i. costs of victory
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I. Costs of victory. Empire and war cost money; 140 million pound debt Proclamation of 1763 – colonists couldn’t move west of Appalachians – solve Indian problem/1000 wagons west in 1765; Quartering Act pays for soldiers . Political ideas thriving in colonies. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
I. Costs of victoryEmpire and war cost
money; 140 million pound debt
Proclamation of 1763 – colonists couldn’t move west of Appalachians – solve Indian problem/1000 wagons west in 1765; Quartering Act pays for soldiers
Political ideas thriving in coloniesrepublicanism –
government depends on involved, virtuous citizens (town meeting)
Radical Whigs – resist the threat to liberty posed by corrupt authority (king and his ministers)
Mercantilism – money is powerFavorable balance of
tradeMore exports than
imports==colonies (unplanned in Britain)
Colonies Produce Raw materials (gold, timber, tobacco, sugar); markets for manufactured goods (boats, snuff, rum)
reviewWhy was Britain hurtin’?What did the Proclamation of 1763 say?
How did colonists react?What is republicanism? What were Whigs
worried about?What’s the theory of mercantilism?What’s the role of colonies in mercantilism?
II. Mercantilism issuesNavigation Acts –
commerce to and from colonies had to be in British ships
Or they had to stop in Britain and pay tariff duties.
Salutary neglectBritain tolerated
smuggling (John Hancock) and bribes to get around Navigation Acts.
Colonial economy boomed, had British military protection, but resented the laws
Boston Gazette: “A colonist cannot make a button, a horseshoe, nor a hobnail, but some snooty ironmonger or respectable buttonmaker of Britain shall bawl and squall that his honor’s worship is most eggregiously maltreated, injured, cheated, and robbed by the rascally American republicans.”
beginning of tensionPrime Minister
Grenville enforced Navigation Acts, 1763
Sugar Act 1764 – increased tariff on sugar, 1st law to raise revenue; protested and lowered
reviewWhat did the Navigation Acts say?Name two problems created?What was salutary neglect?Why did colonists resent the Navigation
laws?
III. Stamp ActStamp Act 1765 – to pay debt/for soldiers, tax/stamp on paper goods like bills of sale, playing cards, marriage and death certificates - everything
“taxation without representation” - James Otis
controversyGrenville – virtual
v. direct representation – both a stretch
Admiralty courts with no jury tried offenders, guilty unless proven innocent
Taking actionStamp Act
Congress -9 colonies met in NY City; list of rights and grievances
Intimidation and Nonimportation/ – Sons and Daughters of Liberty; no tax agents
reviewWhat slogan?Two theories of representationStamp Act Congress – what and where?What two revolutionary groups?Who in England was hurt by the law?After repeal, what law did Parliament pass?
IV. Action reactionBritish merchants,
manufacturers, shippers, laborers hurt – pushed repeal
1766 – repeal/statue/Declaratory Act – British sovereignty over colonies
Action reactionNew Prime Minister
Townsend Acts – indirect tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea
Boston Massacre – Crispus Attucks and 10 others killed protesting; news spread by Committees of Correspondence
Tea ActTax on tea kept,
then tea act – monopoly for British E. India Company
Boston Tea Party – 100 colonists threw tea overboard when Hutchinson wouldn’t back down
reviewWho pushed for repeal of the Stamp ActWhat did Parliament pass immediately after
repeal?What was taxed by the Townsend Acts?What was an indirect tax?What resulted from the protests against the
Townsend Acts?What did the Intolerable Acts do?What did the Quebec Act do and why was it
misinterpreted?
v. Coercive Acts/Intolerable ActsClosed ports
(Boston) and legislatures (town meetings), new Quartering Act
Quebec Act – respect French Catholicism and culture in Quebec, including no rep. assembly or jury trial in civil cases
First Continental CongressAll but Georgia sent
delegates, including Washington, both Adams (John the star), and Patrick Henry.
Association boycott until grievances addressed; tar and feathers for violators
Lexington and ConcordApril 1775 British
sent to capture gunpowder stores, John Hancock, and Sam Adams; Paul Revere warned
8 minutemen killed at Lexington; 70 British killed at Concord
reviewWhat did the Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts
do?What did the Quebec Act do?Who came to the First Continental
Congress?What was its message to Britain?How did the fighting at Lexington start?How was fighting at Concord different?
