Hindmarsh 1991:6).


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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 4.1 Research Design

Research questions What evidence is there for activities conducted on the site and its development, in the past?

How did construction of the 1921 Glenmore Hotel building affect earlier remains?

What strategies were employed to accommodate the extreme topography of the site? Can standards or patterns of customary behaviour be discerned by com~arison with other similar sites in the area, (specifically the Observer Hotel investigation) ?

4.2 Methodology Excavation . Workmen excavated the pits for piers for the firestair using shovels, watched by the archaeologist. Work stopped to allow cleaning and/or examination of the excavations.

4.3 Excavation

Piers one and two (refer figl!re) The asphalt surface of ihe yard (001) was removed, exposing a layer of coarse gravel bedding of 10-lScm depth (002). This covered a mixed sandy stratum containing fragments of brick, concrete and ash (003). There was an extensive root system pertaining to tlie tree growing in the middle of the site's north boundary.

Pier three The same sequence (001, 002) was encountered, over a sandy stratum containing pieces of concrete (004).

Pier four The same sequence was encountered (001,002,004). Removal of these strata exposed the former sandstone kerb and roadway of Gloucester Street. These had been disturbed for the installation of a gas line running east-west to Gloucester Walk. They were disturbed to allow installation of the firestair. It is presumed that more sections of the kerbing and roadway exist further north (at least to the Immigration Building) and south of the pier. No traces of the demolition of the three houses on this part of the site in 1900 were identified, although the building material fragments contained in fill (003, 004) may represent this event.

The der.sits exposed were interpreted as fill preceding construction of the current building in 192 . The asphalt yard surface related to use of the hotel since 1921.

4.4 No artefacts were recovered.


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View of the Glenmore Hotel, looking north along Cumberland Street, with the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the background. The Argyle Cut passes under the road in the foreground.

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The Glenmore Hotel during the works program, looking east across Cumberland Street. The Argyle Cut passes beneath the road on the right hand side. The courtyard is visible on the left.



View to the north-east from the roof of the Glenmore Hotel.

View from above of the installation of the fire stair. Gloucester Walk runs along the east side of the hotel, visible on the right hand side.


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5.0 DISCUSSION

What evidence is there for activities conducted on the site and its development, in the past?

Possibly demolition of buildings of the preceding phase. The concrete contained in fill (003,004) may represent a yard surface pre-dating the current asphalt (001,002).

How did construction of the 1921 Glenmore Hotel building affect earlier remains?

It destroyed almost all trace of earlier buildings, although a portion of the former roadway had survived. -

What strategies were employed to accommodate the extreme topography of the site?

The 1921 construction had cut into the sandstone bedrock to create cellars. The builders failed to resolve the problems presented by the steepness of the site, as evidenced by the repairs found necessary between 1921 and 1951, and the extensive renovations of 1952 and 1975.

Can standards or patterns of customary behaviour be discerned by comparison with other similar sites in the area, (specifically the Observer Hotel investigation) ?

The evidence recovered was not sufficient to make any statements of this kind.


6.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The following summary statement is based on Robertson and Hindmarsh (1992:26).

The site is significant for the following reasons:

1. It contributes to the Cumberland Streetscape.

2. It represents the post-plague rebuilding era in the Rocks.

3. It is a well-preserved and still functioning example of a small one room bar.

4. It embodies changing drinking habits in the architectural fabric of the building.

5. With the Longs Lane complex and the Australian Hotel it represents one of the few surviving remnants of the pre-1930 period.

The site has very little archaeological significance due to the substantial modification of the site during constructiOn of the extant building.


7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

In view of the results of the project it is recommended that:

1. Future disturbance of the site's fabric should be monitored by an archaeologist. It is unlikely, however, that significant features remain.


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8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS

Cover photograph: The Glenmore Hotel during installation of fire stair.

Location Plan- Sydney Cove Authority.file (before table of contents)

Inyentor_y ~orm, No. 51 Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Mtllers Poznt

Photographs:

View of the Glenmore Hotel, looking north along Cumberland Street, with the Sydn~y Harbour Bridge in the background. The Argyle Cut passes under the road m the foreground.

