i. byzantium: the survival of the roman empire ii. the new world of islam
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I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire II. The New World of Islam. I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire Justinian (527-565) A. Challenges invaders from Eurasian steppes Avars 6th - 9th centuries Slavs subjected Czechs, Samo revolt Slavs - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 7Medieval Empires and Borderlands:
Byzantium and Islam
The WestEncounters and Transformations
Levack/Muir/Veldman/Maas
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
II. The New World of Islam
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
Justinian (527-565)
A. Challenges
invaders from Eurasian steppes
Avars
6th - 9th centuries
Slavs
subjected
Czechs, Samo
revolt
Slavs
c. 550, cross Danube
to Croatia, Serbia
626, Slavs and Avars attack Constantinople
repelled
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
A. Challenges
Bulgars
subject Balkans in 8th
Khan Krum (808-814)
defeats Byzantines, assassinates emperor
Khan Boris (852-889)
converts to Orthodoxy
Cyril (c.826-869) and Methodius (815-885)
new alphabet
translate Christian liturgy
by 1018, Bulgaria again part of Eastern Empire
Rus
Kiev
Vladimir the Great (980-1015)
Iaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)
unites Kiev and Novgorod
converts to Orthodoxy
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
B. Western Provinces
Exarchate of Carthage
Spain lost to Visigoths, 630's
North Africa, conquered by Arabs, 698
Exarchate of Ravenna
falls, 751
C. Eastern Adversaries
Persia
Chosroes II
602, new attack
614, takes Antioch
Heraclius (610-641)
defeats Chosroes, 628
Islam
Leo II (717-741)
victory at Akroinon, 740
Digenes Akritas
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Byzantium: the Survival of the Roman Empire
D. Byzantine Civilization
Administration
Emperor
state monopolies
Themes - 4
increasingly autonomous
later subdivided
Church
clerical hierarchy
Patriarch
bishops
Iconoclasm
Leo III (717-741)
> split with Rome
787, end of Iconoclasm
E. Macedonian Renaissance
Macedonian dynasty (867-1056)
Basil I (867-886)
names successor
Economy
Constantinople, .5 million
Art
end of iconoclasm
Photius (810-c.893)
Patriarch
historian
Library
Constantine VII Porphyrogenetus (912-959)
On the Administration of the Empire
Basil II
1025, dies without heir
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The New World of Islam
A. Arabs before Islam
Arabic
Commerce, herding
Petra
taken by 100 B.C.E.
Tribal organization
Religion
polytheism, monotheism
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The New World of Islam
B. The Rise of Islam
Muhammad (c.570-632)
Quraysh
Mecca
Kaaba
marries Khadija
Revelation
Qur'an
622, to Medina
Hijra
conflict with Jews
630, takes Mecca
Teachings
Islam = submission
5 Pillars
Accept God and Muhammad as his prophet
Prayer
Friday communal prayer
Ramadan
Pilgrimage
Jihad = struggle
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The New World of Islam
C. Succession
Abu Bakr (632-634)
father in law
Sunnism
Ali
husband of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad
Shi'ites
Wars of Apostasy
Umar (634-644)
second Rashidun
attacks Byzantine and Persian empires
takes Syria, 636
Ctesiphon, 637
Egypt and Persia
Civil War, 655-661
Umayyad Sunnis v. Ali
661, Ali assassinated
D. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
"House of Islam" v. "House of War"
Sweep west
632, Poitiersstopped by Charles Martel
661, treaty with Nubians
China
751, Battle of Talas
Government
Muawiya (661-680)
hereditary monarchy
Authority
no longer by consent
> civil war, 683-692
Administration
Arabic
New towns:
Fustat, Kairouan, Basra
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The New World of Islam
(D. Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750)
Conversion
People of the Book
Economy
trade
land tax
dirham, dinar
End of the Umayyad
750, last caliph dies
Abbasids
from Shah Abbas Muhammad's uncle
Abd al-Rahman I (756-788)to Spain
Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba
E. Abbasid Caliphate, 750-945
Baghdad, 762-763
new orientation
Height, 754-861
Arabian Nights
Harun al-Rashid (786-809)
al-Mamun (813-833)
Baghdad observatory
al-Kindi (d. after 870)
Chapter 7: Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam
Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The New World of Islam
F. Europe
Sicily
immigration, 703-1060
Spain
Córdoba, largest city in Europe
Abd al-Rahman III (912-961)Madinat az-Zahra
Hasdai ibn Shaprut (915-970)
Samuel ibn Nagrela (993-1055)
Navarre
Sancho I (1000-1035)
conquests
1035, divided
Alfonso VI (1072-1109)
Castile
1085, Toledo
> Almoravids
Alfonso defeated, 1086