I. Advantages/BattlesBritish AmericanNumbersMoneyNavyHessians , Indians,
slavesDisorganized colonistsWeak Continental
CongressColonial inflation (not
worth a continental)
FranceWhigs in BritainWashington, Franklin,
Marquis de Lafayette, Baron Von Steuben
Defensive war, supply lines for British
Belief in cause
I. Battles/eventsBunker Hill/Breed’s
Hill – British took hill because colonists ran out of ammo
Trenton/Princeton – Washington crosses Delaware Christmas
More battlesSaratoga – Arnold
beats Burgoyne, French help
South – bloody guerilla warfare; hero “fighting Quaker Nathanael Greene”
Yorktown – Cornwallis trapped by Washington, French navy, surrenders
Match ‘emBetter army, navy,
training, discipline, Hessians, Indians, slaves
Washington, home field, belief in cause
Bunker HillTrenton/PrincetonSaratogaSouthYorktown
Turning point/French help
British pyric victoryCornwallis surrendersGuerilla warfare,
GreeneWashington crosses
DelawareBritish advantagesAmerican
advantages
II. People and ideasThomas Paine – Common
Sense – Britain too small/far away/unrepublican
Jefferson Dec. Ind. – 1. Intro2. Political ideas –
universal equality, social contract, popular sovereignty, right/duty to revolt
3. Grievances4. Declaring independence
strategiesBritish – isolate
NE/ruined by Howe, control South/stopped by Greene and France
Americans – hold on/keep fighting (Washington), get French help (Franklin)
III. Taking sidesPatriots/rebels/whigs
– NE centered – Sam Adams, Patrick Henry (Va) – “give me liberty or give me death!”
Loyalists/tories – well off – NYC and Charleston, Quaker Penn and NJ, also Anglican Church, more slaves
Treaty of Paris, 1783Franklin, Adams, John
Jay made separate peace with Britain w/o French permission.
U.S. independent, stretched to Mississippi R., Great Lakes, and Florida.
Britain was promised good treatment of Loyalists and debts paid
Match ‘emThomas PaineThomas JeffersonPatriotsLoyalistsCapture NE/SouthHold on/get helpBritain too big, far
away, monarchicalSocial contractBritish Paris benefitsAmerican Paris benefits
British sideAmerican sideDeclaration of
IndependenceIndependence, NW
TerritoryDebts paid, lenience
for loyalistsCommon SenseAmerican strategyBritish strategy
III. Governing the New Nation10 state
constitutions, 2nd Continental Congress, but no real govt.
Articles of Confederation – a firm league of friendship - written 1777, ratification delay til 1781 over land
Structure/powers of government under Articles1 branch – legislative,
President for 1 year1 vote per state9/13 states to pass lawUnanimous vote to
amend ArticlesUnder the Articles
government could make laws, treaties, raise armies and declare war
achievements of ArticlesLand Ordinance of
1785 – how to get land; NW Ordinance 1787 – 60,000 to become a state.
Transition government/best possible
reviewWhat Revolutionary War government?What was our first plan for government?How many branches?States to pass a law?States to amend the Articles?4 “powers?”Name 3 government achievements under
the Articles.
IV. Weaknesses of the ArticlesIt couldn’t tax, Couldn’t settle
disputes between states,
Couldn’t regulate trade between states or with other countries
no executive or judicial branch
Shays’ RebellionIndebted W.
Massachussetts farmers about to lose land, faced high taxes and inflation (continentals)
Led by Daniel Shays, took over govt. buildings, broke farmers out of prison; national government could do nothing
Madison, Philadelphia, Constitutional ConventionOnly 9 states sent
delegates to the Annapolis Convention; 12 sent to Philadelphia
In Philly, James Madison, the “father of the Constitution,” proposed Virginia Plan, scrapping Articles in favor of a a strong government with 3 branches, based on Montesquieu’s ideas
compromisesGreat Compromise
– Va. V. NJ Plan3/5 compromise –
counting slavesSlave trade
compromise – ends 1808
reviewName 4 problems of government under the
Articles.Explain Shays’ Rebellion.Why didn’t Annapolis Convention
accomplish anything?Who is the “Father of the Constitution?Explain 3 compromises made in
Philadelphia.
reviewWhat was different about the Second
Continental Congress?What 3 key decisions were made by the 2nd
Continental Congress?What were the pros and cons of
Washington as general?Why was Bunker Hill a pyrrhic victory?What was Olive Branch Petition and King’s
reaction to it?