The Glenmore Hotel during the works program, looking east across Cumberland Street. The Argyle Cut passes beneath the road on the right hand side. The courtyard is visibfe on the left.

View to the north-east from the roof of the Glenmore Hotel.

View from above of the installation of the fire stair. Gloucester Walk runs along the east side of the hotel, visible on the right hand side.

ca.1900? 82-94 Cumberland Street (S.C.C. Archives) SCA HP CD 48

Plans: Site plan 2: Glenmore Hotel~ Basement level. Robertson and Hindmarsh 199I:39. Affected area hatcned.

1807 Meehan's Plan of Sydney. SCA HP 34

1835 Robert Russell's survey Section 87, Town of Sydney. SCA HP 74

1880 Dove's survey. SCA HP 131

1901 Darling Harbour Resumption Plan. SCA HP 161



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9.0 REFERENCES

Higginbotham, E, Kass,T and Walker,M 1991 The Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point Sydney Cove Authority and Dept. of Planning

Robertson and Hindmarsh Pty Ltd 1992 The Glenmore Hotel. An Investigation of the significance of the Glenmore Hotel 96-98 Cumberland Street, The Rocks Sydney Cove Authority

Sydney Cove Authority Building Data Sheets ; BH\02

Sands Sydney and NSW Directory


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10.0 APPENDICES 10.1 APPLICATION FOR EXCAVATION PERMIT UNDER SECfiON 140, HERITAGE ACf, 1977: Attachments

1. Reason for excavation

I have been advised that the following works will affect archaeological deposits on this site:

A. Electrical supply for the Argyle Centre. Installation of conduits and pits to enable supply from Immigration Building substation (Bunkers Hill development) to the Argyle Centre. This will require the location of a pit and the excavation and pfacement of four conduits in the northern courtyard of the Glenmore Hotel. Excavation of part of Gloucester Walk is also necessary.

B. Footings are to be dug for a firestair in the northern courtyard of the Hotel.

REFER SITE PlANS 1 AND 2

2. Research Design (i) Detailed history Meehan's 1807 plan (SCA HP 34) shows a schematic shaded area representing buildings, although these are very sparse in the area of the site. Russell's 1835 survey of Section 87, Town of Sydney (SCA HP 74) shows the site occupied by allotment no.12, claimant Andrew Coss. No 11, to the north, is claimed by James and Ann Curtis.

In 1864 Sands Directory lists Peter Stanton, Grocer, James Harris, and George Bainbridge, Master Mariner occupying the houses on the site. Dove's plan of 1880 (SCA HP131) shows three houses, presumably the same ones, at 80-84 Cumberland Street, and occupied that year, according to Sands', by Charles William Heydon, Shipwright (80), (82 is vacant) and John Smith (84).

By 1900 Charles Crichton, Storekeeper and Frank Duncan, Bootmaker, are listed at 80 Cumberland, while 84 is occupied by John Byrnes (still there in 1910) and Walter L. Whetton in 86 (ditto). The 1901 Darling Harbour Resumption Plan (SCA HP 161) shows block 285 as part of the estate of Francis Smith, Trustees John Powell and Fred.k Smith. At this time the depth of the site at its centreline between Cumberland and Gloucester Streets was only 13metres.

In 1919 rebuilding of the Glenmore Hotel was proposed as the 'old' hotel located at 49 Cumberland Street, north and across the road from the current site, had been condemned, due to the imminent construction of the southern approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Despite objections by Mr 0' Dea, Building Inspector to the Housing Board, the site was approved.

In 1919 Tooth and Co. Ltd were granted a 50 year lease on the hotel, provided that not less than 4,000 pounds was spent in erecting the new building. It was completed in July 1921 by D.M.Mitchell. It is a three storey brick building, and onginally had a flat iron roof.