2nd Continental CongressAll 13 colonies -
Made demands, raised war money, chose Washington to head army
His leadership qualities - patient, brave, self-disciplined, fair, trusted, dedicated.
Battle of Bunker HillBritish attacked
straight up Breed’s (not Bunker) Hill, taking heavy casualties to take the Hill.
King George III rejected Olive Branch Petition, proclaiming colonies in rebellion.
II. 1776 - Common SenseThomas Paine,
1776, Common Sense – colonies are bigger and across the ocean
Republic - power from virtuous people, like practiced in the town meetings
Declaration of IndependenceJefferson, Adams,
Franklin, Sherman (judge), Livingston (lawyer)
Borrowing from Locke – social contract – government protects rights; people consent to be governed
Parts of Declaration1. Explain why2. all men have rights3. government
protects rights4. if it really doesn’t,
alter or abolish5. long list of
grievances (“He has…”)
6. declare independence
reviewWhen was Common Sense written, by
whom?Give two common sense arguments for
independence?What was a republic, to Paine?Who served on the committee to write the
Declaration of Independence?What is the social contract?List the 6 steps.
III. Taking sidesPatriots/rebels/
whigs – NE centered – Sam Adams, Patrick Henry (Va) – “give me liberty or give me death!”
Loyalists/tories – well off – NYC and Charleston, Quaker Penn and NJ, also Anglican Church
Loyalist fateAfrican-Americans
sought freedom as loyalists – NY to Nova Scotia (Canada), but some sold from Va to W. Indies.
Some Loyalists fled, others stayed and lost property or eventually became Americans.
Washington’s NJ CampaignBritish based in NYC
with huge navy, defeated Washington at Long Island.
Washington crossed Delaware River Christmas night, defeated Hessians at Trenton, British at Princeton a week later.
reviewFamous Patriots/other names/quotes?Who were the Loyalists/where/other
names?What became of African-American
Loyalists?What became of other Loyalists?
I. The war turnsThe British failed to
isolate New England when Gen. Howe stayed too long in Philadelphia rather than pursue Washington.
Washington’s troops suffered through winter at Valley Forge, trained by Prussian Baron Von Steuben.
French helpBritish Gen. Burgoyne,
needing Howe’s help, was defeated at Saratoga by Benedict Arnold, turning point of war.
American victory allowed Benjamin Franklin, dressed plainly and with news of the British offer of home rule, to convince France to aid U.S.
World warSpain and Holland
entered, and France provided its navy and ½ the soldiers.
British withdrew to New York with Washington close by for rest of the war.
Review match ‘emHoweValley ForgeBaron Von SteubenBurgoyneSaratogaFranklin
Awful winterTrained the troopsAmbassador to Paris
got French helpTurning point battleBritish general
defeated at SaratogaBritish general spent
too much time in Philly
II. WinningBritish Southern
strategy (lots of loyalists): captured Ga, Charleston, bloody fighting in Carolinas.
Nathanael “the fighting Quaker” Greene used hit and run tactics against British Gen. Cornwallis
Final fightingYorktown: Cornwallis
retreated to the Chesapeake, thinking he would get help from his navy.
Instead he was cornered by Washington’s troops and De Grasse’s French navy
Review – match ‘emGeorgia, CharlestonNathanael GreeneGen. CornwallisYorktownAdmiral de GrasseFranklin, Adams, JayAmerican Treaty of
Paris benefitsBritish Treaty of
Paris benefits
Independence, land to Mississippi R. and Great Lakes
Captured by BritishDebts paid, Loyalist
lenienceLed French fleet at
YorktownSouthern General, the
fighting QuakerLast battleAmerican Treaty delegationBritish Gen. at Yorktown
III. Governing the New Nation10 state
constitutions, 2nd Continental Congress, but no real govt.
Articles of Confederation – a firm league of friendship - written 1777, ratification delay til 1781 over land
Structure/powers of government under Articles1 branch – legislative,
President for 1 year1 vote per state9/13 states to pass lawUnanimous vote to
amend ArticlesUnder the Articles
government could make laws, treaties, raise armies and declare war
achievements of ArticlesLand Ordinance of
1785 – how to get land; NW Ordinance 1787 – 60,000 to become a state.
Transition government/best possible
reviewWhat Revolutionary War government?What was our first plan for government?How many branches?States to pass a law?States to amend the Articles?4 “powers?”Name 3 government achievements under
the Articles.
IV. Weaknesses of the ArticlesIt couldn’t tax, Couldn’t settle
disputes between states,
Couldn’t regulate trade between states or with other countries
no executive or judicial branch
Shays’ RebellionIndebted W.
Massachussetts farmers about to lose land, faced high taxes and inflation (continentals)
Led by Daniel Shays, took over govt. buildings, broke farmers out of prison; national government could do nothing
Madison, Philadelphia, Constitutional ConventionOnly 9 states sent
delegates to the Annapolis Convention; 12 sent to Philadelphia
In Philly, James Madison, the “father of the Constitution,” proposed Virginia Plan, scrapping Articles in favor of a a strong government with 3 branches, based on Montesquieu’s ideas
compromisesGreat Compromise
– Va. V. NJ Plan3/5 compromise –
counting slavesSlave trade
compromise – ends 1808
reviewName 4 problems of government under the
Articles.Explain Shays’ Rebellion.Why didn’t Annapolis Convention
accomplish anything?Who is the “Father of the Constitution?Explain 3 compromises made in
Philadelphia.
3 compromisesRepresentation –
Virginia Plan/Big State Plan; NJ Plan/Small State Plan
Great or Connecticut Compromise – bicameral legislature; House based on Virginia Plan, Senate based on NJ PLan
Count slavesSouth – yes
(increases its population); North- no
3/5 Compromise – count 3 of 5 slaves (3/5 of a person?)
Keep the slave trade?South – yes; North
– noCommerce and
Slave Trade Compromise – end it in 20 years (1808)
Review – explain:Great Compromise3/5 CompromiseSlave Trade Compromise
I. ratificationFederalists
supported the Constitution
Antifederalists opposed it and wanted to merely amend the Articles (NJ Plan); feared too strong national government
Antifederalist concernsConstitution
wouldn’t respect states’ rights or people’s rights
Strong central government would be remote from the people
The chief executivePresident under the
Constitution sounded too much like a King.
By creating the electoral college the founders showed their distrust for the people
reviewWhat were people who supported the
Constitution called?What were people who opposed the
Constitution called?List four concerns of the Antifederalists.
II. Federalist Papers written by
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay
Newspaper articles written to persuade New York Antifederalists to ratify (9 states needed, all eventually ratified)
Federalist 10Madison fears
faction, a group that works against the rights of others
Get rid of faction by taking away liberty or making everyone the same
Control effects with a large republic – “extend the sphere”
Federalist 51 “If men were angels, no
government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither internal nor external controls would be necessary
Control men with strong government; control rulers with elections and checks and balances
reviewWho wrote the Federalist Papers?What was the purpose?What does Federalist 10 say?What does Federalist 51 say?
Were the founding fathers Democratic Reformers?Traditional view –
Fiske founding to early 1900s – Founders were geniuses – “enlightened statesmen,” “Miracle at Philadelphia.”
Elite theory – Beard – Founders were rich creditors wanting their money from poor debtors – lawyers, well-educated, rich
Roche – they were democratic – coming up with a political deal that would win the support of the states
Young – they were trying to help the upper class as much as they could, but made some “accommodations” to the people.
III. President WashingtonUnanimous pick; chose
a Cabinet: Secretary of State Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Hamilton, and Secretary of War Knox
Hamilton’s economics: debt is good - assume state debt, pay off national debt to encourage loyalty to government, sound credit rating
Excise Tax on Whiskey/Whiskey RebellionWhen farmers
revolted, Washington sent 13,000 militia to put down the Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation said we wouldn’t help France fight Britain; Jay’s Treaty made peace with England
There must be some mistake – this has nothing to do with George Washington – what did you say to this young lady?
The Bank and Constitutional InterpretationHamilton’s program
included a National bank to stabilize the economy, provide national currency.
Jefferson – unconstitutional – strict construction; Hamilton – interstate commerce – loose construction/implied powers - elastic /necessary and proper clause
Elastic clause and implied powersArticle I section 8,
clause 18Elastic
clause/necessary and proper clause:
“to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or officer thereof”
reviewName two ways Washington was different.Who was in Washington’s cabinet?What did Hamilton tax?What resulted?What did Washington do about it?What was the Neutrality Proclamation?What did Washington say in the Farewell
Address?