In 1951 extensive renovations were carried out, including repairs to the roof and cracked walls, and the installation of a new water service. During 1952 trade fell off when Cumberland Street was blocked off due to the large cracks appearing in the bridge - similar to those which had appeared in the hotel itself (Robertson and Hindmarsh 1992:6)

In January 1970, the property was vested in the Sydney Cove Authority under the SCRA Act, 1968. In 1975 major structural defects were addressed; a consultin~ engineer concluded that the top comers were "shipping off to the north and south' (SCA Data Sheet BH/02). A concrete collar was built on top of all four walls.

The Hotel's history has been uneventful, like that of other hotels in the area. A few licenses were lost due to misdemeanors such as trading after hours, and trade declined during the ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, THE GLENMORE HOTEL 13


Depression (Robertson and Hindmarsh 1991:6).

(ii) Statement of cultural significance The following summary statement is based on Robertson and Hindmarsh (1992:26).

The site is significant for the following reasons:

1. It contributes to the Cumberland Streetscape. 2. It represents the post-plague rebuilding era in the Rocks. 3. It is a well-preserved and still functioning example of a small one room bar. 4. It embodies changing drinking habits in tbe arcliitectural fabric of the building. 5. With the Longs Lane complex and the Australian Hotel it represents one of tlie few surviving remnants of the pre-1930 period.

(iii) Research questions

What evidence is there for activities conducted on the site and its development, in the past? How did construction of the 1921 Glenmore Hotel building affect earlier remains? What strategies were employed to accommodate the extreme topography of the site? Can standards or patterns of customary behaviour be discerned by comparison with other similar sites in the area, (specifically the Observer Hotel investigation) ?

(iv) Accurate location plan -attached (v) Accurate site plan- attached

(vi) Proposed excavation methods Standard recording methods will be employed.

(vii) Personnel The work will be carried out by Jane Lydon.

(viii)Bibliography and Illustrative material

Bibliography Higginbotham, E, Kass, T and Walker ,M 1991 The Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point Sydney Cove Authority and Dept. of Planning

Robertson and Hindmarsh Pty Ltd 1992 The Glenmore Hotel. An Investigation of the significance of the Glenmore Hotel 96-98 Cumberland Street, The Rocks Sydney Cove Authority

Sydney Cove Authority Building Data Sheets : BH\02

Sands Sydney and NSW Directory

Illustrations Location Plan - Sydney Cove Authority file

Site Plan 1: Architects drawings of proposed route of incoming supply from Immigration Building. Orwell and Peter Phillips, Architects

Site plan 2: Glenmore Hotel, Basement level. Robertson and Hindmarsh 1991:39. Affected area hatched.

(reference was made to the following historical plans when preparing the historical summary:

1807 Meehan's Plan of Sydney. SCA HP 34 1835 Robert Russell's survey Section 87, Town of Sydney. 1880 Dove's survey. SCA HP 131 1901 Darling Harbour Resumption Plan. SCA HP 161)

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10.3 SAND'S SYDNEY NSW DIRECTORY 1858-1932/3 Microfilmed by W.F.Pascoe Ltd in association with the State Library of NSW

1880 Cumberland Street

80 Heydon, Charles William, Shipwright 82 vacant 84 Smith, John


68 Stanton, Peter, Grocer 72 Harris James 74 Bainbridge, George, Master Mariner


70 Serenich, Lawrence 72 vacant 74 Bainbridge, George, Master Mariner

VACANT LAND Bridge over Argyle Street


82 Burdon Thomas 84 Anderson John 86 Smith R.


80 Crichton Charles, storekeeper Duncan Frank, Bootmaker

84 Byrnes John 86 Whetton Walter L

(bridge)


82 84 86

1920

McLaren Peter Byrnes John Whetton Walter L (bridge)

Cumberland Street, east side, from George Street (North) to Grosvenor

Government Shipping Offices - Capt. W.H.Mason, shipping master Rowans Ltd., bonded and free stores

Argyle Street Bridge

1930 York Street North - east side

26-36 Rowans Bonded and Free Stores Ltd ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, THE GLENMORE HOTEL 16

I I Glenmore Hotel - Robt.G.Stanley

(Argyle Street)

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I I I I I I I I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, THE GLENMORE HOTEL 17

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i archaeological investigation, the glenmore hotel, 96-98...

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