IV. Political parties developThe Federalists
formed a party led by Hamilton, Adams, and Madison – strong Federal government
They believed in strong government, business, and the protective tariff, New England/urban centered, pro-Britain, Jay’s Treaty
Republicans/Jeffersonian Republicans/Democratic-RepublicansLed by Jefferson,
Republicans favored strong state governments and weaker national governments (a more democratic-republic), pro-France, anti Jay’s Treaty
Also favored small farmers and debtors, South/agrarian centered
Both sides had their press, taverns
NeutralityCitizen Genet
headache; In his Farewell Address, Washington warned us to avoid political parties and permanent alliances; also set two term tradition
Parties cause dissension; alliances pull countries into war.
reviewWhat were the first two political parties?What did the Federalists believe in?Who were the Federalist leaders?What did the Republicans believe in?Who was the Republicans’ leader?
I. President AdamsJohn Adams (F),
was Washington’s Vice President.
1796 election – Jays Treaty , Whiskey Rebellion big issues; Adams (F)defeated Jefferson (D-R)for the Presidency, 71-68; Jefferson the VP
XYZ affair France – angry
about Jays’ Treaty, seized 300 U.S. ships and wanted a bribe to negotiate
Navy Dept, Marines created; Federalist calls for war, but Adams resisted; let the babies grow
Alien and Sedition ActsAdams got Congress to
pass the Alien and Sedition Acts – 14 years to be a citizen, no criticizing the government; unconstitutional but popular
Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions – states can to nullify (disobey) unconstitutional laws since the U.S. is a compact of states; later used by Calhoun/South
review What was Adams’ position before
becoming PresidentWho ran in 1796, from what party?What was the electoral vote, and from
where did each party draw support?What was the XYZ Affair?Why did Adams resist his party’s calls for
war?What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do?What was written in response?
II. Election of 1800
Nasty politicsFederalist in fighting
- Hamilton turned on Adams, who was called “Father of the American navy.”
Jefferson was accused of fathering kids with his slaves (true – Sally Hemings); Federalist ladies hid their Bibles
Results/12th amendmentJefferson won 73-65;
election turned by New York (250 votes) and the 3/5 Compromise
Jefferson and his running mate Burr tied; House breaks tie (Federalist controlled) 12th amendment resulted; peaceful transfer of power
Label/match ‘emUrban supportFrench alliesAgricultural economyLoose constructionNeedless military
spendingSlave kidsAaron BurrHouse of
Representatives
Democratic-Republican
FederalistJeffersonBreaks electoral tieJefferson’s VP who
tied himAdams
III. President JeffersonInaugural Address:
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists…” - bipartisanship
“No entangling alliances”
“That government which governs least, governs best”
Jeffersonian politicsJeffersonian
Democracy - yeoman farmer, pro-slavery, slippers, eventual suffrage, written State of the Union
During lame duck period, Adams appointed 94 Federalist judges – the “midnight appointments
Marbury v. MadisonJefferson/Madison –
no commission; citing Judiciary Act, Marbury took case to Supreme Court.
Chief Justice Marshall , a Federalist, ruled: Judiciary Act unconstitutional, Judicial Review/nationalism for Supreme Court
reviewGive some famous Jefferson quotes.What was Jeffersonian democracy?What did Adams do during the lame duck
period?How did Jefferson and Madison respond?Where did Marbury take the case?What was Marshall’s ruling?Why was the case important?
IV. Jefferson’s foreign policyCut defense but
sent marines to “shores of Tripoli” against Barbary pirates – Tripolitan War.
1800 Louisiana was sold to France/Napoleon from Spain, who withdrew right to deposit – hurt farmers.
LouisianaWar with France would
require British allies, so pro-French Jefferson gave Monroe/Livingston $10m to France to buy New Orleans.
Fearing British Louisiana and despairing of Haiti/Santo Domingo, Napoleon sold all of it for $15 million to Livingston/U.S.
Strict construction – purchase illegal, so why do it?1. no time for
amendment.2. republican “empire
of liberty”3. isolationism possible
– Europe outLewis and Clark
mapped it out – Missouri River, Rockies, Columbia River, Pacific Coast – eventually Oregon Trail
reviewAgainst whom did Jefferson go to war?In 1800, who sold Louisiana to whom?Why did we care?Whom did Jefferson send to buy New
Orleans?Why did Napoleon sell all of Louisiana?Why did Jefferson violate the constitution (3
reasons)?